Derivation

FTER several patients who had undergone shunt placement for treatment of presumed NPH complained about postoperative hearing loss, a study was initiated to investigate this finding further. Preshunt and postshunt placement hearing was analyzed in patients with NPH. It has been hypothesized that changes in the CSF pressure affecting cochlear physiology may be caused by shunt insertion, and hearing disturbances after lumbar puncture have previously been described. 2,9 Recently, Stoeckli, et al., 12 reported one case of hearing disturbances after shunt implantation.

In 20 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting, we studied prospectively systemic blood activation, blood loss, and the need for donor blood when using an extracorporeal circuit equipped at random with one of two different venous reservoirs. In 10 patients we used an open venous reservoir system (ORS) consisting of a hard shell venous reservoir with an integral cardiotomy filter, and in 10 patients we used a closed reservoir system consisting of a collapsible venous reservoir and separate cardiotomy reservoir. Concentrations of complement 3a, elastase, thromboxane B2, and fibrin degradation products showed a biphasic course, especially in ORS patients. During bypass, we observed a first peak of levels of complement 3a, thromboxane B2, fibrin degradation products, and elastase, which was higher in ORS patients than in patients with the closed system, because their blood continuously contacted the foreign materials of the filter and air in the open reservoir, which was avoided in the closed reservoir. Intensive blood-foreign material contact also caused the highest (p < 0.05) hemolysis in ORS patients. The larger amount of hemolytic products in ORS patients theoretically resulted in a temporary decrease in capacity of their Kupffer cells to clear endotoxin released after aortic declamping. This theory might explain the significantly (p < 0.01) higher second peak of activated products after declamping that was observed in ORS patients. Due to increased blood activation, the largest (p < 0.001) amount of shed blood loss, greatest (p < 0.05) need for colloid-crystalloid infusion, and largest (not significant) need for donor blood were found in ORS patients (0.8 +/- 0.4 versus 0.2 +/- 0.2 units of packed cells).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Purpose: Venous reconstructions are rarely performed, and factors affecting long-term results of bypass grafts implanted in the venous system are not well defined. In this report we updated our experience. Methods: The clinical data of all patients who underwent venous reconstruction for iliofemoral or inferior vena caval (IVC) occlusion due to nonmalignant disease between January 1985 and June 1999 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were classified, and outcomes were compared according to the guidelines of the Joint Vascular Societies. Results: Forty-two patients, 23 males and 19 females (mean age, 40 years; range, 16-81), underwent 44 venous reconstructions. Thirty-six patients had limb swelling or venous claudication, 38 had pain, and 14 had healed or active ulcers. The cause of obstruction was congenital in two and acquired in 40 (deep vein thrombosis, 25; trauma, 5; retroperitoneal fibrosis, 4; IVC occlusion devices, 4; others, 2). Eighteen patients underwent saphenous vein crossover grafts (Palma procedure), 17 had expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) grafts implanted (femorocaval, 8; iliocaval, 5; crossfemoral, 3; cavoatrial, 1), 6 patients had spiral vein grafts (5 iliac/femoral and 1 cavoatrial), and 1 underwent femoral vein patch angioplasty. Clinical follow-up averaged 3.5 years (median, 2.5), and graft follow-up with imaging studies averaged 2.6 years (median, 1.6). Seven patients were lost to follow-up. The secondary 3-year patency rate for all reconstructions was 62%. Palma procedures had a 4-year patency rate of 83%. The secondary patency rate of iliocaval and femorocaval ePTFE bypass grafts at 2 years was 54%. The secondary patency was lower in patients with an arteriovenous fistula (P = .023). All ePTFE grafts had a 45% patency rate at 2 years, not significantly different from saphenous vein grafts (83%, P = .16). Clinical scores improved with graft patency (median, 0.0 vs 1.5; P = .044). Conclusions: Venous reconstructions for iliofemoral or IVC obstruction offer 3-year patency rates of 62%. The Palma procedure with autologous saphenous vein had the best long-term patency, whereas long-term success with ePTFE was moderate. The use of an arteriovenous fistula to improve graft patency remains controversial

