Drawing on the wider literature in the psychology and sociology of emotions and memory this study... more Drawing on the wider literature in the psychology and sociology of emotions and memory this study provides new insights into the formation and role of shared emotion in the memory of event experiences. The methodology draws together several data collection methods in order to capture the complexity of emotional response. Thick data are gathered from a single case study friendship pair using a combination of short surveys, physiological measures, photo elicitation, and paired interviews to provide a detailed understanding of the experience from anticipation to recollection and reflection to response. The longitudinal data show that what was felt at the time changes considerably in recollection often becoming more intense as time passes and it is the act of sharing these memories that appears to intensify and alter them. This suggests that the often flawed and certainly mediated memory of the experience has a more influential role to play in attitude formation than previously thought....
Policy interventions and social marketing campaigns to educate young adults of the risks associat... more Policy interventions and social marketing campaigns to educate young adults of the risks associated with excessive amounts of alcohol have gained momentum. Yet many young adults engage in risky drinking behavior; especially at hedonic social gatherings. The authors affirm there has been growth in music festivals yet the relationship with alcohol, the shared emotional experience and the increased promotion of alcohol through this vehicle is limited. Therefore, we explore this phenomena using real-time data from festival attendees through experience sampling (ESM), photo-elicitation techniques and post-festival qualitative expositional interviews to inform and guide policy initiatives. The findings show that extreme drinking is considered an essential part of the festival experience, is encouraged by peers and not discouraged by the festival organisers or alcohol brands. However, of greater importance is the evidence of self-reguation and a clear understanding of the dangers of ‘over’...
Taking a strategic-relational approach we critique a range of event tourism funding policies and ... more Taking a strategic-relational approach we critique a range of event tourism funding policies and practices that seek to create regional and/or national event strategies. A multiple case study method combining document analysis and key informant interviews within selected regions provides insights into the political nature of event funding, the equity of its distribution, and the decision processes involved. Programs were found to operate in a sensitive and complex context due to intertwined power relationships between policy and agency embedded within governments. We conclude that to bring about broader benefits and legacies a paradigm shift is needed to rebalance economic and social outcomes within funder objectives and governance structures. This needs to include innovation in evaluation and wider more meaningful stakeholder engagement. The study shows that without fundamental change in policy, national and regional funding programs are likely to continue to operate within their e...
International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 2020
Purpose This study aims to explore how emotionally rich collective experiences create lasting, sh... more Purpose This study aims to explore how emotionally rich collective experiences create lasting, shareable memories, which influence future behaviours. In particular, the role of others and of music in creating value through memories is considered using the concept of socially extended emotions. Design/methodology/approach Over 250 narratives were gathered from festival attendees in the UK and Finland. Respondents completed a writing task detailing their most vivid memories, what made them memorable, their feelings at the time and as they remembered them, and how they shared them. The narratives were then analysed thematically. Findings Collective emotion continues to be co-created long after the experience through memory-sharing. The music listened to is woven through this extension of the experience but is, surprisingly, not a critical part of it. The sociality of the experience is remembered most and was key to the memories shared afterwards. The added value of gathering memorable ...
The Leeds Beckett repository holds a wide range of publications, each of which has been checked f... more The Leeds Beckett repository holds a wide range of publications, each of which has been checked for copyright and the relevant embargo period has been applied by the Research Services team. We operate on a standard take-down policy. If you are the author or publisher of an output and you would like it removed from the repository, please contact us and we will investigate on a case-by-case basis.
The Leeds Beckett repository holds a wide range of publications, each of which has been checked f... more The Leeds Beckett repository holds a wide range of publications, each of which has been checked for copyright and the relevant embargo period has been applied by the Research Services team. We operate on a standard take-down policy. If you are the author or publisher of an output and you would like it removed from the repository, please contact us and we will investigate on a case-by-case basis.
