Early Iron Age Pottery

The paper deals with the basis of the Pre-Roman Iron Age chronology in Southern Scandinavia. It was established during the 1950'es as a typologically based three-period system with an almost findless middle period. While from the 1950'es and onwards new two-period systems have been established in most neighbouring regions only minor ajustments have been made to the Danish chronology system. This paper argues that a typologically based three-period system may obscure the real development and that the lack of finds in the middle period is in fact a product of this. Therefore,  it is argued that the very material originally forwarded by C. J. Becker as arguments for the tripartite system can be used as arguments for a bipartite chronology system. In this way many of the "problems" of connecting Early with Late Pre-Roman Iron Age disappears while at the same time the period gains a dynamic appearance with fundamental chances in the transition from early to late, bringing it in concordance with what we see in other parts of Northern and Northern Central Europe

La  necropoli di Siderospilia, a Priniàs, comincia ad essere utilizzata tra la fine dell’Età del Bronzo e l’inizio dell’età del Ferro, in un momento di poco successivo all’occupazione della vicina altura della Patela, avvenuta intorno alla metà del TM IIIC. Il primo nucleo di sepolture è costituito da tombe a pozzetto, a carattere individuale e contenenti cadaveri cremati, e tombe a camera con copertura tholoide, a carattere collettivo e contenente inumati. Un esempio di biritualismo, questo, che trova altri esempi nelle necropoli coeve dell’isola e, più in generale, nell’Egeo.
L’esame dei corredi funerari, del resto, ha confermato l’esistenza di una comunicazione fluida non solo tra i centri isolani, nella fattispecie quelli dell’area centro-settentrionale dell’isola, ma anche all’interno dell’area egea. Accanto alla presenza di oggetti importati, infatti, la studio della ceramica ha messo in evidenza la presenza nelle produzioni locali di elementi stilistici e formali riferibili ad ambito egeo che riportano, in particolare, a Cipro. Priniàs, quindi, è pienamente coinvolta in una rete di connessioni cui partecipano anche altri centri isolani e che sembrano avere nell’isola di Cipro un referente comune.  Connessioni che determinano  incontri culturali dagli esiti molteplici e l’elaborazione di linguaggi comuni, che investono forse anche la sfera dei costumi funerari.

Questa pubblicazione è stata realizzata con il contributo della Università degli Studi di Torino -Dipartimento di Studi Storici Progetto DEMS_PRIN_2015_16_01 "L'Anatolia antica: politiche imperiali e culture locali tra XV e VII secolo a.C. Problemi di etnicità, assetti urbani e territoriali, tradizione e innovazione".

Collected scientifi c papers of B. A. Shramko (1921–2012), devoted to the 95th anniversary of a famous archaeologist. Th e publication contains printed in diff erent years articles, thesis and abstracts, which presents the results of years research of Kharkiv scientist at Bilsk hillfort (7th –4th centuries BC.). Papers of B. A. Shramko placed in the collection according to chronology which makes it possible to trace the development of the conceptual view of the researcher to the place and role of Bilsk hillfort in the system of common ethnic and cultural processes that took place in Eastern Europe in the Early Iron Age. For historians, archaeologists, museum professionals, teachers, local historians, university students and all those interested in ancient history.

Abstract:
The Alb-Hegau pottery of South-West Germany, which is decorated with incised lines, stamps and chipcarvings, has been the subject of scientific research several times in the past. This included not just the chronological but also the chorographical classification of this type of pottery.
As the name suggests, the Alb-Hegau pottery can mainly be found in the Swabian Jura, the Albvorland as well as the area between Lake Constance and the upper Rhine valley. The elaborate ornaments consisting of geometric patterns as well as red paint and graphite are typical for this type of pottery. With its fragility and complex ornamentation the Alb-Hegau pottery holds a special place within the canon of Early Iron Age pottery. The technically complex pottery is mostly found in burial or ritual contexts.
One has to question the significance of these elaborately decorated vessels within the sacred rituals of the Hallstatt culture. As important part of death rituals and sacrifices, they most likely were not just vessels, but also served as religious symbols and information medium.
Research shows there are different regions in the dispersal area of the Alb-Hegau pottery, which clearly differ from each other in their ornamentation. Most likely, these regions do not show regional workshops, but instead regional cultures and identities.

