Dictionaries and Encyclopedias

From the Foreword by
Colonel Walter J. Boyne, USAF (Ret.)
"Written in a brisk, accessible style, this encyclopedia provides a collective
description of the principle weapons systems of the United
States at the most definitive juncture of American defense policy . . .
"The authors have provided listings for all U.S. weapons anywhere
in the world, encompassing systems as old as the Douglas C-47
'Gooney Bird' and as new as its twenty-first-century successor, the
McDonnell Douglas C-17 Globemaster III. Each individual listing
provides information on the weapons system, its evolution, development,
variants, combat experience and specifications. The coverage
of ships is particularly valuable, for it includes a listing of every
ship within its class, by hull number, ship's name, builder, and with
key dates. Similarly, exhaustive detail is provided for armored fighting
vehicles, missiles, and other weapons.
"Tim Laur and Steve Llanso are experts in the field and their book
is an important contribution to military literature, providing as it
does an instant reference to the weapons systems of all the services
of the United States."

Academic Reference:

Zuckermann, Ghil'ad & Monaghan, Paul (2012). "Revival linguistics and the new media: Talknology in the service of the Barngarla language reclamation", pp. 119-126 of Foundation for Endangered Languages XVI Conference: Language Endangerment in the 21st Century:Globalisation, Technology & New Media. Auckland, New Zealand.

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Revival Linguistics and the New Media:
Talknology in the service of the Barngarla Language Reclamation


Ghil‘ad Zuckermann

Chair of Linguistics and Endangered Languages
School of Humanities, University of Adelaide, SA Adelaide 5005, Australia
[[email protected]]


Paul Monaghan

Mobile Language Team
School of Humanities, University of Adelaide, SA Adelaide 5005, Australia
[[email protected]]


Abstract

Revival Linguistics is a new branch of linguistics, currently being established at Adelaide. It analyses comparatively and systematically the universal constraints and global mechanisms on the one hand (see Zuckermann 2009), and local peculiarities on the other hand, apparent in revival attempts across various sociological backgrounds, all over the world (see Zuckermann & Walsh 2011). A branch of both linguistics and applied linguistics, it combines scientific studies of native language acquisition and foreign language learning (language reclamation is the most extreme case of Second Language Learning).

The study: The Barngarla language (spelled Parnkalla by Schürmann 1844) is a no-longer spoken Thura-Yura Pama-Nyungan Aboriginal language of the Lakes Cultural Region of South Australia. Most recently Zuckermann, Monaghan and the Barngarla community have launched a reclamation of this sleeping beauty in three major rural/urban centres on the Eyre Peninsula, namely Port Lincoln, Whyalla, and Port Augusta. The presence of three Barngarla populations several hours drive apart presents the revival linguist with a need for a sophisticated reclamation involving ‘talknological’ innovations, such as online chatting, newsgroups, photo and resource sharing through a Barngarla wiki. This paper also examines the tensions accompanying the creation of a Barngarla ‘community of practice’ (cf. Wenger 1998) in a post-traditional Aboriginal context. In important ways, the new talknology poses a direct challenge to existing authority structures relating to the everyday management of knowledge, collaboration and participation. We predict that how the broader Barngarla community negotiates these issues will have an important bearing on the ultimate results of the reclamation project.




Revival Linguistics

Revival Linguistics is a new branch of linguistics, currently being established at Adelaide. It analyses comparatively and systematically the universal constraints and global mechanisms on the one hand (see Zuckermann 2009), and local peculiarities and idiosyncrasies on the other hand, apparent in revival attempts across various sociological backgrounds, all over the world (Zuckermann & Walsh 2011). A branch of both linguistics and applied linguistics, it combines scientific studies of native language acquisition and foreign language learning (language reclamation is the most extreme case of Second Language Learning).

Revival Linguistics complements the established field of documentary linguistics, which records endangered languages before they fall asleep. Revival Linguistics ought to revise the fields of grammaticography (writing grammars) and lexicography (writing dictionaries): Grammars and dictionaries ought to be written for language reclamation, i.e. in a user-friendly way, for communities, not only for linguists. For example, juxtapose Lutheran missionary Clamor Wilhelm Schürmann’s 1844 spelling of the Barngarla word nunyara ‘recovery’, which ignores the English environment, thus resulting in the pronunciation nanYAra rather than NOONyara.

