History of Manchuria

Работа была представлена в докладе на Нумизматических чтениях - 2020 Государственного исторического музея 26.11.2020 // This work was presented in a report at the Numismatic Readings of the State Historical Museum of 2020. Moscow, November 26, 2020.

Finds of Chinese-type coins, often accompanied by forgeries and small copies of the Qing dynasty coins, occur in our time in the Far East, in the Amur River basin. In this article, was analyzed small copies of random finds from the right-bank tributary of the Amur River, the Sungari River, which made during 2015-2017. The detected regularity allow to put forward several hypotheses about the origin and destination of these types of coins.

本文采用长时段视角考察欧亚大陆东北部的历史，将这个边缘地带看作欧亚大陆人类活动的一个中心区域，并探讨其独立于周边国家的内在历史动力。该地区的丰富历史遗产不应被任何一个当代民族国家垄断，相反，我们应该在广阔的地理、政治、经济和社会脉络中，恢复本地区的地方能动性。在数千年的历史过程中，数个王朝及帝国兴起于此地，使其成为早期全球化的主要推动力量之一。更为重要的是，这一边疆地区在19—20世纪直接刺激了周边社会的民族和国家建设进程，成为域内国家走向“现代”的试验场。后冷战时代，日本、中国、朝鲜、韩国及俄罗斯都开始重新认识这个多边边疆的地缘重要性。只有深刻认知东北欧亚的内在历史发展轨迹和结构，才能理解该地区的社会生态结构，也才能认识到单纯以经济为指标、市场为导向的边疆建设，其问题何在。

La invasión japonesa de Manchuria, en septiembre de 1931, tuvo un amplio eco en la prensa mundial. Lo que originalmente fue un conflicto local pronto se convirtió en una crisis internacional. En España, donde acababa de proclamarse la Segunda República, también se siguieron con atención los sucesos de Asia. Durante los siguientes años la prensa española mantuvo una cobertura regular de este conflicto, en un proceso que acabaría polarizando la imagen de Japón en España en torno a los partidarios y los detractores del país nipón.

S.V. Dmitriev and S.L. Kuzmin. 2014. The Qing Empire as China: an Anatomy of Historical Myth. – Oriens (Moscow) (1): 5-17.
It is often considered that China is a unique state in the world which has been several times won by foreigners, but never became a part of any other state, thus retaining continuity of its history and statehood based on consecutive row of ruling dynasties. This view is based on ancient sinocentric model which does not satisfy testing by comparative historical approach. Our analysis revealed that the Qing Empire cannot be equaled to China. Although the latter term has been broadly used, it had different meaning at different times. Actually, China was only a part of the Qing Empire. Manchu declarations that their state is China (i.e. Middle State, most important in the world), are similar to those by German, Ottoman, Russian and other monarchs on their states' continuity from the Roman Empire. These declarations have only historical value and cannot be used for modern international law. The Qing and other "conquest dynasties of China" were actually different empires created by non-Chinese peoples. The Han nation-state: Republic of China and People's Republic of China (PRC) had acquired almost whole territory of the Qing Empire as a result of occupation of weaker neighbors, instead of continuity of one state. Modern concept of PRC as a multinational state of "one Chinese nation", that included "minority nationalities" at least from the Middle Ages, is a historical myth.

