GPS tracking

The current research aims at showing as applications working on personal mobile communication terminals such as smartphones, can be useful for exploration of places and, at the same time, as tools able to develop interaction between cultural heritage and users. In this sense, the use of smartphone applications can be combined with GIS in order to make a platform of knowledge useful to support research studies in the field of cultural heritage, with specific reference to accessibility issues and to the combined use of integrated technologies like GPS, QR code and GIS, with the final aim to find an useful methodology for collecting data by visitors and visualizing them through  mapping techniques.
The research shows how the integration of different systems and technologies can be used as method for inquiring the interactions between users and cultural heritage in terms of accessibility to places. GPS devices can be used to record visitors movements (cultural routes) in terms of space and time; QR code can be used for users interaction with cultural heritage (tourists opinion, heritage ranking, facilities, accessibility); GIS software can be used for data management, analysis and mapping (tourist flows, more visited places). The focus of research is about a combination of information related to cultural routes with the information related to single cultural places. The focus of research is about a combination of information related to cultural routes with the information related to single cultural places. The current research shows the potential use of smartphone applications, as mobile device for collecting data, as means to record rides and more visited places by tourists. The research could be divided into three steps; the first one concerns with GPS that can be used to record routes; the second one deals with interaction between tourists and cultural heritage through a system based on QR code; the third one is about GIS, used as tool for management, analysis and visualization of data flows. In the current research, the field of investigation refers both to the territorial scale of Turin – Milan axis, and to the local scale of small cities localized in the territories in between. The research has been applied to Turin – Milan infrastructural axis, with the aim to represent the relationships that can be established between mobility infrastructure and cultural heritage. Such relationships should be intended in terms of accessibility from mobility infrastructure (motorway exit, service areas, railways stations) to cultural heritage localized in the surrounding landscape. The richness of cultural heritage and landscape along the chosen infrastructural bundle represent a great opportunity for territorial development in terms of attractiveness, both for local inhabitants and for tourists. Nowadays, the use of tracking technologies can be applied to investigate tourist flows, behaviors of local inhabitants in the historic city centre, number of visitors in the city and so on. In this sense it is possible to apply these technologies, which are particularly relevant in urban studies, extending them to the territorial scale of the Turin - Milan region.
The large amount of available geo-referenced data can be used  in different ways and it is very potential for different kind of analysis: it is possible to show tourist flows in the territory, receive information about more visited places, obtain interaction from users and cultural heritage in terms of visitors opinion about the places, give information to tourists about cultural places, monitor the accessibility to the places, understand the use of means of transport and keep under control the impacts of tourism (social, cultural, environmental) on territory. Applications based on smartphones can be considered a powerful device for visitors but also for institutions that are involved in tourism and cultural heritage management. In fact, the use of mobile applications it can produce a real time data exchange between geographical position of users and system that receives data.
The research shows the opportunity to use GPS and QR code, integrated in a single smartphone application, with GIS software. In the current step of the research only the interaction with GPS and GIS has been tested on the case study of Turin – Milan. Further development of research could be realized to test the real integration of QR code with other systems, developing an application that supports QR code and GPS, and installing a barcode or other interactive devices such as NFC (Near Field Communication) on each relevant cultural places. It is evident that different actors, such as tourists, cultural heritage institutions and employers, have to be involved in this process, in order to have a deeper understanding of the problem, also integrating bottom up and top down contributions.

QR codes is simple and efficient tool used in smartphones to obtain accurate indoor user location. As an increasing number of geo-location services are exploiting the capabilities of smartphones, most of which incorporate GPS location. The smartphones compasses to direct the user to the destination. With the help of accelerometers, it will be possible to estimate the walking distances as an auxiliary information. An, idea in order to calculate the user position inside a building by using QR codes and Google maps. Navigation is the process or activity of accurately ascertaining one’s position, planning and following the route to goal location. Mobile phones are devices merely used to communicate. Based on new techniques like GPS and sensors, compass and accelerometers that can determine the orientation of devices, location based applications coupled with augmented reality views are possible.

