Event impacts

Thousands of dollars are spent on Christian events and mission conferences globally. Very little has been researched on their impact. If results are discussed, they are often short-term goals. This article examines the long-lasting impact that mission events for young people can produce, what should be measured, and tools to measure desired impact and outcomes. Data will be drawn from four European youth mission conferences called Mission-Net, including findings from conference surveys.

Delivering community-based benefits is oftentimes cited to justify the high costs associated with hosting large-scale events. The current research is embedded in positive psychology to examine how an event impacts host community members' PERMA domains, reflected through positive emotions, engagement, relationships, meaning, and accomplishment. Adopting a longitudinal approach, the authors interviewed 15 host community members before and after a large-scale sport event to determine if and how the event impacted their well-being. The findings uncovered evidence that the event activated positive emotions, relationships, and meaning across both phases, and evidence of accomplishment within the postevent phase. The findings contribute to the knowledge by examining the links between large-scale sport events and well-being throughout the event lifecycle. This research forwards implications for event bidding committees, event organizers, and host community officials to maximize community well-being through hosting large-scale events and to help justify associated expenses from a social-psychological perspective.

The increasing number of events has generated a growing research interest in assessing impacts of the events. So far, most empirical studies have analysed economic impacts, whereas social, political or cultural impacts have been taken into consideration only to a limited extent. The aim of this paper is to propose a conceptual and methodological model to measure and analyse cultural effects of events.
This article first examines how social and cultural impacts are conceptualised and analysed by different disciplines, and then proposes a new model to assess cultural impacts of events, named Cultural Impact Perception (CIP). The model has been
designed using two steps, namely: (1) defining cultural impacts and (2) proposing a new methodological model for the assessment and analysis of these types of impact. The
paper concludes with reflections around the future implementation of the model, and underlines CIP’s contribution to the scientific debate in this field.

Attention is directed to the difference in event legacies created by mega-events which often cause dramatic physical changes in urban environments and those which accompany events which leave very little imprint on the landscape where they are held. The Tour Down Under cycle race, which is held annually in South Australia, is examined as an example of the latter. The spatial pattern of the event and the range of settings which support it are presented as an eventscape by drawing on concepts such as Bale’s (1994) sportscape and Bitner’s (1992) servicescape. These interpretations are used to identify legacies. It is suggested that the creation of positive legacies requires communities that are part of the eventscape to engage in imaginative leveraging that is consistent with long-term strategic objectives. The paper offers a new definition of eventscape.

ABSTRAK Penulisan ini memfokuskan kepada persepsi pengunjung terhadap acara bertaraf antarabangsa yang diadakan iaitu Melaka Art and Performance Festival (MAPFest) 2015. Acara ini merupakan acara masa lapang yang hanya diadakan sekali bagi setiap tahun. Penganjuran acara ini menjadi satu landasan kesenian yang menarik berdasarkan penglibatan dari artis-artis bertaraf profesional dari negara-negara lain. Penganjuran acara ini juga bukan sahaja menimbulkan konsep pelancongan budaya yang tersendiri malahan mampu meningkatkan ekonomi negara dalam sektor pelancongan negara. Pengurusan seni persembahan dan aktiviti-aktiviti yang diadakan oleh penganjur yang tersendiri juga memberi kesan keunikan kepada pengunjung yang hadir. Kaedah yang digunakan dalam kajian ini adalah kualitatif (temubual) dan kuantitatif (borang soal selidik). Seramai 300 pengunjung telah memberi kerjasama dalam mendapatkan data kuantitatif bagi kajian ini. Secara umumnya, hasil kajian mendapati persepsi pengunjung terdorong oleh faktor motivasi tarikan dan tolakan berdasarkan data yang didapati. Justeru, pihak penganjur perlu lebih meneliti cadangan dan pandangan dalam penambahbaikan MAPFest yang akan datang seiring dengan faktor tarikan yang menjadi tumpuan dalam menjamin kualiti acara tahunan ini.

