《中西元史》，第一輯，頁26—71； Zhong Xi Yuanshi [The History of Mongol-Yuan in China and the West], vol. 1, . 26-71., 2023
Using historical phonology and socio-linguistic theories to investigate the history of livestock ... more Using historical phonology and socio-linguistic theories to investigate the history of livestock and nomadic life of Turkic-Mongolian people
元史及民族與邊疆研究 Studies on the Mongol-Yuan and China's bordering area, vol. 19, 2006
Many studies were done for the Jiangnan (江南 or Yangtze Delta) from late Tang to late Qing. But ne... more Many studies were done for the Jiangnan (江南 or Yangtze Delta) from late Tang to late Qing. But nearly no work talking about the agriculture in the Yuan era (13-14th century). There has been an important debate about the 13-14th century transformation of the agriculture development in Jiangnan. Therefore the studying the agriculture of Yuan’s Jiangnan is too important for the overall agricultural history of Jiangnan. In the past scholars believed that the “squeezing” economic policy of the Yuan Empire hurt the Jiangnan’s agriculture. But it seems to be a misunderstanding. The Yuan’s agriculture followed the development of Southern Sung (11th - 13th) and became the beginning of the Ming’s (14th - 17th). This development was clearly successive. At the same time, we found that the Yuan’s Jiangnan agricultural economy mostly followed the market’s choices – selecting breed of rice, and choosing of rice or wheat.
A 6th century Mongolian inscriptions written in Brahmi script is newly discovered in Mongolia. Th... more A 6th century Mongolian inscriptions written in Brahmi script is newly discovered in Mongolia. The phonological features are: *p- initial consonant and *-p- middle consonant, which reaffirms the historical phonological law of Mongolian language constructed by Ramstedt. Based on this, the Mongolian vocabulary of Tuoba Xianbei and Rouran is restored. Then it is determined that the primitive Mongolian «writing » *biti- is the first writing behavior in the history of nomadic nomadic history, and they first writing they learnt is Chinese script. Before that, the nomadic world had only the Turkic-Mongolian cognate *yïr- ~ *ǰiru-, which was the tradition of the Huns of "carved bone wood". Today, only the Mongolian dialect Tu (Monguor) of Qinghai still uses *ǰiru-"scribe", resisting the trend of *biti- ~ *biči- writing. Finally, study the underlying vocabulary of the Tu language (Monguor), compare the history of Tuyuhun, and explore the potential relationship between the these two. 蒙古國新發現六世紀婆羅米字原始蒙古語碑文，其音韻特色：*p- 首輔音與 *-p- 中間輔音，重新肯定藍司鐵 (Ramstedt) 構擬的蒙古語歷史音韻規律。以此為基礎，還原拓跋鮮卑與柔然的蒙古語詞匯。繼而考訂原始蒙古語“寫”*biti- 是遊牧史上最先的書寫行為，寫的是漢字：*biti- 是漢語“筆”，引意筆寫。在此之前，遊牧世界只有突厥－蒙古同源詞 *yïr- ~ *ǰiru-，是匈奴人“刻骨契木”的傳統。今日，蒙古方言只有青海的土族語 (Monguor) 仍然使用 *ǰiru-“劃寫”，抵制了 *biti- ~ *biči- 筆寫潮流。最後，研究土族語的底層詞彙，對比吐谷渾的歷史，探索兩者之間的潛在關係。
《元史及民族与边疆研究集刊》第三十九輯 vo. 39 [Yuánshǐ jí mínzú yǔ biānjiāng yánjiū = Studies on the Mongol-Yuan and China's Bordering Area],, 2021
In previous researches, exchange of Chinese medical service was only used as an evidence to justi... more In previous researches, exchange of Chinese medical service was only used as an evidence to justify the Oversea Chinese networks between Hong Kong and Southeast Asia. This article put the focus on the examination of Chinese medical doctor in the Nam Wah Ee Hospital in Penang where the connection with the Tung Wah Hospital in Hong Kong was found. With advertisement in the archive of Penang’s Chinese newspaper and the letters preserved in the Hong Kong’s Tung Wah Museum, this article discovers the details in the flow of examination and the employment of oversea external corrector. This examination was indeed a public ranking of Chinese medical doctors in Penang and gave a great influence in Penang’s society. 過往學者研究香港與東南亞華埠之間的華人網落，只把各地中醫中藥醫院之間的交流被視為網路的佐證，未有專題研究。本文以檳城南華醫院與香港東華醫院的中醫師考核為研究中心，利用當年檳城華文報章刊登的廣告、香港東華三院文物館保存的書信檔案，還原檳城南華醫院中醫師資格考試的流程與細節。這資格考核對於檳城的中醫界有如獨一無二的公開排名，在檳城社區影響深遠。