Zusammenfassung:
Die ritz-, stempel- und kerbschnittverzierte Alb-Hegau-Keramik Südwestdeutschlands war bereits in der Vergangenheit mehrfach Gegenstand wissenschaftlicher Untersuchungen. Diese betrafen nicht nur die chronologische sondern auch die chorologische Gliederung dieser Tonware.
Wie ihr Name bereits sagt kommt die Alb-Hegau-Keramik vor allem auf der Schwäbischen Alb, im Albvorland sowie im Bereich zwischen Bodensee und oberem Rheintal vor. Typisch ist die kunstvoll gestaltete Ornamentik aus geometrischen Mustern sowie die Bemalung mit roter Farbe und Graphit. Hinsichtlich ihrer Fragilität und komplexen Verzierung nimmt die Alb-Hegau-Keramik eine gesonderte Stellung im Kanon der früheisenzeitlichen Tonware ein. Technisch aufwändig gearbeitet, tritt sie vor allem im Grab- und Ritualkontext in Erscheinung.
Zu hinterfragen ist daher, welche Bedeutung den aufwändig verzierten Gefäßen im Rahmen einer hallstattzeitlichen Sakralkultur beigemessen werden darf. Als wichtiger Bestandteil des Toten- und Opferrituals übernahmen sie wohl nicht nur die Rolle von Behältnissen, sondern dienten selbst als religiös aufgeladenes Symbolgut und Informationsträger.
Verschiedene Untersuchungen zeigen darüber hinaus, dass im Verbreitungsgebiet der Alb-Hegau-Keramik einzelne Regionen existieren, die sich deutlich anhand ihrer Ornamentik voneinander unterscheiden. Bei ihnen handelt es sich sehr wahrscheinlich nicht nur um regionale Werkstattkreise sondern vielmehr um die gezielte Darstellung räumlich begrenzter Kulturgruppen und Identitäten.