Purpose– Using techniques developed mainly in subjective well-being and “happiness” studies, the ... more Purpose– Using techniques developed mainly in subjective well-being and “happiness” studies, the purpose of this paper is to discuss the applicability of these and related methods for understanding and evaluating the emotional responses experienced within the live music event environment.Design/methodology/approach– The concept of “experience” is debated and set within the context of music events designed to create a specific type of emotional experience for the attendees. The main tools for researching experiences over a time period are considered focusing on the “experience sampling method” (ESM) (Csikszentmihalyi, 1997) and the “day reconstruction method” (Kahnemanet al., 2004). These methods are critiqued in terms of their usefulness and practicality as research tools in the study of audience emotions.Findings– A revised method was then developed and a small-scale trial undertaken at a live music event, the results of which are presented and discussed. A conceptual model illustr...
To avoid the top-down, heavy-handed legislative process, many Governments have turned to Social M... more To avoid the top-down, heavy-handed legislative process, many Governments have turned to Social Marketing and Persuasion Theory to encourage the public to take responsibility for their own physical and social well being. Persuasion theory is used in television campaigns to change alcohol related harm behaviour through verbal and symbolic images under the premise of "freechoice". This notion of personal choice is very important; particularly in countries where liberty and free will are key social factors. The social marketing campaigns that will be examined are "anti binge drinking campaigns" and "drink driving campaigns". Persuasion theory, used in these campaigns, was generally based on two main fear appeals. The first appeal is Physical Fear which can be high fear such as death, substantial harm or intense pain or low fear such as "easily avoidable" accidents. The second fear is Social/psychological Harm ranging from feelings of dirtiness, disgust, lack of social skills and rejection. The research concludes that whilst physical and social/psychological fears are used in all campaigns reviewed, recent alcohol related harm campaigns have shifted from depictions of physical harm to those of emotional and mental suffering.
This research note discusses the findings and methodological issues arising from a cultural value... more This research note discusses the findings and methodological issues arising from a cultural values survey of residents, particularly in relation to civic pride. In addition to offering insights to the particular case – the Saltaire Festival in the north of England – it provides an approach that might be used elsewhere.
PurposeWhilst other researchers have emphasized the use of online discussions in support of eithe... more PurposeWhilst other researchers have emphasized the use of online discussions in support of either class based or distance learning, the purpose of this paper is to investigate how this technique works as an alternative form of assessment for large student groups mainly learning in class.Design/methodology/approachA review of the literature in related areas of assessment led the team to develop the use of asynchronous online discussions and the primary research involves a trial of this method. The trial included monitoring participation, engagement and results and a comparison of these with previous, more traditional, assessments. Staff and student opinions were also sought through interviews and focus groups.FindingsThe results reveal similar findings to other researchers in this area. Specifically, the findings show some behaviour similar to that found in other assessments (lack of engagement by some, enthusiasm of others, for example), difficulties for some students to engage in ...
This article uses empirical research, with young (aged 16-21) advertising audiences, to build upo... more This article uses empirical research, with young (aged 16-21) advertising audiences, to build upon existing communication theory in a number of ways. First, it summarizes meaning-based models that have developed over time by increasing the importance of the audience's role. Second, it advances communication theory by introducing a new meaning-based model appropriate to the 21st century audience. The model is constructed from the theoretical concepts of personal self, social circle, popular culture, and inherited culture. The model provides a framework that industry practitioners and academic scholars can use to consider how anterior texts help young people decode meaning from advertisements. INTRODUCTION Decoding advertisements has been studied in many ways, be it social uses of advertising (Mitchell,
International Journal of Public Sector Management, 2005
PurposeLocal authorities use events and festivals within their region to help achieve a diverse r... more PurposeLocal authorities use events and festivals within their region to help achieve a diverse range of economic and social objectives. However, the success of these events, which can take up a substantial amount of the tourism, leisure or arts and cultural budget is rarely assessed in a systematic and objective manner. This article describes the importance of measuring the impacts of such eventsDesign/methodology/approachThe methods for assessing the success of local authority events are trialled through the use of a case study involving two events organised by Blackburn with Darwen Borough Council.FindingsAn evaluation of the methods, after conducting the case study, indicates that the techniques produced robust data that was valuable in planning future events and in securing funding. The relative simplicity of the methods used will help to ensure that similar evaluations can be carried out in‐house for little cost for future public events.Originality/valueThis article sets out p...