In addition to their potential for cell-based therapies in the treatment of disease and injury, the broad developmental capacity of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) offers potential for studying the origins of all human cell types. To date, the emergence of specialized cells from hESCs has commonly been studied in tissue culture or in teratomas, yet these methods have stopped short of demonstrating the ESC potential exhibited in the mouse (mESCs), which can give rise to every cell type when combined with blastocysts. Due to obvious barriers precluding the use of human embryos in similar cell mixing experiments with hESCs, human/non-human chimeras may need to be generated for this purpose. Our results show that hESCs can engraft into mouse blastocysts, where they proliferate and differentiate in vitro and persist in mouse/human embryonic chimeras that implant and develop in the uterus of pseudopregnant foster mice. Embryonic chimeras generated in this way offer the opportunity to study the behavior of specialized human cell types in a non-human animal model. Our data demonstrate the feasibility of this approach, using mouse embryos as a surrogate for hESC differentiation.

Dissociations in the recognition of specific classes of words have been documented in brain-injured populations. These include deficits in the recognition and production of morphologically complex words as well as impairments specific to particular syntactic classes such as verbs. However, functional imaging evidence for distinctions among the neural systems underlying these dissociations has been inconclusive. We explored the neural systems involved in processing different word classes in a functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging study, contrasting four groups of words co-varying morphological complexity (simple, monomorphemic words vs complex derived or inflected words) and syntactic class (verbs vs nouns/adjectives). Subtraction of word from letter string processing showed activation in left frontal and temporal lobe regions consistent with prior studies of visual word processing. No differences were observed for morphologically complex and simple words, despite adequate power to detect stimulus specific effects. A region of posterior left middle temporal gyrus showed significantly increased activation for verbs. Post hoc analyses showed that this elevated activation could also be related to semantic properties of the stimulus items (verbs have stronger action associations than nouns, and action association is correlated with activation). Results suggest that semantic as well as syntactic factors should be considered when assessing the neural systems involved in single word comprehension.

after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Time course of recovery from frostbitten phrenics http://chestjournal.chestpubs.org/content/99/5/1112 can be found online on the World Wide Web at: The online version of this article, along with updated information and services ) ISSN:0012-3692 http://chestjournal.chestpubs.org/site/misc/reprints.xhtml

✓ Shunt infection remains the foremost problem of shunt implantation after mechanical malfunctions. Diversionary cerebrospinal fluid shunt implantation has a high complication rate, with 5% to 15% of such shunts becoming infected. Of these infections, 70% are diagnosed within 1 month after surgery and more than 90% within 6 months. Shunt infection in the vast majority of cases is therefore a complication of shunt surgery. The authors review their experience with shunt implantation during two time periods. From January, 1978, to December, 1982, 302 children with hydrocephalus underwent 606 operations. Among these children, 47 (15.56%) developed a proven shunt infection, with an incidence of infection per procedure of 7.75%. As a result of this study, a new protocol for shunt procedures involving modifications in the immediate pre-, intra-, and postoperative management of children undergoing shunt implantation was initiated. With this new protocol, 600 children underwent a total of 11...

Argument Structure (AS) of a word is the list of its arguments. For example, in English, the verb ‘came’ has one obligatory argument in its AS: ‘John came’. While the verb ‘gave’ has three arguments: ‘John gave the book to his brother’. Derivation usually changes the AS of a word, so the AS of a derived word is different from that of the stem. This paper tries to study the AS of Persian verbal derivations and the effect of affixation on the AS of the base. Lieber’s view (1992) forms the theoretical framework of this paper. According to this view, AS of a word is a projection of its Lexical Conceptual Structure (LCS). Using this framework, this study will demonstrate that only affixes which change the LCS of the base can affect its AS. In other words, affixes which exert no change to LCS of a base have no effect on AS.

