Health Sector

The Covid-19 epidemic is going on as a serious health problem and threat. Indeed, it is also a devastating financial and economic problem. Unfortunately, the Covid-19 epidemic is causing many firms to shut down and go out of business. This triggers unemployment and instability in countries all over the World. The developed countries armed with higher funds are able to better support their citizens and businesses compared to developing and underdeveloped countries. All countries implement different measures to eliminate the several negative effects of Covid-19 epidemic, which has undesired reflections on numerous sectors such as the health, education, tourism, food & beverages and manufacturing industries. This paper argues that, the Covid-19 epidemic in fact has deeper reflections and it may be a new arena of financial fraud. Based on this research, citizens and governments must be extra careful about the new types of financial fraud observed as a result of the Covid-19 epidemic. Al...

Purpose -The evaluation of training results in large groups with limited resources is one of the challenges of organisations. This paper aims to provide a methodological approach to facilitate evaluation of training among large groups. The paper presents the tools and the results of an evaluation of a whole training plan on the rational use of medicines addressed to 1,550 health professionals in Spain. Design/methodology/approach -Two questionnaires were administered to the trainees in order to evaluate transfer of training: one questionnaire upon finishing the training session and another one two months later. A total sample of 351 subjects was obtained from 53 different training programs linked with the rational use of medicines. Findings -Results show that most of the trainees had improved their professional performance, especially the duties related to the selection and use of medicines. Key factors for transfer, such as motivation and support from the organisation, which are present when the transfer is higher, were also detected. Practical implications -The research offers an easily applicable tool that can be used by organisations with few resources available for evaluation. The tool allows evaluation of the maintenance of the acquired learning, the particular changes in professional performance that prevail in time, and the factors that contribute to such changes. Originality/value -This study provides a model to evaluate transfer of training that can be useful for practitioners and researchers who want to evaluate training effectiveness among large groups. It also contributes relevant information about the health sector and about large organisations with a lot of working offices, which could help advancing towards improving the effectiveness of training. never applied; therefore, training loses efficacy . As Saks and Belcourt (2006) point out:

ÖZET Sağlık sektörü reform çalışmalarına bakıldığında sağlık harcamaları ve finansmanının temel konulardan biri olduğu görülmektedir. Yapılan bu çalışmada hem kamu sektörünü hem özel sektörü kapsayan bir çerçevede sağlık harcamalarının finansmanı ve analizi incelenerek Türkiye'de sağlık harcamalarının yapısı değerlendirilecektir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Sağlık harcamaları; Sağlık hizmetlerinin finansmanı; Sağlık sektörü reformu ABSTRACT Considering health sector reform studies, health expenditures and the financing of these expenditures are the main issues. In this study, by investigating and analysing the financing of the health expenditures, including both private and public sector, the structure of the health expenditures in Turkey will be evaluated. Keywords: Health expenditures ; The financing of health care services; Health sector reform Giriş Günümüzde dünya genelinde ve Türkiye'de, belki de toplumla ilgili en temel sorunlardan biri sağlık karma malı ile ilgili olarak ortaya çıkmaktadır. Sağlık mal ve hizmetlerinin bir kısmı tam özel mal niteliğine sahipken bir kısmı yarı kamusal mal bir kısmı ise özellikle koruyucu hekimlik hizmetleri tam kamusal mal özelliğine sahiptir. Devletin sosyal devlet anlayışıyla hem üretim hem finansman açısından özel sektörün yanısıra sağlık hizmetlerinin sunumunu giderek artan biçimde üstlenmesiyle refah devletinde sağlığın kamu sektörünün en önemli harcama kalemlerinden birini oluşturduğu görülmektedir. 1980'li yılların ikinci yarısında bir çok ülkenin varolan sağlık sistemlerindeki yapıyı incelemeye başladıkları ve sorguladıkları görülmektedir. Sağlık sorunlarının niteliği, kişilerin sağlık sistemlerinden talepleri ve tercih ettikleri hizmetler değişmektedir. Gelişen olanaklar ve tıp teknolojisindeki yeniliklerle bağıntılı olarak bireylerin sağlık hizmetlerinden beklentilerini yükselmiştir. Sağlık hizmetlerinin kapsamı, teknolojisi ve maliyetleri artmaktadır. Ülkeler, bireylerin sağlıklarını koruyup geliştirerek, giderek artan sağlık harcamalarına bir çözüm bulabilme,hizmetlerin maliyetlerini düşürme ve sağlık sektöründe 1 Bu makale " Sağlık Karma Malının Tahsisinde Etkinlik Sorunu ve Türkiye'de Sağlık Reformu " başlıklı doktora tez çalışmasından uyarlanarak hazırlanmıştır.

The aim of this study is to examine the effects of teamwork and organizational commitment on organizational performance in the health sector. This study sought to investigate specifically, the mechanism through which teamwork and organizational commitment influence employee’s performance to their job schedules as well as to the organization. In the context of the study, the introduced model was tested by a questionnaire instrument with 27 items excluding the demographic variables. The study focused on the employees of public and private hospitals in Diyarbakir. The results suggest that there is a positive linear relationship between team work, organizational commitment and organizational performance variables. The findings of the study demonstrate that the employees of private hospitals have higher teamwork, organizational commitment and performance scores than public hospital employees. Also, some disparities were observed according to the demographic variables of the study.