Events research draws inspiration from and builds on a wide range of interdisciplinary approaches across the social sciences, physical sciences, arts and humanities, and business and management literatures (see Andrews and Leopold, 2013; Van Niekerk, 2017). Events today play a key role in planning and development decisions, and they contribute to image formation and place brands, because in many cases when an event is hosted, people recognize the event and use it to associate with places (Cudny, 2020; Hahm et al., 2019). All events have or create an impact, which leaves an impression on people, places, and/or environments. The timeliness of this book is also a chance to reflect on how different experiences are measured and managed (Biaett and Richards, 2020).

Cultural tourism has traditionally been viewed as a means of attracting visitors to places with culture, so that they stimulate economic growth through passive consumption. New views of the relationship between culture, people and places are emerging that emphasize the potential for tourists, visitors, residents and other place users to actively collaborate in making places to improve the quality of life. This presentation brings together examples of initiatives that harness the creative potential of mobile populations in shaping places. Discussing the importance of "placemaking," the paper references the 1983 Italo Calvino novel Mr. Palomar, where, in one scene, the title character compares the bounty on display at his local cheese shop to the Louvre. This interesting analogy reveals the everyday creativity that can be accessed by places to develop, cultural and creative experiences, and, of course, as a support for tourism development as well. Local history, knowledge, and artistry need to be foregrounded to define a sense of place-and to this end, the tourism and culture industries must work in tandem.

Micro and small business (MSB) interests legitimize mega-sport event (MSE) candidature bids. Yet, MSB interests can be sidelined in the event lead up, live staging, and legacy periods. This article provides a detailed: 1) review of MSE impacts on existing MSBs residing within targeted host communities, 2) conceptual and practical examination of MSE leveraging opportunities, 3) synthesis of good inclusionary practices identified in previous MSE case studies. As a result, a series of general and specific ways MSEs can foster MSB leveraging and legitimize local interests are suggested. We present a comprehensive analysis of key works since mid-1990s related to the themes identified above. Our analysis identifies that there is limited conceptual and empirical research on MSB impact and leveraging activities in the context of MSEs, yet significant evidence points to negative experiences, disruption, and displacement effects on residential (host) communities. We purposively focus on good practice in the context of other MSEs from the Olympics Games (e.g., London 2012, Rio 2016) and FIFA World Cup (e.g., South Africa, 2010) to inform recommendations and managerial implications. We outline a systematic series of ways MSBs can be structurally excluded from accessing MSE leveraging opportunities. Building on Chalip's widely adopted event leverage model (ELM), we present the "MSE-MSB Leverage Model" to illustrate how MSEs can (re)position MSBs as legitimate stakeholders to support greater leveraging opportunities and better (re)distribute event benefits back into host communities across planning and delivery stages. These range from reconfiguring: 1) event planning principles and policies, 2) regulatory and trading environments, and 3) the development of MSB business-to-business networks and partnerships.

Major events such as the European Capital of Culture (ECOC) are becoming more important as tools for economic, social and cultural regeneration, and therefore it also becomes more important to monitor and evaluate their effects. This paper analyses the development of the evaluation process for the ECOC programme in general, and then analyses a specific case study in the BrabantStad bid for the 2018 ECOC. It shows that event evaluation programmes have gradually grown in terms of scale and complexity as the ECOC has developed, to the stage where multifaceted and longitudinal monitoring and evaluation has become the norm. However, as the analysis of the BrabantStad case shows, even with longitudinal monitoring of cultural, economic and social impacts it is still difficult to provide a complete picture of the different types of effects being generated by the programme. In particular, this case illustrates the problem of paying adequate attention to a wide range of indicators, and the problems that can stem from over-concentration on the political dimensions of event effects.

This article brings together the author’s previous research and consultancy along with a review of literature from several disciplines to develop a framework that summarizes the concepts, methods, and processes required to successfully evaluate the impacts of local government community festivals. Events and festivals are a relatively underresearched area but have experienced a growing amount of public sector expenditure.
The framework developed and presented here is in response to the need to encourage greater evaluation of this activity and in doing so recognize the complexity of the process. The impacts of many such festivals are diverse (economic, social, environmental), far reaching (local, national, international), and long term. The evaluation of these impacts, therefore, requires an understanding of the concepts involved and the development
of an evaluation alongside a range of tools and methods. The proposed framework is informed by the empirical research and theory and practice in the areas of information systems, marketing communications, event studies, and public sector evaluation. Bringing together these distinct but related fi elds of study has enabled the development of a comprehensive and novel approach to event impact evaluation.

