Cryptographic Engineering

Cryptocurrency for Beginners Bear in mind that dissatisfaction with the current financial system gave rise to the development of the digital currency. High quality content, great conversions and happy customers click here now. Notwithstanding the many opinions predicting the death of cryptocurrency, bitcoin's performance has inspired many other digital currencies, especially in recent years. The success with crowdfunding brought on by the blockchain fever also attracted those out to scam the unsuspecting public and this has come to the attention of regulators. Beyond bitcoin Bitcoin has inspired the launching of many other digital currencies, There are currently more than 1,000 versions of digital coins or tokens. Not all of them are the same and their values vary greatly, as do their liquidity. Coins, altcoins and tokens It would suffice at this point to say there are fine distinctions between coins, altcoins and tokens. Altcoins or alternative coins generally describes other than the pioneering bitcoin, although altcoins like ethereum, litecoin, ripple, dogecoin and dash are regarded as in the 'main' category of coins, meaning they are traded in more cryptocurrency exchanges. High quality content, great conversions and happy customers click here now.

2
nd International Conference on Cloud Computing, Security and Blockchain (CLSB 2021) will
act as a major forum for the presentation of innovative ideas, approaches, developments, and research
projects in the areas of Cloud computing, Security and Blockchain. It will also serve to facilitate the
exchange of information between researchers and industry professionals to discuss the latest issues
and advancement in the area of Cloud Computing, Security and Blockchain.

With the continues development of the computer network, information has been exchange in dif erent format like text, image, audio and videos. In today’s scenarios security is playing a vital role in networking. Securing all these types of information is most important. There are dif erent types of cryptographic encryption methods are used to send the information through network with security. But still there are some open issues. Each encryption method has its own strength and weakness. The combination of various encryption techniques i.e. hybrid encryption techniques provides the better security. This survey analysis the dif erent hybrid encryption techniques and working principle of those hybrid techniques.

Advancements in technology have created the possibility of greater assurance of proper travel document
ownership, but some concerns regarding security and effectiveness remain unaddressed. Electronic
passports have known a wide and fast deployment all around the world since the International Civil
Aviation Organization the world has adopted standards whereby passports can store biometric identifiers.
The use of biometrics for identification has the potential to make the lives easier, and the world people live
in a safer place. The purpose of biometric passports is to prevent the illegal entry of traveler into a specific
country and limit the use of counterfeit documents by more accurate identification of an individual. This
paper analyses the face, fingerprint, palmprint and iris biometric e-passport design. This papers focus on
privacy and personal security of bearers of e-passports, the actual security benefit countries obtained by
the introduction of e-passports using face, fingerprint, palmprint and iris recognition systems. Researcher
analyzed its main cryptographic features; the face fingerprint, palmprint and iris biometrics currently used
with e-passports and considered the surrounding procedures. Researcher focused on vulnerabilities since
anyone willing to bypass the system would choose the same approach. On the contrary, solely relying on
them may pose a risk that did not exist with previous passports and border controls. The paper also
provides a security analysis of the e-passport using face fingerprint, palmprint and iris biometric that are
intended to provide improved security in protecting biometric information of the e-passport bearer.

International Journal of Computational Science and Information Technology (IJCSITY) focuses on Complex systems, information and computation using mathematics and engineering techniques. This is an open access peer-reviewed journal will act as a major forum for the presentation of innovative ideas, approaches, developments, and research projects in the area of Computation theory and applications. It will also serve to facilitate the exchange of information between researchers and industry professionals to discuss the latest issues and advancement in the area of advanced Computation and its applications.

Electronic passports have known a wide and fast deployment all around the world since the International
Civil Aviation Organization the world has adopted standards whereby passports can store biometric
identifiers. The use of biometrics for identification has the potential to make the lives easier, and the
world people live in a safer place. The purpose of biometric passports is to prevent the illegal entry of
traveler into a specific country and limit the use of counterfeit documents by more accurate identification
of an individual. This paper analyses the face, fingerprint, palmprint and iris biometric e-passport design.
This papers focus on privacy and personal security of bearers of e-passports, the actual security benefit
countries obtained by the introduction of e-passports using face, fingerprint, palmprint and iris
recognition systems. Researcher analyzed its main cryptographic features; the face fingerprint, palmprint
and iris biometrics currently used with e-passports and considered the surrounding procedures. The
paper also provides a security analysis of the e-passport using face fingerprint, palmprint and iris
biometric that are intended to provide improved security in protecting biometric information of the epassport
bearer.