VORWORT DER HERAUSGEBER Die Reihe "Universitätsforschungen zur prähistorischen Archäologie" soll einem in der jüngeren Vergangenheit entstandenen Bedürfnis Rechnung tragen, nämlich Examensarbeiten und andere Forschungsleistungen vornehmlich jüngerer Wissenschaftler in die Öffentlichkeit zu tragen. Die etablierten Reihen und Zeitschriften des Faches reichen längst nicht mehr aus, die vorhandenen Manuskripte aufzunehmen. Die Universitäten sind deshalb aufgerufen, Abhilfe zu schaffen. Einige von ihnen haben mit den ihnen zur Verfügung stehenden Mitteln unter zumeist tatkräftigem Handanlegen der Autoren die vorliegende Reihe begründet. Thematisch soll darin die ganze Breite des Faches vom Paläolithikum bis zur Archäologie der Neuzeit ihren Platz finden. Ursprünglich hatten sich fünf Universitätsinstitute in Deutschland zur Herausgabe der Reihe zusammengefunden, der Kreis ist inzwischen größer geworden. Er lädt alle interessierten Professoren und Dozenten ein, als Mitherausgeber tätig zu werden und Arbeiten aus ihrem Bereich der Reihe zukommen zu lassen. Für die einzelnen Bände zeichnen jeweils die Autoren und Institute ihrer Herkunft, die im Titel deutlich gekennzeichnet sind, verantwortlich. Sie erstellen Satz, Umbruch und einen Ausdruck. Bei gleicher Anordnung des Umschlages haben die verschiedenen beteiligten Universitäten jeweils eine spezifische Farbe. Finanzierung und Druck erfolgen entweder durch sie selbst oder durch den Verlag Dr. Rudolf Habelt GmbH, der in jedem Fall den Vertrieb der Bände sichert. Herausgeber sind derzeit: Mit Robert Schumanns Studie "Traunkirchen während der Hallstattzeit" wird die Münchner Sektion der Reihe ‚Universitätsforschungen zur prähistorischen Archäologie' nun mit dem ersten Band mit Leben gefüllt. Zwar ist die Vor-und Frühgeschichtliche Archäologie an der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München bereits seit längerer Zeit mit meinem Kollegen Bernd Päffgen und meiner Person Mitglied des Herausgeberkreises, ein Band in der Reihe ist bislang jedoch noch nicht erschienen. Dies wird nun durch die vorliegende Monographie korrigiert. Das Fundmaterial, das Heinz Gruber, Landeskonservatorat für Oberösterreich in Linz, Robert Schumann zur Bearbeitung überlassen hat, entstammt Ausgrabungen der Jahre 1994 und 2008 und wurde des Weiteren durch Lesefunde ergänzt. Es ist durchaus ungewöhnlich, dass ein junger Forscher vor Abschluss seiner in Arbeit befindlichen Dissertation oder der Veröffentlichung seiner Magisterarbeit mit einer Monographie an die Fachöffentlichkeit tritt. Da es sich jedoch um ein hoch spannendes hallstattzeitliches Material handelt, dies von Schumann in so gründlicher und sehr gut gelungener Weise bearbeitet wurde und der Umfang eine Publikation den Rahmen eines Artikels weit überschritten hätte, schlug ich ihm die Veröffentlichung in der Münchner Reihe vor. Die Entstehung dieser Arbeit ist mehreren glücklichen Umständen zu verdanken. Durch die Materialaufnahme im Rahmen seiner Magisterarbeit über "Die urnenfelder-und hallstattzeitliche Siedlung von Gilgenberg am Weilhart, Bezirk Braunau am Inn, Oberösterreich" an der LMU München unter Betreuung von Amei Lang ist Schumann nicht nur mit den Kollegen in Linz, namentlich Heinz Gruber, in sehr guten Kontakt getreten, sondern hat es darüber hinaus verstanden, die Region Oberösterreich in der Urnenfelder-bis frühen Latènezeit für sich in umfassender Weise zu erschließen. Das Ergebnis dieser intensiven Beschäftigung mit einer für die Hallstattforschung zentralen Region liegt nun vor. Trotz der monographischen Aufarbeitung der Region durch Thomas Stöllner vor einigen Jahren ("Die Hallstattzeit und der Beginn der Latènezeit im Inn-Salzach-Raum", erschienen 1996 und 2002) darf das Trauntal, wie auch Oberösterreich insgesamt während der Urnenfelder-bis frühen Latènezeit als noch immer ungenügend erforschte Region gelten. Dies ist umso bedauerlicher, als sie eine Schlüsselposition für überregionale Kontakte zwischen dem hallstattzeitlichen Osten und Westen, also dem Ostalpenraum und in diesem Fall der süddeutschen bzw. ostbayerischen Hallstattkultur darstellt. Auch bei der Einbeziehung des Salzortes Hallstatt bei der Erforschung überregionaler Kommunikations-und Austauschphänomene nimmt Oberösterreich eine eminent wichtige Stellung ein. Es ist das Verdienst Schumanns mit der Veröffentlichung neuer Fundmaterialien aus dem Gebiet des modernen Traunkirchens diese Schlüsselposition herausgestellt, ja erstmals einen bestimmten Aspekt überregionaler Kontakte durch die intensive Behandlung keramischer Materialien erst sichtbar gemacht zu haben. Seine umfassende und quellenkritische Arbeitsweise erlegt es ihm auf, in der Befunddeutung Vorsicht walten zu lassen, dennoch wird man ihm gern zustimmen und in den Funden im Bereich der Halbinsel am Traunsee einen der bislang nur überaus seltenen Siedlungskontexte der Hallstattzeit zu erkennen. Damit kann eine neue Facette des älterhallstattzeitlichen Wirtschaftsgefüges im Umkreis von Hallstatt näher beleuchtet und die Traun als wichtiger Nord-Süd gerichteter Kontaktweg diskutiert werden. Kontakte nach Osten entlang der Donau bis an die östliche Peripherie der hallstattzeitlichen Welt bzw. nach Südosten in den Südostalpenraum werden nun ebenfalls klarer erkennbar. Wichtige Anknüpfungspunkte ergeben sich für die ostbayerische Hallstattkultur, die letztlich gleichermaßen ein Desiderat für eine erneute intensive Beschäftigung darstellt. Die Qualität der Zeichnungen, die der Autor alle -insofern es sich um die Erstpublikation handeltselbstständig vor Ort angefertigt und anschließend umgezeichnet hat, ist hoch und belegt seinen enormen Einsatz. Dass dieser von lokaler Seite erkannt und gewürdigt wurde, stimmt mich als Herausgeberin froh. Es ist mir daher eine angenehme Pflicht, dem Bundesdenkmalamt, insbesondere Herrn Heinz Gruber herzlich für die immer spürbare Unterstützung zu danken. Mein Dank gilt ferner dem Verein ARCHEKULT, der den Druck der vorliegenden Monographie finanziell unterstützt hat und so für eine über den Standard der UPA-Reihe hinausgehende Ausstattung mit zahlreichen Farbabbildungen und einem festen Einband sorgen konnte. Man kann dem Autor Robert Schumann nur wünschen, dass sein Buch zahlreiche Leser finden möge und es einen wichtigen neuen Impuls für die weitere Beschäftigung mit der Eisenzeit im Alpenraum und darüber hinaus geben wird. München im Dezember 2012 Carola Metzner-Nebelsick 7 11 Als ich die Bearbeitung der Grabung Klosterstadel 2008 im Bereich des ehemaligen Klostergartens von Traunkirchen übernahm, ahnte und plante ich nicht, dass mich dieser Ort und seine hallstattzeitlichen Funde in diesem Umfang und über einen Zeitraum von drei Jahren beschäftigen und vor allem derart faszinieren würden. Ursprünglich als kleine Materialvorlage der Grabung 2008 geplant, entwickelte sich das Manuskript unerwarteterweise unter Einbeziehung der Grabung 1994, zahlreicher Lesefunde und bereits vorgelegter Materialien zu einer verhältnismäßig großen Studie über den Ort Traunkirchen und seine Rolle in der Hallstattzeit Oberösterreichs, aus der lediglich das große Gräberfeld von Traunkirchen-Klosterhof ausgegrenzt werden musste. Die Recherche nach weiteren Fundstellen in der Traunseeregion führte zu einer Einbettung der auf der Traunkirchner Halbinsel gelegenen Siedlung in ihr direktes Umfeld. Zudem reizte die Beschäftigung mit Traunkirchen, sich auch mit der Traun und ihrer Bedeutung als Handelsweg in der älteren Eisenzeit auseinanderzusetzen, wodurch der einzelne Fundort in einem größeren Kontext im hallstattzeitlichen Oberösterreich betrachtet werden sollte. Es bleibt zu hoffen, dass diese Arbeit gemeinsam mit der Vorlage und Auswertung des Gräberfelds von Traunkirchen-Klosterhof, dessen Bearbeitung derzeit Markus Hochhold-Weninger im Rahmen seiner Dissertation am Institut für Ur-und Frühgeschichte der Universität Wien durchführt, dazu führen wird, dass der Ort Traunkirchen einen prominenteren Platz in der Forschung zur älteren Eisenzeit im westlichen Österreich einnimmt, der ihm sicherlich auch trotz der wechselhaften Entdeckungsgeschichte hallstattzeitlicher Funde in und um Traunkirchen zusteht. Dass diese Arbeit überhaupt geschrieben und in der vorliegenden Form publiziert werden konnte, verdanke ich KollegInnen und FreundInnen, die hier zu nennen mir eine große Freude ist. Für die Möglichkeit, die Funde der Ausgrabungen des Bundesdenkmalamtes bearbeiten zu können, möchte ich Heinz Gruber (Linz) herzlich danken, der auf unkomplizierte Art und Weise die Rahmenbedingungen für die Bearbeitung schuf. Die Aufarbeitung wurde vom Bundesdenkmalamt großzügigerweise durch einen mehrmonatigen Werkvertrag geför-