Closely related to contact linguistics, Revival Linguistics changes the field of historical linguistics, e.g. by weakening the Family Tree model, which implies that a language ought to have only one parent. Assisting Aboriginal communities in a realistic, non-purisitic way, without selling them myths, Revival Linguistics promotes efficiency and efficacy in language reclamation.

Certainly Australia has been made the ‘Unlucky Country’ through the historical processes of linguicide (language killing) and glottophagy (language eating). These twin forces were in operation from the early colonial period. In her detailed study of the role missionary language practices in the early years of the South Australian colony, Scrimgeour quotes the following colonial language ideology: ‘Mr Forster afterwards adverted to the present mode of teaching the children in their own language. He, with all respect to the Missionaries, would say, on several grounds, that this was wrong. The natives would be sooner civilized if their language was extinct. The children taught would afterwards mix only with whites, where their own language would be of no use – the use of their language would preserve their prejudices and debasement, and their language was not sufficient to express the ideas of civilized life.  He gave the Missionaries full credit for their talents and zeal, but he thought it would be better to teach the children in English’ (from Report on a public meeting of the South Australian Missionary Society in aid of the German Mission to the Aborigines, Southern Australian, 8 September 1843; Scrimgeour, 2007: 116, italics added).

In the case of glottophagy, Governor George Grey noted: ‘The merchant in London who lays on a vessel for a certain port, regards the affair as a mere mercantile speculation, but could he trace out the results he effects in their remotest ramifications, he would stand astonished at the changes he produces.  With the wizard wand of commerce, he touches a lone and trackless forest, and at his bidding, cities arise, and the hum and dust of trade collect – away are swept ancient races; antique laws and customs moulder into oblivion.  The strong-holds of murder and superstition are cleansed, and the Gospel is preached amongst ignorant and savage men. The ruder languages disappear successively, and the tongue of England alone is heard around’ (Grey 1841: 200-201, italics added). Grey was a strong supporter of Aboriginal languages, encouraging Schürmann’s work documenting the Adelaide language (Kaurna) and Barngarla at Port Lincoln (see below).

With globalization, homogenization and Coca-colonization there will be more and more groups all over the world added to the forlorn club of the lost-heritage peoples. Language reclamation will become increasingly relevant as people seek to recover their cultural autonomy, empower their spiritual and intellectual sovereignty, and improve their wellbeing. There are various ethical, aesthetic and utilitarian benefits of language revival: for example, social justice, diversity and employability, respectively.

Zuckermann (2012) has enthusiastically called for Native Tongue Title and linguistic human rights, suggesting that the Australian government ought to compensate Indigenous people not only for the loss of land but equally importantly for the loss of language. Zuckermann has suggested to the Australian government to define Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander vernaculars as official languages.

Furthermore, it is predicted that in the future the very insights offered by Revival Linguistics will themselves become part of Indigenous Intellectual Property, when Slovenes and Estonians come to Australia and New Zealand to ask Aboriginal Australians and Maori to assist them in their own European language resurrection.

There is an urgent need to produce perspicacious LINGUISTIC and socio-linguistic insights relevant to language reclamation. Otherwise, linguists or language workers would not be able to offer, if asked by Indigenous people, efficient and efficacious advice. There are linguistic constraints applicable to all revival attempts. Mastering them would help revivalists and First Nations leaders to work more efficiently; for example, to focus more on basic vocabulary and verbal conjugations than on sounds and word order – see Zuckermann (2009: http://www.zuckermann.org/pdf/Hybridity_versus_Revivability.pdf.

Revival linguistics would assist revivalists to be more realistic and to abandon discouraging slogans such as "Give us authenticity or give us death!" The following are among the basic principles that the revival linguist encourages in Aboriginal communities:

i. If your language falls asleep: stop, revive, survive!
ii. If you revive a language, embrace the hybridity of the emerging tongue; and
iii. If your language is healthy, assist others in linguistic need.

One day we may invent devices to “inject” a language into our brains. But until then, any attempt to reclaim a hibernating language will result in a hybrid that combines components from the revivalists' and documenters' mother tongues and, of course, the target language. In the immortal words of Jerry Seinfeld: "Not that there's anything wrong with that!"