ÖZET "Sağlık Sektörü" içerikli seri makaleler üçlemesinin ilki olan bu makalede, sağlık sektörü bir bütün olarak ele alınmakta, bütün ülkeler için geçerli olabilecek ortak bir sağlık sektör, ve sağlık sistemleri"yapısı" özeti önermek amaçlanmaktadır.

Bu araştırmanın amacı, havacılık ve sağlık sektöründe belirlenen iki farklı örneklem
üzerinde yapılan bir saha çalışmasıyla liderin kişilik özelliklerinin işyeri ilişkileri kalitesine etkisinde politik becerinin aracı rolünü ortaya koymaktır. Demografik özelliklere (yaş, cinsiyet, medeni durum, eğitim durumu, çalışma süresi ve görev ünvanı) göre çalışanların işyeri ilişkileri kalitesi algısının farklılık gösterip göstermediğini incelemek araştırmanın diğer amacıdır. Araştırmanın örneklemini havacılık sektöründe 384 ve sağlık sektöründe 468 çalışan oluşturmaktadır.
Liderin kişilik özellikleri, işyeri ilişkileri kalitesi, politik beceri ve demografik
özellikler ile ilgili her iki örneklemden veri toplamak amacıyla nicel araştırma
yöntemlerinden anket tekniği kullanılmıştır. Liderin kişilik özelliklerini ölçmek için Lang
vd. tarafından geliştirilen 15 soru ve beş boyuttan oluşan beş faktör kişilik özellikleri (dışadönüklük, nevrotiklik, deneyime açıklık, öz disiplin ve uyumluluk) ölçeği kullanılmıştır. İşyeri ilişkileri kalitesini ölçmek için üç farklı ölçek biraraya getirilerek 23 soruluk ölçek oluşturulmuştur. Liderin politik becerisini ölçmek için ise Ferris vd. tarafından geliştirilen 18 soru ve dört boyuttan oluşan politik beceri ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Araştırmada verilerin analiz aşamasında SPSS 21.0 ve AMOS 24 istatistik programları kullanılmıştır. Hem havacılık hem de sağlık sektöründen elde edilen veriler üzerinde yapılan karşılaştırmalı analizler sonucunda, liderin kişilik özelliklerinin işyeri ilişki kalitesini etkilediği ve bu etkileşimde liderin politik becerisinin aracılık etkisine sahip olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bununla birlikte, demografik özelliklere göre çalışanların işyeri ilişkileri kalitesi algısında farklılıkların olduğu belirlenmiştir. Bazı küçük farklılıklar olmasına rağmen her iki sektör sonuçlarının benzer olduğu görülmüştür. Bu araştırmanın liderlik, kişilik, işyeri ilişkileri ve politik beceri kavramları ile ilgili literatüre ve yapılacak çalışmalara katkı sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Liderlik, Kişilik Özellikleri, Beş Faktör Kişilik Özellikleri, İşyeri
İlişkileri Kalitesi, Politik Beceri

The aim of this research is to examine the mediator role of political skill in the effect of the personality traits of the leader on the workplace relationships quality through a field study on two different samplings determined in the aviation and health sector. Another aim of the study is to examine whether the perception of employees' workplace relationships quality varies or not according to demographic characteristics (gender, marital status, age, educational status, working time and job title). The samplings of the research consist of 384 employees working in aviation and 468 employees working in health sector. The quantitative research method was conducted in the study and survey technique was employed in order to data gathering for personality traits of the leader, workplace relationships quality, political skill and demographic characteristics in both sectors. In order to measure the personality traits of the leader, five factor personality traits scale consisting of 15 questions and five dimensions (extraversion, neuroticism, openness to experience, conscientiousness and agreeableness) developed by Lang et al. were used. To measure workplace relationships quality, three different scales were put together and a 23-question scale was formed. And to measure the political skill of the leader, political skill scale consisting of 18 questions and four dimensions, developed by Ferris et al. was used. In the research, during the the analysis phase of the data, SPSS 21.0 and AMOS 24 statistics programs were used. As a result of comparative analysis on data obtained from both the aviation and health sector, it has been determined that the personality traits of the leader affect workplace relationships quality and the political skill of the leader has an mediator effect in this interaction. At the same time, it has been observed that there were differences in the perception of workplace relationships quality of the employees according to demographic characteristics. Even though there are some minor differences, it has been observed that the results of both sectors were similar. It is thought that this research will contribute to the literature and studies about the concepts of leadership, personality traits, workplace relationships and political skill.