The paper aims at demonstrating a southeast European origin of the Gundestrup cauldron and at giving its origin and way to Denmark a context. It is argued that the cauldron was brought to its final resting place along routes that have long traditions - ie. the route that connected the Baltic with the Black Sea.

Tel Miqne-Ekron  Iron Age I- The Early Philistine City
CHAPTER 4  An Overview of Iron Age I Pottery Types from Strata VII–IV
This overview of the main Iron Age I pottery types from Field IV Lower and their stratigraphy and chronology accompanies the more detailed discussion in Chapter 5A. Explanations of the local and Philistine traditions appear in the introductions to Chapters 5A and 5B. On the right-hand side of each illustration is the number of the figure cited in these chapters

The paper deals with the problem of establishing a "northern extend" of the Jastorf culture. The problem is reviewed historically showing a disagreement between German and Danish researchers on the problem. While German archaeology tends to include all of Jutland within the Jastorf culture Danish researchers either omit the discussion or tend to place the "border" as far south as possible. Though the disagreement may be rooted in 19th century politics the archaeological record it self clearly shows that the northern provinces of Jutland cannot be classified as "Jastorf culture". Further the meaning of "an archaeological culture" is discussed and it is argued that such cultures are first and foremost a system of classification, that should not without caution be taken as expression of historical social entities.

SUMMARY
The analisy of some pottery industries of Final Bronze age and First Iron Age in Tuscany area – Sesto Fiorentino (FI) e Punta degli Stretti (GR) – have been made with Laplace’s method compared with recent studies; we propose a summary of terminologies applicated at the study of pottery analysis compared
with Sarti’s tipology. We propose additional elements in morphotipometric study of pottery-rims.

RIASSUNTO
L’analisi con il metodo gerarchico laplaciano delle industrie ceramiche provenienti da alcuni complessi toscani del Bronzo finale e della prima età del Ferro – Sesto Fiorentino (FI) e Punta degli Stretti (GR) – ha portato a confrontarsi con la terminologia corrente, ormai codificata dall’uso, della quale si riporta una sintesi aggiornata agli studi più recenti, rapportandola con la tipologia Sarti. Inoltre lo studio di queste industrie ha portato a sviluppare alcuni parametri morfotipometrici specifici per i complessi protostorici. Si propongono in questa sede alcune annotazioni morfotipometriche per l’analisi degli orli a tesa e rientranti distinti, pertinenti a forme basse (piatti, piattelli e scodelle ad orlo rientrante della tipologia tradizionale).

In diesem Beitrag ist eine Revision der bisher entdeckten apulischen Keramik auf dem Gebiet von Slowenien wiedergegeben. Eine Neuheit ist, dass in Notranjska als einziger Fundstätte mit solchen Funden Trnovo bzw. Ilirska Bistrica bleibt. Die apulischen Kratere hier erklären wir uns als nördlichen Rand ihrer Konzentration im Kvarner. Eine wesentliche Neuheit hinsichtlich der Verbreitung der apulischen Kratere ist ihre noch stärker ausgeprägte Konzentration in Stična als größtem und wichtigstem Zentrum der Dolenjska–Hallstattgruppe. In dieser Beziehung ist Stična mit acht festgestellten apulischen Krateren überregional gesehen nur noch mit dem größten istrischen eisenzeitlichen Zentrum in Nezakcij zu vergleichen. Neben der herausragenden Stelle, die Nesactium und Stična mit der größeren Anzahl eingeführter apulischer Kratere aufweisen, ist dennoch hinzuzufügen, dass sich diese in Stična als einzige eingeführte Art nordapulisch–daunischer Keramik erweisen. Die Rolle von Nesactium als wichtigstes Zentrum von Histria drückt sich durch viele verschiedenartige eingeführte apulische Keramik in einer breiteren Zeitspanne, reichend vom 8. bis zum 6. Jh. v. Chr. Die komplexe stadtähnliche Agglomeration von Nesactium war offensichtlich in viel größerem Maße fähig, vielfältige mittelmeerische Bräuche und Vorbilder zu übernehmen. Auf der Grundlage des Verbreitungsbildes apulischer Gefäße im nordadriatischen Raum mit einem derart ausgeprägten Zentrum ist sehr wahrscheinlich, dass gerade Nesactium diesen Handel betrieben und kontrolliert hat.

