Execution

How does erasure execute knowledge production? The following is a tour through a collection of erasure that provides a glimpse into the many directions that this question may take us, through the lens of a series of artistic interventions, academic research, experiments and artefacts.

A thorough analysis of capital punishment from a political-geographical perspective is lacking in the discipline of geography. This is despite the fact that capital punishment overlaps with numerous geographic approaches, concepts, and areas of study. This study serves as a call to geographers to begin considering capital punishment's wide interaction and interrelation with developed areas of knowledge in the discipline. Specifically, political geographers stand to contribute in novel ways to wider discussions about capital punishment by analyzing executions relative to contemporary work in geography on violent, legal, and carceral spaces. I first introduce the need for geography's engagement with this pressing issue. Then, I clarify several terms needed to understand this violent practice. A third section highlights several pathways of development in the critical geographies of capital punishment. It is organized around four broad themes-critically mapping capital punishment, bodies in motion, politics of access, and executing the "other"-connecting capital punishment to developing concepts, literatures, and sub-disciplines in geography. The final two sections outline an epistemological approach to the geographies of capital punishment and how legal and carceral geographies might contribute.

The great similarity between the Jewish and Islamic legal systems in criminal policy, the quality of executions, and the functioning of the Jewish and Islamic Jurisprudence have led some to believe that Islamic law has adopted Jewish law in the death penalty.
Comparative studies in these two religions show In general, Islam endorses Judaism in many execution laws, and in many other executions, such as animal executions, rude juvenile executions, and non-Jewish executions, it is completely against the Jewish law.
In fact, Islamic law does not merely establish a system independent of Jewish law but merely reform it. These Islamic reforms to Jewish law are often in the details, and have usually lowered the penalties.

The present book studies the foundations and criminal purposes of the Jewish and Islamic law for the death penalty, by using the Torah and the Talmud, and Islamic sources, including the Qur'an and Jawaher al-Kalam.
* Language: Persian

La prolifération récente des crypto-monnaies et des tokens sur le marché a très vite amené le droit à se saisir de ces nouveaux objets juridiques. Leur appréhension à travers les catégories juridiques classiques semble toutefois délicate à bien des égards. Ce constat s’étend-il aux procédures civiles d’exécution ? La présente étude se propose de répondre à cette question, dont l’enjeu est de taille au vu de la valeur que peuvent atteindre ces nouveaux biens sur le marché.

This bachelor thesis uncovers how executions were managed by the judicial magistrate during 16th-17th century, and how it was considered by the population during the preterite tense.

To accomplish this, the thesis is based  on the skeletal remains of at least six executed individuals found at Eke court location at Grötlingbo socken on the island of Gotland. The remains found during the excavations revealed signs of beheading and mutilation. The thesis also discusses what kind of relation the archaeological findings have to the buried individuals and what they can tell of their personal history.
During the osteological analyzes, I have studied the remains for pathological signs and fractures which I hoped could tell me more ab out their living. The content is scrutinized from the osteological, archaeological and historical
point of view.

Keywords: Execution, Grötlingbo, Gotland, death penalty, torture, punishment.

On November 17, 2012, the refurbishing project of the main building of National Institute of Management (NIM) was awarded to the Mid-India Construction Private Company Limited (MICC). The project consisted of the removal of sandstones of the external surface of the main building due to safety concerns and the refurbishing of the main building to enhance its strength. According to the terms and conditions in the contract, MICC was given eight months to complete the project from the date of award. MICC’s planning of the project mainly involved the dividing of the total surface into different work-fronts. The external surface of 28,000 m^2 was divided into 14 work-fronts of 2000 m^2 each, while the internal surface of 24,400 m^2 was divided into 14 work-fronts of 1743 m^2 each. The removal of sandstones required the usage of scaffolding. During the planning process, the management agreed that 2,000 m^2 of scaffolding at the hand is enough for the completion of the project. After one month since the project started, MICC and NIM organized the first review meeting which revealed that the first month has passed without any significant progress towards the project. Now only, seven months left to complete the project, MICC are looking for ways to fast-track the project to complete all the refurbishing in time.

"To the Margin and Back" was the first international museum solo show of the Polish artist Andrzej Wróblewski (1927-1957) that features a selection of sixty-seven works including paintings, gouaches, monotypes and woodcuts. Wróblewski’s oeuvre is an intriguing example of a struggle waged by an individual within the rapidly-developing political regime in post-World War II Eastern Europe. Beginning with an early involvement in the Polish avant-garde movement marked by his participation in the much-discussed "1st Exhibition of Modern Art." in Krakow (1948), he created a series of canvases that provide an acute observation of the war-time trauma ("Executions", 1949). Many of his works convey the sense of disorder, social alienation and failed expectations concerning the role of art in the new reality.

The exhibition retraces this narrative, at the same time highlighting the artist’s lifelong interest in human nature, its masks and social codes – all issues that pushed him to constantly negotiate his own position. Spread between the extremes of two artistic idioms, and bound by personal tension, "To the Margin and Back" is itself a journey that creates new challenges to the existent readings of Andrzej Wróblewski and proposes new vistas for international audiences.

The exhibition is accompanied by a catalogue, which – for the first time – discloses the history of Wróblewski to an international public. The volume includes two critical texts addressing his artistic practice written by art historians Andrzej Kostołowski (in 1968) and Joanna Kordjak, a historical statement by the artist and photographer Zbigniew Dłubak. An essential part of the book offers a comprehensive selection of the artist’s writings (most of which were published in Polish as press articles, ranging from critiques aimed at the system of fine art academies to comments and remarks on exhibitions), as well as private notes, short texts, film scripts and letters.