h i g h l i g h t s < The study evaluates perceptions of impacts and residents' support for the 2012 Olympic Games. < We delineate impacts according to the triple bottom line approach. < Social exchange theory and the theory of reasoned action are used to build a theoretical model. < We conceptually distinguish between attitude and support. The mediating effect of overall attitude is also evaluated. < Results show the need to disaggregate event impacts and distinguish between attitude and support. a b s t r a c t Using theory of reasoned action and social exchange theory, this study empirically tests a model of residents' support for the 2012 Olympic Games. The model proposes that overall attitude towards the Games mediates the relationship between perceived socio-cultural, economic, and environmental impacts, and residents' support for the Games. Results indicate perceived economic and socio-cultural impacts (positive and negative) influence overall attitude, but contrary to our predictions, perceived environmental impacts (positive and negative) are not related to overall attitude. The model confirms that overall attitude plays a mediating role between perceived socio-cultural, economic, environmental impacts and support for the 2012 Games. Findings highlight the need for researchers to disaggregate the components of perceived impacts when modelling attitudes and support for mega events.

Dai, Guangquan, & Bao, Jigang. Quantitative Effects Assessments of Expo ′99 Kunming: Model of Background Trend Line. SCIENTIA GEOGRAPHICA SINICA. 2007, 27(3): 426-433. (in Chinese)
摘要:对重大事件活动效应的估算是事件及事件旅游研究的重要题。以往的研究提出了很多方法,由于财务统计资料不完整和相关影响难于界定,这些方法往往难于进行量化计算。以本底趋势线模型方法为依据,在对其进行改造的基础上,用通行的SPSS和Excel程序包进行统计分析,对1999昆明世博会的经济和旅游效应进行了定量评估。
关键词: 1999昆明世博会;重大事件活动;效应评估;本底趋势线模型
Abstract: In the filed of event impacts assessment (EIA), there are many quantitative methods given in western event and event tourism existing literatures. Like the general EIA method, the classical method assessing the economic effects of World Fairs (Expo) is “cost-benefit analysis” (Getz, 1997: 77-78, 348-352), and the basic technique is “input output method” or called “inter-industrial relations analysis” (Brandt, A., et al, 2003: 108-112, Chinese Edi.). These methods are usually not easy to calculate because the financial statistic data are always imperfect and some effects are difficult to quantitatively define. Furthermore, it is more difficult to extract the event’s effects from multi factors that affect the destination’s development just as extract the tourism’s impacts alone from multi factors affecting the changes of economies, environments and societies (Wall, 2000；Page, 2003). Taking the Expo ’99 Kunming as case, the paper deals with the problem of imperfect financial data and the difficult extraction of event’s impacts from multi factors of social economical development using the method of Background Trend Line Model (BTLM) presented by SUN Gen-nian (SUN Gen-nian, 1998a, 1998b; LI Nai-ying, SUN Gen-nian, 1998; SUN Gen-nian, 2001). With SPPSS and Excel packages, the paper calculates the affected values, the contribution values and corresponding ratios of the Expo to Kunming’s tourism industry and GDP. Resulted from the quantitative analyses, the conclusions are that the Expo ’99 Kunming made the position of its tourism industry in the national economy increased, the ratios of the tourism added values to GDP and the third industry’s added value improved in 1999, the hosted year of the Expo. But after the Expo ended, these increasing trends stopped, all indices reduced from 2000 and fluctuated from 2001, and dropped down acutely due to SARS in the year 2003. Thus the Expo is just an irregular event and it has not influenced the long-time total pulsating trend of Kunming’s tourism industry economic indices and its position in the national economy.
Keywords: Expo ’99 Kunming; Mega-event; Effects Assessment; Background Trend Line Model

Agha and Taks define minor sport events and teams and explain the different approaches to measuring impact. They present theoretical models and provide empirical examples of economic impact of minor sport events and leagues. They end the chapter with recommendations for future research.