This publication comprises a comprehensive account of the features and artefacts relating to a Roman Iron Age cemetery, excavated between 1988 and 1994 at the village of Brudager, 3.5 km southwest of Gudme in Southeast Funen. With its content of 168 graves, the burial site is one of Funen's largest. Chronologically, it covers the period between early B2 and the transition between C3 and D; in all about 330 years.
The publication is in two volumes: Volume 1 contains sections on the research history, excavation methods, definitions, analyses and perspectives of the cemetery's features and artefacts. Further to these are appendices providing reference material and a bibliography. Volume 2 comprises a catalogue providing descriptions and illustrations of features, structures and artefacts from the Brudager cemetery.
Volume 1 of the publication is divided up into seven main chapters, each of which deals with an overall theme:

Chapter 1 Introduction
sketches the long tradition of research into Iron Age remains from the Gudme area, with particular focus on the importance of N.F.B. Sehested and E. Albrectsen for the investigation, documentation and publication of the burial finds. This chapter defines and delimits the aims and objectives of the publication. It also explains its structure and the analytical methods and the chronology employed.

Chapter 2 Investigation of the cemetery and formation processes
begins with a description of the technical approach adopted in the investigation and documentation of the Brudager cemetery in particular, but also includes critical considerations concerning Iron Age graves in general. There is a special focus on the diversity of the formation processes associated with, respectively, inhumation and cremation graves, and the significance of this for the interpretation of the archaeological record.

Chapter 3 The cemetery and its features
contains a description of the burial site's relationship to the local topography and soils as well as to the contemporary settlement, and these observations are discussed in a regional context. An account is given of the grave forms found at the Brudager cemetery, and these are defined on the basis of an evaluation of the treatment of the corpse remains, pyre material and grave goods – and not the immediate appearance of the graves as has been the usual practice to date. It is demonstrated that, whereas cremation pits and urn cremation pits were the preferred grave form during the first half of the cemetery's period of use, urn graves and inhumation graves dominate during the later part. An account is then given of the presumed grave-related feature- and structure types found at the burial site, for example pottery deposits and cooking pits. Based on the demonstration of presumed post-built cremation-pyre frames there is a discussion of Danish cremation sites (cremation pyres) from the Iron Age and Viking times.

Chapter 4 Burial rituals
contains discussions of the treatment of grave goods in relation to the various grave forms, including the use of primary and secondary grave goods, destructive treatment of artefacts and the very widespread use of pars pro toto deposition. Similarly, the handling of the corpse remains from cremation graves, and their partial deposition, are discussed. There then follows an account of the organisation of, respectively, inhumation and cremation graves, with the demonstration of patterns in the location of grave goods and (corpse) remains. Finally, the practice of depositing grave goods outside grave features at Roman Iron Age burial sites is touched upon.

Chapter 5 The contents of the graves
is the publication's longest chapter, and it comprises a detailed account of – and perspectives on – the artefacts from the graves, including the results of scientific analyses carried out on burnt bone, sheet bronze from Roman cauldrons and pottery and plant macro remains, including wood from the funeral pyres. Selected artefact types, thought to contribute in particular to an illumination of social, ritual and chronological circumstances during the Roman Iron Age, are subjected to specially detailed analysis. These are, specifically, imported artefacts, weapons and various prestige implement types (e.g. scissors, iron combs, so-called razor knives). The reference material employed in the analyses is presented in the appendices at the end of volume 1.

Chapter 6 The structure of the cemetery
and the development from the transition B1/B2 to the end of the Late Roman Iron Age are accounted for cluster by cluster and within an overall perspective. Then the burial intensity (number of burials per year) is examined in a regional context. On the basis of this it is concluded that the Brudager cemetery belongs to a small group of burial sites with cluster structures and containing more than 150 graves from the Roman Iron Age. It is noted, furthermore, that this type of burial site is associated, in particular, with the parts of the Funen Archipelago having concentrations of various status symbols, including Roman imports. Similarly, in a regional perspective, there is a discussion of the dates for the cemetery's establishment and its cessation of use. The establishment date for the Brudager cemetery, and many other Roman Iron Age burial sites on Funen, at the transition between B1 and B2 is explained by a contemporaneous change in settlement structure. The cessation of burials at many of the cemeteries at the end of C3, or at the beginning of the Germanic Iron Age (Migration Period), is explained through changes in the form of graves in the time around AD 400.