This dissertation reconsiders the political and ethno-cultural frontiers of North China, taking as a case study a group that thrived in the Eastern Intermediate Zone (Hebei-Liaoning-Rehe border zone) known as the Qai or Tatabï in Turkic sources, as the Kumak Qai (Kùmò Xī 庫莫奚), and later, just Qai (Xī 奚) in Chinese sources, and now Tatayar in Kitan sources. The dissertation argues against the existence of a strict borderline between southern sedentary agrarian polities and northern nomadic pastoral polities by documenting the development of early polities in the region, highlighting the transition from “Big Man” polities based on the strength of individual personas to the development of hereditary houses in the model of steppe and Chinese hereditary empires from the second century BCE to the tenth century CE. The story of state formation in the region is told through the combination of historical ecological data from the region (modern-day Ningcheng county, Inner Mongolia), traditional Chinese historical accounts (termed “pseudo-ethnographies”), and the incorporation of newly accessible Kitan language sources. The historical politics and ecology of the region are complex, and the Qai were not horse-riding herders as some of the pseudo-ethnographies suggest; they made use of the environment through the cultivation of crops, the raising of livestock, hunting by foot mountain forests, and other ways. Under the Kitan Liao (907-1125), Qai identity was preserved, reemerging with the establishment of the short-lived Great Qai State in 1123, but the Qai Princes of the Liao and their staff, appointed by the Kitan, did not represent Qai interests. New developments in the Kitan language sources reveal the Qai autonym, Tatayar, and the title of the Qai leaders, qaghan, confirming that the Qai were an historical community with hereditary titles in use prior to the Liao. Geographical boundaries do not necessarily define ecological boundaries. The cycle of polity formation shifting between “Big Man” polities and hereditary monarchies ending with the rise of the house of Yêrud (Yélǜ 耶律) of Liao demonstrates that foreign influence catalyzed state formation, yet ethnicity did not determine political loyalties.

Harbin, the pearl of China’s northeastern region, is a unique example of where global and local interests assembled in a dynamic and complex way. The city is also a rare representation of a strong bond that was formed here in the last 100 years between the world’s two remaining ancient civilizations – The Chinese and the Jewish People.

First issue of new academic journal. Studia Turkica Mongolica Tibetica Manchurica Sibirica Russica et cetera.

Tartaria Magna is a peer reviewed e-journal in Russian. Editors accept papers and reviews in English and provide Russian translation. We may consider publication of the papers and reviews that have been published in other journals within the period of 3 years. More info: www.tartaria-magna.ru

The fall of Manchukuo, in the closing days of the Second World War, resulted in the capture by the Soviet Union of thousands of Japanese troops and civilians. Interned in labour camps, it would take them years to go home. Since the end of the Cold War, Japanese authorities have been working to locate the remains of those who died in captivity.

Manchuria remains a problematic region in modern Korean historiography. The intense interactions between the Korean peninsula and Manchuria before 1945 often become subsumed into nationalist narratives of anti-Japanese resistance and the suffering of impoverished Korean migrants. While recent Korean historiography on Manchuria has addressed a broader array of historical issues, there is still much more research necessary to understand fully the position of Manchuria in modern Korean history. This study examines the postliberation narratives of Korean returnees from Manchuria during the immediate liberation period and reconnects their collective experiences with some key events of Korea and Manchuria under the Japanese empire. Through a discussion of the large scale Korean migration and economic integration that took place within Manchuria before 1945, the need for a broader historical paradigm becomes apparent. Colonial era historians developed their own historiographical models to explain the interconnections between the two regions. While the colonial historiography need not be rehabilitated for such purposes, there is still a need to conceptualize Manchuria and Korea from a transnational historical framework that can better elucidate the deep interconnections between the two regions before 1945.

Este libro es el resultado de una década de formación académica e investigaciones en México y el extranjero, con el propósito de avanzar en el conocimiento de la diplomacia desplegada por el México posrevolucionario en los escenarios de interacción multilateral dispuestos al final de la Primera Guerra Mundial. Puede verse en el ingreso de México en la Sociedad de Naciones (SDN), la organización política central de esta compleja estructura internacional, un paso importante en la regularización de la situación de este país revolucionario en el exterior. Sin embargo, este hecho coincidiría con el inicio de la etapa más complicada que registra la historia de la célebre organización del periodo de entreguerras. El trabajo de investigación en archivos diplomáticos nacionales e internacionales nos brinda la oportunidad de reflexionar con mayores elementos que las versiones y testimonios triunfalistas sobre un muy celebrado pero hasta hoy poco conocido episodio de la diplomacia mexicana. Independientemente de las variaciones y particularidades de los principales temas de anteguerra aquí estudiados (Manchuria, Etiopía, España, Austria y Finlandia), puede destacarse como un importante y regular propósito de política exterior en estos años el fortalecimiento de una política autodefensiva y la construcción cuidadosa de una figura internacional respetable.