Keywords: Leadership, Personality Traits, Five Factor Personality Traits, Workplace Relationships Quality, Political Skill

In light of the disasters and crises the world is witnessing, the latest of which is the new Corona virus pandemic, we had to look at matters from a different angle for everything that has been accustomed to, and rearrange priorities from the most important to the least important in order to ensure the existence of institutions and organizations that complement and share the fight against this epidemic. Current study aims to shed light on HR practices (Performance Management, Off-Site Work Engagement ,Minimum Training ,Constant Communications, Job Security and Coping Management) and their impact on managing the emerging COVID 19 crisis within Kuwaiti hospitals. By relying on the quantitative approach, (324) questionnaires were distributed to employees of Kuwaiti health sector hospitals, including managerial employees, nurses and doctors. Depending on SPSS, the study demonstrated the existence of an impact of HRM practices in strengthening the foundations of combating and confronting the pandemic and managing this crisis and the study also demonstrated an impact of job security, constant communication and coping management in motivating health sector employees to provide their best capabilities in these difficult circumstances. Study recommended reconsidering the functional structure of human resources in Kuwaiti hospitals and enhancing the role of human resources within the various medical and administrative departments

Corruption in the health sector is a concern in all countries especially in developing countries such as Nigeria where public resources are already scarce. The deplorable condition of the health sector in the country, in spite of government spending raises serious concerns. These concerns include embezzlement, mismanagement, poor funding, shortage of drugs and medical equipments in public hospitals. This paper therefore examines how corruption has impeded the service delivery in relation to diversion of drugs and how it has affected the increase of mortality (12.7 deaths/1000 population) in Nigeria in 2016. The main objective of this study is to investigate the health management agencies that are in charge of purchase and distribution of drugs and how such drugs are properly distributed to patients. Guided by structural functionalism theory, the design was mainly qualitative and samples were drawn through systematic sampling technique. Data collection involved in-depth and key informant interviews with pharmacists, health practitioners and health management officials. A pre-tested interview guide was used as instrument of data collection and data were content analyzed. The study envisaged how and why the health sector is susceptible to corruption, the risks, challenges and its implication for service delivery in health sector. This no doubt has serious health implications especially in the area of distribution of drugs/ interventions amongst indigent population of Oyo State and its implications for service delivery in public hospitals in Nigeria.

Bu çalışmada bir üniversite ve üç  kamu  hastanesinde görev  yapan  213 hemşirenin duygusal tükenme, duyarsızlaşma ve düşük kişisel  başarı  boyutları  ile tanımlanan tükenmişlik düzeylerinin, yenilikçilik,  risk alma ve fırsatlara odaklanma alt  boyutları  ile  ele  alınan örgüt içi  girişimcilik tutumları  ile  ilişkisi  araştırılmıştır. Araştırma bulguları değerlendirildiğinde, tükenmişlik alt boyutlarından sadece düşük kişisel  başarı  hissi  alt  boyutu  ile  örgüt  içi  girişimci  davranışlar  arasında  bir  ilişki olduğu görülmüş ve elde edilen diğer bulgular tartışılmıştır.

The world is constantly under threat of emerging and re-emerging diseases. The outbreak of Ebola virus disease in parts of west Africa has reinforced the need for strong public health leadership, organisation, and better preparedness to rise up to new health challenges. Having been accused of slow response in the face of Ebola crisis,1 WHO moved quickly to declare Zika virus a public health emergency. Most African countries need to fortify their health security because they are affected by both disasters and diseases, which pose a major threat to the infrastrucure.2

This study looked at Citizen Participation in Health Budget Process: Trends and Patterns in Enugu state of Nigeria. The study's objectives included exploring citizens' perception of the factors that influence the release of funds in the State, their level of participation, and knowledge about the goals of citizen participation in the budget process. Respondents were 398 in number (198 males and 200 females), inclusive of 40 civil and public servants. The two sets of questionnaire were used to collect data (One set for the public and civil servants; and the other set for the general public. Results reveal that the factors that influence the release of funds include, among others, poor allocation and release of funds from federal sources and weak political commitment. The results also reveal that citizens are not openly and substantially involved in the health budget process, and their level of knowledge regarding the government's goal in citizen participation in the budget process is poor. The findings from this study will inform the development of advocacy packages to the government towards greater and meaning engagement of the citizens in the budget process. The advocacy packages might give the necessary voice to the people, which are required to strengthen efforts towards the attainment of Universal Health Coverage, as well as generate useful data which will serve as a guide for future interventions.

ÖZ
Bu çalışmada Ankara ilindeki bir özel hastanede çalışanların iş stresi ve işten ayrılma niyeti düzeyleri, yaşadıkları iş stresi ile işten ayrılma niyetleri arasındaki ilişki ve iş stresinin işten ayrılma niyeti üzerindeki etkileri incelenmiştir. Çalışmanın amacı doğrultusunda, Ankara ilinde sağlık sektöründe faaliyet gösteren bir özel hastanede çalışan 256 kişiye anket uygulanmıştır. Yapılan analizler sonucunda çalışanlar iş stresinde; 1,49, işten ayrılma niyetinde ise; 2,50 ortalama değerlerine sahiptir. Fark testleri sonucunda; cinsiyet, medeni durum, yaş grubu, eğitim düzeyi, aylık gelir düzeyi, meslek, mesleki deneyim süresi ve kurumdaki deneyim süresi değişkenlerine göre çalışanların iş stresi düzeylerinde anlamlı farklılıklar bulunurken, mesleği seçme nedeni değişkenine göre anlamlı bir farklılık bulunamamıştır. Çalışanların işten ayrılma niyetlerinde ise; cinsiyet, medeni durum, yaş grubu, eğitim düzeyi, mesleki deneyim süresi, kurumdaki deneyim süresi ve mesleği seçme nedeni değişkenlerine göre anlamlı farklılıklar bulunurken, aylık gelir düzeyi, meslek değişkenlerine göre anlamlı bir farklılık bulunamamıştır. Pearson korelasyon analizine göre; iş stresi ve işten ayrılma niyeti arasında pozitif yönde anlamlı bir ilişki bulunmuştur (0,495). Son olarak iş stresinin işten ayrılma niyeti üzerinde anlamlı bir etkisinin olduğu ve çalışanların işten ayrılma niyetlerinin %24,5 oranında iş stresi ile açıklanabildiği tespit edilmiştir.