Increased interest in events is reflected in the explosive growth in event related research worldwide. Much of this research concentrates on different aspects of the visitor experience of events, such as satisfaction, perceptions of service quality and intention to return. However, much of this research is conducted on an ad-hoc, single event basis. Relatively little comparative research on different events has yet be conducted.
In order to increase the comparative dimension of event research the ATLAS Event Monitoring research project was established in 2012. Using a standard base questionnaire, the survey is designed to generate comparable information on visitor experience from a range of different events. This paper reports on the initial findings of the project, covering a range of different events from Portugal and Finland. A range of different dimensions of the visitor experience are analysed, including the degree of participation, the generation of emotional energy (Collins, 2004), experiencing novelty and social cohesion.
These initial results indicate that there are considerable differences in participant engagement according to the type and location of event. The paper discusses the main factors affecting involvement and the ways in which event organisers can increase levels of engagement.

This study of the impact of the European Cultural Capital in Sibiu in 2007 is part of an ongoing programme of research initiated by the European Association for Tourism and Leisure Education (ATLAS) in 1999. This programme of research aims to examine the implementation and effects of this increasingly popular event throughout Europe. The European Capital of Culture staged in Sibiu during 2007 was a unique event. It was the first European Capital of Culture (ECOC) to be staged in one of the post-2004 EU accession ...

This independent report is directed towards policy makers in local and national government, volunteer development projects, event managers, academics, Manchester Event Volunteers' management, and MEV volunteers. MEV is a broker organisation between volunteers and events, with a further role of developing volunteering and good practice in volunteer management. It was established following the 2002 Commonwealth Games in Manchester and is probably the longest running mega-event volunteer legacy programme in the world. As such it offers insights for future events aiming to establish a volunteer legacy and implications for the way in which similar volunteer broker organisations could contribute to developing volunteering.

The development of the organization of the event now starts to vary and provides a valuable and impressive experience for many people. So, from that along with its development, the event appeared increasingly unique both in terms of concept to the venue used. One of the events that have its uniqueness is the festival. In this case, the Prambanan Jazz Festival is one of the types of events that are used as the focus of research. Organizing an event can have an impact on the surrounding community, both in terms of social, environmental, and economical. Communities in the surrounding environment will have different perceptions about the impact of the event. An event can be considered as successful if the community perceives the positive benefit from the event and give considerable support. The research method used in this study is quantitative with descriptive analysis. The purpose of this study was to find out how local people perceive the impact of the implementation of Prambanan Jazz Festival on social, environmental, and economic impacts. The result of this study indicates that the Prambanan Jazz Festival had a little social impact on local communities. The Prambanan Jazz Festival does not provide significant environmental impact from some of the main aspects of this study. In addition, the implementation of the Prambanan Jazz Festival has not affected the economy around the event area due to the absence of programs made by the event organizers to support the economy of the surrounding community.

Keywords: Local Communities Perception, Prambanan Jazz Festival, The Impact of Event

Much research from the events literature has focused on the importance of using events to develop and/or regenerate spaces and places (Schneider and Jacobson, 2019; Smith, 2012; Wise and Harris, 2019), build new destination images or brands (Hahm et al., 2019; Wise et al., 2015), or expand corporate and business interests (Hall, 2006). Scholars extend these understandings by referring to tangible benefits and the impacts that events have on place economies, destination planning, and the subsequent growth of tourism (Lauermann, 2019; Maguire, 2019; Maharaj 2015; Perić, 2018; Schausteck de Almeida et al., 2015). While it is important to address the role that events have on new or redeveloped facilities and infrastructures, and thus, expansions for, or new investments in, events, leisure, and tourism, Andrews and Leopold (2013) and Moufakkir and Pernecky (2015) argue that within these avenues of research it is important to consider social and cultural impacts and the reactions of those who are ultimately ‘impacted’ by event planning, hosting, developments, and management decisions. Research that considers transitioning economic bases see planners and policy-makers directing decisions based on how to maintain a competitive advantage. But, as this may lead back to policies and investments aimed at developing spaces, the underlying social impacts that have an intangible impact on a place, are part of an inherent and essential focus of research today concerning the impact of events. Concerning events and social impacts, Cowan (2016) argues that planning needs to be enabling so that residents are not met with barriers that limit their involvement. Much research that concerns social impacts of events critically assesses understandings through resident and community perspectives (e.g. Deery et al. 2012; Jepson and Clarke, 2015).