Historically, Northeast China (Manchuria) was a border zone between China and the nomadic peoples, as well as between the Russian and Qing empires since the 17th century. In the second half of the 19th and first half of the 20th century, a number of factors (penetration by foreign powers, collapse of the Qing Empire, revolution in Russia, Japanese expansion and demographic changes) transformed this area into " a contact zone " in the sense given by Mary Louise Pratt. The main focus of the article is the way in which this contact zone was described by Polish and Serbian travellers. Their accounts can provide a special outlook, because Poland and Serbia did not participate extensively in the colonial penetration into China, however, Serbs and Poles travelled there, often representing Russian institutions. Therefore they were observing China as agents of an imperial power, but they did not identify themselves fully with it. Our analysis of the image of Northeast China as a contact zone will be divided into three broad sections: 1) political and military expansion 2) economic and demographic relations 3) transcultural phenomena of everyday life.

Chinese laborers migration to colonial Korea became a major issue that resulted in entry restrictions in 1934. During the early years of colonial rule, the Government General of Korea did not actively limit the entry of Chinese laborers and the colonial state was one of the largest employers. However, in the 1930s migration restrictions appeared not only in Korea but also in neighboring Manchuria. The efforts at border control in colonial Korea need to be viewed in conjunction with labor policies in Japan and Manchuria. The restrictions on Chinese labor were ultimately linked to efforts to reconfigure Japan’s new territorial possessions after the Manchurian Incident in 1931 as the region became a space for resolving the intractable social and economic problems of the Japanese empire.

Review of Shuang Chen. State-Sponsored Inequality: The Banner System and Social Stratification in Northeast China. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2017. 368 pp. $60 (cloth, e-book).

Seonmin Kim. Ginseng and Borderland:Territorial Boundaries and Political Relations Between Qing China and Chosŏn Korea, 1636-1912. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2017. 224 pp. Open access.

Hauer, Erich: Handwörterbuch der Mandschusprache, 2., durchgesehene und erweiterte Auflage, herausgegeben von Oliver Corff, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2007XV, 536 pp. Hauers Wörterbuch, zuerst 1952-1955 in drei Lieferungen veröffentlicht, bedarf heute keiner eigenen Würdigung mehr -es hat sich für Generationen von Benutzern als Standardwerk etabliert und ist das Mandschu-Wörterbuch, seit vielen Jahrzehnten. An seiner Seite bestehen heute nur noch zwei Werke: Zacharov (1875), das sicherlich umfangreichste Wörterbuch der Mandschu-Sprache, das die europäische Forschung je hervorgebracht hat, das aber zu den bibliographischen Raritäten unserer Disziplin gehört und nicht häufig in Bibliotheken zu finden ist, und Norman (1978). Daneben treten seit einigen Jahren Werke aus chinesischer und japanischer Produktion, die Lexikographie auf höchstem Niveau bieten 1 , aber aufgrund der Sprache nicht allen westlichen Forschern dieselben Dienste erweisen können wie die zuerst genannten Werke (sicher sind viele -und immer mehr ! -an der Mandschu-Sprache Interessierte heute sinologisch und oft auch japanologisch gebildet, für den klassischen "Altaisten" gilt dies aber nach wie vor nicht notwendigerweise). Den "Hauer" selbst rezensieren zu wollen, würde an Vermessenheit grenzen, daher nur einige kurze Worte darüber, was dieses unentbehrliche Wörterbuch bietet (und was nicht): geschätzte 20.000 Stichwörter mit deutschen Bedeutungsangaben, (oft sehr zahlreiche) Textbelege (aus einer gewissen Auswahl der mandschurischen Literatur, allerdings ohne genaue Textstellenangabe, die das Auffinden der Stellen ermöglichen würde), umfangreiche deutsche Bedeutungsangaben, gelegentlich Verweise auf die chinesische oder mongolische Herkunft eines Lemmas (keine tungusischen Etymologien, die allerdings die wenigsten Benutzer dieses Diktionärs jemals ernsthaft vermisst haben dürften). Welcher Art sind nun die Bedeutungsangaben in Hauers Wörterbuch? Ich würde sie als enumerativ bezeichnen, mit anderen Worten: Der Benutzer findet hier (und für die allermeisten ist dies genau das, was sie erwarten) unter jedem Lemma eine Aufzählung in verschiedenen Kontexten und für verschiedene Verwendungsfälle eines Lexems jeweils passender deutscher Übersetzungsäquivalente 2 . Ein nicht