ABSTRACT
In the study, levels of job stress and intention of quitting of employees working in a private hospital in the province of Ankara, the correlation between their job stress and intention of quitting and the effect of job stress on the intention of quitting were analyzed. According to the study objective, a questionnaire was applied to 256 employees working in a private hospital that operates in the health sector in the province of Ankara. As a result of the analyses performed, it was found that the employees' job stress (1,49) and intention of quitting (2,50) had an average value. As a result of the difference tests, it was found that there were significant differences in job stress levels of the employees according to the variables of gender, marital status, age, education, monthly level of income, task, duration of occupational experience and duration of corporate experience; however, there was no significant difference according to the variable of choice of profession. Concerning the employees' intention of quitting, on the other hand, it was found that there were significant differences according to the variables of gender, marital status, age, education, duration of occupational experience, duration of corporate experience and choice of profession; however, there was no significant difference according to the variables of monthly level of income and task. According to the Pearson's correlation analysis; it was determined that there was a positively significant correlation between job stress and intention of quitting (0,495). Finally, it was determined that job stress had a significant effect on the intention of quitting and the employees' intention of quitting could be explained by job stress at the rate of 24,5%.

Background: Saudi Arabia is currently passing through a transformational phase. There is a huge demand on the Saudi healthcare system to provide better healthcare facilities to the rapidly increasing Saudi population, as well as the growing elderly population. Lack of trained healthcare professionals and heavy reliance on foreign workers are significant aspects for policymakers to consider and deal with. It is also important to reexamine the healthcare Human Resource Development (HRD) initiatives so as to provide a huge reserve of healthcare professionals with appropriate learning and competence. Method: This paper is a critical review based on secondary data collected from various sources including databases, reports, articles, books, government documents and earlier research undertaken in this regard. The paper is an attempt to document and evaluate the various steps suggested and undertaken by the new strategic plan, Vision 2030, and consequently documented in the National Transformation Program (NTP) adopted in April 2016 in the healthcare HRD sphere in Saudi Arabia. Results: It has been shown that appropriate HRD capacity building needs to be adopted along with the aggressive policy regulation. It is also important to ensure that future health sector investment meets the needs of local healthcare HRD. Saudization and the adoption of the 'Nitaqat' program have played an effective role in pushing the Saudization targets in the private sector, and there is a huge scope for the absorption of young trained Saudi boys and girls in the healthcare sector. Conclusion: Vision 2030 adopted in 2016 is a testimony to a revolutionary step undertaken by the government and that the healthcare sector is also passing through a major shift in its approach and execution. Vision 2030 has come out with a very clear sense of direction to the healthcare sector, and the projected shift from the existing one-third to two-third Saudi-to-foreigner workforce ratio by the year 2030 needs to be adopted carefully to turn the healthcare HRD challenges into opportunities.

Turkish Abstract: Çalışmada Türkiye sağlık sektöründe kamu alımları ve kamu alım yöntemi ve alınan ürün menşei bakımından incelenmiştir. Yabancı menşeli ürün alımı azaltılmasının finansal etkisinin analizi yapılarak tavsiye ve önerilerde bulunulmuştur. Bu amaçla Sağlık Bakanlığı’nın karar destek sistemlerinden belirli göstergeler seçilerek veriler elde edilmiştir. Çalışmada Sağlık Bakanlığı’nın İstanbul’da 2017 yılında yapılan sağlıkta kamu satın alımlarının verileri kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen veriler derlenerek Türkiye İlaç ve Tıbbi Cihaz Kurumu veri bankalarında ve Türk Eczacıları Birliği veri bankasında ürün menşei ülke tespit çalışmaları yapılmıştır. Bulgular, sağlık sektöründe kamu alımlarının büyük çoğunluğunun açık ihale alım usulü ile yapıldığını ve önemli bir kısım alımın doğrudan temin ile yapıldığı göstermiştir. Ayrıca, alımı yapılan ürünlerin çok büyük kısmının yabancı menşeli olduğu tespit edilmiştir. English Abstract: In this study, public procurement in the Turkish h...

In light of the disasters and crises the world is witnessing, the latest of which is the new Corona virus pandemic, we had to look at matters from a different angle for everything that has been accustomed to, and rearrange priorities from the most important to the least important in order to ensure the existence of institutions and organizations that complement and share the fight against this epidemic. Current study aims to shed light on HR practices (Performance Management, Of -Site Work Engagement ,Minimum Training ,Constant Communications, Job Security and Coping Management) and their impact on managing the emerging COVID 19 crisis within Kuwaiti hospitals. By relying on the quantitative approach, (324) questionnaires were distributed to employees of Kuwaiti health sector hospitals, including managerial employees, nurses and doctors. Depending on SPSS, the study demonstrated the existence of an impact of HRM practices in strengthening the foundations of combating and confronting the pandemic and managing this crisis and the study also demonstrated an impact of job security, constant communication and coping management in motivating health sector employees to provide their best capabilities in these difficult circumstances. Study recommended reconsidering the functional structure of human resources in Kuwaiti hospitals and enhancing the role of human resources within the various medical and administrative departments.