This article brings together the author's previous research and consultancy along with a revi... more This article brings together the author's previous research and consultancy along with a review of literature from several disciplines to develop a framework that summarizes the concepts, methods, and processes required to successfully evaluate the impacts of local government community festivals. Events and festivals are a relatively underresearched area but have experienced a growing amount of public sector expenditure. The framework developed and presented here is in response to the need to encourage greater evaluation of this activity and in doing so recognize the complexity of the process. The impacts of many such festivals are diverse (economic, social, environmental), far reaching (local, national, international), and long term. The evaluation of these impacts, therefore, requires an understanding of the concepts involved and the development of a range of tools and methods. The proposed framework is informed by the empirical research, theory, and practice in the areas of i...
The research presents a critical evaluation of the current methods used to measure the effectiven... more The research presents a critical evaluation of the current methods used to measure the effectiveness of experiential marketing techniques. The paper begins by reviewing the literature relating to event and experiential marketing and related evaluation techniques. Secondary research is then used to highlight specific tools and methods currently being used in the experiential marketing industry. Interviews were conducted with providers of marketing events and show that current methods are not seen as comprehensive or reliable due to the intangibility of the event experience. Based on these findings a framework is developed to guide future research, both academic and practitioner, into measuring the effectiveness of experiential marketing events.
International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 2018
Purpose Reflecting, reliving and reforming experiences enhance longer-term effects of travel and ... more Purpose Reflecting, reliving and reforming experiences enhance longer-term effects of travel and tourism, and have been highlighted as an important aspect in determining loyalty, re-visitation and post-consumption satisfaction. The purpose of this paper is to develop new methodological approaches to investigate emotion, memory creation and the resulting psychosocial effects. Design/methodology/approach The paper proposes a unique combination of physiological measures and photoelicitation-based discussions within a longitudinal design. A physiological measuring instrument (electrodermal activity [EDA] tracking technology through Empatica E4 wristbands) is utilised to capture the “unadulterated” emotional response both during the experience and in reliving or remembering it. This is combined with post-experience narrative discussion groups using photos and other artefacts to give further understanding of the process of collective memory creation. Findings EDA tracking can enhance qual...
Drawing on the wider literature in the psychology and sociology of emotions and memory this study... more Drawing on the wider literature in the psychology and sociology of emotions and memory this study provides new insights into the formation and role of shared emotion in the memory of event experiences. The methodology draws together several data collection methods in order to capture the complexity of emotional response. Thick data are gathered from a single case study friendship pair using a combination of short surveys, physiological measures, photo elicitation, and paired interviews to provide a detailed understanding of the experience from anticipation to recollection and reflection to response. The longitudinal data show that what was felt at the time changes considerably in recollection often becoming more intense as time passes and it is the act of sharing these memories that appears to intensify and alter them. This suggests that the often flawed and certainly mediated memory of the experience has a more influential role to play in attitude formation than previously thought....
Policy interventions and social marketing campaigns to educate young adults of the risks associat... more Policy interventions and social marketing campaigns to educate young adults of the risks associated with excessive amounts of alcohol have gained momentum. Yet many young adults engage in risky drinking behavior; especially at hedonic social gatherings. The authors affirm there has been growth in music festivals yet the relationship with alcohol, the shared emotional experience and the increased promotion of alcohol through this vehicle is limited. Therefore, we explore this phenomena using real-time data from festival attendees through experience sampling (ESM), photo-elicitation techniques and post-festival qualitative expositional interviews to inform and guide policy initiatives. The findings show that extreme drinking is considered an essential part of the festival experience, is encouraged by peers and not discouraged by the festival organisers or alcohol brands. However, of greater importance is the evidence of self-reguation and a clear understanding of the dangers of ‘over’...
Taking a strategic-relational approach we critique a range of event tourism funding policies and ... more Taking a strategic-relational approach we critique a range of event tourism funding policies and practices that seek to create regional and/or national event strategies. A multiple case study method combining document analysis and key informant interviews within selected regions provides insights into the political nature of event funding, the equity of its distribution, and the decision processes involved. Programs were found to operate in a sensitive and complex context due to intertwined power relationships between policy and agency embedded within governments. We conclude that to bring about broader benefits and legacies a paradigm shift is needed to rebalance economic and social outcomes within funder objectives and governance structures. This needs to include innovation in evaluation and wider more meaningful stakeholder engagement. The study shows that without fundamental change in policy, national and regional funding programs are likely to continue to operate within their e...