Which is the source of the Mongolian translated Chinese divination? Official Mongolian translated... more Which is the source of the Mongolian translated Chinese divination? Official Mongolian translated Chinese calendar annotated with divination? or folk translation of Chinese divination booklet? In the centre of Turfan Uighur documenet and Mongolian birch bark document from Xarbuxyn Balgas
In the Yuan era, the Confucian elites got a popular legend about the Unicom (Jiaoduan角端), Yelü Ch... more In the Yuan era, the Confucian elites got a popular legend about the Unicom (Jiaoduan角端), Yelü Chucai and Genghis Khan. It was about Genghis Khan met a mythical Unicorn during the 1st West Campaign (invasion of Central Asia). That Unicorn could speak. The core of the legend was then Yelü Chucai explained and asked Genghis Khan to stop the war, and therefore Genghis Khan retreated. This article is not to find out which animal was the so-called Unicorn they met. There was another version of this legend in the late Yuan era which had not been mentioned before. The actors of this version became Kublai Khan and Liu Bingzhong but the core part did not change, i.e., met Unicorn and then retreat. This article makes use of the rumor theory to investigate this legend and its changing. The main idea of the legend indeed reflects the common thought of the Confucian elites – they dislike the warlike policies of the Mongol rulers.
元史及民族與邊疆研究 [Yuánshǐ jí mínzú yǔ biānjiāng yánjiū = Studies on the Mongol-Yuan and China's Bordering Area], vol.34, 2017
The campaign against Jurchen and Korea by Ĵalayirtai and Yisüder during the reign of Ögedei Khan ... more The campaign against Jurchen and Korea by Ĵalayirtai and Yisüder during the reign of Ögedei Khan (1229-1241), written in the Secret History of the Mongols, is always identified as the same campaign against Korea during the reign of Möngke Khan (1253-1259). According to most academic views, this campaign was wrongly edited much earlier into the era of Ögedei Khan. But I prove that the campaign really happened during the Ögedei Khan. Ĵalayirtai is a “commander of a thousand” since the late era of Chinggis Khan, and was recorded in the “Register of Thousands” in the Persian Jāmic al-Tavārīkh. Yisüder is a “commander of a thousand” of Ögedei Khan, and was recorded in the “Annual Grant” in Chinese Yuan Shi. For the campaign of Ögedei Khan, the main target was Jurchen-Manchuria but not Korea. It was most probably the two commanders quartered in Manchuria as Tamaγči and never marched into Korea. Decade years later, the Mongol’s ruling in Jurchen-Manchuria was firmed, the two commanders were appointed to be against Korea. While the campaign by Möngke Khan was only against Korea, these two campaigns are totally unrelated. For praising Ögedei Khan, the author of the Secret History of the Mongols wrote down the campaigns of the Mongols against everywhere and the setup of Tamaγči garrison along the borders. As one of the example of victory, the campaign against Jurchen and Korea by Ĵalayirtai and Yisüder was written. The campaign against Iran and Iraq, and the campaign against Europea were also written. Because of the victories and the setup of Tamaγči garrisons, these three campaigns were recorded together into the section §274 even they were not in the same or similar year. Scholars do not understand the motivation and the oral-historical tradition. They assumed the historical records of the Secret History of the Mongols were wrong. Indeed the campaign against Jurchen and Korea by Ĵalayirtai and Yisüder was exactly happened during the reign of Ögedei Khan. There were no detail happened later then 1252 A.D. On the other hand, a monumental record of the family Chang written by Cheng Jufu in Xue-lou-ji proved that a Qurilta-meeting was held in the summer of 1252 A.D. There is no more contradiction for me to believe that the Secret History of the Mongols was written in 1252 A.D.