Background: Lot of articles shed light on the importance of drug adherence on communicable diseases as well in non-communicable diseases, however it failed to achieve proper therapeutic goal in individual concern, here the general perception on diseases and disorder stage found poor amongst the community, and poor status found on by customs practices followed in drug usages. The health care providers often failed on by giving proper guidance to the patient. This research studies highlighted importance of individual patient counseling and on by to creating public awareness programs amongst the community. Methods: Primarily noted importance of individual patient counselling in respect to recently published article from south Asia as well in Middle East region, it were directly observed patient co0mments regarding this matter who treated from public as well in private sector, secondarily it considered expert opinion on this regards and this data presented such anomalies in existing hea...

The crisis of the pandemic of Covid-19 is considered as a direct threat not only to the global economy, but to the global health systems as well, especially to nations with small and weaker health systems, such as Greece's. The effects were felt by both health professionals and patients. This article analyzes the general impact on Covid-19 on health sector, the financial impact of COVID-19 on health sector, refugees' health during Covid and the impact of Covid-19 on mental health services.

Corruption in the health sector is a concern in all countries especially in developing countries such as Nigeria where public resources are already scarce. The deplorable condition of the health sector in the country, in spite of government spending raises serious concerns. These concerns include embezzlement, mismanagement, poor funding, shortage of drugs and medical equipments in public hospitals. This paper therefore examines how corruption has impeded the service delivery in relation to diversion of drugs and how it has affected the increase of mortality (12.7 deaths/1000 population) in Nigeria in 2016. The main objective of this study is to investigate the health management agencies that are in charge of purchase and distribution of drugs and how such drugs are properly distributed to patients. Guided by structural functionalism theory, the design was mainly qualitative and samples were drawn through systematic sampling technique. Data collection involved in-depth and key informant interviews with pharmacists, health practitioners and health management officials. A pre-tested interview guide was used as instrument of data collection and data were content analyzed. The study envisaged how and why the health sector is susceptible to corruption, the risks, challenges and its implication for service delivery in health sector. This no doubt has serious health implications especially in the area of distribution of drugs/interventions amongst indigent population of Oyo State and its implications for service delivery in public hospitals in Nigeria.

The Covid-19 epidemic is going on as a serious health problem and threat. Indeed, it is also a devastating financial and economic problem. Unfortunately, the Covid-19 epidemic is causing many firms to shut down and go out of business. This triggers unemployment and instability in countries all over the World. The developed countries armed with higher funds are able to better support their citizens and businesses compared to developing and underdeveloped countries. All countries implement different measures to eliminate the several negative effects of Covid-19 epidemic, which has undesired reflections on numerous sectors such as the health, education, tourism, food & beverages and manufacturing industries. This paper argues that, the Covid-19 epidemic in fact has deeper reflections and it may be a new arena of financial fraud. Based on this research, citizens and governments must be extra careful about the new types of financial fraud observed as a result of the Covid-19 epidemic. Also, additional and new measures are needed such as awareness and training on the subject. Especially, emerging financial fraud related to information technologies (IT) require special attention. This article suggests that, firms as well as governments must operate their internal controls and internal auditing mechanisms efficiently in order to prevent the negative consequences and financial fraud arising as a result of the Covid-19 epidemic. Emerging new types of financial fraud in the Covid-19 epidemic era and recommendations to minimize their negative effects are discussed.

ÖZ Bu araştırma, sağlık sektöründeki profesyonellerin sinizm ve kişilerarası çatışma düzeylerinin işten ayrılma niyeti üzerindeki etkilerinin ortaya konulması amacıyla yapılmıştır. Modeli test etmek amacıyla demografik değişkenler dışında 26 soruluk bir anket kullanılmıştır. Bu anketler Türkiye'nin Güney Doğu Anadolu Bölgesi'nde yer alan Diyarbakır ilinde faaliyet gösteren kamu hastanelerinde çalışan personele dağıtılmış olup, 463 anket analiz için kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen verilerin analizinde ise AMOS 18.0 programıyla Yapısal Eşitlik Modeli kullanılmıştır. Analiz sonucunda sinizm ve kişilerarası çatışma ile işten ayrılma arasında önemli derecede ilişki tespit edilmiş olup çatışmanın, sinizmin işten ayrılma niyeti üzerindeki etkisinde aracı (mediating effect) etkisi olduğu görülmüştür. Ayrıca erkeklerin çatışma puanının kadınlara göre daha yüksek olduğu, yaşı 41-50 olanların siniklik puanının yaşı 20-30 olanlara göre daha düşük olduğu, lise mezunlarının siniklik puanlarının lisans ve lisansüstü eğitimlilere göre daha düşük olduğu, hemşire ve ebelerin siniklik puanlarının doktor ve sağlık teknisyenlerine göre daha düşük olduğu tespit edilmiştir. ABSTRACT The aim of this study is to define the effects of cynicism and interpersonal conflict levels of professionals in health sector on their intention to leave. To test the model other than demographic variables a questionnaire having 26 questions were used. These questionnaires were applied to the employees of public hospitals in Diyarbakır province in South Eastern Anatolia Region of Turkey and 463 valid questionnaires were used for analysis. AMOS 18.0 software and Structural Equation Model was used of the analysis of the data. As a result, a significant effect of cynicism and interpersonal conflict on intention to leave was found and it was determined that conflict has a mediating effect on the relationship of cynicism and intent to leave. Besides it is found that men have a higher conflict level than women; the cynicism level of employees at the age of 41-50 is lower than 20-30; high school graduates have lower cynicism level than employees having undergraduate or graduate degrees. Similarly, nurses and midwives cynicism level is lower than the scores of doctors and health technicians.