International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 2020
Purpose This study aims to explore how emotionally rich collective experiences create lasting, sh... more Purpose This study aims to explore how emotionally rich collective experiences create lasting, shareable memories, which influence future behaviours. In particular, the role of others and of music in creating value through memories is considered using the concept of socially extended emotions. Design/methodology/approach Over 250 narratives were gathered from festival attendees in the UK and Finland. Respondents completed a writing task detailing their most vivid memories, what made them memorable, their feelings at the time and as they remembered them, and how they shared them. The narratives were then analysed thematically. Findings Collective emotion continues to be co-created long after the experience through memory-sharing. The music listened to is woven through this extension of the experience but is, surprisingly, not a critical part of it. The sociality of the experience is remembered most and was key to the memories shared afterwards. The added value of gathering memorable ...
The Leeds Beckett repository holds a wide range of publications, each of which has been checked f... more The Leeds Beckett repository holds a wide range of publications, each of which has been checked for copyright and the relevant embargo period has been applied by the Research Services team. We operate on a standard take-down policy. If you are the author or publisher of an output and you would like it removed from the repository, please contact us and we will investigate on a case-by-case basis.
The Leeds Beckett repository holds a wide range of publications, each of which has been checked f... more The Leeds Beckett repository holds a wide range of publications, each of which has been checked for copyright and the relevant embargo period has been applied by the Research Services team. We operate on a standard take-down policy. If you are the author or publisher of an output and you would like it removed from the repository, please contact us and we will investigate on a case-by-case basis.
Purpose– Using techniques developed mainly in subjective well-being and “happiness” studies, the ... more Purpose– Using techniques developed mainly in subjective well-being and “happiness” studies, the purpose of this paper is to discuss the applicability of these and related methods for understanding and evaluating the emotional responses experienced within the live music event environment.Design/methodology/approach– The concept of “experience” is debated and set within the context of music events designed to create a specific type of emotional experience for the attendees. The main tools for researching experiences over a time period are considered focusing on the “experience sampling method” (ESM) (Csikszentmihalyi, 1997) and the “day reconstruction method” (Kahnemanet al., 2004). These methods are critiqued in terms of their usefulness and practicality as research tools in the study of audience emotions.Findings– A revised method was then developed and a small-scale trial undertaken at a live music event, the results of which are presented and discussed. A conceptual model illustr...
To avoid the top-down, heavy-handed legislative process, many Governments have turned to Social M... more To avoid the top-down, heavy-handed legislative process, many Governments have turned to Social Marketing and Persuasion Theory to encourage the public to take responsibility for their own physical and social well being. Persuasion theory is used in television campaigns to change alcohol related harm behaviour through verbal and symbolic images under the premise of "freechoice". This notion of personal choice is very important; particularly in countries where liberty and free will are key social factors. The social marketing campaigns that will be examined are "anti binge drinking campaigns" and "drink driving campaigns". Persuasion theory, used in these campaigns, was generally based on two main fear appeals. The first appeal is Physical Fear which can be high fear such as death, substantial harm or intense pain or low fear such as "easily avoidable" accidents. The second fear is Social/psychological Harm ranging from feelings of dirtiness, disgust, lack of social skills and rejection. The research concludes that whilst physical and social/psychological fears are used in all campaigns reviewed, recent alcohol related harm campaigns have shifted from depictions of physical harm to those of emotional and mental suffering.
This research note discusses the findings and methodological issues arising from a cultural value... more This research note discusses the findings and methodological issues arising from a cultural values survey of residents, particularly in relation to civic pride. In addition to offering insights to the particular case – the Saltaire Festival in the north of England – it provides an approach that might be used elsewhere.