This article attempts to examine the implications of changing direction in Mission of the Keijo Imperial University(京城帝國大學, KIU) after Manchuria incident, through the formation and activities of Manmou Cultural Research Society(滿蒙文化硏究會, MCRS) and Tairiku Cultural Research Society(大陸文化硏究會, TCRS). MCRS(and TCRS as the successor of MCRS) aims for knowledge production of the Continent which is the area including Manchukuo(滿洲國) and Inner Mongolia from a scientific perspective, and tries to distribute the wide knowledge and various information acquired by its academic researches to the colonial society in conformity with the national policy of Japanese Empire. Effectively, they functioned as the research units of the KIU, because the president of KIU was spearheading the organizing of MCRS and TCRS, and major academics of KIU participated in their activities. Then, why did the KIU organize them under the circumstance where the KIU was searching a new direction as ‘the only Imperial University in continental Asia’ and What did the KIU expect through the formation and activities of them? This article deals with these questions.

In this short paper presenting my research project, I show how shintô in Manchuria is linked to several religious figures such as Ômotokyô's co founder Deguchi Onisaburô; farmer settlers' leader Katô Kanji; or Tenrikyô Manchurian village's missionary Nitta Ishitarô. I also illustrate briefly the central place of the emperors Meiji and Puyi within Japanese religious activities in Manchuria.

Following the line of research initiated by Robert Austerlitz, this paper takes up the question concerning the prehistory of the Ghilyak or Nivkh language. Since Ghilyak is a genetic isolate, or a small family of closely related idioms, information on the earlier stages of the language can be obtained only from two kinds of sources, internal and external. Firstly, Ghilyak exhibits a large number of systematic morphophonological alternations and derivational correlations, which offer good opportunities for the application of the method of internal reconstruction. At the same time, due to external contacts, Ghilyak shares a number of diachronic developments, grammatical features, and lexical elements with the neighbouring languages. This paper, then, discusses some of the information that the traces of external contacts can yield about the prehistory of the Ghilyak language.

National victimhood is rarely immutable or permanent; instead, it reflects the transformations in society and ideas about citizenship. In Cold War historiography, the Japanese empire—a behemoth that controlled more than 7.5 million square kilometres of land and sea and ruled over millions of imperial subjects—has mostly been analysed through the lens of national history. This national framework has often discounted the importance of empire and ignored its many legacies. One consequence of this limited vision was the categorisation of Japanese victimhood along the lines of gender and the civilian-military divide. These divisions and omissions were not limited to the non-Japanese— even former " defenders of empire " might find themselves left out of the mainstream accounts of history.

in this paper, I discuss three identifiable Puyo-Koguryoic loanwords in Jurchen-Manchu, including their earliest known philological attestations in Korean Peninsular Literary Chinese sources and in the earliest Jurchen texts.  As I will demonstrate, these words were probably borrowed into Jurchen-Manchu from Puyo-Koguryoic languages in connection with the states of Koguryo or Parhae, or with earlier Puyo–Tungusic ethnolinguistic interactions in northern Korea and Manchuria.
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This article analyses scholarship and memoir writing by German geographer Gustav Fochler-Hauke with respect to Korean settlement in Manchuria, and along the Tumen and Yalu/Amnok rivers in the 1930s and early 40s. The research note demonstrates that while Focher-Hauke's work has its value—not least due to the access he received thanks to the Japanese military government—his concepts of geopolitics and the influence of his mentor and collaborator, Karl Haushofer, renders the work flawed; its value as a historical source for scholars today is therefore limited. The research note begins with Fochler-Hauke's rising profile within German geopolitical studies and turns toward that field's documentation of Koreans in Manchuria, the role of borders between Korea and Manchuria, the blind eye turned toward Korean resistance to Japan, and the rehabilitation of some of these scholars and works after World War II.