This paper empirically studies two issues in health insurance provision for wage and salary workers in Argentina and their utilization of health services: (1) the moral hazard problem; and (2) the role of prices in utilization. I examine the relationship between insurance and utilization both by estimating how insurance type affects utilization and by parameterizing characteristics of seven major Obras Sociales (social insurance organizations) using out-of-pocket expenditures. Results from two-part count data models of utilization show that social and private insurance matter in the decision of contacting physicians and hospital services but not in the frequency choice. Evidence that could be interpreted as supply-induced demand for physician visits is also found.

Nepal moved from unitary system with a three-level federal system of government. As federalism accelerates, the national health system can also speed up its own decentralization process, reduce disparities in access, and improve health outcomes. The turn towards federalism creates several potential opportunities for the national healthcare system. This is because decision making has been devolved to the federal, provincial and local governments, and so they can make decisions that are more representative of their localised health needs. The major challenge during the transition phase is to ensure that there are uninterrupted supplies of medical commodities and services. This requires scaling up the ability of local bodies to manage drug procurement and general logistics and adequate human resource in local healthcare centres. This article documents the efforts made so far in context of health sector federalization and synthesizes the progress and challenges to date and potential way...

Turkish Abstract

Çalışmada Türkiye sağlık sektöründe kamu alımları ve kamu alım yöntemi ve alınan ürün menşei bakımından incelenmiştir. Yabancı menşeli ürün alımı azaltılmasının finansal etkisinin analizi yapılarak tavsiye ve önerilerde bulunulmuştur. Bu amaçla Sağlık Bakanlığı’nın karar destek sistemlerinden belirli göstergeler seçilerek veriler elde edilmiştir. Çalışmada Sağlık Bakanlığı’nın İstanbul’da 2017 yılında yapılan sağlıkta kamu satın alımlarının verileri kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen veriler derlenerek Türkiye İlaç ve Tıbbi Cihaz Kurumu veri bankalarında ve Türk Eczacıları Birliği veri bankasında ürün menşei ülke tespit çalışmaları yapılmıştır. Bulgular, sağlık sektöründe kamu alımlarının büyük çoğunluğunun açık ihale alım usulü ile yapıldığını ve önemli bir kısım alımın doğrudan temin ile yapıldığı göstermiştir. Ayrıca, alımı yapılan ürünlerin çok büyük kısmının yabancı menşeli olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

English Abstract

In this study, public procurement in the Turkish health sector was examined in terms of procurement method and product origin, taking into consideration the public procurement legislation. The financial impact of reducing the purchase of foreign origin products was analyzed, and recommendations were made. For this purpose, data from the Ministry of Health's decision support systems were collected by selecting specific indicators from data banks. The data of public procurement vouchers belonging to the Ministry of Health in the province of İstanbul in 2017, were used in this research. Turkey Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency data banks and data banks in the Turkish Pharmacists' Association were used to identify the product origins. The findings of the study showed that the majority of public procurement in the health sector was purchased through an open procurement procedure. Besides, a significant portion of the procurement was made with direct procurement. It was also determined that most of the purchased products were of foreign origin.

Hospitals are health institutions that provide non-stop services to people demand-ing health services with a lot of experts they employ, play an important role in maintaining the welfare of the communities and also have an educational role. Cer-tainly, it is not easy to ensure that the employees from different occupational groups working in the hospitals work together in such a way that they are satisfied with their jobs. However, organization managers aim to increase the job satisfac-tion levels of the employees with several regulations. One of these regulations is to integrate democratic practices into the organizational structures and processes. The aim of this study is to determine the organizational democracy perceptions and job satisfaction levels of employees working in public hospitals and also to determine whether or not organizational democracy has a significant effect in increasing the job satisfaction levels of the employees. As a result of the study, conducted with a total of 200 healthcare professionals, it was found that mean scores of the organiza-tional democracy perception of the employees were 2.42, their mean scores of gen-eral job satisfaction level were 2.73 and moderate significant (in the range of ,411 and ,602) correlations were determined between the organizational democracy sub-scales and job satisfaction and its subscales. In addition, it was determined that jus-tice, equality, and accountability subscales of organizational democracy affected job satisfaction positively and significantly, however, it was also determined that participation & criticizing and transparency subscales did not have a significant ef-fect on job satisfaction