Chapter 7 The Brudager burial site put into perspective
begins with an account of the sex and age determinations for a selection of the graves on the basis of osteological investigations and the artefacts, respectively. Subsequently, there is a discussion of the symbolism of the various artefact types in grave contexts throughout the Early Iron Age. It is pointed out that, whereas the graves from the Late Pre-Roman, Early and the first part of the Late Roman Iron Age reflect, in particular, the masculine universe, the graves from the middle and the end of the Late Roman Iron Age are dominated by artefacts from the feminine world. There then follows an analysis of the complexity of the grave goods (NAT analysis) and their quality relative both to the various grave forms and to the chronological development of the cemetery. It is concluded that both the quantity and quality of the grave goods are greatest in graves from the end of the Early Roman Iron Age and the beginning of the Late Roman Iron Age. Furthermore, inhumation graves and urn cremation pits generally contain more complex equipment than cremation pits and, especially, urn graves. On the basis of these observations there is a discussion of the changes in the patterns of social investment and religious manifestation during the Roman and Early Germanic Iron Age (Early Migration Period). This includes particular focus on the fact that the decline in investment in the grave sphere is replaced by the deposition of, especially, precious metals in association with settlements and in marginal areas of the Iron Age cultural landscape. On the basis of the distribution of various prestigious artefact types, in graves and on settlements and in offerings, it is pointed out that a centre-periphery-marginal structure arose in the Funen Archipelago during the second half of the Early Roman Iron Age. This had its basis in the Gudme area, and in the course of the Late Roman Iron Age sub-centres arose at Ringe and Odense. The distribution and composition of the gold deposits show that this centre structure with minor modifications continued in existence throughout the Germanic Iron Age (Migration Period).
Chapter 7 ends with an evaluation of the research potential inherent in the Brudager cemetery, in particular, and Iron Age burial sites on Funen, in general, and the challenges it presents to further study.

Paper presented at the Przeworsk conference september 21st-23th 1992 in Lublin. Since the discovery of the Kraghede site the Late Pre-Roman Iron Age of North Jutland has been assumed to have a special relationship with the Przeworsk culture of Central Poland. In this paper the local background is discussed and it is demonstratede that very little if any, even in the pottery style testifies a przeworsk influence in North Jutland. On the other hand it is pointed out that the pottery style of a site like Brzesc Kujawski in Central Poland could be interpreted as a result of influence from Jutland. Further the chronology of the Pre-Roman Iron Age in Jutland is discussed and it is suggested that the tree-phased Becker system should be replaced with a two-phased system dividing the period into an early and a late stage following the example of the modern chronology systems of North Germany.

The transition from the Early to the Late Pre-Roman Iron Age in Northern and Northern Central Europe is analyzed from the view point of the North Jutland cultural group. The archaeological record of the Late Pre-Roman Iron Age is compaired with the one from the preceeding period and the changes are being source critically analyzed. The phenomenon of the so-called latenization is described and discussed.