Sports tourism is a niche form of tourism that is gaining popularity and thus expanding opportunities around the world (Parker, 2019). In fact, sports tourism is considered the fastest growing sector of the travel industry according to the United Nations World Tourism Organization. There are three 'types' of sports tourists: participatory, event-based, and celebratory (Parker, 2019). Thus, sports tourism ranges from general recreational activities (with some or no competition) to high-profile competitions. Tourists also travel around their respective countries and internationally to follow their sporting teams or attend mega-events. Celebratory forms of sports tourism include visits to museums, places or areas where the focus is on remembrance. Each of these perspectives to sports tourism can create a range of event impacts for both participants and the host community.

Sport-tourism events create a broad spectrum of impacts on and for host communities. However, sustainable sport-tourism events, which emphasize positive impacts, and minimize negative impacts, do not arise by chance-they need careful planning and implementation. This paper aims to review and systematize a wide spectrum of social impacts that outdoor sport-tourism events create from the perspective of key stakeholders and addresses strategic planning elements necessary for achieving event sustainability. To reach its objectives, the authors examined the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) database, searching for relevant scientific papers focusing primarily on the impacts and legacy of sport events, strategic planning elements, and attributes necessary for achieving sustainability through a systematic quantitative review and content analysis. The results indicate that the relevant literature mostly focuses on economic impacts, followed by social and environmental impacts. Most stu...

Rio 2016 sought to connect Olympic-tourists with the city's local-Cariocan community and culture. Yet the way mega-events are spatially and regulatorily organised, alongside the behavioural tendencies of Olympic-tourists, constrain such ambitions. Using Rio 2016 as a case-study, we offer in-depth, qualitative insights through the lens of 35 individual Olympic-tourists to examine how and why these factors determine behaviour, and thus experiences across host-environments. We detail how concerns over tourists' safety result in managers designing risk averse experiences, produced by overlaying hyper-securitised and regulatory enforcements inside existing tourist bubbles, creating what we refer to as a 'double bubble'-reducing the likelihood of visitors venturing 'off-the-beaten-track'. Whilst Olympic-bubbles protect tourists from outside threats, they restrict cultural engagement with the wider city, neighbourhoods and locals-side-lining other sides to Rio. We suggest managers adopt a dual-strategy of 'local infusion' in and 'tourist diffusion' beyond official zones to achieve intended goals.

Events research draws inspiration from and builds on a wide range of interdisciplinary approaches across the social sciences, physical sciences, arts and humanities, and business and management literatures (see Andrews and Leopold, 2013; Van Niekerk, 2017). Events today play a key role in planning and development decisions, and they contribute to image formation and place brands, because in many cases when an event is hosted, people recognize the event and use it to associate with places (Cudny, 2020; Hahm et al., 2019). All events have or create an impact, which leaves an impression on people, places, and/or environments. The timeliness of this book is also a chance to reflect on how different experiences are measured and managed (Biaett and Richards, 2020).

The development of the organization of the event now starts to vary and provides a valuable and impressive experience for many people. So, from that along with its development, the event appeared increasingly unique both in terms of concept to the venue used. One of the events that have its uniqueness is the festival. In this case, Prambanan Jazz Festival is one of the types of events that are used as the focus of research. Organizing an event can have an impact on the surrounding community, both in terms of social, environmental, and economical. Communities in the surrounding environment will have different perceptions about the impact of the event. An event can be considered as successful if the community perceives the positive benefit from the event and give considerable support. The research method used in this study is quantitative with descriptive analysis. The purpose of this study was to find out how local people perceive the impact of the implementation of Prambanan Jazz Fe...