This essay reviews six book focused on migration and mobility in modern  East Asian history. 1. Eiichiro AZUMA, In Search of Our Frontier: 2. Sayaka CHATANI, Nation-Empire; 3. Sidney Xu LU, The Making of Japanese Settler Colonialism; 4. Alyssa M. PARK, Sovereignty Experiments; 5. Bill SEWELL, Constructing Empire; 6. Kirsten L. ZIOMEK, Lost Histories

清人四次纂修《盛京通志》。康熙、雍正两朝所修《盛京通志》是《一统志》纂修的一部分，地方当局通过纂辑盛京地区风土人情，体现清朝统治疆域的广度。乾隆朝纂成两部《盛京通志》则向中央典籍转型，将侧重点变为塑造清朝起源的共同历史记忆，从而构筑中央政治权威。它们共同构成了盛清时期多种面相的“大一统”政治文化。而作为读者的文人士大夫在阅读该书时，主要关注点却不在于政治文化的主旨，而在于书中包含的丰富知识，反映出士人对朝廷政治文化建构的微妙疏离感。

During its four times' compilation in Qing Dynasty, The Shengjing Provincial Gazetteer (Shengjing Tongzhi) has been illustrating a temporally varied ideology of High Qing court about the political cultural concept "Grand Unification". As a part of Grand Unification Gazetteer's (Da Qing Yitongzhi) compilation, the first two editions, finished at Kangxi and following Yongzheng period, emerged as a medium of Shengjing local knowledge, implicating the diversity of frontier. However, the following two editions of Qianlong era soon transformed into a central context, with knowledge from the court and central government, iterating the state authority by shaping a unique common memory of origin. On the other hand, in response to the ideological building process, the literati readers mainly concentrated on the rich knowledge of Shengjing local society and nature, paying little attention to the political cultural concept. The whole event showed the power of High Qing court among ideological world and its practice.

Статья рассказывает о малоизученном феномене русскоязычной топонимики на территории современной КНР (непосредственно в провинции Хэйлунцзян и округе Хулун-Буир АРВМ). Особое внимание уделяется процессам адаптации инородных по происхождению названий в России и Китае, которое привело к различным феноменам: наличию массива китаеязычных «народных названий», находящихся в активном обороте на юге Дальнего Востока, и полному забвению пласта русскоязычной топонимики в Китае.

Zwischen der Mongolei und Korea liegt die Mandschurei, ein zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts dünn besiedeltes, aber rohstoffreiches und strategisch wichtiges Gebiet. Seit dem Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts versuchten sowohl Russen als auch Japaner, dieses Gebiet zu erringen. Russland begann daher 1896 mit dem Bau der Ostchinesischen Eisenbahn, die eine exterritoriale Verlängerung der Transsibirischen Eisenbahn war und deren Geschichte Sören Urbansky hier erzählt. Die Bahn erweist sich als Verkehrs-, Kommunikations- und Kolonisationsmittel: Sie war nötig für den Transport von Menschen und Waren und den Austausch von Informationen. Den kolonialen Wettstreit gewannen am Ende die Chinesen: Sie nutzten die Eisenbahn am umfangreichsten zum Transport von Siedlern. 1952 übergab die Sowjetunion die Ostchinesische Eisenbahn an die Volksrepublik China – damit endet dieses spannende Lehrstück der Kolonialgeschichte.

For a century and a half the Far East, including Inner Mongolia and Manchuria was the scene of endless wanderings and long sojourns of political exiles from Poland, whom Russian tyranny drove into that wilderness, and many of whom made significant contributions to the economic development of that part of Asia. In the course of time numerous Poles – partly political exiles and partly voluntary emigrants, being gifted with a spirit of enterprise – built up large industrial undertakings and made great fortunes, both in sparsely populated steppes of Inner Mongolia and vast forests of Northeastern China. Such were, for instance, the industrialist Władysław Kowalski (1870–1940) and the mining engineer Kazimierz Grochowski (1873–1937). Both of them were prominent representatives of the Polish diaspora in Manchuria and Inner Mongolia. Kowalski, widely respected by other diasporas in the area, made millions in business and became one of the most influential manufacturers as well as philanthropists across Manchuria. Grochowski, on the other hand, supervised the geological survey on the Amur, on Sakhalin and in Inner Mongolia, and found petroleum in Manchuria. The presence of Polish community in Manchuria and Inner Mongolia cannot be separated from the Russian-built Chinese Eastern Railway that linked Siberia with North China and drew people from the far reaches of the Tsarist Russia in their tens of thousands to the largely wild and uncharted region in the borderland between Russia, Inner Mongolia and Manchuria.