The Study


Figure 1: Map of Traditional Aboriginal Country after Norman Tindale (adapted from Hercus 1999)

The Barngarla language reclamation project has arisen through partnerships between the University of Adelaide (Linguistics and the Mobile Language Team) and the Barngarla people. Although still in its infancy, consultations began in September 2011, a number of very significant steps have been made towards reclaiming this ‘sleeping beauty’. Without doubt, the key challenge has been to develop a strategy for the reclamation of the language simultaneously and without favour in three major regional centres. In ways that will be elaborated below, this multi-sited, regional or peripheral reclamation makes demands that are very different to those often found in metropolitan reclamation contexts (e.g. Kaurna, cf. Amery...

Relativism dan relative, dari kata Latin yaitu Relativius (berhubungan dengan). 1 Relativisme berasal dari kata latin, relativius yang berarti nisbi atau relatif. Sejalan dengan arti kata secara umum relativisme berpendapat bahwa perbedaan manusia, budaya, etika, moral, agama bukanlah perbedaan dalam hakikat, melainkan perbedaan karena faktor-faktor di luarnya. 2 Relativisme merupakan teori bahwa pengetahuan, pandangan bahwa keterbatasan akal dan kondisi pengetahuan, pandangan bahwa kebenaran etis bergantung pada individu dan kelompok yang menahannya. 3 Relativisme berasal dari pandangan bahwa pengetahuan itu dibatasi, baik oleh akal budi yang serba terbatas maupun oleh cara mengetahui yang serba terbatas. 4 Seseorang yang berpendapat bahwa pandangan relativis tidak ada yang cukup baik, tetapi hanya bagus untuk sesorang dan dari titik tertentu. Menurut pendapat Protagoras bahwa manusia merupakan suatau hal yang dapat diukur dan sering dianggap sebagai relativis awal. Umumnya relativisme adalah tentang nilai estetika, kebenaran dibidang tertentu seperti kebenaran agama, dan (timbul dari teori antropologi) tentang rasionalitas. Relativisme memiliki banyak varietas beberapa sangat masuk akal dan yang lain mengalami tidak kepercayaan. 5

This is the entry for "Documentary Media" in the SAGE International Encyclopedia of Mass Media and Society, published in December 2019. Focusing on documentary cinema, it deploys five contextual frames, considers academic fields and scholarly contributions, the genre's particular textual qualities, and three future-looking concepts for studies in documentary.

Pourquoi Cesare Ripa a-t-il choisi et sans cesse perfectionné la forme du dictionnaire pour sa célèbre Iconologia (Rome, 1593) ? Et pourquoi la déclaration d'intention que constitue la longue Préface (Proemio) de l'ouvrage est-elle essentielle à la compréhension des enjeux de son entreprise ?
L'article, accompagné de la traduction française du Proemio, est paru dans le collectif : Les Encyclopédies. Construction et circulation du savoir de l’Antiquité à Wikipedia, sous la direction de Martine Groult, L’Harmattan, 2011.

"Ilya Vinitsky discusses Vladimir Dahl, whose religious passions and unbridled energy recall Webster. Dahl structured the entries in his Explanatory Dictionary as 'nests' and thereby worked to cast the Russian language as a kind of national epic. As a Spiritualist, he claimed the Word as a bridge between worlds..."

Plus de cent-cinquante collaboratrices et collaborateurs ont participé à cet Atlas littéraire du Québec (500 p.).

« À quoi ressemblent les conditions de vie des écrivains au XIXe siècle? Comment évoluent, dans l’histoire littéraire québécoise, les représentations de la ville, du cheval, de l’Américain ou des rébellions de 1837 et 1838? Comment se transforment les pratiques littéraires au féminin, des épistolières de la Nouvelle-France à Nelly Arcan ? Que dire des nouvelles tendances du XXIe siècle chez les éditeurs, les poètes, les romanciers? Quels sont les auteurs et oeuvres à connaître?
Ouvrage unique en son genre, instructif et agréable à lire, rédigé par les meilleurs spécialistes, cet Atlas littéraire du Québec permet de découvrir ou d’approfondir d’innombrables facettes des lettres québécoises. On pourra donc, à son gré, circuler dans la littérature québécoise en parcourant son histoire et ses multiples territoires de la Nouvelle-France à nos jours, de l’apparition de l’imprimerie à l’ère numérique, du théâtre à la presse, de l’humour à l’utopie, de la littérature autochtone à la littérature gaie. »