ISBN 978-94-9075-701-4
format: 27×20 cm
hard cover
168 pages, colour
publisher: Van Abbemuseum, Eindhoven

In India, there are currently more than 26 metro rail projects at various levels of planning, construction and operation. A number of new phases of metro rails are being planned and will be launched soon. Various studies have documented delays in planning and execution of metro rail projects in India as well as the world. In this study, an attempt will be made to understand various issues or impediments which are faced by the metro rail corporation in executing the metro rail projects. There are numerous factors which may cause hindrance to the project execution such as funding capacity of governments, finance arrangements, competing technologies, feasible operational model, stakeholder issues etc. The factors affecting the execution of metro rail projects will be researched using the case of Nagpur Metro Rail Project. The scope of the study will be limited from mobilization phase to commissioning phase only. The methodology of the research is based upon formal interactions carried out with the decision makers and project execution group of Nagpur Metro Rail Corporation. The outcome of the research is significant in creating process flows in executing metro rail projects faster and effectively.

Labor law reform is characterized by significant changes in the settlement of labor disputes. Before the dispute settlement through state administrative agency switched to a special court in the general courts, in addition to settlement through mediation, conciliation and arbitration (out of court settlement). A significant change is to give freedom to the workers and employers to choose their own way of resolving the dispute between them, whether out of court or through Industiral Relations Court (IRC). Advances in technology industry, has influenced a completely discord in the relationship between workers and employers. Even the relationship between worker. The issue is how the dispute was resolved so as to provide a just legal certainty for workers and employers. Especially if the proposition settlement through litigation and make decisions that must to be in the execution. Looking at the actual implementation in the field of law relating to the enforcement (execution) cases of industrial disputes is very difficult to do, especially those related to the execution of the worker/laborer. If the winning side is the worker/laborer (who defeated Entrepreneurs), the defeated party is not willing to comply voluntarily content/verdict.