The aim of this paper is to analyze Old English deverbal nouns derived by means of the sufffixes -a, -bora, -e, -en, -end, -ere/-re, -icge, -estre/-istre/-ystre, -o, and -u. The analysis is based on the derivational functions and the types of lexical derivation and category functions proposed by Lexeme-Morpheme Base Morphology. After the analysis of 480 complex nouns, several conclusions are reached regarding the subjective vs. objective profile of derivatives. In this respect, the subjective function is more widespread than the objective one. It also turns out that most suffixes perform both derivational functions. Moreover, by finding a clausal correlate for complex nouns displaying these affixes, two types of derivational relationship have been found. Firstly, the explicit derivational relationship as in bacan 'to bake' ~ baecestre 'baker', in which a full derivational morpheme turns up in the derivative, and, secondly, the implicit derivational relationship, such as the one holding in rīdan 'to ride' ~ ridda 'rider', in which no derivational morpheme is present from a strictly synchronic point of view.

EL GÉNERO EN LOS SUSTANTIVOS:
¿FLEXIÓN Y/O DERIVACIÓN?

David Serrano-Dolader



El contraste entre parejas del tipo chico / chica, niño / niña o perro / perra parece apuntar hacia el estudio del género de los sustantivos en el ámbito de la morfología flexiva.  Ahora bien, pares como manzana / manzano o naranja / naranjo hacen pensar más bien en que nos movemos en el terreno de la morfología léxica (o en una especie de derivación seudoflexiva). Lo cierto es que hay casos extremos en los que parece que la asignación al campo de la flexión o al campo de la derivación está justificada y resulta coherente.
Y queda abierta también otra posibilidad de interpretación y análisis: ¿y si el género nominal no es estrictamente hablando ni un fenómeno flexivo ni un fenómeno derivativo?

Si todos los casos de variación genérica del español respondieran, o bien al esquema opositivo chic-o / chica-a, o bien al esquema manzan-a / manzan-o, no habría grandes dificultades para llegar a aceptar que la primera de las parejas ejemplifica un proceso flexivo mientras que la segunda ejemplifica un proceso derivativo. El problema radica en que ni formalmente ni desde el punto de vista del contenido hay regularidad en la línea que parecen marcar los ejemplos que ahora comentamos. Formalmente, sabemos bien que la variación genérica en español está muy lejos de responder a una relación biunívoca estable (del tipo -o para el masculino, -a para el femenino). Desde el punto de vista del contenido, es también conocida la innumerable casuística en la que se puede caer para delimitar los significados de aquellas parejas que –oponiéndose en cuanto a su género de modo -o masculino / -a femenino– no tienen correlato con referidos sexuados o animados.

Si no se quiere caer en una casuística excesiva que desbarate la propia validez del concepto de ‘género’, para tratar de dar coherencia y, en la medida de lo posible, homogeneidad al tratamiento del género en español es necesario intentar presentar una explicación globalizadora. En esta línea, han sido varias las propuestas formuladas por diversos estudiosos. En concreto, y sin ánimo alguno de exhaustividad, nos vamos a referir a tres posibles acercamientos globalizadores al tratamiento de género en español:

1). Admitir globalmente que todas las manifestaciones de género en español son, o bien fenómenos flexivos (incluidos los casos extremos aparentemente no flexivos del tipo manzan-a / manzan-o), o bien fenómenos derivativos (incluidos los casos extremos aparentemente no derivacionales del tipo chic-o / chic-a).

2). Asumir, en la descripción y análisis del género nominal, el concepto de ‘marca de palabra’.

3). Proponer un análisis basado en esquemas configuracionales (estructura flexiva de palabra) más que en identificaciones de morfemas concretos.

Por nuestra parte, proponemos una visión globalizadora diferenciada: una caracterización no-discreta del género nominal que vaya desde casos prototípicamente flexivos hasta casos prototípicamente derivativos.