元史及民族與邊疆研究 Studies on the Mongol-Yuan and China's Bordering Area, 2015
The islands Penang, Singapore, and Hong Kong were developed into international ports since the Br... more The islands Penang, Singapore, and Hong Kong were developed into international ports since the British started their business between India and China. Those development provided a lot of job opportunities so that many Chinese, mainly Hokkien and Cantonese, migrated there. The Birtish Colonial Governments of these three cities did not care the living standard of the local population but only commerce and interest. Therefore, the societies of Chinese diaspora related themselves for all kind of social welfare services, included burial one. Steles of the charitable cemeteries provided many information about the system of the self-service of the Chinese diaspora. They concentrated together through their dialects, i.e., the Hokkien helps Hokkien, the Cantonese help Cantonese. However, the system lost its function in Hong Kong so that the famous "I-Tsz Scandal" happened. Therefore, the establishment of Tung Wah Hospital was encouraged by the British Hong Kong Government.
By examining Mongol and Chinese documents, this article analyses Mongolian official titles from t... more By examining Mongol and Chinese documents, this article analyses Mongolian official titles from the 14th to the 16th centuries. It shows that there are many historical layers in the set of official titles. The titles inherited from the Mongol-Yuan administration were still used within the ordinary nobility. In the late 15th century, the Mongol royal family suppressed all non-royal warlords. At that moment, it was frequently Chinese captives who suggested the 'updated' official nomenclature to the Mongolian warlords. The official titles recorded in the Mongolian "White History" Chaghan Teuke clearly preserve these historical layers. This proves that the White history was indeed written in the late 16th century, and not during the Yuan era (13-14 centuries).
Western academic circles generally believe that the Mongolian-Yuan Empire and the Manchu-Qing Emp... more Western academic circles generally believe that the Mongolian-Yuan Empire and the Manchu-Qing Empire used Buddhism to strengthen their legitimacy, and this argument has intensified. However, the author believes that the advocacy of Buddhism by the Mongolian and Yuan rulers has nothing to do with the legitimacy of imperial rule. Based on the Mongolian steles of 14th century, I will point out that the so-called political legitimacy of Buddhism in the Yuan Dynasty was actually misunderstood by modern scholars, or even over-interpreted.
《中西元史》，第一輯，頁26—71； Zhong Xi Yuanshi [The History of Mongol-Yuan in China and the West], vol. 1, . 26-71., 2023
Using historical phonology and socio-linguistic theories to investigate the history of livestock ... more Using historical phonology and socio-linguistic theories to investigate the history of livestock and nomadic life of Turkic-Mongolian people
元史及民族與邊疆研究 Studies on the Mongol-Yuan and China's bordering area, vol. 19, 2006
Many studies were done for the Jiangnan (江南 or Yangtze Delta) from late Tang to late Qing. But ne... more Many studies were done for the Jiangnan (江南 or Yangtze Delta) from late Tang to late Qing. But nearly no work talking about the agriculture in the Yuan era (13-14th century). There has been an important debate about the 13-14th century transformation of the agriculture development in Jiangnan. Therefore the studying the agriculture of Yuan’s Jiangnan is too important for the overall agricultural history of Jiangnan. In the past scholars believed that the “squeezing” economic policy of the Yuan Empire hurt the Jiangnan’s agriculture. But it seems to be a misunderstanding. The Yuan’s agriculture followed the development of Southern Sung (11th - 13th) and became the beginning of the Ming’s (14th - 17th). This development was clearly successive. At the same time, we found that the Yuan’s Jiangnan agricultural economy mostly followed the market’s choices – selecting breed of rice, and choosing of rice or wheat.