Keskin M, M Akkamis, YE Sekerli. 2018. An Overview of GNSS and GPS based Velocity Measurement in Comparison to Other Techniques. International Conference on Energy Research (ENRES2018), 1-2 November 2018, Alanya, Turkey, Proceedings Book, pp.392-404.  ......... .......... .............. ........... ............ ............ .......... ............ ............ ..........
Abstract: GNSS-based speed sensing have some advantages over other methods with no moving parts, not affected by tire properties, dust, ground ruggedness, tall vegetation, suitability for measuring human speed, etc. However, GNSS receiver manufacturers do not provide detailed data on the accuracy of their products in velocity measurement under different conditions. Hence, studies are conducted to assess the speed accuracy of the GNSS receivers. This paper overviewed studies on the accuracy of GNSS receivers for speed measurement and basic knowledge on other methods was also included. Studies revealed key findings: GNSS units determine the speed based on three methods (travel distance/time, Doppler shift and time-differenced carrier phase, TDCP) and the TDCP method can offer better accuracy than the other two methods. GNSS receivers with higher update frequencies give more accurate speed data as compared to the lower ones, especially in varying speed conditions (acceleration and deceleration). High correlation exists between GPS velocity error and acceleration and deceleration (R2>0.70) in variable speeds meaning that the error rises in higher acceleration and decelerations. GPS units underestimate the speed as compared to the actual speeds. The accuracy of speed with DGPS was improved as compared to non-differential GPS. Adding GLONASS to GPS does not improve the performance considerably. HDOP might be used as a quality indicator for speed data reliability. Also, caution should be exercised for GNSS speed measurement under challenging environments (overpass, forest, urban area, etc.). ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ .......... ........... ............ ............ ........... ........... .......... ............. .......... ............
Özet: GNSS esaslı hız ölçümü tekniği diğer yöntemlere göre bazı avantajlara sahiptir: hareketli parça bulunmaması, teker ve lastik özelliklerinden, tozlanmadan, zemin yüzeyinin düz olmamasından, zeminde yüksek boylu bitki örtüsü olmasından etkilenmemesi ve insan hızını ölçmeye uygun olması. Ancak, GNSS alıcısı üreten firmalar, ürünlerinin farklı koşullardaki hız ölçümü doğruluğu konusunda yeterli bilgi sunmamaktadır. Bu nedenle, GNSS alıcılarının hız ölçüm doğruluğunu değerlendirmek için çalışmalar yürütülmektedir. Bu makalede, GNSS alıcılarının ve kıyaslamalı olarak diğer yöntemlerin hız ölçümündeki doğruluğu konusunda yapılan çalışmalar özetlenmiştir. Bu konuda yapılan çalışmalar, önemli bulgular ortaya koymuştur: GNSS alıcıları hızı üç yöntemle belirleyebilmektedir (Alınan yol/zaman, Doppler frekans kayması ve TDCP). TDCP yöntemi hız ölçümünde diğer iki yöntemden daha iyi doğruluk sağlayabilmektedir. Yüksek veri güncelleme frekansına sahip GNSS alıcıları, özellikle değişen hız koşullarında (hızlanma ve yavaşlama), düşük frekanslı olanlara kıyasla daha doğru hız verisi sağlamaktadır. Değişken hızlarda GPS hız ölçümü hatası ile hızlanma ve yavaşlama ivmesi arasında yüksek korelasyon (R2>0.70) bulunmaktadır, bu, hata değerinin yüksek ivmeli hareket durumunda arttığı anlamına gelmektedir. GPS alıcıları, gerçek hızı az miktarda daha düşük değerlerde tahmin etmektedir. Diferansiyel GPS (DGPS) ile ölçülen hızın doğruluğu, diferansiyel olmayan GPS ile karşılaştırıldığında artmaktadır. GPS'e ek olarak GLONASS uydularının kullanımı performansı önemli ölçüde etkilememektedir. HDOP, hız ölçümünün güvenilirliği için kalite göstergesi olarak kullanılabilir. Ayrıca, olumsuz ortam koşullarında (üst geçit, orman, kentsel alan vb.) GNSS hız ölçümü doğruluğu konusunda dikkatli olunmalıdır.