China is not a monolithic entity, nor is it homogeneous. Even among the majority Han population there are a generous assortment of languages and dialects. China at present has, officially, 56 minority ethnic groups. The experiences of minorities in China provides a unique set of lenses with which to analyze China and the government of the People’s Republic of China.
The experiences of three minority groups in China, the Manchu, the Tibetans, and the Uyghur was the primary modicum for analyzing the relationship between PRC citizens and their government and the degree to which that identity relationship is flexible with regards to minorities. This monograph’s objective is to analyze how these three ethnic minorities have been comparatively impacted by Sinicization policies, how they have they reacted with respect to their identity and discern if there are there any general trends among them.

Esta es mi introducción a la brillante e innovadora obra de Emilio Crisi, Revolución Anarquista en Manchuria (1929-1932), publicada en Argentina en 2015. Esta revolución comunista libertaria de base olvidada en su apogeo cubrió un territorio de 350,000 km² (más grande que Alemania) , que si bien era un terreno inhóspito y poco poblado, incluía la ciudad industrial de Harbin; allí el Estado fue reemplazado por instituciones de contrapoder con plenarios proletarios que decidían tácticas y estrategias.

In the given research for the first time letters of engineer-railroader Gavriil Stepanovich Moskvitin, who served at the construction of Chinese Eastern Railway, introduced into scientific circulation. Methods microhistory applied in the study of the traditional way of life of railway man in Manchuria. Earlier published sources said almost nothing about the traditional of railroad mans the Chinese Eastern Railway, which is manifested in everyday life, norms and values, behavior, problems of railway workers and many others. The letters like these form a certain system, which has a chronological sequence. It is equally important that, years after these letters were written, sent, received and read, they were preserved as material evidence of human life and were transferred to the Astrakhan archive by sister G. S. Moskvitina.

Taking into account that man and society position themselves in space, the author analyzes the process of development and perception of the frontier space of Manchuria by the Russian engineer-railroader at the end of XIX – beginning of XX centuries. To today, the study of perception and development of the frontier space at the level of microhistory requires special attention from the historian, as it allows a better understanding of the functioning of the Russian Empire and its colonies. The author considers that G. S. Moskvitin letters written between 1898 and 1901 performed a number of functions.

The dominant China narrative for much of the last decade has been the story of growth. The statistics dazzle. Hundreds of millions lifted out of poverty, trillions of dollars of investment and thousands of new cities created seemingly overnight. However, less attention has been paid to the impact of these staggering changes on the personal level. In Manchuria by Michael Meyer, the author of the wellreceived Last Days of Old Beijing, attempts to correct this oversight.

Die Stadt Harbin an der Ostchinesischen Eisenbahn war ein Symbol der Expansion des Russischen Reiches nach Fernost. In den 1920er Jahren entwickelte sich die wegen ihrer europäischen Architektur "Paris des Ostens" genannte Stadt zu einem der Zentren der russischen Emigration. Die Besetzung der Mandschurei durch Japan und die Eingliederung des Gebiets in die Volksrepublik China bereiteten dem russischen Harbin ein Ende. In den 1950-1 970er Jahren wurde Harbin zu einer gewöhnlichen chinesischen Industriestadt. Seit den 1990er Jahren erlebt der historische Stadtkern Harbins nach Jahrzehnten des Niedergangs eine Renaissance. Doch der Erhalt des architektonischen Ensembles dient vor allem den Interessen der Tourismusindustrie. Es dominieren Imitation und Kitsch. Misstrauen gegenüber dem vorgeblich Authentischen sollte ein steter Begleiter aufmerksamer China-Reisender sein. Dies gilt besonders in Zeiten, in denen Architekten und Stadtplaner in der Volksrepublik komplette europäische Kleinstädte für das Pläsier der Neureichen minutiös kopieren.1 Einen sicheren Hafen der Authentizität hofft