ABSTRACT: By means of historical-critical analysis of the evolution of metaphors for indicating the structure of knowledge, I will try to identify common themes and differences in the transition from a semantic domain expression of confusion or uncertainty (labyrinth, map) to a semantic domain in which metaphors express ordering systems of knowledge, or more generally of large masses of information (Semantic Web, Small World). The study of this evolution is particularly important because it tends to highlight some conceptual networks which today are protagonists of a real scientific revolution in the work of abstraction and application of theories to the domain of knowledge. We will see that there are some concepts underlying this transition, which are common to both domains and that we can identify with the concepts of space for the organisation and linguistic-dynamic structure. The reason for this can be traced to the change in signified and often in signifier of various metaphors, which keep the connection to the same subject, knowledge organisation, and which were initially adopted, especially during the early modern period, to highlight the impossibility of building a reference system capable of guiding a user through the complex encyclopedic order; object of these metaphors were the world map, the labyrinth, the ocean waters                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    [Published in: Knowledge Organization. 2013, Vol. 40 Issue 6, pp. 375-383]

The purpose of Encyclopedia of History of Antisemitism is to provide basic information on the history of the virulent phenomena of antisemitism with regard to the roots and origins of the particular myths, beliefs, policies and ideologies. The book is intended for students of history on the B.A. level as it provides basic understanding and orientation in the phenomena. The topics, covered by the entries of this encyclopedia include: Definitions of various forms of antisemitism, blood libels, medieval ant-Jewish Christian myths, origins of racial antisemitism, inquisition, antisemitism in Iran and Arab world and the Holocaust, including various forms of its contemporary denial and relativization.
The need for such an encyclopedia arises not only from the occurrence of some of the anti-Semitic myths and beliefs in the public discourse, but also from the fact that the originally anti-Semitic meaning of some of the phrases, stereotypes and images, we can hear and see in the public discour- se, is becoming forgotten. Most of the Jews were exterminated or expelled from the Bohemia and Moravia, but the stereotypes which caused the extermination and expulsion still prevail. Naming the origins of such stereotypes is a tool for comprehension of their virulence.
The process of making of any encyclopedia is a neverending one. This volume contains the most basic entries and it is intended as a basis for future expansion. This basic edition of the book allows the reader to search quickly for definitions and history of specific phenomena, main events and some of the most infamous anti-Semitic libels. The reader can either search the phenomena directly through alphabetically listed entries, or through a time-line of most important events in the history of antisemitism and fol- low the links to the particular relevant entries from there.

The Art Market Dictionary is the first comprehensive scholarly guide to art market galleries, auction houses, agents, etc. from multiple national and historical contexts.
Each entry lists historical information, eminent artists represented, outstanding transactions as well as important exhibitions and publications; when available, an entry will also point to surviving archival material.
It will comprise three volumes with ca. 2,000 entries, and an additional ca. 3,000 online entries
The AMD is for all who take an interest in the art market: scholars, museum staff, art market professionals, collectors, provenance researchers, etc.

Editor in Chief: Johannes Nathan
Managing Editor: Sarah Goodrum

This entry starts with an explanation of the importance of diversity in the teaching force, then draws on the concept of Whiteness and the frame of critical race theory (CRT) to analyze the gap between diversity discourses and practice in teacher education. Finally, it presents components identified by the literature as central to the transformation of teacher education.

[Phan Chí Dũng (chủ biên) cùng Tập thể các lớp Tài năng] [1] ADLER ADLER Alfred (1870-1937) 1 [Psy] [Tên riêng] 1.1 Thuật ngữ tương đương • Alfred Adler 1.2 Giải nghĩa ngắn • Nhà tâm lý học cá nhân; • Nhà nghiên cứu phân tâm học và có nhiều quan điểm bất đồng với S. Freud; • Ông còn là: bác sĩ nhãn khoa, nhà tâm lý học trị liệu. 1.3 Thông tin đầy đủ 1.3.1 Theo wikipedia Nguồn [1]: Wikipedia (2018), Alfred Adler, tct: https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Adler, ntc: 27/7/2018 Alfred W. Adler [1] (7 tháng 2 năm 1870-28 tháng 5 năm 1937) là một bác sĩ, chuyên gia tâm thần học, người sáng lập trường phái tâm lý học cá nhân. Sự nghiệp Ông bắt đầu sự nghiệp ngành y của mình với cương vị là một bác sĩ nhãn khoa, nhưng sau đó nhanh chóng chuyển sang bác sĩ đa khoa. Ông thiết lập văn phòng của mình tại một khu lao động nghèo của Vienna, đối diện với Prater, một khu vui chơi kết hợp công viên và diễn xiếc. Bệnh nhân của ông 1 Nguồn hình 5.1: Metmuseum, tct, https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/270649, nct: 21/07/2018 Hình 1 Adler