ABSTRAK Penelitian ini memanfaatkan teknologi yang berkembang saat ini dalam mendapatkan lokasi letak ponsel yang hilang. Lokasi yang diberikan mengacu pada titik koordinat letak ponsel Android itu berada, yang didapat dengan bantuan jaringan Global System for Mobile (GSM) atau Cell ID dan sinyal Global Positioning System (GPS). Untuk selanjutnya titik koordinat ini akan dikonversikan menggunakan teknologi Geocoding menjadi informasi tambahan berupa nama jalan, nama wilayah, serta sebuah link atau tautan yang apabila di klik oleh pengguna akan langsung terkoneksi ke Google Map. Semua informasi tersebut akan dikirim oleh sistem dalam bentuk Short Message Service (SMS) dengan format string yang telah diatur terlebih dahulu di dalam sistem aplikasi ini ke nomor ponsel pengguna yang telah di-input ke dalam aplikasi ini. Abstract. This study utilized technology developed at this time in getting the location where the cell phone is lost. Location given refer to the coordinates point where the Android phones that were obtained with the help of the Global System for Mobile (GSM) network or Cell ID and Global Positioning System (GPS) signals. To further, the coordinates will be converted to use Geocoding technology to additional information in the form of street names, place names, and a link which when clicked by the user will be directly connected to the Google Map. All information will be sent by the application in the form of Short Message Service (SMS) in the string format that is set in advance in this application to the user " s mobile phone number that has been input into this application.

Children’s time and freedom for independent neighbourhood activity is severely declining,
which may be adversely impacting their healthy development. This study integrates GPS
activity monitoring and environmental analysis in a geographic information system with
activity diaries, annotated maps, surveys, and map-enhanced interviews to conduct a deep
pattern analysis of children’s habitual neighbourhood behaviour (n = 23; aged 9–13 years) from
each an urban and suburban school neighbourhood within London, Canada. Patterns in
children’s primary activities and settings, independent mobility (IM) levels, and perception and
use of neighbourhood affordances are examined. Participants note a diverse range of local
independent destinations, but habitually spend little time playing outdoors in neighbourhoods.
Local activity related to free time available, perception of activity affordances, and license to
travel independently. Social and environmental conditions of children’s micro-neighbourhoods
influenced independent destinations and domains. Neighbourhood planning should promote
diversity of activity affordances and address conditions that support increased IM for youth.

Individuals allocate considerable amounts of energy to movement, which ultimately affects their ability to survive and reproduce. Birds fly by flapping their wings, which is dependent on the chemical energy produced by muscle work, or use soaring-gliding flight, in which chemical energy is replaced with energy harvested from moving air masses, such as ther-mals. Flapping flight requires more energy than soaring-gliding flight, and this difference in the use of energy increases with body mass. However, soaring-gliding results in lower speeds than flapping, especially for small species. Birds therefore face a trade-off between energy and time costs when deciding which flight strategy to use. Raptors are a group of large birds that typically soar. As relatively light weight raptors, falcons can either soar on weak thermals or fly by flapping with low energy costs. In this paper, we study the flight behavior of the insectivorous lesser kestrel (Falco naumanni) during foraging trips and the influence of solar radiation, which we have adopted as a proxy for thermal formation, on kestrel flight variables. We tracked 35 individuals from two colonies using high frequency GPS-dataloggers over four consecutive breeding seasons. Contrary to expectations, kes-trels relied heavily on thermal soaring when foraging, especially during periods of high solar radiation. This produced a circadian pattern in the kestrel flight strategy that led to a spatial segregation of foraging areas. Kestrels flapped towards foraging areas close to the colony when thermals were not available. However, as soon as thermals were formed, they soared on them towards foraging areas far from the colony, especially when they were surrounded by poor foraging habitats. This reduced the chick provisioning rate at the colony. Given that lesser kestrels have a preference for feeding on large insects, and considering the average distance they cover to capture them during foraging trips, to commute using flapping flight would result in a negative energy balance for the family group. Our results show that lesser kestrels prioritize saving energy when foraging, suggesting that kestrels are more energy than time-constrained during the breeding season.

Das Leben wird immer mehr von digitalen System unterstützt. GPS ist für viele Menschen ein alltäglicher Begleiter. Im Auto, am Telefon oder im Tablet-PC sind die nützlichen Hilfestellungen nicht mehr wegzudenken.
Wie GPS-Technologie im Tourismus eingesetzt werden kann, zeigen die Tourismus-Forscher der Hochschule Harz in diesem Buch. Nach einem ausführlichen Glossar über die wichtigsten Begriffe der GPS-Technologie erfährt der Leser zunächst wesentliche Daten und Fakten über die GPS-Technik und deren Möglichkeiten. Sehr umfangreich stellen die Autoren die Einsatzmöglichkeiten im Tourismus anhand vieler konkreter Produktbeispiele dar, z. B.: GPS-Gästeführer, Geocaching, GPS-Tracking oder GPS-Drawing. Das Buch endet mit einer empirischen Studie über die Akzeptanz und die Nutzung von GPS-Systemen am Beispiel des Wandertourismus im Harz.
Dieses Buch hat den Charakter eines Leitfadens zu Produktentwicklung. Es ist daher sowohl an Praktiker der Tourismuswirtschaft gerichtet, als auch an Studentinnen und Studenten des Tourismus. Für weitere Forschungen in diesem Bereich stellt dieses Buch einen sehr ausführlichen und grundlegenden Einstieg dar.