Nr albumu 92555 Archeologia Archeologia miejsc straceń w późnym średniowieczu i wczesnym okresie nowożytnym (XIII-XVIII wiek) na ziemiach polskich Praca licencjacka Promotor: dr Magdalena Żurek WARSZAWA 2018 2 Spis treści Wstęp 4 Ilustracje 102 Bibliografia 143 Deszcze nas biednych do szczętu wyprały, Do cna szczerniło, wysuszyło słońce; Sępy y kruki oczęta wydziobały, Włoski w brwiach, w brodzie wydarły chwiejące; Nigdy nam usieć ni spocząć nie wolno; Tu, tam, na wietrze kołyszem się wolno; Wciąż nami trąca wedle swego dechu; Ptactwo nas skubie raz w raz bez wytchnienia: Nie Day Bóg przystać do naszego cechu, Lecz proście dla nas wszystkich odpuszczenia! Villon -Nagrobek w formie ballady 1 (fragment, XV w.) Wstęp. Kara śmierci jest ciągle tematem kontrowersyjnym, jednak krwawe widowisko publicznej kaźni stało się dla nas niezwykle odległe, nawet w kinie naturalistyczne wizje śmierci w ramach wymiaru sprawiedliwości (np. Pasja w reż. Mela Gibsona), u wielu ludzi wywołują sprzeciw i obrzydzenie. Jest to jeden z wymiarów dystansu jaki dzieli nas, w XXI wieku, od społeczeństw doby przedindustrialnej. Archeologia to dziedzina antropologii historycznej, nasze badania skupiają się zwykle na poznaniu małego wycinka dawnej rzeczywistości. Każdy z nich zbliża nas do opisu tego jak żyli, funkcjonowali i myśleli ludzie. Tym ważniejsze wydają się badania w dziedzinach dla nas, współczesnych, odległych mentalnie, a niezwykle trudno znaleźć dziedzinę myślenia, w której byśmy byli tak daleko od społeczeństw z XVIII wieku i wcześniejszych, niż podejście do prawa, zbrodni i kary. Poznanie tego aspektu rzeczywistości, zbliży nas do zrozumienia całego systemu myślenia ówczesnych ludzi, ich rozumienia przestrzeni, uczuć jakie wywoływały w nim rozmieszczone na krajobrazie miast urządzenia penitencjarne. Aspektem tym zajmuje się dział nauki zwany archeologią prawną, a w Niemczech, gdzie badania tego typu są najbardziej rozwinięte, wypracowano także oddzielny termin archeologia miejsc straceń. Obecnie próbuje się go zaimplementować do praktyki 1 Wiersz w przekładzie Tadeusza "Boya" Żeleńskiego 5 nauki polskiej. Przychylam się do słusznego tego postulatu i prezentuję pracę z tej niepopularnej w naszym kraju dziedziny. Archeologia prawna w Polsce swoje korzenie ma w pracach Witolda Maisnela z lat 1982 i 1989, gdy wydaje Archeologię prawną Polski i Archeologię prawną Europy, w tej samej dekadzie tematyką zajmuje się jeszcze Hanna Zaremska 2 , a w pierwszej połowie następnej na temat gdańska pisze Edwin Rozenkranz 3 . Jednak pierwsze badania na miejscu straceń przeprowadzono dopiero w 1998 roku na szubienicy w Kątach Wrocławskich, nie dały one zbyt dużych rezultatów, jednak były pionierskie dla tej dziedziny w Polsce 4 . Wcześniej znane jest kilka przypadkowych odkryć, jeszcze w XIX wieku koło Lwówka Śląskiego podczas budowy młyna, odkopano pozostałości drewnianej szubienicy i wiele szczątków ludzkich. Na początku XX wieku Edgar von Uechtritz przeprowadził amatorskie badania koło szubienicy w Złotnikach Lubańskich, także natrafił tam na szczątki ludzkie 5 . W 1935 roku dwóch osób, odkopano podczas budowy wodociągu na jeleniogórskim Cavalienbergu 6 (więcej w katalogu, strony 80-81). Przypadkowym było też odnalezienie na wczesnośredniowiecznym cmentarzy kurhanowym na Wolinie zwłok skazańca podczas badań ratunkowych z 1959 roku, że był to skazaniec wskazują: atypowy płytki grób, brak czaszki, ręce skrępowane na plecach. Okolice cmentarza do 1945 roku zwane były Galgenbergiem (Wzgórzem/Górą Szubieniczną, Górą Wisielców). Znalezisko to sugeruje, że było wykorzystywane do tego celu. Nauka w Polsce jednak celowo zajęła się miejscami straceń dopiero od przełomu XX i XXI wieku, do tego koncentrując się wyłącznie wokół Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego. Wszystkie badania archeologiczne na dawnych szubienicach przeprowadzono na Dolnym Śląsku, większość z nich prowadził lub współprowadził ktoś z trójki badaczy Paweł Duma, Honorata Rutka, Daniel Wojtucki. Zainteresowanie to zaowocowało szeregiem publikacji z czego można wymienić Miecz katowski, pręgierz, szubienica -6 zabytki jurysdykcji karnej na Śląsku (XIII-XVIII w.) autorstwa Macieja Trzcińskiego wydane w 2000 roku, w którym kataloguje ówczesną wiedzę na temat miejsc straceń w tym regionie i kładzie podwaliny pod dalsze badania. Ważne są także dwie publikacje Pawła Dumy Grób alienata (2010) i Śmierć nieczysta na Śląsku (2015). Na Śląsku prężnie działa także Stowarzyszenie Ochrony i Badań Zabytków Prawa kierowane przez dr Daniela Wojtuckiego 7 , które to wydaje czasopismo Pomniki Dawnego Prawa, oraz współorganizuje badania archeologiczne związane z tematem. Wspomniany prezes stowarzyszenia stworzył też niezwykle kompleksowe opracowanie historycznoarcheologiczne na temat pracy kata na Dolnym Śląsku i Łużycach 8 . Na Dolnym Śląsku badania i poszukiwania nowych stanowisk prowadzone są regularnie, co doprowadziło do całkiem pokaźnego katalogu znanych obiektów w tym regionie, w reszcie Polski temat pozostaje marginalny. Na temat szubienic poza Śląskiem pisał Szymon Wrzesiński w swojej książce Pomniki bólu i śmierci -zabytki dawnego prawa na ziemiach polskich (2009), na temat Prus i Pomorza pisał Paweł A. Jeziorski 9 , a opracowanie historyczne na temat kary śmierci we wczesno nowożytnej Polsce możemy znaleźć w książce Marcina Kamlera 10 . W pracy omówię wykonawcę wyroku, czyli kata wraz z jego warsztatem pracy i kontekstem społecznym, pominę w tym miejscu jednak temat tortur i kar cielesnych, temat ten omówiony już wielokrotnie przez innych (Zaremska, Wojtucki, Maisel, Wrzesiński) spowodowałby dalszy rozrost tej pracy, która i tak swoją objętością zaskoczyła nawet mnie. W dalszej części pochylę się nad tematem kary śmierci, zarówno pod względem prawnym jak i praktycznym. Omówię przebieg egzekucji i jej formy. W następnej kolejności omówię problematykę fałszywych cmentarzy, by dojść do tematu szubienic, ich konstrukcji i katalogu znanych i domniemanych konstrukcji, który jednocześnie jest obszerną prezentacją współczesnego stanu badań nad tym tematem w Polsce. 7 2. Urząd kata na ziemiach polskich doby przedindustrialnej. Kara śmierci nierozerwalnie łączy się z jej wykonawcą. Kat (il.1) był funkcją niezwykle specyficzną, którego zakres działań i obowiązków wykraczał często poza samo wykonywanie wyroków śmierci i tortur, o czym piszę w dalszej części pracy. Katowska tytulatura wskazuje na pewien rodzaj społecznego szacunku dla niej, poza typowo funkcjonalnymi określeniami jak powszechne scharfrichter (oznaczającego sędziego wykonującego cięcie, wykonawcę wyroku sędziowskiego) 11 lub nachrichter (po sędzi) 12 , kat w źródłach często określany jest mistrzem lub świętym mistrzem, magister justitiae, magister, executor justitiae, administrator justitiae, minister justitiae, minister publicus, carnifex, carnifex civilis, tortor, magister tortor, servus civitatis10, "małodobry", "mistrz małodobry", "mistrz miejski", a w polskiej gwarze złodziejskiej Skruch 13 . Jego praca przynosiła mu znaczne dochody, jednocześnie osoba sprawująca tę funkcję, okryta była infamią o dość poważnych, choć zmiennych w czasie i w zależności od miejsca skutkach. Ta specyfika powodowała, że katów nie można umieścić w określonym miejscu społecznej hierarchii. 2.1. Kat jako zawód. Pierwsza wzmianka o profesjonalnym, zatrudnionym na stałe w średniowiecznej Europie kacie pochodzi z roku 1276 i dotyczy kata z Augsburga 14 , w zakres jego obowiązków poza oczywistym wykonywaniem wyroków śmierci, tortur, włączono nadzór nad prostytutkami, pilnowanie zboża zostawionego nocą na targu i niskie funkcje sądowe (rozstrzyganie sporów dotyczących handlu mlekiem). Augsburski kat miał także oczyszczać toalety i wynosić z miasta padlinę, oraz usuwać osoby trędowate 15 . Sądzi się, że wyłonienie się zawodu kata w miastach niemieckich wynika z wprowadzonych w połowie XIII wieku zmian prawnych, wprowadzających do przewodu śledczego tortury jako sposób na zdobycie zeznań 16 . Tortury takie wymagały wiedzy i wprawy, gdyż ich celem nie było zabicie przesłuchiwanego, a zdobycie jego 11 Wojtucki 8 przyznania się do winy, czyli koronnego dowodu ówczesnych systemów karnych. Dodać należy, że kat poza zadawaniem tortur, zajmował się także następnie leczeniem powstałych w ten sposób obrażeń 17 . Na ziemie polskie zawód kata trafia jeszcze później, prawdopodobnie na przełomie wieku XIV i XV 18 , stosunkowo wcześnie własnego kata miał Wrocław, a także być może inne miasta Śląska (Świdnica, Kłodzko, Nysa) 19 , dokładne daty nie są znane, jednak już w roku 1420 taka funkcja we Wrocławiu istniała, o czym świadczą zapisy dotyczące egzekucji buntowników z roku 1418 20 . W 1401 roku wzmiankowany jest kat w Toruniu 21 . Prawdopodobne jest, że już w XIV wieku swojego kata miało Chełmno, gdyż w jednym z dokumentów z roku 1383 wzmiankowana jest żona urzędnika zwanego lictor, co bardzo często oznaczało kata, ale także woźnego sądowego, których jednak w danym dokumencie określa się innymi nazwami. Wątpliwości budzi fakt, że w roku 1407 władze Chełmna zwracają się z prośbą o wypożyczenie kata toruńskiego 22 , z powodu tego źródła i wątpliwości językowych nie można stwierdzić jednoznacznie o istnieniu stałego kata w Chełmnie na przełomie wieków XIV i XV. W ostatniej ćwierci XIV wieku na pewno własnego kata posiadał Gdańsk, będący ważnym ośrodkiem portowym i politycznym Państwa Zakonnego. Zatrudnienie kata poświadcza zachowana i datowana na ten okres prośba o wypożyczenie wystosowana przez wójta Lęborka 23 . Na przełomie XIV i XV wieku swojego kata mogło mieć także Stare Miasto Elbląg i Braniewo, jednak podobnie jak w przypadku Chełmna nazewnictwo w zachowanych źródłach budzi wątpliwości, czy chodziło o zawodowego kata, czy o woźnego sądowego 24 (który często wykonywał obowiązki katowskie tam Od roku 1378 pojawiają się stosunkowo regularne opłaty za katowskie usługi w Księgach radzieckich Kazimierza 26 , nie świadczy to jednak o tym, że w owym mieście był na stałe zatrudniony kat,...