Micro and small business (MSB) interests legitimize mega-sport event (MSE) candidature bids. Yet, MSB interests can be sidelined in the event lead up, live staging, and legacy periods. This article provides a detailed: 1) review of MSE impacts on existing MSBs residing within targeted host communities, 2) conceptual and practical examination of MSE leveraging opportunities, 3) synthesis of good inclusionary practices identified in previous MSE case studies. As a result, a series of general and specific ways MSEs can foster MSB leveraging and legitimize local interests are suggested. We present a comprehensive analysis of key works since mid-1990s related to the themes identified above. Our analysis identifies that there is limited conceptual and empirical research on MSB impact and leveraging activities in the context of MSEs, yet significant evidence points to negative experiences, disruption, and displacement effects on residential (host) communities. We purposively focus on good ...

This research note discusses the findings and methodological issues arising from a cultural values survey of residents, particularly in relation to civic pride. In addition to offering insights to the particular case – the Saltaire Festival in the north of England – it provides an approach that might be used elsewhere.

This study investigates the impacts of the London 2012 Olympic Games and their related cultural programme on local small creative organisations in East London. It contributes to unpacking the elusive concept of legacy thorough an in-depth analysis of creative organisations' stories and experiences, combined with an analysis of policy documents and interviews with key informants, over a four-year period (2010–2014). A range of potential impacts of mega-events for creative organisations are identified and systematically discussed. The results highlight a gap between Olympic rhetoric and local reality. Problems include inadequate local consultation, barriers to accessing opportunities and inability to leverage effectively. The study also explores the role of cultural tourism in delivering an Olympic legacy for the local creative industry. It finds that opportunities to showcase deprived – but creative – areas in East London, and foster the development of creative forms of tourism, were missed.

""Purpose – Given the rise in popularity of festivals globally, the purpose of this paper is to examine two case studies to identify whether festival spaces could be identified as third places. This paper argues that third places are not vanishing but that new and emerging third places can be identified through applying the essence of third place theory.

Design/methodology/approach – The primary case study for this paper is The Falls Music and Arts Festival in Marion Bay, Tasmania, Australia that was the focus of a two year study into the interrelationships between informal leisure, social capital and place characteristics. 30 semi-structured interviews, participant observation and 937 surveys were conducted. To support this paper, findings from a smaller third place case study of six semi-structured interviews and participant observation at the “Festival of Lights” held in Pukekura Park in the New Plymouth, New Zealand are reflected upon.

Findings – Third place characteristics were elucidated in the Falls study. Essential characteristics of third places such as access to conversation, the evidence of “regulars”, the chance meeting of a “friend of a friend” and a playful mood were identified. The location was an important meeting place for users to create, maintain and strengthen relationships. Repeat visits to this place was found to be integral to social networking and a feeling of “home”. Insights from the Festival of Lights study support these findings.

Research limitations/implications – Identifying festival spaces as third spaces contests traditional third place theory. It offers scope for festival organisers to explore more deeply the intangible aspects of the experiences they afford. More case study research needs to be conducted to explore this potential further as this is only a start at linking festivals to the essence of third place theory.

Originality/value – This paper pushes third place theory forward. It responds to calls for exploration of new and emerging third places in contemporary society. This research adds a new take on this exploration by affording an Australasian perspective.""

This article brings together the author&#39;s previous research and consultancy along with a review of literature from several disciplines to develop a framework that summarizes the concepts, methods, and processes required to successfully evaluate the impacts of local government community festivals. Events and festivals are a relatively underresearched area but have experienced a growing amount of public sector expenditure. The framework developed and presented here is in response to the need to encourage greater evaluation of this activity and in doing so recognize the complexity of the process. The impacts of many such festivals are diverse (economic, social, environmental), far reaching (local, national, international), and long term. The evaluation of these impacts, therefore, requires an understanding of the concepts involved and the development of a range of tools and methods. The proposed framework is informed by the empirical research, theory, and practice in the areas of i...

Event leveraging, particularly by local businesses, is important not only to local businesses themselves for their benefits but also to event tourists and host community. However, the understanding of businesses&amp;#39; broad strategic planning of event leveraging is still limited. This study aims to address this gap by exploring the goals and practices of tourism and hospitality small and medium enterprises&amp;#39; (THSMEs) event leveraging to understand event leveraging as part of a wider business strategy, particularly focusing on small scale events and festivals held in small cities or regional areas. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with owners and managers of THSMEs based in three different business communities. This study finds that the goals of THSMEs&amp;#39; event leveraging are not limited to financial interests, and businesses pursue event leveraging for diverse goals. Four specific goals of THSMEs in event leveraging are identified, namely access to new market, building stronger links with existing customers, staff rewards and development, and enhancement of community relations. Leveraging practices undertaken by local THSMEs for each goal are also identified. Based on the study findings, practical recommendations for THSMEs to engage in event leveraging in more actively and diverse ways are provided.