Turkish Abstract: Çalışmada Türkiye sağlık sektöründe kamu alımları ve kamu alım yöntemi ve alınan ürün menşei bakımından incelenmiştir. Yabancı menşeli ürün alımı azaltılmasının finansal etkisinin analizi yapılarak tavsiye ve önerilerde bulunulmuştur. Bu amaçla Sağlık Bakanlığı’nın karar destek sistemlerinden belirli göstergeler seçilerek veriler elde edilmiştir. Çalışmada Sağlık Bakanlığı’nın İstanbul’da 2017 yılında yapılan sağlıkta kamu satın alımlarının verileri kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen veriler derlenerek Türkiye İlaç ve Tıbbi Cihaz Kurumu veri bankalarında ve Türk Eczacıları Birliği veri bankasında ürün menşei ülke tespit çalışmaları yapılmıştır. Bulgular, sağlık sektöründe kamu alımlarının büyük çoğunluğunun açık ihale alım usulü ile yapıldığını ve önemli bir kısım alımın doğrudan temin ile yapıldığı göstermiştir. Ayrıca, alımı yapılan ürünlerin çok büyük kısmının yabancı menşeli olduğu tespit edilmiştir. English Abstract: In this study, public procurement in the Turkish h...

The aim of this study is to examine the effects of teamwork and organizational commitment on organizational performance in the health sector. This study sought to investigate specifically, the mechanism through which teamwork and organizational commitment influence employee’s performance to their job schedules as well as to the organization. In the context of the study, the introduced model was tested by a questionnaire instrument with 27 items excluding the demographic variables. The study focused on the employees of public and private hospitals in Diyarbakir. The results suggest that there is a positive linear relationship between team work, organizational commitment and organizational performance variables. The findings of the study demonstrate that the employees of private hospitals have higher teamwork, organizational commitment and performance scores than public hospital employees. Also, some disparities were observed according to the demographic variables of the study.

Foreign Aid (FA) is considered a tool for promoting economic and human development. Considerable amounts of FA is directed towards the health sector. The role of FA in development, as well as in health, has been a subject of debate with inconclusive results on its impact. This study concentrates on FA in the health sector in Palestine during the period following the establishment of the Palestinian National Authority in 1994. A qualitative research approach was used throughout the study to explore, describe and explain the roles, procedures and challenges of FA in the health sector. The research concluded that FA has a positive impact on the health sector outcomes in Palestine. FA contributed to the establishment of institutional structures and capacities within the health sector, as well as in service provision. Nevertheless, the following challenges still need to be addressed in order to increase FA effectiveness: the Israeli occupation; the continuing influence of donors' agendas; the politicization of aid; the competition between different FA recipients; the low accountability of donors towards recipients; and the miscommunication and inadequate coordination between various actors.

Objective: To indicate the real causes of the crisis in the health sector. Once indicating and understanding them, it introduces a political and philosophical approach in order to overcome them. It considers both systems: public and private in relation to different social paradigms and contemplates on the best one. In addition, it considers the premises of administrative knowledge in relation to every system and social paradigm. As a case study, is being considered the Austrian model-not because it is sufficient but because it is necessary in a world of miseducation, mismanagement and cyber war. It follows up by introducing one of our major diseases: cancer. It shows the nature of it by understanding better the nature of our cells and our body, in relation to our food, nature and the universe, and how it could be cured, by considering some recent approaches and developments in the field. Methodology: Power, ontology and factology (i.e., facts). Results: Beyond the actual once they may be accrued once the topic has been understood and adopted appropriately. Conclusion: They are being summarised at the end of each section.

Celem niniejszego artykułu była weryfikacja projektów z obszaru ochrony zdrowia, które zostały zakwalifikowane do dofinansowania z funduszy strukturalnych w latach 2004-2006. Przedmiotem badania objęto 303 przedsięwzięcia zakontraktowane do realizacji w latach 2004-2006 w 16 województwach. Przeprowadzona analiza wykazała, że w województwie mazowieckim i śląskim zrealizowano największą liczbę projektów w skali kraju, natomiast województwie podlaskim wartość dotacji na jednego mieszkańca regionu była najwyższa. Zweryfikowano, że w latach 2004-2006 w obszarze ochrony zdrowia w Polsce zakontraktowano do realizacji 303 inwestycje, których wartość ogółem oszacowano na 784,48 mln zł, z czego kwota dotacji przyznanych z Europejskiego Funduszu Rozwoju Regionalnego wyniosła 491,72 mln zł.

The aim of this article is to verify the projects in the area of health, which were eligible for financing from the structural funds in 2004-2006. The subject of the study consisted of 303 contracted projects to be implemented in 2004-2006 in 16 provinces. The analysis showed that in the Mazovian and Silesian provinces the largest number of projects in the country were executed, while in Podlasie the grant value per capita was the highest in the region. It has been verified that in the years 2004-2006 in the area of health care in Poland 303 investments were contracted for the implementation with a total value estimated at 784.48 million PLN, where the amount of subsidies granted by the European Regional Development Fund totaled at 491.72 million PLN.