The subject of this study is to constitute the preliminary results of the Çanakkale Central District surface survey conducted in 2016-2017. It has been determined that, especially with the settlements newly discovered in the surface survey, previously known Bronze and Iron Age settlements are mostly located around streams; at three different locations, namely the cost, lowlands around the coast, and inland hill-top. It is known that the geomorphological development of the district had negative effects on the locations of settlements. It has been determined within the scope of the surface survey that, with the coastal line changes of the Hellespont, a major part of settlements such as Işıldak Tepe Altı, Yarım Höyük and Saltık was destroyed; and settlements such as Arisbe, and Dardanos remained at inland locations as a result of streams lling the coast. This project has been developed upon the problem of whether there are settlements in the region that include contemporary layers with Troy. The evidence in relation to this subject has been provided with the discovery of previously unknown settlements providing contemporary materials with the Early Bronze, Middle Bronze and Iron Ages layers of Troy. Such settlements may include the discovery of pottery in the Köserelik contemporary with Troy I; the discovery of handmade Early Iron Age pottery on the coast, in Dalyan Höyük and Saltık, and in inland Zeytintarla, as well as Dalyan Höyük and Yarım Höyük, where we found Archaic Period pottery. Another important result is the discovery of new fortied settlements in the Archaic Period. Plan of the fortication walls were drafted with the coordinates obtained through Cors, and aerial photographs and videos taken with a drone. Accordingly, it has been understood that the fortications had some common traits such as having bastions in weak areas, and built with dry wall technique with roughly worked stones that follows the topography. The discovery of stone Tumuli, in the region during 2016 and 2017 seasons is an innovation regarding Troad Region burial traditions though its closest parallels were found in Thrace and the Balkans dated to Bronze and Iron Ages. Preliminary results obtained in the surface survey contributes to the Bronze and Iron Ages settlement archaeology in the Troad in terms of the addition of newly found settlements contemporary with Troy. Bu çalışmanın konusunu 2016-2017 yıllarında yürütülen Çanakkale Merkez İlçesi yüzey araştırmasının ilk sonuçları oluşturmaktadır. Özellikle yüzey araştırmasında yeni keşfedilen yerleşimlerle beraber, daha önceden bilinen Tunç ve Demir Çağı yerleşimlerinin çoğunlukla akarsuların yakınında; tam sahilde, sahile yakın ovada ve sahilden iç kesimde yüksek tepeler üzerinde olmak üzere üç farklı konumda kurulduğu belirlenmiştir. Bölgenin jeomorfolojik gelişiminin, yerleşimlerin konumları üzerinde olumsuz etkileri olduğu bilinmektedir. Yüzey araştırması kapsamında Çanakkale Boğazı kıyı çizgisi değişikliği ile Işıldak Tepe Altı, Yarım Höyük ve Saltık gibi yerleşimlerin büyük bir kısmının yok olduğu; akarsuların kıyıyı doldurması sonucu Arisbe ve Dardanos gibi yerleşimlerin günümüzde denizden içeride kaldığı belirlenmiştir. Bu proje, bölgede Troya ile çağdaş tabakaları içeren yerleşimlerin var olup olmadığı sorunsalı üzerine geliştirilmiştir. Bu konu ile ilgili kanıtlar, Troya'nın Erken Tunç, Geç Tunç ve Demir Çağı tabakaları ile çağdaş malzeme veren daha önce bilinmeyen yeni yerleşimlerin keş ile sağlanmıştır. Bunların arasında Köserelik Mevkii'nde Troya I çağdaşı seramiğin keş; sahilde Dalyan Höyüğü ve Saltık ile iç kesimde Zeytintarla'da el yapımı Erken Demir Çağı seramiğinin keş ve Arkaik Çağ seramikleri bulduğumuz sahile yakın Dalyan Höyüğü ile Yarım Höyük sayılabilir. Cors ile alınan koordinatlar, drone ile çekilen hava fotoğrafı ve videoların yardımıyla kale planları çıkartılmıştır. Diğer önemli bir sonuç ise Arkaik Dönem'e ait yeni kalelerin keşdir. Buna göre söz konusu kalelerin, sur mimarisi yapım teknikleri konusunda zayıf yerlerde bastiyon bulunması, topografyaya uydurularak moloz taştan inşa edilmesi gibi bazı ortak özelliklere sahip olduğu anlaşılmıştır. 2016 ve 2017 yılı çalışmalarında bölgede ilk kez tespit edilen ve en yakın benzerleri Tunç ve Demir Çağı'nda Trakya ve Balkanlar'da bulunan taş Tümülüslerin varlığı; Troas Bölgesi ölü gömme adetleri için bir yeniliktir. Yüzey araştırmasında elde edilen ilk sonuçlar, Troas Bölgesi Tunç ve Demir Çağı arkeolojisi yerleşim düzenine; Troya ile çağdaş yeni buluntu yerlerinin eklenmesi bakımından katkı sağlamıştır.

Teşekkür:  Bu çalışmanın hazırlanmasında M.Ö. 7.-6. yy. seramiklerinin tarihlendirilmesi konusunda görüşlerini paylaşan Muğla Sıtkı Koçman Üniversitesi’nden Prof. Dr. Kaan İREN’e ve New York Cornell Üniversitesi’nden Doç. Dr. Carolyn ARSLAN’a;  kale planlarının hazırlanmasında, 3D modelleme ve hava fotoğraflarının çekiminde büyük desteği bulunan Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi’nden Harita Mühendisi Yrd. Doç. Dr. Mehmet Ali YÜCEL’e katkılarından dolayı çok teşekkür ederim. Ayrıca çalışmanın gerçekleşmesinde özveriyle çalışan tüm ekip üyelerine teşekkürlerimi sunarım.

This thesis is based solely on the study of ceramic material retrieved during the 1988-2008 excavations at Troy. Material from earlier excavations has been used only for analogies.

Blegen’s basic division of Troy VIIb into two phases – VIIb1 and VIIb2 – has been confirmed. Blegen underestimated the importance of painted Protogeometric sherds found at Troy, but he was right when stressing the fact that they never occur in stratified deposits of the Troy VIIb2 settlement.

The pottery typology of Blegen is as yet unsurpassed, and only “cosmetic” changes and additions were necessary. Blegen’s classification of wares is also, in most cases, still helpful and valid. Changes were necessary only in relation to the handmade wares, which are defined as two basic ware groups in this report – the Handmade Coarse Ware (Blegen’s ‘Coarse Ware’ was not specific enough) and Handmade Lustrous Ware (Blegen’s ‘Knobbed Ware’, in fact only rarely decorated with knobs).

The most substantial part of this report is devoted to the pottery in its context. The core of the analysis has been an independent review of the entire transitional Late Bronze Age and Early Iron stratigraphy. As a result, the attribution of contexts to phases is based on the combination of stratigraphic and ceramic evidence.