Event leveraging, particularly by local businesses, is important not only to local businesses themselves for their benefits but also to event tourists and host community. However, the understanding of businesses' broad strategic planning of event leveraging is still limited. This study aims to address this gap by exploring the goals and practices of tourism and hospitality small and medium enterprises' (THSMEs) event leveraging to understand event leveraging as part of a wider business strategy, particularly focusing on small scale events and festivals held in small cities or regional areas. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with owners and managers of THSMEs based in three different business communities. This study finds that the goals of THSMEs' event leveraging are not limited to financial interests, and businesses pursue event leveraging for diverse goals. Four specific goals of THSMEs in event leveraging are identified, namely access to new market, building stronger links with existing customers, staff rewards and development, and enhancement of community relations. Leveraging practices undertaken by local THSMEs for each goal are also identified. Based on the study findings, practical recommendations for THSMEs to engage in event leveraging in more actively and diverse ways are provided.

This research would not have been possible without the support and assistance of many individuals and organisations and the event organisers and venue managers who kindly facilitated the visitor interviews. Bachelor and master students of the Faculty of Economic Studies, supervised by their professors have completed the surveys and carried out the interviews with local stakeholders. Administrative support for the research was provided by Leontine Onderwater of ATLAS, and various ATLAS members helped with the collection of comparative data in other European cities. Background to the study This study of the impact of the European Cultural Capital in Sibiu in 2007 is part of an ongoing programme of research initiated by the European Association for Tourism and Leisure Education (ATLAS) in 1999. This programme of research aims to examine the implementation and effects of this increasingly popular event throughout Europe. To date, ATLAS members have been involved in assessments of the impacts of the ECOCs held in Helsinki (2000), Rotterdam (2001), Porto (2001) and Salamanca (2002). This study of the ECOC in Sibiu is the first such study to have been completed in an Eastern European country, and therefore provides an interesting contrast to the previous research. This study also benefits from the long association of the Lucian Blaga University in Sibiu with the ATLAS network. The university has been collecting data on cultural consumption in the city for number years as part of the ATLAS Cultural Tourism Project. This will eventually enable us to monitor longer terms in cultural consumption in Sibiu and therefore to provide a longitudinal assessment of the event. 6 Methodology A framework for monitoring the impacts of the 2007 ECOC in Sibiu was established in January 2007, as part of the ATLAS Winter University, which formed part of the ECOC programme. Pilot surveys were carried out with residents and visitors in order to design the final research instrument. This was largely based on questionnaires already utilized for other ECOCs, including Rotterdam (2001), Salamanca (2002) and Luxemburg (2007). The surveys were also designed to provide comparisons with earlier surveys conducted in Sibiu by the "Lucian Blaga" University in the framework of the ATLAS Cultural Tourism Research Project. These surveys provide a useful benchmark for the period before the ECOC, with data collection having started in 2001. The survey questionnaire can be found in Appendix 1. In total, over 4100 surveys of residents and visitors have been completed over the period 2001-2009.

This essay aims to observe how one occurrence can set different happenings, as long as they can be “resignified” for diverse “narrative understandings”. Based on the comments of users of the “Blog do Noblat” about the corruption scandal involving Demóstenes Torres and Carlos Cachoeira, we demonstrate that a text by itself is insufficient to produce a meaning, once every story depends on an external agent who gives life to it: the reader.  (Original in portuguese.)