A 6th century Mongolian inscriptions written in Brahmi script is newly discovered in Mongolia. Th... more A 6th century Mongolian inscriptions written in Brahmi script is newly discovered in Mongolia. The phonological features are: *p- initial consonant and *-p- middle consonant, which reaffirms the historical phonological law of Mongolian language constructed by Ramstedt. Based on this, the Mongolian vocabulary of Tuoba Xianbei and Rouran is restored. Then it is determined that the primitive Mongolian «writing » *biti- is the first writing behavior in the history of nomadic nomadic history, and they first writing they learnt is Chinese script. Before that, the nomadic world had only the Turkic-Mongolian cognate *yïr- ~ *ǰiru-, which was the tradition of the Huns of "carved bone wood". Today, only the Mongolian dialect Tu (Monguor) of Qinghai still uses *ǰiru-"scribe", resisting the trend of *biti- ~ *biči- writing. Finally, study the underlying vocabulary of the Tu language (Monguor), compare the history of Tuyuhun, and explore the potential relationship between the these two. 蒙古國新發現六世紀婆羅米字原始蒙古語碑文，其音韻特色：*p- 首輔音與 *-p- 中間輔音，重新肯定藍司鐵 (Ramstedt) 構擬的蒙古語歷史音韻規律。以此為基礎，還原拓跋鮮卑與柔然的蒙古語詞匯。繼而考訂原始蒙古語“寫”*biti- 是遊牧史上最先的書寫行為，寫的是漢字：*biti- 是漢語“筆”，引意筆寫。在此之前，遊牧世界只有突厥－蒙古同源詞 *yïr- ~ *ǰiru-，是匈奴人“刻骨契木”的傳統。今日，蒙古方言只有青海的土族語 (Monguor) 仍然使用 *ǰiru-“劃寫”，抵制了 *biti- ~ *biči- 筆寫潮流。最後，研究土族語的底層詞彙，對比吐谷渾的歷史，探索兩者之間的潛在關係。
《元史及民族与边疆研究集刊》第三十九輯 vo. 39 [Yuánshǐ jí mínzú yǔ biānjiāng yánjiū = Studies on the Mongol-Yuan and China's Bordering Area],, 2021
In previous researches, exchange of Chinese medical service was only used as an evidence to justi... more In previous researches, exchange of Chinese medical service was only used as an evidence to justify the Oversea Chinese networks between Hong Kong and Southeast Asia. This article put the focus on the examination of Chinese medical doctor in the Nam Wah Ee Hospital in Penang where the connection with the Tung Wah Hospital in Hong Kong was found. With advertisement in the archive of Penang’s Chinese newspaper and the letters preserved in the Hong Kong’s Tung Wah Museum, this article discovers the details in the flow of examination and the employment of oversea external corrector. This examination was indeed a public ranking of Chinese medical doctors in Penang and gave a great influence in Penang’s society. 過往學者研究香港與東南亞華埠之間的華人網落，只把各地中醫中藥醫院之間的交流被視為網路的佐證，未有專題研究。本文以檳城南華醫院與香港東華醫院的中醫師考核為研究中心，利用當年檳城華文報章刊登的廣告、香港東華三院文物館保存的書信檔案，還原檳城南華醫院中醫師資格考試的流程與細節。這資格考核對於檳城的中醫界有如獨一無二的公開排名，在檳城社區影響深遠。
Which is the source of the Mongolian translated Chinese divination? Official Mongolian translated... more Which is the source of the Mongolian translated Chinese divination? Official Mongolian translated Chinese calendar annotated with divination? or folk translation of Chinese divination booklet? In the centre of Turfan Uighur documenet and Mongolian birch bark document from Xarbuxyn Balgas
In the Yuan era, the Confucian elites got a popular legend about the Unicom (Jiaoduan角端), Yelü Ch... more In the Yuan era, the Confucian elites got a popular legend about the Unicom (Jiaoduan角端), Yelü Chucai and Genghis Khan. It was about Genghis Khan met a mythical Unicorn during the 1st West Campaign (invasion of Central Asia). That Unicorn could speak. The core of the legend was then Yelü Chucai explained and asked Genghis Khan to stop the war, and therefore Genghis Khan retreated. This article is not to find out which animal was the so-called Unicorn they met. There was another version of this legend in the late Yuan era which had not been mentioned before. The actors of this version became Kublai Khan and Liu Bingzhong but the core part did not change, i.e., met Unicorn and then retreat. This article makes use of the rumor theory to investigate this legend and its changing. The main idea of the legend indeed reflects the common thought of the Confucian elites – they dislike the warlike policies of the Mongol rulers.