The Nigerian federation has been enmeshed in contradictions, paradoxes, controversies and crises. These are subsumed in the national question, and social groups of varying ideological leanings cohere on the central issues. These are linked to national unity, local autonomy and self-determination, equitable distribution of revenue, rewards, opportunities and power. They also include the observation and implementation of fundamental human rights, among which are the rights of franchise and empowerment, and socio-economic rights to basic needs’ satisfaction, sustainable environment and life (Anifowose and Seteolu, 2004:45).
From 1960 till date, the revenue allocation system can neither be said to be efficient or equitable.  However, the nature and conditions of the financial relations in any federal system are crucial to the continued existence of such a system.  The study explores Nigeria’s fiscal relations and the revenue sharing allocation formula through a descriptive historical analysis cum power approach.  It specifically focuses on the imbalance and lopsidedness associated with the systems which have combined to affect the Nigerian federal system as a whole.  The study also traces some of the discordant voices and tones as well as the unrest in the oil-rich Niger-Delta to the imbalances in the revenue allocation formula in Nigeria, which gives little to the goose that lays the golden eggs. 
Data for this study came primarily from secondary sources and content analysis was a major tool for the actualization of this research work.  The work is divided into five (5) chapters with Chapter One being the Introduction basically; Chapters Two, Three and Four being an explication of the Research Questions as found in the research work; and Chapter Five being a Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations section.

Midnight’s Children by Dr. Sarala Krishnamurthy Dean, School of Communication Polytechnic of Namibia Windhoek, Namibia Abstract Midnight’s Children has been variously described as a Postmodern novel, Post colonial novel, and a novel which uses techniques of magic realism, metafiction and historiography. Having won the Booker Prize, the novel has attracted the attention of many critics for its remarkable use of language and the blending of history and story, fact and fiction and, reality and sur-reality. While the novel has been acclaimed as one of the most ingenious and fascinating piece of writing in the modern age and Rushdie has been described as a “juggler of words”(Narasimhaiah:1995), not many critics have focused on the use of lexical items in the novel. It is my argument that an examination of the lexis of Midnight’s Children within the ambit of Stylistics, will yield a rich dividend, and an analysis and a study of this kind will add new insights not just to the novel but als...

The Arabic notion of ishtiqāq is ambiguous: it is translated into English sometimes as “derivation” and sometimes as “etymology.” Derivation is a synchronic notion, but etymology is a diachronic one. If we refer to the Kitāb al-Taʿrīfāt of ʿAlī Ibn Muḥammad al-Jurjānī, nicknamed al-sayyid al-sharīf al-Jurjānī (d. 816/1413), one finds that he distinguishes between three types of ishtiqāq: “small,” “great” and “greater.” Based on the definitions and examples given by al-Jurjānī of these three types of ishtiqāq, we can say that Arabic ishtiqāq corresponds neither to derivation nor to etymology: it is an original concept, neither synchronic nor diachronic, but panchronic, at the crossroads of morphology and phonology.

La parasíntesis ha sido analizada como un fenómeno derivativo consistente en la adjunción simultánea de un prefijo y un sufijo a una base nominal (en+cárcel+ar > encarcelar) o adjetiva (a+liger(o)+ar > aligerar). Este tipo de parasíntesis, que ofrece interesantes cuestiones dignas de estudio, no será objeto de atención en este trabajo y 1999. Nos ocuparemos de manera particular de la parasíntesis en composición, proceso relacionado con el mecanismo de synthetic compounding característico, entre otras, de las lenguas germánicas.

This current study aimed to investigate the influence of derivational and inflectional morphological awareness on the writing of undergraduate students studying English as a Foreign Language. They were divided in to two groups and each group comprised 200 advanced EFL learners. Explicit morphological instructions were given to group two in the classroom for full one semester whereas group one wasn't given any kind of morphological knowledge. To collect data, exactly the same lists of word-formation on different morphological processes and their use in the writing samples were administered to both the groups. The main objective of this research was to examine the correlation between the morphological awareness and the EFL writing after testing learners' reflection on word-formation. Then it also tried to explore the difference between their performances to check whether the morphological instructions improved their writing or not. The findings stated that group two students always performed far better than group one and showed a strong understanding of word-formation structure while applying and manipulating in the morphological-instructed tasks. The formulated hypothesis-the teaching of explicit morphemic rules improves not only morphological awareness to a large extent but also grammatical, intralingual, lexical and syntactic awareness that results to enhance collaboratively EFL writing competence. A promising contribution of this current study to pedagogy was that explicit teaching of morphology improved writing to a concrete, large extent and revealed clearly that it must be introduced to EFL learners from the early education so that their writing skill can be developed effectively.