The analysis of contexts suggests that the settlement pattern changed dramatically at the beginning of the Troy VIIb1 period. The settlement area seems to be significantly reduced in scale, and limited exclusively to the citadel. The Troy VIIb1 pottery gives evidence for both continuity and change. The traditionally most popular wares, the Anatolian Grey Ware and the Tan Ware, are still in use, yet the preferences between them change completely. A new class of coarse pottery, Handmade Coarse Ware, is introduced to the site. Perhaps the changes should be explained with a migration from Thrace, but this theory cannot be verified on the basis of pottery alone. The settlement pattern changes again at the beginning of the Troy VIIb2 period. The site becomes densely populated. Another new class of handmade pottery, Handmade Lustrous Ware, appears. This new ware can be defined as a fine table ware. This pottery clearly represents a different tradition from the Trojan wheelmade wares, but, on the other hand, it is related with the Handmade Coarse Ware. Both Handmade Lustrous Ware and the Handmade Coarse Ware are part of the same pottery tradition. They are complementary to each other in terms of shapes and together they form a complete typological assemblage. The obvious parallels to the Knobbed Ware found in the Balkans and the fair quantities of this pottery class at Troy leave no doubt about the presence of a population group from the north during the Troy VIIb2 phase. As far as can be judged from the distribution pattern of various classes of pottery at Troy, the two population groups were not segregated. It seems that acculturation processes between both groups took place.

It is not clear how the Troy VIIb2 settlement came to its end. Some houses were destroyed by fire with their original contents, while other houses were probably simply abandoned. At the time when painted Early Protogeometric amphoras begin to be imported to the site, the Troy VIIb2 houses were already in ruins. The surviving remains of the new phase are so meager that the population density must have dropped dramatically. Whether or not the new settlement can be connected with the ‘Aeolian colonization’ cannot be currently decided unequivocally. In any case, a certain continuity in pottery terms is documented.

The paper which goes back to a guest lecture at University of Warsaw in 1988, March 22nd, presents the eponym site of the so-called Kraghede-Culture or -Group. The locus classicus has never been published in extenso and this is the first time an attempt has been made to present the full contents of the individual graves. A brief history of research is scetched out as well as a discussion of the importance of the find and its cultural position, especially its assumed relation with the Przeworsk culture of Central Poland. Especially important is the discussion of grave A-1 which is usually perceived as a wagon-grave. It is demonstratede that this particular complex must be understood as a grave and a (sacrificial) pit from two different archaeological phases. Later works on the same subjects are Martens 1994: On the so-called Kraghede Group; Martens 1997: The Pre-Roman Iron Age in North Jutland; Martens 1998: Local Development or Foreign Influence; Martens 2000: Kraghede; Martens 2014: Jastorf and Jutland; Martens in print; The settlement pottery of the Kraghede Group

A presentation of the results of the reinvestigation of the prehistoric fortifications at Borremose, Jutland. The site is reinterpreted as a fortified village which most probably functioned as a central place for a larger region. A number of anomalies compared to "ordinary" contemporary settlements are discussed.

Hitit İmparatorluğu’nun yıkılmasıyla sona eren Tunç Çağlarının ardından yerleşimlerde görülen materyal kültürdeki değişimler yeni bir çağın başlangıcının da habercisi olur. Demir Çağ adı verilen bu yeni dönem kendi içinde kısmen kesin (Radyo-karbon ve dendrokronolojik analizler) kısmen tarihsel olayların ve kısmen de buluntuların (Seramik vb.) şekillendirdiği kronolojiye bağlı alt bölümlere ayrılır.
Hitit İmparatorluğunun yaklaşık MÖ 1190 yıllarında yıkılışından sonra yazılı ve arkeolojik belgelerin susmasıyla “Karanlık Çağ” olarak literatüre geçen bir dönemin yaşandığı varsayılmaktaydı. Çorum/Boğazköy-Büyükkaya, Yozgat/Çadır Höyük, Ankara/Yassıhöyük-Gordion, Kırşehir/Kaman-Kalehöyük gibi merkezlerde son yıllardaki yapılan kazılar Karanlık çağı aydınlatan önemli bulgular ortaya koymuştur. Özellikle bu anahtar yerleşimlerin C14 verileri ve ele geçen seramikler Erken Demir Çağ kurgusunun oluşturulmasında oldukça önemlidir. Erken Demir Çağ ile ilgili veriler Orta Anadolu’da daha güvenilirken Orta Karadeniz Bölgesinde tartışmalı bir durum söz konusudur.
Oymaağaç Höyük Erken Demir Çağ mimarisi ile ilgili bilinenler kısıtlı ve henüz bir kontekst açığa çıkarılamadığından dolayı yetersizdir. Höyükte belirlenen tek odalı evlerin Demir Çağına ait olduğu düşünülmektedir. Bu mimariyle birlikte tarihlemeye yardımcı olacak buluntular gelmediğinden dolayı Erken Demir Çağına ait olup olmadıkları şüphelidir. Oymaağaç Höyük Demir Çağ seramik buluntuları genellikle çukurlardan gelmektedir. Bu makalede, Orta Karadeniz Bölgesi Erken Demir Çağı’nın kurgusuna katkı sağlayacak Oymaağaç Höyük seramik buluntuları, güvenilir stratigrafilere sahip anahtar yerleşimler ışığında, karşılaştırılarak değerlendirilecektir. Eldeki malzeme sadece form değil aynı zamanda hamur, üretim tekniği ve bezeme üslubu açısından ele alınacaktır.