Olson, Greta . Entry on “Susie Salmon from Alice Sebold’s The Lovely Bones.” Student’s Encyclopedia of American Literary Characters, Volume IV. Eds. Matthew J. Bruccoli and Judith S. Baughman. New York: Facts on File / Manly, 2008. 1163-1164.

In the Indian as well as Western Traditions metaphor was originally thought of as a literary embellishment. The discussion of metaphors did not continue in Indian tradition as the literary theory advanced in a different direction. Westerners continued discussion of metaphors but the definition of metaphor was re-defined and re-interpreted. From about three decades a cognitive theory of metaphors has taken a firm footing. This essay is a historic approach to cognitive theory of metaphors with a special  focus to Kannada language and literature. This is actually a translation of a similar essay I first wrote in Kannada..

Durante el muy largo período en el que Europa se dedicó de manera incansable, aunque con ritmo desigual, a recuperar y conservar la mayor parte posible del legado greco-latino, hubo épocas claramente marcadas por un afán que puede calificarse grosso modo de enciclopédico. No hay espacio aquí para exponer el antiguo concepto de encyclios paideia, que sería recuperado como encyclopaedia -aunque ya no designará exactamente lo mismo-en el siglo XVI; esto supone que hablar de 'enciclopedias' en los siglos inmediatamente anteriores requiere aceptar una convención en virtud de la cual llamamos así a un tipo de obras cuyos autores no las denominaban de ese modo. Es más: ni siquiera existía un nombre genérico para ellas, sino una pluralidad de denominaciones (speculum, imago, compendium, proprietates rerum, naturae rerum, etc.) con las que se titulaban obras de muy diferente extensión, pero con una serie de características comunes que son las que justifican la mencionada convención.

For the first time in English, a catalog of the world through fourteenth-century Arab eyes—a kind of Schott’s Miscellany for the Islamic Golden Age

An astonishing record of the knowledge of a civilization, The Ultimate Ambition in the Arts of Erudition catalogs everything known to exist from the perspective of a fourteenth-century Egyptian scholar and litterateur. More than 9,000 pages and thirty volumes—here abridged to one volume, and translated into English for the first time—it contains entries on everything from medieval moon-worshipping cults, sexual aphrodisiacs, and the substance of clouds, to how to get the smell of alcohol off one’s breath, the deliciousness of cheese made from buffalo milk, and the nesting habits of flamingos.

Similar works by Western authors, including Pliny’s Natural History, have been available in English for centuries. This groundbreaking translation of a remarkable Arabic text—expertly abridged and annotated—offers a look at the world through the highly literary and impressively knowledgeable societies of the classical Islamic world. Meticulously arranged and delightfully eclectic, it is a compendium to be treasured—a true monument of erudition.

Nazarii A. Nazarov. The Ukrainian etymological lexicography: theory, history, and practice. – Manuscript.
Dissertation for obtaining the scientific degree of candidate of philology, specialty 10.02.01 – the Ukrainian language. – Kyiv National Taras Shevchenko University of Ministry of education and science of Ukraine, 2016.