В русском языке не происходит формирования новой части речи. Постулированный Щербой механизм формирования КС недостоверен; уровень обособления слов, подводимых под КС в современном русском языке, не дает права строить эволюционную шкалу, конечным пунктом которой является консолидация предикативов как единого дистрибутивного класса с инвариантной семантикой. Вместе с тем, гипотеза о КС полезна для изучения динамики словообразовательных и собственно
синтаксических процессов, связывающих различные группировки прилагательных и наречий между собой. Предикативы с финалью –о, имеющие слабую валентность на дат.п.  лица, образуют семантический класс «слов ситуативного признака, требующих одушевленного субъекта состояния». Это позволяется получить классификацию производящих основ кратких прилагательных, способных порождать предикативы, выделить подклассы актантов поляризованных основ (гневный, *мне гневно), способных предицировать признак предмета/лица, но не признак ситуации и выделить дефектные словообразовательные пары. Корреляция русских предикативов на –о и производящих
основ прилагательных является системно более важным фактором, нежели корреляция предикативов на –о и наречий образа действия на –о; соотношение между последними может быть описано в терминах диатезных преобразований.

This work examines the internal structure of morphologically complex nouns in the Yorùbá language. These nouns are categorized into endocentric and exocentric compounds. Endocentric compounds are derived through the combination of a noun or a nominal prefix and other categories such as nouns, adjective, verbs and the verb phrase. Exocentric nominal compounds are formed through desententialization of various sentences in the language. The Pulleyblank-and-Akinlabi version of the weak lexicalist hypothesis (WLH), which allows recursion from syntax to morphology, is adopted for our analysis because the derivations of these nominal compounds involve the interaction of both syntactic and morphological components.

In this paper, I will discuss the penultimate stage of grammaticalization: the stage of affixhood. This stage has not been the object of much study, probably because inflectional affixes are considered to be the most grammaticalized of elements. Having thus reached the very end of a one-way street, they cannot develop any further, and the only remaining change for them would seem to be loss. If however the history of some of these inflections is examined more closely, it will be seen that loss is not the only option. Using diachronic evidence from Swedish, I will show that inflectional endings may be maintained as “less cumulative” inflections, or even degrammaticalize into a derivational suffix or a clitic. These developments were made possible by the loss of inflectional case, which rendered many endings redundant and hence available for other purposes. Such changes will turn out to be paradigm examples of Lass’s concept of exaptation. Finally, I will address the question of why degrammaticalization changes are so rare and how they could be integrated into the grammaticalization framework.

Research purposes are (1) to identify affixes in Javanese language which form denominal verbs and to explain the functions and meanings of javanese verbal derivation, and (2) to explain productivity of derivative affixes in forming denominal verbs in Javanese languange. The theoritical basis used in the research covers (1) morphology,  (2) verbs, (3) affixes, (4) derivational morphology, (5) inflectional morphology (6) kinds of Javanese derivations, and (7) productivity of affixes in Javanese verbs. This research is qualitative one with linguistic structure as  research method. This research data is in the form of sentences in which there are verb affixation that occupy the function as predikat in the sentences.  Agih method is used in data analysis.  The study of denominal verb in the Javanese language with the process of affixation can be in the forms of: (1) affixes that form denominal verbs, (2) infixes that form denominal verbs, (3) suffixes that form denominal verb, and (4) combined affixed  that form denominal verbs. Productivity of affixes in forming Javanese denominal verbs can be: (1) prefix with high productivity in forming Javanese denominal verbs, (2)  infixes with fair productivity in forming Javanese denominal verbs, (3) suffixes with high productivity in forming Javanese denominal verbs, and (4) combined affixes with high productivity in forming Javanese denominal verbs.

In standard Optimality Theory, faithfulness constraints are defined in terms of an input–output correspondence relation, and similar constraints are applied to the correspondence relation between a stem and its reduplicative copy. In Harmonic Serialism, a derivational version of Optimality Theory, there is no input-output correspondence relation, and instead faithfulness violations are based on which operations the candidate-generating GEN component has applied.