This paper refers to the study undertaken to evaluate the possibility of using lean principle as a continuous improvement tool in the medical set up with particular reference to the three major hospitals in the Federal capital Territory, Abuja, Nigeria. Questionnaires were deployed to the antenatal patients and structured interviews were conducted amongst senior management personnel. Findings provided the perception of the quality of services being offered the patients in respect to perceived value as expected under lean thinking. The views of those staff elicited through the personal interview showed that there is a wide gap in knowledge about lean principle in general and more so its application in health. Wastage that lean abhors and seeks to eliminate abounds in surplus in areas of unnecessary movement, waste of time at queues to be attended to. Moreover, findings showed wall of departmentalization within the service points that made the customers not to be the center of attraction rather the interest of each units. To surmount this in order to apply lean as a tool of continuous improvement, rigorous training on the subject of lean is mandatory to all the staff from the highest to the lowest cadre in all of these organizations. This is possible with the zeal demonstrated by those interviewed willing to learn new way of attending to their patients (clients) since they receive complaints daily over long stay in the hospital to access services.

Hastaneler; bünyelerinde bulundurdukları birçok uzman çalışan ile sağlık hizmetlerini talep edenlere kesintisiz olarak hizmet veren, toplumların refahının sürdürülmesinde önemli rol oynayan, bunun yanında eğitici rolü de bulunan sağlık kurumlarıdır. Hastanelerde görev yapan farklı meslek gruplarındaki çalışanların işlerinden tatmin olmuş bir şekilde birarada çalışmasını sağlamak elbette kolay değildir. Buna rağmen örgüt yöneticileri, yaptıkları birtakım düzenlemeler ile çalışanlarının iş tatmin düzeylerini arttırmayı hedeflemektedirler. Yapılan düzenlemelerden biri de örgütsel yapı ve süreçlere demokratik uygulamaları yerleştirmektir. Bu çalışmanın amacı; kamu hastanesinde görev yapan çalışanların örgütsel demokrasi algıları ile iş tatmin düzeylerini tespit etmek ve bununla birlikte örgütsel demokrasinin çalışanların iş tatmin düzeylerinin arttırılmasında anlamlı bir etkisinin olup olmadığını tespit etmektir. Toplamda 200 sağlık çalışanı ile gerçekleştirilen araştırma sonucunda; çalışanların örgütsel demokrasi algısı ortalamaları; 2,42, genel iş tatmin düzeyi ortalamaları; 2,73 olarak bulunurken, örgütsel demokrasi boyutları ile iş tatmini ve boyutları arasında orta düzeyde (,411 ile ,602 aralığında) anlamlı ilişkiler tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca örgütsel demokrasinin adalet, eşitlik ve hesap verebilirlik boyutlarının iş tatminini pozitif yönde ve anlamlı olarak etkilediği ancak katılım & 1 Bu makale çalışması 4-7 Ekim 2018 tarihlerinde Şanlıurfa'da düzenlenen GAP Zirvesi Programı I. Uluslararası Matematik, Mühendislik, Fen ve Sağlık Bilimleri Kongresi'nde sözlü olarak sunum yapılan özet bildiriden üretilmiştir.

The study was conducted to examine how social media affects the food and beverage industry. It was also intended to expose the impact of social media on consumer preferences for the marketing of food and beverages. In order for businesses to compete with other businesses, the importance of channels that influence purchasing decisions by changing consumers ' consumption habits is increasing day by day. One of these tools is social media. In this study, consumers' perceptions about marketing of food and beverages through social media were tried to be determined. The research was carried out by using the questionnaire technique with 403 participants using social media which was determined by Convenient Sampling Method. As a result of Explanatory Factor Analysis, 2 factors were found; “Sharing and impact” and “promotion on social media”. In the Confirmatory Factor Analysis, it was found that the shares in social media affect the choices and decisions made about the food and beverage business, and consumers can prefer to share their experiences. It can be considered that consumers actively use social media related to food and beverage and they are influenced by social media sharing in the selection of food and beverage businesses.

Bu çalışmada bir üniversite ve üç kamu hastanesinde görev yapan 213 hemşirenin duygusal tükenme, duyarsızlaşma ve düşük kişisel başarı boyutları ile tanımlanan tükenmişlik düzeylerinin, yenilikçilik, risk alma ve fırsatlara odaklanma alt boyutları ile ele alınan örgüt içi girişimcilik tutumları ile ilişkisi araştırılmıştır. Araştırma bulguları değerlendirildiğinde, tükenmişlik alt boyutlarından sadece düşük kişisel başarı hissi alt boyutu ile örgüt içi girişimci davranışlar arasında bir ilişki olduğu görülmüş ve elde edilen diğer bulgular tartışılmıştır.

Bu çalışmada bir üniversite ve üç kamu hastanesinde görev yapan 213 hemşirenin duygusal tükenme, duyarsızlaşma ve düşük kişisel başarı boyutları ile tanımlanan tükenmişlik düzeylerinin, yenilikçilik, risk alma ve fırsatlara odaklanma alt boyutları ile ele alınan örgüt içi girişimcilik tutumları ile ilişkisi araştırılmıştır. Araştırma bulguları değerlendirildiğinde, tükenmişlik alt boyutlarından sadece düşük kişisel başarı hissi alt boyutu ile örgüt içi girişimci davranışlar arasında bir ilişki olduğu görülmüş ve elde edilen diğer bulgular tartışılmıştır.