The present study explores factors that influenced Ukrainian practice of
compiling etymological dictionaries in diachronic and synchronic aspects, its
connection with the wider cultural context. Regularity of the consequence of the stages
of lexicography, etymological lexicography included, is demonstrated and its
connection with establishing national state is showed.
The present study is aimed at metalinguistic analysis of Ukrainian and
European etymological lexicography methodological basis. Its main goal is to
explicate interdependencies between ideology (cultural, religious or scientific

22

narrative) and etymologizing patterns in etymological dictionaries, to reveal
reflexes of different scientific epochs in the present state of Ukrainian etymology.
Before etymological dictionary as distinctive genre of linguistic research
appeared, both lexicography and etymology have passed through several
evolutionary stages that coincided with changing of epistemes (according to
Michel Foucault), both having their origins in mythological view on the word as
magical force. Especially strong ties tied Byzantine and Byzantine-oriented
countries’ (such as Ukraine before XIX c.) lexicography and etymology with sacral
sphere. Both first Byzantine (e.g. Suda) and Ukrainian (e.g. that of P. Berynda)
dictionaries bore catechetical functions as well as first etymologizing practices of
these areas belonged to folklore rooted figura etymologica or ‘folk etymology’.
Ukrainian etymology in XIX c. combined results of comparative method
with focus on the inner form of a word (elaborated by O.O. Potebnya), that was
possible due to special attention to the language awareness immanent to folklore
(both O.O. Potebnya and P.Ya. Lukashevych were both linguists and folklorists).
Classical Indo-European etymological dictionaries did not succeed in
handling problem of heterogeneity of the languages they studied because of
methodological biases against material beyond Indo-European range. The
etymologists from the Slavic countries (S. Mladenov, V. Machek, O. Trubachev)
developed their own methodological approach concentrated on the heterogeneity of
the lexicon. Ukrainian school of etymological research (O.S. Melnychuk,
V.T. Kolomiyets, O.B. Tkachenko, A.P. Nepokupnyi etc.) elaborated these
problematic issues mainly ignored in other spheres of Indo-European studies, so
their results have meaning beyond the range of the Ukrainian studies.

In the context of etymological dictionaries of Slavic and other Indo-
European languages, compiled in XVII-XXI c., characteristic features of Ukrainian

etymological dictionaries is showed. Ukrainian etymological lexicography
(especially its monumental work ‘Etymological dictionary of the Ukrainian
language’ directed by acad. O.S. Melnychuk) combined positive aspects of the
methodological approaches developed in the classical Indo-European studies (keen
attention to phonetic correspondences) with innovations of the Slavic and
Ukrainian etymological schools (attention to pre- and non-Indo-European elements
in the lexicon). Also cultural role of the Ukrainian etymological lexicography
cannot be denied: the ‘Etymological dictionary of the Ukrainian language’
received world-wide appraisal of the linguists and augmented cultural prestige of
the Ukrainian language and Ukrainian studies.
Key words: Ukrainian lexicography, etymology, etymological dictionary,
etymologically unclear lexicon, vocabulary

Publikacja jest pokłosiem współpracy Laboratorium Nowoczesnych Metod Lingwistyki Stosowanej Akademii Pomorskiej w Słupsku z polską delegacją Komisji Terminologicznej Międzynarodowego Komitetu Slawistów (MKS). W ramach współpracy członkowie Laboratorium opracowali bibliografię polskiej praktyki terminograficznej za lata 1990-2017. Projekt jest częścią większego przedsięwzięcia wydawniczego poświęconego terminoznawstwu słowiańskiemu, przygotowywanemu przez MKS. Bibliografię przygotowano w oparciu o katalog online Biblioteki Narodowej. Ze względu na niekompletność baz bibliograficznych BN, jak również przyjętą (zawężającą) metodę badania (hasło przedmiotowe BN: 'słowniki terminologiczne'), opracowanie należy uznać za cząstkowe. Jednak w badaniach kwantytatywnych i kwalitatywnych potwierdzono wysoką przydatność zebranych danych w nakreśleniu obrazu polskiej praktyki terminograficznej. W publikacji ujęto wyłącznie słowniki specjalistyczne wydane w Polsce, zawierające terminologię przynajmniej jednego języka słowiańskiego. Odbiorcami studium są bibliolodzy, językoznawcy, (meta)leksykografowie, terminolodzy oraz osoby poszukujące tytułów słowników specjalistycznych konkretnych języków i/lub dziedzin.

Farmington Hills: Gale, 2016. 458pp. Print. Dict. of Lit. Biog. 377.

Since 1978, the Dictionary of Literary Biography has been one of the world’s most comprehensive resources for literary studies, covering over 12,000 authors, works, and topics. DLB 377: Twenty-First-Century British Novelists contributes to this critical heritage with biographies of twenty-five novelists: sixteen of them are updated biographies of writers who have appeared in earlier DLBs and nine authors are appearing for the first time.