This article presents a novel theory of reduplication, situated within Harmonic Serialism, called Serial Template Satisfaction. Reduplicative correspondence constraints are replaced by operations that copy strings of constituents. Depending on the constraint ranking, phonological processes may precede or follow copying, with different effects. Serial Template Satisfaction and reduplicative correspondence theory make different predictions about partial reduplication, prosodic constituent copying, skipping effects, and reduplication–phonology interactions. The predictions of Serial Template Satisfaction are argued to be superior.

In this study I present a comparative and historical analysis of "frequentative" Bantu verbstem reduplication, many of whose variants have been described for a number of Eastern and Southern Bantu languages. While some languages have full-stem compounding, where the stem consists of the verb root plus any and all suffixes, others restrict the reduplicant to two syllables. Two questions are addressed: (i) What was the original nature of reduplication in Proto-Bantu? (ii) What diachronic processes have led to the observed variation? I first consider evidence that the frequentative began as full-stem reduplication, which then became restricted either morphologically (by excluding inflectional and ultimately derivational suffixes) and/ or phonologically (by imposing a bisyllabic maximum size constraint). I then turn to the opposite hypothesis and consider evidence and motivations for a conflicting tendency to rebuild full-stem reduplication from the partial reduplicant. I end by attempting to explain why the partial reduplicant is almost always preposed to the fuller base.

The paper discusses the correlation of a class of nominal word forms with a characteristic semantics of Stage-level predicates ( = ‗lexical statives‘, ‗Predicatives‘) and syntactic structures with a dative marking on the semantic subject (Dative structures). Most European languages that have copular Dative structures, also have a lexical class of nominal Predicatives, but there is no one-to-one mapping of these parameters. Some languages with a class of nominal Predicatives may use them outside Dative structures.

From the theoretical perspective of lexical morphology (LM), this paper analyzes neutral and non-neutral affixes and their general organizational position in the morphology of derived words in Urdu. It explores the properties and behavior that Urdu affixes exercise during their attachment or insertion into roots/bases to produce new words, to question the assumptions of LM. Nine hundred and eighty sample words were randomly selected from our observations, articles in Urdu newspapers, and Urdu news television channels in Pakistan. While LM helps a lot regarding the analysis of neutral and non-neutral affixes, its assumptions concerning the hierarchical organization of affixes in derived word-formations do not correspond with the morphology of words in Urdu. This paper contributes as an initial step toward formulating a theory of the morphology of derived words in Urdu – a language rarely theoretically analyzed regarding the morphology of its derived words.

Background. Combined cardiac surgery and pulmonary resection using cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) has been described previously. There are a few reports of combined procedures done without using CPB. Off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (OPCABG) eliminates organ dysfunction and suppression of immune system related to extracorporeal circulation.

Словосложение как способ терминологической номинации лингвистических терминов в английском языке ( Скачева Н.В., специалист, Сибирский Технологический Государственный Университет) В настоящее время терминологии оказываются важными факторами научно-технического прогресса, поэтому законы становления и функционирования терминологий и их системная организация и перевод оказываются в центре внимания лингвистических исследований. А.В. Суперанская определяет термин как слово или словосочетание, обозначающее эмпирические или абстрактные объекты, значение которого уточняется в рамках научной теории [1,с.23].

I try to show that some datives in Russian constructions with predicatives are similar to those used with corresponding adjectives (мальчику нужно, cf. нужный мальчику), others seem to be are derived / demoted (мальчику весело, cf. веселый мальчик) and still others are specific to predicatives (мальчику холодно, cf. *холодный мальчику, #холодный мальчик). I argue for a constructional "target-oriented" generalization.

A procedure of simulation and modelling solar cells and PV modules, working partially shadowed in Pspice environment, is presented. Simulation results have been contrasted with real measured data from a commercial PV module of 209 Wp from Siliken. Some cases of study are presented as application examples of this simulation methodology, showing its potential on the design of bypass diodes configuration to include in a PV module and also on the study of PV generators working in partial shading conditions.

Motivated by some results on Orthogonal Derivations and Biderivations, in [5], the authors defined the notion of  orthogonality between the Derivation and Biderivation in ring and some interesting results.In this paper we also introduce the notion of Derivations and Biderivations are orthogonal in semiprime semiring and giving some necessary and sufficient conditions for Derivations and Biderivations are Orthogonal.