元史及民族與邊疆研究 [Yuánshǐ jí mínzú yǔ biānjiāng yánjiū = Studies on the Mongol-Yuan and China's Bordering Area], vol.34, 2017
The campaign against Jurchen and Korea by Ĵalayirtai and Yisüder during the reign of Ögedei Khan ... more The campaign against Jurchen and Korea by Ĵalayirtai and Yisüder during the reign of Ögedei Khan (1229-1241), written in the Secret History of the Mongols, is always identified as the same campaign against Korea during the reign of Möngke Khan (1253-1259). According to most academic views, this campaign was wrongly edited much earlier into the era of Ögedei Khan. But I prove that the campaign really happened during the Ögedei Khan. Ĵalayirtai is a “commander of a thousand” since the late era of Chinggis Khan, and was recorded in the “Register of Thousands” in the Persian Jāmic al-Tavārīkh. Yisüder is a “commander of a thousand” of Ögedei Khan, and was recorded in the “Annual Grant” in Chinese Yuan Shi. For the campaign of Ögedei Khan, the main target was Jurchen-Manchuria but not Korea. It was most probably the two commanders quartered in Manchuria as Tamaγči and never marched into Korea. Decade years later, the Mongol’s ruling in Jurchen-Manchuria was firmed, the two commanders were appointed to be against Korea. While the campaign by Möngke Khan was only against Korea, these two campaigns are totally unrelated. For praising Ögedei Khan, the author of the Secret History of the Mongols wrote down the campaigns of the Mongols against everywhere and the setup of Tamaγči garrison along the borders. As one of the example of victory, the campaign against Jurchen and Korea by Ĵalayirtai and Yisüder was written. The campaign against Iran and Iraq, and the campaign against Europea were also written. Because of the victories and the setup of Tamaγči garrisons, these three campaigns were recorded together into the section §274 even they were not in the same or similar year. Scholars do not understand the motivation and the oral-historical tradition. They assumed the historical records of the Secret History of the Mongols were wrong. Indeed the campaign against Jurchen and Korea by Ĵalayirtai and Yisüder was exactly happened during the reign of Ögedei Khan. There were no detail happened later then 1252 A.D. On the other hand, a monumental record of the family Chang written by Cheng Jufu in Xue-lou-ji proved that a Qurilta-meeting was held in the summer of 1252 A.D. There is no more contradiction for me to believe that the Secret History of the Mongols was written in 1252 A.D.