Purpose: Framework of experiential project-based 4-Year BS Entrepreneurship Program is provided to cover the educational, value creation and strategic management gaps that has been caused due to lack of several parameters, such as the balance between passive & active teaching methodology, theoretical & applied knowledge, commercial & academic interests of students, conventional & unconventional business knowledge and specialized & generalized domains in programs. Design: A matrix approach has been used to design the framework for experiential project-based entrepreneurship program structure to simultaneously fill the gaps identified in various entrepreneurship education literature and entrepreneurship practice to cater on-going requirements of learning and surviving in real world. Conceptual Findings: Through rigorous restructuring of educational program nature, it is understood that educational programs can be made flexible and productive through simultaneous conceptual working by ...

Some of the most fascinating archaeological discoveries in recent years have come from the Bronze and Iron Age site at Cliffs End Farm on the Isle of Thanet (Kent), in southeastern England. Of the wealth of material uncovered at the site most enigmatic is pit #3666, which tells a tale of bizarre ritual practices and human sacrifice.,,

Zusammenfassung: Im Buntsandsteingebiet östlich und südöstlich von Göttingen ist eine Reihe von Felsen und Abris zu finden, auf denen sich Wetzspuren, Näpfchen, Inschriften und Symbole aus der Frühen Neuzeit oder dem Spätmittelalter befinden. Zu ihnen zählen der mit Scheibenkreuzen (Sühnekreuzen) versehene Bielstein in Reinhausen, der Hurkutstein im Reinhäuser Wald, an dem ein Eremit des 14. Jahrhunderts seine Klause errichtete, und die unweit davon gelegenen Jägersteine, deren Felsdächer bereits im Mesolithikum genutzt wurden. An einem Abri im Weißwassertal bei Ebergötzen ist ein Zeichen in den Stein gemeißelt, das sich durch Vergleiche mit tauschierten Richtschwertern und anderen Objekten als Galgenpiktogramm aus dem 16. bis 18. Jahrhundert deuten lässt. Da dieses Symbol in Form von Brandmalen auch zur Kenntlichmachung von Verbrechern diente, könnte die Petroglyphe von Ebergötzen das Felsschutzdach als temporären Aufenthaltsort von Fahrendem Volk oder Gaunerbanden gekennzeichnet haben. Abstract: In the red sandstone areas east and south-east of Göttingen there are a series of cliffs and abris which have remnants of carved cups or whetgrooves, inscriptions and symbols from the late Middle Ages or early Modern Times. Among these locations are the Bielstein near Reinhausen with a penance cross, the Hurkutstein in the Reinhausen Forest where

In Malaysia, the Creditor may execute the court judgment via Garnishee proceeding after he has obtained a court judgment against a Debtor and the Debtor has refused to comply with the court judgment despite being repeatedly demanded. In simpler terms, the Garnishee proceeding is an enforcement method available for Creditor to recover debts from a third party within the Court's jurisdiction. As compared to other judgment execution options available in Malaysia, Garnishee proceeding is a simple, speedy and useful way of executing judgment. This Article aimed to reward the readers with some basic and brief understanding in regards to execution of judgment in Malaysia, particularly the Garnishee Order.

The execution of the State Administrative Court Decision which has permanent legal force (inkracht van Gewijsde) in the era of autonomy is as wide as possible, and begins with the breakdown of the paradigm of regional autonomy in the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. Article 18, Article 18A and Article 18B, the implementation of regional government is based on the principles that become the normative basis. State Administrative Court decisions that cannot be executed have caused pessimism and apathy in society. The problem is that there is no executive power in the Law Number 5 of 1986 concerning the Regulation of State Administration. This condition is an alarming fact that the existence of a State Administrative Court Decision has not been able to bring justice to the public in the administrative sphere of government. The principle of the existence of a State Administrative Court Decision, to place judicial control in the implementation of good governance becomes biased in the Indonesian constitutional system.