As a subject of research, analysis, and presentation, cultural heritage usually consists of the groups of  individual tangible and intagible components, which are significantly stratified (in terms of subject, region, nation, period etc). The transition from the 'individual' toward 'general' and surpassing the fragmetation of knowledge is achievable by means of knowledge linking and networking. Innovative information technology tools, as well as the development of Digital Humanities, enable new possibilities of knowledge linking and networking.  Thanks to their structured organisation and the system of linking of fragmented knowledge, traditional encylopaedic works are precursors of the advanced information technology solutions for data retrieval and search, which incorporate even the Internet. Moreover, the modern online encyclopaedias, as the means of structuring the unstructured data, are one of the generators of a fundamental structure of the Semantic Web. In addition, modern encyclopaedic projects performed in a digital environment, online encyclopaedias, and encyclopaedic portals of knowledge allow for continous updating and content expansion, as well as for a collaboration and cooperation between the content providers and users. In such a way, they can serve as the ideal platforms for the internal and external knowledge networking by linking to the digital data and collections from other institutons, thus also acting as a basic component of the scientific and professional infrastructure for the preservation of cultural heritage.This paper will demonstrate various functionalities that have recently contributed to the transition of online encyclopaedias into the platfoms for knowledge dissemination, sharing and networking. This paper's premises will be elaborated on the Croatian Encyclopaedia of Technology – a project of encyclopaedisation, research, and aggregation of Croatian technological heritage as a part of national cultural heritage.
Keywords: online encyclopaedia, knowledge networking, Semantic Web, scientific and professional infrastructure, Croatian technological heritage, Croatian Encyclopaedia of Technology

Günümüzde cilt cilt basılı yayın ansiklopedilerin yerini alan sanal ansiklopediler yaygın bir şekilde kullanılmaktadır. Çalışmamızda en çok ziyaret edilen sanal ansiklopedi sitelerinden olan Wikipedia, Britannica, Encyclopedia of Life, HowStuffWorks isimli ansiklopedi sitelerinin hakkında genel bilgilere, sitelerin amaçlarına, işlevlerine, özelliklerine, benzeyen ve benzemeyen yanlarıyla birbirleri ile karşılaştırmalarına yer verilmiştir. Ayrıca siteler biçim ve içerik bakımından değerlendirilmiştir.

Le sens et la fonction des métaphores de la machine à l'âge classique reposent sur les valeurs sémantiques du lexique de la machine, aussi l'étude de ce vocabulaire est la condition de possibilité qui permet l'intelligence des images machiniques. Elle est conduite à partir des grands ouvrages de la lexicographie classique (Richelet, Furetière, Académie, Trévoux) et du texte de l'Encyclopédie ; il s'agit aussi d'explorer les lexiques grecs et latins, qui conditionnent les valeurs expressives du vocabulaire français. Ce travail fait apparaître le conflit occulté par les représentations issues de la pensée mécaniste : l'opposition entre les termes provenant de machina, associés aux représentations de la notion d'ignorance, et ceux issus de mèkhanè, associés à la positivité d'un savoir. L'idée de machine s'oppose aux représentations mécanistes qui ont tenté de la résorber. Elle est aussi porteuses de latences que les adversaires du mécanisme d'inspiration cartésienne sauront réactiver.

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The Educational Principles of the Catholic Reformation
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В монографии изучается лингвоэнциклопедизм В.И.Даля как генерализация и систематизация знаний на основе лингвистического анализа во всех типах текста: художественном, лингвистическом, медицинском, естественнонаучном, этнографическом, инженерно-техническом и др. Показано, что лексикографическая практика связывает названные типы текста с «Толковым словарем живого великорусского языка», который центрирует и объединяет всю многогранную деятельность В.И.Даля.

The monograph studies the linguistic encyclopedism of V.I.Dal in the aspect of generalization and systematization of knowledge based on linguistic analysis in all types of text: artistic, linguistic, medical, natural science, ethnographic, engineering, etc. It is shown that the lexicographic practice of V.I. Dal connects these types of text with the "Explanatory Dictionary of the living Great Russian language", which unites all the multi-sided activities of the scientist.