元史及民族與邊疆研究 Studies on the Mongol-Yuan and China's Bordering Area, 2015
The islands Penang, Singapore, and Hong Kong were developed into international ports since the Br... more The islands Penang, Singapore, and Hong Kong were developed into international ports since the British started their business between India and China. Those development provided a lot of job opportunities so that many Chinese, mainly Hokkien and Cantonese, migrated there. The Birtish Colonial Governments of these three cities did not care the living standard of the local population but only commerce and interest. Therefore, the societies of Chinese diaspora related themselves for all kind of social welfare services, included burial one. Steles of the charitable cemeteries provided many information about the system of the self-service of the Chinese diaspora. They concentrated together through their dialects, i.e., the Hokkien helps Hokkien, the Cantonese help Cantonese. However, the system lost its function in Hong Kong so that the famous "I-Tsz Scandal" happened. Therefore, the establishment of Tung Wah Hospital was encouraged by the British Hong Kong Government.
By examining Mongol and Chinese documents, this article analyses Mongolian official titles from t... more By examining Mongol and Chinese documents, this article analyses Mongolian official titles from the 14th to the 16th centuries. It shows that there are many historical layers in the set of official titles. The titles inherited from the Mongol-Yuan administration were still used within the ordinary nobility. In the late 15th century, the Mongol royal family suppressed all non-royal warlords. At that moment, it was frequently Chinese captives who suggested the 'updated' official nomenclature to the Mongolian warlords. The official titles recorded in the Mongolian "White History" Chaghan Teuke clearly preserve these historical layers. This proves that the White history was indeed written in the late 16th century, and not during the Yuan era (13-14 centuries).
Western academic circles generally believe that the Mongolian-Yuan Empire and the Manchu-Qing Emp... more Western academic circles generally believe that the Mongolian-Yuan Empire and the Manchu-Qing Empire used Buddhism to strengthen their legitimacy, and this argument has intensified. However, the author believes that the advocacy of Buddhism by the Mongolian and Yuan rulers has nothing to do with the legitimacy of imperial rule. Based on the Mongolian steles of 14th century, I will point out that the so-called political legitimacy of Buddhism in the Yuan Dynasty was actually misunderstood by modern scholars, or even over-interpreted.
The Ming Empire carried out sea ban, i.e. the isolationist Chinese polices, to restrict private C... more The Ming Empire carried out sea ban, i.e. the isolationist Chinese polices, to restrict private Chinese maritime trading and foreign trade. No Chinese merchant was allowed to go oversea. Foreign merchants could only make business in China together with their country’s envoy when paying tribute to the Ming’s emperors. Such business was in a very limited scale that it could not fulfill the urgent need of Chinese product in East Asia and Southeast Asia. The Ryukyu Kingdom, one of the Tributary states of Ming China, got the chance to carrying out a Triangular trade. The official merchants of Ryukyu kingdom sold those popular Chinese goods (porcelain, silk etc) to Southeast Asia and Japan. At the same time, the Ryukyu official merchants bought the pepper, Indian redwood and tin from Southeast Asia, and bought copper from Japan. Those goods would be sold to China when the Ryukyu kingdom paid tribute towards the Ming emperors. Types and amount of goods exporting to China were written down in the official records of the Ryukyu kingdom. Those records were preserved in the book Rekidai Hōan [Chinese: Li Dai Bao An]. The Ryukyu kingdom bore the duty to exchange goods within East and Southeast Asian, and reached its most prosperity. But the international trade of Ryukyu kingdom declined after the middle 16th century. After examining the records of those goods in Rekidai Hōan, the article proved that the decline of Ryukyu was started around 1545 A.D. Those Chinese smuggling merchants and pirates broke through the sea ban and traded directly with Southeast Asia and Japan. The Portuguese merchant is the second power replacing the trading role of Ryukyu after they were allowed to settle in Macau and make trade with China directly. The last but not least, the Japanese merchants started voyage towards Southeast Asia after 1570s while the Ryukyu merchants stopped to Southeast Asia. Forty years later, the Ryukyu kingdom was defeated and controlled by the Japan.