Across Europe, from the dawn of print until the early twentieth century, the news of crime and criminals' public executions was printed in song form on cheap broadsides and pamphlets to be sold in streets and marketplaces by ballad-singers. Singing the News of Death: Execution Ballads in Europe 1500-1900 looks at how and why song was employed across Europe for centuries as a vehicle for broadcasting news about crime and executions, exploring how this performative medium could frame and mediate the message of punishment and repentance. Examining ballads in English, French, Dutch, German, and Italian across four centuries, author Una McIlvenna offers the first multilingual and longue durée study of the complex and fascinating phenomenon of popular songs about brutal public death.

Ballads were frequently written in the first-person voice, and often purported to be the last words, confession or 'dying speech' of the condemned criminal, yet were ironically on sale the day of the execution itself. Musical notation was generally not required as ballads were set to well-known tunes. Execution ballads were therefore a medium accessible to all, regardless of literacy, social class, age, gender or location. A genre that retained extraordinary continuities in form and content across time, space, and language, the execution ballad grew in popularity in the nineteenth century, and only began to fade as executions themselves were removed from the public eye. With an accompanying database of recordings, Singing the News of Death brings these centuries-old songs of death back to life.

Since the late twentieth century, one can clearly observe how the word " execution " has expanded its meaning from its main use in administrative, bureaucratic and juridical milieu since the fourteenth century into the operations of machines and weapons. What exactly the watershed moment was remains a historical question to be debated. However, its signification today has become an urgent social and political question. It marks a paradigm shift from human management to machine management of almost everything: drone killings, DDoS attacks, deep packet inspection, etc. We may want to ask: what does this change of semantics mean? And how is one to understand " execution " in the age of machine automation? Paradoxically, words such as " machine " and " automation " have become more and more abstract, while both hardware and software have become increasingly concrete. The process of concretisation (Simondon 2012, 21–26) is reflected in the constant amelioration of different layers (e.g. from the microphysical layer to that of the high level application layer) and the transductive operations between and beyond them. It is necessary to investigate the concretisation of technical and digital objects in order to understand such a shift. At the same time, it is important to avoid romanticising a human machine complex as " machine assemblages ". I see this volume and the invaluable effort of the authors to be motivated by an urgency to seriously inquire into practices and their relation to the question of execution.

En complément à la publication en français, les textes en anglais sont publiés dans la revue électronique Archée, revue d'art en ligne : arts médiatiques et cyberculture (février, mai, juillet, septembre, novembre 2018, Montréal, http://www.archee.qc.ca/). Ils prolongent la réflexion présentée dans ces pages, en rendant accessibles les contributions des chercheurs anglo-saxons rédigées en anglais, textes dont les approches et les perspectives inscrivent des modes d'analyse qui ouvrent ce champ d'études aux Cultural Studies et aux Performance Studies. © éditions L'Entretemps -Paris -2018 ISBN : 978-2-35539-232-0 Chosification de l'acteur : différenciation, fragmentation et reproductibilité technique / technologique Définitions et justifications terminologiques Je parle de chosification de l'acteur tout simplement au sens d'un acteur transformé en chose, en objet (le plus souvent métaphoriquement), utilisé comme moyen, par opposition à la personne traitée comme fin, ainsi que l'explique Kant, dans le Fondement pour la métaphysique des moeurs 269 . Pourquoi le terme de chosification et non, par exemple, celui de réification ? Tout simplement afin d'éviter les connotations marxistes et ses dérivés : marchandisation, fétichisme de la marchandise, valeur d'usage et valeur d'échange, etc. Certains théoriciens du théâtre emploient aussi les expressions de « marionnettisation 270 », de « machinisation 271 », etc., mais si elles s'avèrent tout à fait adéquates dans des contextes précis, je ne les adopte pas d'emblée, car elles annoncent déjà des procédés, des manières de chosification.

IN THE year 2017, as in the past, several issues relating to invocation, scope and application of the provisions of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (CPC) and the law of limitation as contained in the Limitation Act, 1963 and other special legislations arose of consideration in the process of adjudication of civil disputes in a number of cases. In some cases, the procedural issues were only incidental to the main disputes whereas in some others, they were very much decisive. While addressing them, the apex court in many cases reiterated and reinforced the well settled rules and principles. In few cases, it even had an opportunity to authoritatively answer certain questions, on which conflicting opinions were expressed by different high courts. Wherever, the views expressed by the coordinate or larger benches on certain questions were found to be incorrect, such questions were referred to the larger benches for authoritative settlement.
    All these developments are encapsulated in the current survey. It has been divided, based on the broad theme, into different sections and sub – sections.

The Swedish archaeological and bioarchaeological research on executions and execution victims in the past is very sparse. This is partly due to the fact that people who were executed by law were by norm buried outside of the communities and cemeteries. The aim with this study is to contribute knowledge to the field. This is done by bioarchaeologically examine a mass grave containing six individuals who were decapitated. The excavation took place in 1927 at St Michael’s cemetery, Lund, the material is dated to the 16th century. The six individuals had been decapitated and buried together, all headless. Six skulls were found in a pit about 50 centimeters from the grave.
By using bioarchaeological methods for examining sex, age, health status, osteometrics, paleopathology and trauma, the author discuss the methods of execution and burial, the diagnosing of one of the individuals possible syphilitic lesions and the six men’s socioeconomic background. The results show that the individuals were men of middle age and of good health. One of the men did have syphilis. The individuals were decapitated by axe and thereafter their remnants were nailed to a pole or such for public display. The author states that the individuals more likely were rather wealthy political opponents than mercenaries which has former been proposed by other sources. It is though likely that they were killed in connection with, or shortly after, one of two battles that occurred in and around Lund during the first half of the 16th century, the Sören Norby-fejden and Grevefejden.