Continuous grazing systems (CGS) are still widely used for managing cattle herds in the south-western Alps. Recently, Pastoral Plans have been used as a policy tool to improve grazing management. Rotational grazing systems (RGS) with large paddocks (i.e.~100 ha on average) and stocking rate adjustments based on recommended levels calculated from vegetation surveys have been implemented through Pastoral Plans to improve the uniformity of grazing. A case study was conducted to compare grazing distribution patterns of beef cows during the summer under CGS and RGS on sub-alpine and alpine pastures within Val Troncea Natural Park in the south-western Alps of Italy. Cows were tracked with global positioning system collars at 15-min intervals under both CGS and RGS. Cattle distribution patterns were aggregated in both grazing systems, but in the RGS concentration of grazing was less clustered and the selection of vegetation communities was more homogeneous than in CGS. Under CGS, cows were attracted (P < 0.05) to salt placements and areas with high forage pastoral values, and they avoided (P < 0.05) steep slopes. In contrast, cows under RGS were not influenced by (P > 0.05) high pastoral value, and they avoided areas farther from water (P < 0.05). Similar to CGS, cows under RGS were attracted (P < 0.05) to salt and avoided (P < 0.05) steep slopes. In the RGS, cows used steeper slopes and areas farther from salt and water in the second half of the grazing period within a paddock compared with the first half, which likely explains the improvement in uniformity of grazing with RGS. Our findings indicate that Pastoral Plans that combine appropriate stocking levels and RGS are valid policy and management tools that have the potential to improve grazing distribution on rough sub-alpine and alpine pastures in the south-western Alps.

Peril faced by the fishermen, who are caught by navy for breaching the border has increased. In spite of latest development in the technology hardly any action to neutralize the terror has taken place. The border between the countries in the sea level is not very easy to identify and this causes problems. The Tamil Nadu fishermen even today summon the historical rights and routinely go astray into the International Maritime Boundary Line (IMBL) for fishing. This has led to trepidation by the Sri Lankan Navy and in some cases even to shoot or arrest the particular fishermen. This leads to loss in the both humans as well as their economic incomes. The fishermen mainly cross the border as they are unaware of their limits in the maritime border. If the fishermen become conscious of their current location with the alertness of boundary limits then they will not willingly put themselves in danger by passing the line of control. In order to make it easy for the fishermen to recognize the border this system is developed. Using Global Positioning System (GPS) the current location of the fishermen's boat is calculated and then it is compared with official boundary values. In case the fisherman nears the boundary an alarm warns him and if he persuades further a message is sent to coastal control about the breach along with the boat ID.To make the system more efficient energy is derived from sun using solar panel and converted into electrical energy and applied to the system.

This Android the user. The system provides the user with his history of cycling routes, time, average speed and distance covered. Also he can have his personalized w summits. Functionalities like login for users through Incentives are provided to the top performers based on pred cheating Image Processing is used to make sure the user is on a bicycle.

The aim of the article is to examine the spatial mobility of homeless persons in urban areas. This study explores homeless mobility, its drivers, limits and links to personal attributes and whether there is an association between the extent of spatial activity and an individual's housing situation. To our knowledge, there has not been any prior thorough attempt to explore the spatial mobility of homeless people with GPS location devices. The theoretical background of the research is based on time geography approaches. The research uses a mixed method approach-participatory GPS mapping. Spatial mobility is measured by GPS location devices. GPS tracking makes it possible to capture the detailed location of a person in time and space and subsequently to identify the daily and weekly mobility rhythms of such persons. The GPS data are further contextualised by interviews with homeless people about their daily mobility. The groundwork for interviews are printed maps of participants´spatialparticipants´spatial mobility for each day (n=598). The combination of time-location data and ethnographic methods presents several technical and organisational difficulties, but the pilot study provided valuable knowledge about the everyday life mobility of homeless people in cities. A novel understanding of the links between homeless mobilities, urban commons, and the life conditions of homeless people can inform current welfare policies relating to the poor.