PurposeWhilst other researchers have emphasized the use of online discussions in support of eithe... more PurposeWhilst other researchers have emphasized the use of online discussions in support of either class based or distance learning, the purpose of this paper is to investigate how this technique works as an alternative form of assessment for large student groups mainly learning in class.Design/methodology/approachA review of the literature in related areas of assessment led the team to develop the use of asynchronous online discussions and the primary research involves a trial of this method. The trial included monitoring participation, engagement and results and a comparison of these with previous, more traditional, assessments. Staff and student opinions were also sought through interviews and focus groups.FindingsThe results reveal similar findings to other researchers in this area. Specifically, the findings show some behaviour similar to that found in other assessments (lack of engagement by some, enthusiasm of others, for example), difficulties for some students to engage in ...
This article uses empirical research, with young (aged 16-21) advertising audiences, to build upo... more This article uses empirical research, with young (aged 16-21) advertising audiences, to build upon existing communication theory in a number of ways. First, it summarizes meaning-based models that have developed over time by increasing the importance of the audience's role. Second, it advances communication theory by introducing a new meaning-based model appropriate to the 21st century audience. The model is constructed from the theoretical concepts of personal self, social circle, popular culture, and inherited culture. The model provides a framework that industry practitioners and academic scholars can use to consider how anterior texts help young people decode meaning from advertisements. INTRODUCTION Decoding advertisements has been studied in many ways, be it social uses of advertising (Mitchell,
International Journal of Public Sector Management, 2005
PurposeLocal authorities use events and festivals within their region to help achieve a diverse r... more PurposeLocal authorities use events and festivals within their region to help achieve a diverse range of economic and social objectives. However, the success of these events, which can take up a substantial amount of the tourism, leisure or arts and cultural budget is rarely assessed in a systematic and objective manner. This article describes the importance of measuring the impacts of such eventsDesign/methodology/approachThe methods for assessing the success of local authority events are trialled through the use of a case study involving two events organised by Blackburn with Darwen Borough Council.FindingsAn evaluation of the methods, after conducting the case study, indicates that the techniques produced robust data that was valuable in planning future events and in securing funding. The relative simplicity of the methods used will help to ensure that similar evaluations can be carried out in‐house for little cost for future public events.Originality/valueThis article sets out p...
This article brings together the author's previous research and consultancy along with a revi... more This article brings together the author's previous research and consultancy along with a review of literature from several disciplines to develop a framework that summarizes the concepts, methods, and processes required to successfully evaluate the impacts of local government community festivals. Events and festivals are a relatively underresearched area but have experienced a growing amount of public sector expenditure. The framework developed and presented here is in response to the need to encourage greater evaluation of this activity and in doing so recognize the complexity of the process. The impacts of many such festivals are diverse (economic, social, environmental), far reaching (local, national, international), and long term. The evaluation of these impacts, therefore, requires an understanding of the concepts involved and the development of a range of tools and methods. The proposed framework is informed by the empirical research, theory, and practice in the areas of i...
The research presents a critical evaluation of the current methods used to measure the effectiven... more The research presents a critical evaluation of the current methods used to measure the effectiveness of experiential marketing techniques. The paper begins by reviewing the literature relating to event and experiential marketing and related evaluation techniques. Secondary research is then used to highlight specific tools and methods currently being used in the experiential marketing industry. Interviews were conducted with providers of marketing events and show that current methods are not seen as comprehensive or reliable due to the intangibility of the event experience. Based on these findings a framework is developed to guide future research, both academic and practitioner, into measuring the effectiveness of experiential marketing events.
International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 2018
Purpose Reflecting, reliving and reforming experiences enhance longer-term effects of travel and ... more Purpose Reflecting, reliving and reforming experiences enhance longer-term effects of travel and tourism, and have been highlighted as an important aspect in determining loyalty, re-visitation and post-consumption satisfaction. The purpose of this paper is to develop new methodological approaches to investigate emotion, memory creation and the resulting psychosocial effects. Design/methodology/approach The paper proposes a unique combination of physiological measures and photoelicitation-based discussions within a longitudinal design. A physiological measuring instrument (electrodermal activity [EDA] tracking technology through Empatica E4 wristbands) is utilised to capture the “unadulterated” emotional response both during the experience and in reliving or remembering it. This is combined with post-experience narrative discussion groups using photos and other artefacts to give further understanding of the process of collective memory creation. Findings EDA tracking can enhance qual...
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Papers by Emma Wood