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蒙古國新發現六世紀婆羅米字原始蒙古語碑文，其音韻特色：*p- 首輔音與 *-p- 中間輔音，重新肯定藍司鐵 (Ramstedt) 構擬的蒙古語歷史音韻規律。以此為基礎，還原拓跋鮮卑與柔然的蒙古語詞匯。繼而考訂原始蒙古語“寫”*biti- 是遊牧史上最先的書寫行為，寫的是漢字：*biti- 是漢語“筆”，引意筆寫。在此之前，遊牧世界只有突厥－蒙古同源詞 *yïr- ~ *ǰiru-，是匈奴人“刻骨契木”的傳統。今日，蒙古方言只有青海的土族語 (Monguor) 仍然使用 *ǰiru-“劃寫”，抵制了 *biti- ~ *biči- 筆寫潮流。最後，研究土族語的底層詞彙，對比吐谷渾的歷史，探索兩者之間的潛在關係。
過往學者研究香港與東南亞華埠之間的華人網落，只把各地中醫中藥醫院之間的交流被視為網路的佐證，未有專題研究。本文以檳城南華醫院與香港東華醫院的中醫師考核為研究中心，利用當年檳城華文報章刊登的廣告、香港東華三院文物館保存的書信檔案，還原檳城南華醫院中醫師資格考試的流程與細節。這資格考核對於檳城的中醫界有如獨一無二的公開排名，在檳城社區影響深遠。
元代儒士階層流傳當初成吉思汗西征遇見角端一事。主角不是成吉思汗，而是耶律楚材勸成吉思汗退兵。這傳說更寫進了正史《元史․耶律楚材傳》。歷來元史學人對這段神話都極有興趣，研究成吉思汗退出印度跟耶律楚材的關係，甚至研究這傳說的角端是某種鹿科動物。然而，這個角端傳說卻有一個鮮為人知的版本，元末熊太古《背越集記》收錄的角端傳說，其主角不是耶律楚材與成吉思汗，卻變成了劉秉忠與忽必烈。人物完全改變，但角端勸退兵仍舊不變。這種改變不是孤例。陳學霖《劉伯溫與哪吒城──北京城的傳說》一書研究明代人「劉伯溫建北京城」的傳說，證明了其原形就是元朝「劉秉忠建大都城」。耶律楚材變為劉秉忠，一如劉秉忠變成劉伯溫。陳學霖運用了社會學的理論──上層社會的大傳統與低下階層的小傳統，指出「劉伯溫建北京城」是低下階層的流行傳說，跟知識份子史書記載的史實自是不相同。同樣道理，角端神話從耶律楚材變為劉秉忠，也該是民間創作。本文卻從另一方面談討這問題，運用社會學家的「謠言」(rumor) 理論，分析傳說創作背後的心理狀態；並進一步指出，耶律楚材與角端勸退兵，不是史實，只是元代漢人儒生階層的傳說，側面反映儒生厭倦蒙古統治者好戰的習性。
For praising Ögedei Khan, the author of the Secret History of the Mongols wrote down the campaigns of the Mongols against everywhere and the setup of Tamaγči garrison along the borders. As one of the example of victory, the campaign against Jurchen and Korea by Ĵalayirtai and Yisüder was written. The campaign against Iran and Iraq, and the campaign against Europea were also written. Because of the victories and the setup of Tamaγči garrisons, these three campaigns were recorded together into the section §274 even they were not in the same or similar year. Scholars do not understand the motivation and the oral-historical tradition. They assumed the historical records of the Secret History of the Mongols were wrong. Indeed the campaign against Jurchen and Korea by Ĵalayirtai and Yisüder was exactly happened during the reign of Ögedei Khan. There were no detail happened later then 1252 A.D. On the other hand, a monumental record of the family Chang written by Cheng Jufu in Xue-lou-ji proved that a Qurilta-meeting was held in the summer of 1252 A.D. There is no more contradiction for me to believe that the Secret History of the Mongols was written in 1252 A.D.