In the midst of the interwar years, the 1930s were particularly marked by social discontent within society. The 1929–1933 global economic crises had worsened the
conditions of agriculture, the quality of life dropped, the restrictions on civil rights and liberties by the authoritarian regime led people to protest in various ways. In 1935 the
farmers of Suvalkija started their movement. Prices of agricultural products decreased, but prices of industrial products remained unchanged forcing farmers to demand economic concessions by executing the boycott for the cities by not supplying them with agricultural products. Massive pickets, demonstrations and rallies came with propaganda, chaotic vandalism, and the destruction of public and private property. The government had to take actions. The police started to arrest the strikers; courts began to punish the most active participants of the farmers’ movement. For extremely serious crimes strikers were judged in the court – martialed and sentenced to death. In the interwar period of Lithuania the death penalty was in force until 15 June 1940 with short breaks. The imposition of the death penalty was legally defined in the Criminal Statutes, Penal Statute of War and extraordinary national laws. The practice of the death penalty in Lithuania is divided into two periods: 1919–1937 when
punishment was carried out by firing squad and 1937– 1940 when gas chamber was used for execution. Jurgis Čėsna was the first participant of the farmers’ movement sentenced to death. On 23 April 1936 he was convicted for the demolition of telephone and telegraph lines and actions against the state. Fortunately, the president granted him clemency and sentenced J. Čėsna to imprisonment in a penitentiary. The second and the most famous criminal case of Suvalkija farmers’ strike took place on 18–21 May 1936. Seven individuals were court-martialed and convicted to death because of the organised actions against the state. After appealing for pardon, three persons were
granted clemency, but K. Narkevičius, A. Petrauskas, B. Pratasevičius and P. Šarkauskas were sentenced to death. They were executed by firing squad on 23 May
1936 at 3:00 a.m. The information about execution was widely covered in the press. It can be assumed that the official propaganda sought to suppress the strike, by
threatening its participants with death penalty. The third case of the death sentences of the 1935–1936 farmers’ movement in Suvalkija was announced on 3 July 1936. The court-martial sentenced ten participants of the strike to death, because they belonged to the secret organization which provoked farmers not to pay taxes and not to sell agricultural products. This organization also sought to overthrow the government. After big scandals of the last May executions, the president decided to be
gracious and changed the punishment to a lighter sentence. On 21 October 1937 the capital punishment was executed in the recently built gas chamber. The poisoned
person was A. Maurušaitis, who was convicted for organizing terrorist acts and attempting to overthrow the state order. Even though the cassation appeal was given
after the first court verdict, the Supreme Court confirmed the court-martial judgement. The execution in the gas chamber did not receive attention of the press, thus leading
to the presumption that the government had decided to stop using the death penalty propaganda as a preventive measure for further crimes. In the period from 23 April 1936 to 21 October 1937 19 participants of the Suvalkija farmers’ strike were sentenced to death; 5 of them were executed.

Michel Foucault famously argued that punishment was an expression of power—a way for the State to shore up and legitimize its political authority. Foucault attributed the historical shift away from public torture and corporal punishment, which occurred during the 19th century, to the availability of new techniques of social control. However, corporal and capital punishment (what we term shock punishment) persists in many penal systems to this day, suggesting that these countries have for some reason not fully undergone this penal evolution. Using the experiences of Hong Kong and Singapore as case studies, we attempt to explain why this is the case.

We argue that, while many factors contribute to why countries employ shock punishment, retention is often linked to the political stability of a government’s rule. Punishment as a visceral expression of power makes shock punishment particularly appealing to States grappling with political insecurity. In the post-war period, Hong Kong’s colonial government did not feel their rule challenged to the same extent as the newly independent government in Singapore. The result is thus two radically divergent stories with regards to corporal punishment, with Hong Kong abolishing the practice altogether in 1991 and Singapore not only retaining it, but greatly expanding its usage. As further support for our thesis, we offer empirical data regarding the use of shock punishment and the political freedom of the societies that retain it. We identify a fairly robust, positive correlation between the use of shock punishment and authoritarian and semi-authoritarian governments desperate to legitimize their rule. The final conclusion we reach is that, while many factors undoubtedly contribute to the retention of shock punishment, its expressive power plays a significant role in why many States continue to employ it.

Anne Askew has been understood as a Protestant martyr and the text she created, The Examinations of Anne Askew, has been explored by numerous historians through textual analysis. Considering Askew simply through her author function and martyr category emphasises the way that she is interpreted and understood by others. As such, we miss out on a valuable opportunity to consider Askew as an individual, an example of the way in which people navigated the changing socio-religious and political world which they inhabited during the Henrican reformation. This dissertation will explore Askew's identity through space, the body and memory, placing her, for the first time, in the physical space in which she created the Examinations. Building on recent scholarship relating both to the period under discussion and beyond, the dissertation brings new understandings to the way in which we can locate memory and the body with Askew's text and what this can tell us about her. It concludes that Askew did not necessarily start out as a martyr but became one. Finding new ways to look at the source material provides significant opportunities for reaching underexplored areas of Askew's personhood which, in turn, relate to broader historiography and the way in which we create and understand individuals and groups in histories and wider society today.

The communication relates the experience of a Workshop held at the Patio Herreriano Museum of Spanish Contemporary Art in Valladolid, on the occasion of the celebration of World Architecture Day, in 2019. Through a collaborative practice between teachers, architects, artists and students, a series of temporary installations were executed to accompany an exhibition under the motto "Valladolid Efímera". Participation was open to students and professionals related to the matery and took place outside specifically academic programs. The objective was to exploit the possibilities of an auxiliary element for construction, such as scaffolding, to generate playful spaces, investigating its ability to interact with an existing architecture and highlight its ceremonial character. In the process to carry it out, different learning methodologies have been involved that have shown how ephemeral architecture can be considered an effective pedagogical tool.La comunicación relata la exper...