ABSTRACT Purpose ‐ Given the rise in popularity of festivals globally, the purpose of this paper is to examine two case studies to identify whether festival spaces could be identified as third places. This paper argues that third places are not vanishing but that new and emerging third places can be identified through applying the essence of third place theory. Design/methodology/approach ‐ The primary case study for this paper is The Falls Music and Arts Festival in Marion Bay, Tasmania, Australia that was the focus of a two year study into the interrelationships between informal leisure, social capital and place characteristics. 30 semi-structured interviews, participant observation and 937 surveys were conducted. To support this paper, findings from a smaller third place case study of six semi-structured interviews and participant observation at the &amp;quot;Festival of Lights&amp;quot; held in Pukekura Park in the New Plymouth, New Zealand are reflected upon. Findings ‐ Third place characteristics were elucidated in the Falls study. Essential characteristics of third places such as access to conversation, the evidence of &amp;quot;regulars&amp;quot;, the chance meeting of a &amp;quot;friend of a friend&amp;quot; and a playful mood were identified. The location was an important meeting place for users to create, maintain and strengthen relationships. Repeat visits to this place was found to be integral to social networking and a feeling of &amp;quot;home&amp;quot;. Insights from the Festival of Lights study support these findings. Research limitations/implications ‐ Identifying festival spaces as third spaces contests traditional third place theory. It offers scope for festival organisers to explore more deeply the intangible aspects of the experiences they afford. More case study research needs to be conducted to explore this potential further as this is only a start at linking festivals to the essence of third place theory. Originality/value ‐ This paper pushes third place theory forward. It responds to calls for exploration of new and emerging third places in contemporary society. This research adds a new take on this exploration by affording an Australasian perspective.

This study investigates the impacts of the London 2012 Olympic Games and their related cultural programme on local small creative organisations in East London. It contributes to unpacking the elusive concept of legacy thorough an in-depth analysis of creative organisations' stories and experiences, combined with an analysis of policy documents and interviews with key informants, over a four-year period (2010)(2011)(2012)(2013)(2014). A range of potential impacts of mega-events for creative organisations are identified and systematically discussed. The results highlight a gap between Olympic rhetoric and local reality. Problems include inadequate local consultation, barriers to accessing opportunities and inability to leverage effectively. The study also explores the role of cultural tourism in delivering an Olympic legacy for the local creative industry. It finds that opportunities to showcase deprived -but creative -areas in East London, and foster the development of creative forms of tourism, were missed.

Wise, N. 2020. Eventful Futures and Triple Bottom Line Impacts: BRICS, Image Regeneration and Competitiveness. Journal of Place Management and Development 13(1): 89–100.

Purpose
There are many ways of viewing, interpreting and even conceptualizing Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa (BRICS) growth. This paper considers image regeneration and how this helps enhance place competitiveness. A focus on events and the spectacle they create also challenges to think about sustainable futures. This paper aims to supplement this focus on image regeneration and competitiveness, it is important to discuss and outline triple bottom line impacts as a framework to consider going forward.

Design/methodology/approach
Looking at the BRICS, the growing events, tourism and leisure industries transcend private and public business practices and can help align with more contemporary sustainable development practices and regeneration agendas. Such agendas can, in turn, help enhance destination competitiveness and image. While the authors need (and should) continue to assess and address economic impacts and development, it is just as important to consider environmental impacts and social impacts on a destination and its residents when considering competitiveness.

Findings
This conceptual paper frames insight from the literature to reflect on and consider research directions linked to triple bottom line impacts. The paper puts emphasis on the need to consider the social and environmental impacts of events.

Originality/value
This paper links conceptual discussions of image regeneration and competitiveness with triple bottom line impacts to look at directions for BRICS nations. It is useful for policymakers and planners who look at the “big picture” of event hosting and argues the need for more sustainable policy and planning agendas.

9/11 is amongst a handful of global events that have transfixed the world. Asides from its geopolitical and social consequences this dissertation considers the global symbolic significance and affect of 9/11and the processes that have enabled this. Three particular aspects of the event are analysed; 9/11 as spectacle, memories of 9/11 and the mythology surrounding 9/11. Throughout these three phenomena the role of particular images is pervasive. They come to define people's memories, are central in the construction of myth and are the basis of 9/11 as spectacle. Therein this study not only reveals something about 9/11, but also exposes fundamental cultural logics and mechanisms within our contemporary society. "The pictures of airplanes flying into buildings, fires burning, huge, huge structures collapsing have filled us with disbelief" George W. Bush, Address to the Nation, September 11 th 2001