Hunting and loss of natural habitats increasingly threaten tropical biodiversity and ecosystems, particularly in Southeast Asia. Flying foxes often persist in anthropogenic areas where other wildlife has vanished, and where they play a significant ecological role in vegetation regeneration in disturbed habitats. Detailed knowledge on the foraging behavior of flying foxes is crucial for understanding how they survive in degraded habitats and for the management of human-wildlife conflicts. Thailand still harbors large colonies (several thousand individuals) of Lyle’s flying fox (Pteropus lylei), a species ranked as Vulnerable on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List, at temples situated in agricultural landscapes. We used high-resolution global positioning system (GPS) loggers to study the movement and foraging behavior of this species at 2 temples in central Thailand during 2 seasons. We analyzed GPS and acceleration data of 19 tagged individuals, and assessed habitat use and diet. Foraging individuals commuted between day roosts and foraging areas each night, followed by small-scale movements in foraging areas, and showed high site fidelity during the study period. Maximum linear distances between day roosts and foraging areas varied greatly between individuals (2.2–23.6 km) but were similar between seasons. Tracked bats mostly foraged in farmland, plantations, and gardens, yet our data indicate that small mangrove remnants constitute important habitat components for Lyle’s flying fox. We recorded a highly diverse diet of 34 food plant species, comprised of exotic crops and native plants as available. Our results suggest that conservation and landscape managers should preserve remaining native trees and natural vegetation in the study area as resources for Lyle’s flying fox, at the same time reducing potential for conflicts between bats and humans on crops. They can further be used for public information campaigns integrating the potential of Lyle’s flying fox as dispersers of useful plants and the human health risks through zoonotic diseases associated with hunting and consumption of this species.

The aim of this study was to examine the spatial mobility of homeless people in urban areas, exploring homeless mobility, its drivers, limits and links to personal attributes, and whether there is an association between the extent of spatial activity and an individual's housing situation. To our knowledge, there has been no prior exhaustive attempt to explore the spatial mobility of homeless people using Global Positioning System (GPS) location devices. The theoretical background of the research was based on time-geography approaches. The research used a mixed method approach involving participatory GPS mapping. Spatial mobility was measured by GPS location devices. GPS tracking made it possible to capture the precise location of a person in time and space, and subsequently to identify the daily and weekly mobility rhythms of such people. The GPS data were further contextualised by conducting interviews with homeless people and asking about their daily mobility. The groundwork for the interviews resulted in printed maps of the participants' daily spatial mobility (n = 598). The combination of time-location data and ethnographic methods presented several technical and organisational difficulties, but the pilot study provided valuable knowledge about the everyday-life mobility of homeless people in cities. A novel understanding of the links between homeless mobilities, urban commons and the life conditions of homeless people can inform current welfare policies relating to the poor.

The aim of this methods-focused article is to explore the potential benefits of integrating GPS, diary and in-depth interview data to gain richer insights into the everyday mobility practices of older adults. Eighteen adults, aged 65 to 90 years, living in the Netherlands, participated in the study. Our findings illustrate how quantitative (GPS) and qualitative (interviews and diary-based) approaches together can generate different insights and layers of understanding from each individual method in order to enhance the overall study findings. 
Our findings demonstrate that our methodological approach generates new insights with respect to GPS-measured and self-reported mobility, time-geographies, and micro-geographies of older adults in the Netherlands. In conclusion, our mixed-methods approach contributes to a better understanding of the everyday mobility practices of older adults, and could be used in other demographic groups.

The aim of this article is to investigate the factors that influence the size of activity spaces of homeless men and women in cities. Vulnerable population groups such as the homeless face the risk of mobility challenges that can exacerbate their social exclusion even more through mobility-driven spatial exclusion. The extent of an in-dividual's activity space is a key precondition for the daily coping strategies and life opportunities of homeless people. This study is the first to combine GPS tracking of homeless people based on a week-long GPS measurement with mobility interviews. The article tests five hypotheses as to the influence of city size, age, gender, housing situation and education on the size of activity space. Data obtained for a large city (Prague) and for a small city (Pilsen) are analysed using three geospatial measurements of activity spaces. In line with mixed-method approaches, the results are further triangulated through mobility interviews. By mapping the objective activity spaces, we were able to evaluate the role of individual and contextual factors in shaping homeless life and discuss the theoretical and practical implications of activity space measurement for social policy and urban planning.