In the survey year, procedural issues came up before the apex court in large number of cases. From the analysis above, it seems, as in the previous years, the dilemma of the court over when to overlook the prescriptions of procedural law to meet the ends of justice and when to insist on their compliance continues unabated.  In certain cases, the apex court either overlooked the procedural requirements or upheld their overlooking by the courts below whereas in some other cases it insisted on their compliance. This dilemma is evident from the following observation as well:
"Procedure is the handmaiden of justice, the technicalities of law should not be allowed to prevail over the demands of justice and obstacles in the path of the court considering a case on merit should not ordinarily become insuperable. On the other hand, if the so-called procedural requirement is drawn from a wholesome principle of substantive law to advance the cause of justice, the same may not be overlooked."
    There are no indications as to what procedural requirements are said to be “drawn from the wholesome principles of substantive law”. Does, for example, doctrine of res judicata, which is based on both ‘public policy’ and ‘private justice’, falls in that category? If yes, can the apex court simply make it inapplicable in certain cases as it did in Anant Shankar Bhave?  These are some of the difficult questions that need to be answered.
    In the survey year, certain other important questions, on which conflicting opinions were rendered earlier, have been resolved by larger benches. Different three judge benches have authoritatively answered the questions as to when does the high court’s judgment get merged with the order of the apex court disposing of SLPs? Whether the question of limitation can be decided as a preliminary issue under section 9-A, CPC (inserted by the State of Maharashtra)? Whether the plea of adverse possession can be used by the plaintiff as a sword or can it be used only by a defendant as a shield?  With the decisions of larger benches, the legal positions on these questions stand settled for the time being.
    Some of the decisions rendered by the division benches have also clarified legal positions and cleared ambiguities with regard to transposition of parties; jurisdiction to entertain suit over immovable property situate within jurisdiction of different courts; powers of the chairperson of CAT; manner of disposal of cross-objections in an appeal, etc., Further, the question of constitutional validity of section 62(5) of the Punjab Value Added Tax Act, 2005 which imposed a condition of prior minimum payment for filing first appeal also came up before one of the division benches, which upheld the same.
    One question i. e., when the plaint is returned, in terms of order 7 rule 10, CPC, to be presented before the appropriate court, should the trial in that court start de novo or from the stage at which the plaint was ordered to be returned was referred to a larger bench in view of the conflicting opinions expressed by two different division benches in the past.
      In few cases decided during the period, procedural issues have been dealt with too casually. In Anant Shankar Bhave,  the court simply made the doctrine of res judicata inapplicable without assigning any reasons and in Ramasamy  and U.C. Surendranath,  it was held that a person cannot be detained in civil prison for disobeying an injunction order unless the disobedience is proved to be ‘wilful’. No reasons assigned and no authorities cited in support of the conclusion.

The English public execution contained elements of both tragedy and the carnivalesque (or comic), yet scholars have debated on the significance and causation of these competing elements. This paper seeks unify the two by first explaining the significance of both the tragic and comic and second by explaining how these factors are intertwined.

Otorite sisteminin kurumlaştığı toplumsal yapılarda cellat son derece yaygın bir toplumsal figür olarak ortaya çıkmaktadır. Hem merkezileşmiş kabile toplumlarında hem de daha kompleks bir örgütlenmeye sahip olan büyük devlet yapılarında cellatların Simmel’in yabancı ve Max Weber’in parya konseptleriyle ele aldıkları toplumsal kesimlerin mensupları arasından seçilmesi sıkça görülen bir durumdur. Bu çalışmada Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda cellatların yabancı / parya sınıflandırması ile ele alınabilecek toplumsal kesimlerden seçilmelerine ilişkin kronikler
ve seyyahların anlatılarından derlenmiş örnekler paylaşılmakta, çağdaşı ve selefleri gibi Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun da cellat temini pratiklerinde yabancı/parya topluluklara yönelmesini belirleyen dinamikler sosyo-tarihsel arka plan temel alınarak tartışma konusu yapılmaktadır.

Executioners were common social figures in societies of institutionalized power structures. It was a common practice that many of them were recruited from among the members of social groups which were discussed by Simmel and Weber in the context of the stranger and pariah concepts respectively in both centralized tribal communities and more complex state
structures. In this study, the samples, collected from chronicles and narratives of travelers, reflecting the fact that executioners were sometimes recruited from among the groups which can be classified as stranger/pariah are presented and the dynamics determining the Ottoman
Empire’s intention, like its predecessors and contemporaries, to employ the stranger/pariah communities as its executioners considering socio-historical background are discussed.

This paper presents a re-evaluation of a cemetery excavated over 30 years ago at Walkington Wold in east Yorkshire. The cemetery is characterized by careless burial on diverse alignments, and by the fact that most of the skeletons did not have associated crania. The cemetery has been variously described as being the result of an early post-Roman massacre, as providing evidence for a 'Celtic' head cult or as an Anglo-Saxon execution cemetery. In order to resolve the matter, radiocarbon dates were acquired and a re-examination of the skeletal remains was undertaken. It was confirmed that the cemetery was an Anglo-Saxon execution cemetery, the only known example from northern England, and the site is set into its wider context in the paper.

Framed around an account of the last deserter ever to face the firing squad in England, this article assesses the extent and significance of desertion from the land forces, after the Peace of Amiens (1802).  Recent historical accounts have tended to use the large number of soldiers and volunteers raised in this period as a measure of the depth of popular loyalism at this time. This article seeks to temper these arguments by examining the difficulties which the government had in retaining recruits for the army and militia between 1803 and 1805. Using official returns, court martial transcripts and little used deserter bounty certificates it will be demonstrated that levels of desertion were unusually high in England at this time and that the scale of desertion caused great anxiety amongst the civil and military authorities. Moreover, through an examination of the motives which drove thousands of men to desert from their regiments, a more variegated plebeian experience of armed service will be presented, one which did not always engender loyalism or nationalism.