Drafts by Kai-lung HO
蒙古國新發現六世紀婆羅米字原始蒙古語碑文，其音韻特色：*p- 首輔音與 *-p- 中間輔音，重新肯定藍司鐵 (Ramstedt) 構擬的蒙古語歷史音韻規律。以此為基礎，還原拓跋鮮卑與柔然的蒙古語詞匯。繼而考訂原始蒙古語“寫”*biti- 是遊牧史上最先的書寫行為，寫的是漢字：*biti- 是漢語“筆”，引意筆寫。在此之前，遊牧世界只有突厥－蒙古同源詞 *yïr- ~ *ǰiru-，是匈奴人“刻骨契木”的傳統。今日，蒙古方言只有青海的土族語 (Monguor) 仍然使用 *ǰiru-“劃寫”，抵制了 *biti- ~ *biči- 筆寫潮流。最後，研究土族語的底層詞彙，對比吐谷渾的歷史，探索兩者之間的潛在關係。
過往學者研究香港與東南亞華埠之間的華人網落，只把各地中醫中藥醫院之間的交流被視為網路的佐證，未有專題研究。本文以檳城南華醫院與香港東華醫院的中醫師考核為研究中心，利用當年檳城華文報章刊登的廣告、香港東華三院文物館保存的書信檔案，還原檳城南華醫院中醫師資格考試的流程與細節。這資格考核對於檳城的中醫界有如獨一無二的公開排名，在檳城社區影響深遠。
元代儒士階層流傳當初成吉思汗西征遇見角端一事。主角不是成吉思汗，而是耶律楚材勸成吉思汗退兵。這傳說更寫進了正史《元史․耶律楚材傳》。歷來元史學人對這段神話都極有興趣，研究成吉思汗退出印度跟耶律楚材的關係，甚至研究這傳說的角端是某種鹿科動物。然而，這個角端傳說卻有一個鮮為人知的版本，元末熊太古《背越集記》收錄的角端傳說，其主角不是耶律楚材與成吉思汗，卻變成了劉秉忠與忽必烈。人物完全改變，但角端勸退兵仍舊不變。這種改變不是孤例。陳學霖《劉伯溫與哪吒城──北京城的傳說》一書研究明代人「劉伯溫建北京城」的傳說，證明了其原形就是元朝「劉秉忠建大都城」。耶律楚材變為劉秉忠，一如劉秉忠變成劉伯溫。陳學霖運用了社會學的理論──上層社會的大傳統與低下階層的小傳統，指出「劉伯溫建北京城」是低下階層的流行傳說，跟知識份子史書記載的史實自是不相同。同樣道理，角端神話從耶律楚材變為劉秉忠，也該是民間創作。本文卻從另一方面談討這問題，運用社會學家的「謠言」(rumor) 理論，分析傳說創作背後的心理狀態；並進一步指出，耶律楚材與角端勸退兵，不是史實，只是元代漢人儒生階層的傳說，側面反映儒生厭倦蒙古統治者好戰的習性。
For praising Ögedei Khan, the author of the Secret History of the Mongols wrote down the campaigns of the Mongols against everywhere and the setup of Tamaγči garrison along the borders. As one of the example of victory, the campaign against Jurchen and Korea by Ĵalayirtai and Yisüder was written. The campaign against Iran and Iraq, and the campaign against Europea were also written. Because of the victories and the setup of Tamaγči garrisons, these three campaigns were recorded together into the section §274 even they were not in the same or similar year. Scholars do not understand the motivation and the oral-historical tradition. They assumed the historical records of the Secret History of the Mongols were wrong. Indeed the campaign against Jurchen and Korea by Ĵalayirtai and Yisüder was exactly happened during the reign of Ögedei Khan. There were no detail happened later then 1252 A.D. On the other hand, a monumental record of the family Chang written by Cheng Jufu in Xue-lou-ji proved that a Qurilta-meeting was held in the summer of 1252 A.D. There is no more contradiction for me to believe that the Secret History of the Mongols was written in 1252 A.D.