Ljudje doživljajo zapor kot krivičen, kar pri njih poraja odpor. Po bivanju v totalni instituciji (zapor, psihiatrična bolnišnica ipd.) se vrnejo v prejšnje življenje, v katerem se zopet vrnejo na stare tirnice. Takšni ljudje so pogosto stigmatizirani. Stigmatizacija jim preprečuje vključitev v kar se da normalno življenje in spodbuja vrnitev k prejšnjim oblikam vedenja. Obstajajo tudi primeri, pri katerih resocializacija ni možna. Takšni primeri so množični morilci, pedofili, posiljevalci… V takih primerih se postavlja vprašanje ali takega človeka zapreti v zapor za vse življenje ali mu odvzeti življene. Svojci žrtve bi verjetno izbrali usmrtitev, vendar s tem stopajo na raven storilca in s tem ne rešimo ničesar. Sami nosijo krivdo, da so tudi oni nekoga ubili. Očitno dejstvo je tudi, da so na so na smrtno kazen večinoma obsojeni revni ljudje, ki nimajo denarja za boljše odvetnike. Marsikdaj se je že zgodilo, da so imeli ljudje veliko denarja in dobrega odvetnika, in so se na tak način oprali krivde in izognili smrtni kazni.
Smrtna kazen je zakonsko urejen instrument uboja zapornika kot kazen za zločin, ki v neki družbi velja za takšnega. Nekateri pravni sistemi, ki uporabljajo smrtno kazen jo omejujejo za manjše število kaznivih dejanj, kot sta veleizdaja ali umor. Zaporniki, ki čakajo na smrtno kazen, so med čakanjem na izvršitev kazni navadno ločeni od sojetnikov. Večina držav je zaradi etičnih razlogov in nepopravljivosti ob morebitni sodni napaki smrtno kazen odpravili. V Sloveniji so prvo smrtno kazen izvedli leta 1957, leta 1989 pa so jo tudi uradno odpravili. Zadnji obsojenec nad katerim je bila izvedena smrtna kazen pri nas je bil Franc Rihtovič z skoraj sedemdesetimi kaznivimi dejanji, od ropov do antikomunizma, najhujši zločin pa je bil uboj policista leta 1955. 30.10.1959 pa so ga ustrelili v gramozni jamo blizu Hoč.

Im Jahr 2016 war es möglich, die Skelette aus der Gföhler Galgengrabung auch anthropologisch zu untersuchen 1 . Für diese Analyse standen vier recht vollständig erhaltene Skelette sowie mehrere Einzelknochen zu Verfügung. Alle untersuchten Individuen wurden während der Grabungskampagne 2015 geborgen. Bei den besser erhaltenen Skeletten handelt sich um folgende Individuen: • SE52_Fdnr.21: Der Schädel ist bis auf wenige Fragmente vollständig erhalten. Allerdings fehlen einige Knochen des postkranialen Skeletts, darunter etwa Teile des rechten Schulterblatts, diverse Hand-und Fußknochen und alle sieben Halswirbel. Zudem lagen neun Zähne zur Untersuchung vor, drei Zähne sind schon zu Lebzeiten ausgefallen. • SE62_Fdnr.22: Das Körperskelett ist zu weiten Teilen erhalten. Es fehlen allerdings Knochen der unteren Extremitäten (rechtes Schien-und Wadenbein sowie sämtliche Fußknochen), die Fingerknochen beider Hände sowie sechs der sieben Halswirbel. Auch der Schädel und der Unterkiefer inklusive Zähne fehlen vollständig. • SE63_Fdnr.23: Alle Teile des Skelettes lagen zur Analyse vor. Viele der Knochen waren allerdings fragmentiert und generell schlecht erhalten. Zudem standen 25 Zähne des Individuums für eine Untersuchung zur Verfügung. • SE66_Fdnr.24: Der Schädel und der Unterkiefer sowie ein Großteil der unteren Extremitätenknochen und der linke Arm fehlen. Auch die Halswirbel lagen nicht vor. Die Knochen waren nur schlecht erhalten. Ergänzt wird dieses Material durch zwei einzeln geborgene Schädel, die sich keiner der oben angeführten Bestattungen eindeutig zuordnen lassen: • SE11_Fdnr.15: Kleine Schädelfragmente, die sich nicht zu einem gesamten Schädel zusammenfügen lassen. Der Unterkiefer wurden nicht gefunden. Vergesellschaftet mit diesen Knochen fand sich zudem ein Brustbeinfragment. Zugehörige Zähne lagen nicht vor. • SE19_Fdnr.6: Ein fast vollständiger Gehirnschädel. Es fehlen große Teile des Gesichtsschädels sowie der Unterkiefer. Zugehörige Zähne lagen nicht vor. Weiters konnten verschiedene, isoliert gefundene und keiner Bestattung eindeutig zuzuordnende Knochen geborgen und untersucht werden. Es handelt sich bei diesen um einen proximalen oder medialen Fingerknochen einer linken Hand (SE05_Fdnr.14), mehrere Rippen-und Wirbelfragmente (SE23_Fdnr.7 und SE41_Fdnr.12), ein fragmentierter linker Oberschenkelknochen, mehrere Fragmente eines rechten und linken Schulterblatts (SE40_Fdnr.10 und Streufund_Fdnr. 25), ein Rippen-, Kreuzbein-und Wadenbeinfragment sowie Finger-, Handwurzel-und Fußwurzelknochen (SE49_Fdnr. 20), ein isoliertes linkes Schienbein (SE52_Fdnr.21/2). Methoden Zur Untersuchung wurden alle Skelette und Teilskelett getrennt voneinander anatomisch korrekt aufgelegt und auf ihre Vollständigkeit und den Erhaltungszustand überprüft. Das Ergebnis dieses ersten Schrittes wurde in Form von individuellen Skelettmännchen dokumentiert. Als nächster Schritt folgte die Bestimmung des Sterbealters der Skelette. Diese wird generell bei Kindern und Jugendlichen nach anderen Methoden durchgeführt als bei erwachsenen Individuen. So erfolgt eine Altersbestimmung bei Kindern und Jugendlichen anhand der