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) pose a new challenge to network designers in the area of developing better and secure routing protocols. Many sensor networks have mission-critical tasks, so it is clear that security needs to be taken into account at design time. However, sensor networks are not traditional computing devices, and as a result, existing security models and methods are ill suited. The security issues posed by sensor networks represent a rich field of research problems. Improving network hardware and software may address many of the issues, but others will require new supporting technologies. With the recent surge in the use of sensor networks, for example, in ubiquitous computing and body sensor networks (BSNs) the need for security mechanisms has a more important role. Recently proposed solutions address but a small subset of current sensor network attacks. Also because of the special battery requirements for such networks, normal cryptographic network solutions are irrelevant. New mechanisms need to be developed to address this type of network.

FPGA-SoCs are heterogeneous embedded computing platforms consisting of reconfigurable hardware and high-performance processing units. This combination offers flexibility and good performance for the design of embedded systems. However, allowing the sharing of resources between an FPGA and an embedded CPU enables possible attacks from one system on the other. This work demonstrates that a malicious hardware block contained inside the reconfigurable logic can manipulate the memory and peripherals of the CPU. Previous works have already considered direct memory access attacks from malicious logic on platforms containing no memory isolation mechanism. In this work, such attacks are investigated on a modern platform which contains state-of-the-art memory and peripherals isolation mechanisms. We demonstrate two attacks capable of compromising a Trusted Execution Environment based on ARM TrustZone and show a new attack capable of bypassing the secure boot configuration set by a device owne...

In the last decade, Blockchain has experienced a booming success. It is on everybody's lips, in particular in the banking and finance world where it finds its source. Many authors have explored the potential influence of Blockchain on the market. Blockchain brings digital technology into real time computing systems management. It has the ability to transform all aspects of the digital economy, including conducting business, shopping, enhancing education, delivering healthcare, and learning, entertainment, and staying connected with a social world. Blockchain was not in fact created for its own intents and purposes originally, it was only an aspect of Bitcoin protocol, ensuring the secure transfer of the cryptocurrency. In this paper, we are providing an introduction to Blockchain technology in a simplified style. It also discusses about how Blockchain technology can be used in the market to benefit the customers and the company to a great extent. Lately, Blockchain digital technology has evolved further to aid in conducting financial transactions. Online payments have gained large traction and card based payment methods, credit and debit cards have become dominant. Blockchain supports all these transform by creating increased speed of transaction processing and greater efficiency in real time processing. Blockchain provides a robust environment for secure data sharing in real-time. Blockchain is a type of distributed ledger system providing enhanced security in the real time digital economic process.

Embedded Systems are deployed in various domains, including industrial installations, critical and nomadic environments, private spaces and public infrastructures. Their operation typically involves access, storage and communication of sensitive and/or critical information that requires protection, making the security of their resources and services an imperative design concern. The demand for applicable cryptographic components is therefore strong and growing. However, the limited resources of these devices, in conjunction with the ever-present need for smaller size and lower production costs, hinder the deployment of secure algorithms typically found in other environments and necessitate the adoption of lightweight alternatives. This paper provides a survey of lightweight cryptographic algorithms, presenting recent advances in the field and identifying opportunities for future research. More specifically, we examine lightweight implementations of symmetric-key block ciphers in hardware and software architectures. We evaluate 52 block ciphers and 360 implementations based on their security, performance and cost, classifying them with regard to their applicability to different types of embedded devices and referring to the most important cryptanalysis pertaining to these ciphers.

10th International Conference on Cryptography and Information Security (CRYPIS 2021)
focuses on cutting-edge results in Applied Cryptography and Information security. It aims to bring
together scientists, researchers and students to exchange novel ideas and results in all aspects of
Cryptography, Coding and Information security.

A number of various techniques have been already developed for providing security in sensor networks. It may be anticipated that these techniques provide less secure sensor network which has numerous adverse effects associated with them. Thus there is a sufficient scope for improvement of secure electronic communication, as the proficiency of attacks is growing rapidly in wireless sensor networks. DNA steganography is a technique of covered writing, which provides secure system in sensor network to some extent. Steganography is more effective over cryptography as later one only conceals information but steganography obscures the information, as well as camouflage the data to various attackers. DNA steganography is an inventive approach to reduce the popularity of public key cryptography over the wireless sensor networks. In the proposed work, a secret key is introduced which is purely based on DNA sequence named as DNA stego key and is only known to sender and receiver. This DNA ste...

We describe Charm, an extensible framework designed for rapid prototyping of cryptographic systems that utilize the latest advances in cryptography, such as identity and attribute-based encryption, as well as the traditional cryptographic functions. Charm is designed to minimize code complexity, promote code re-use, and to automate interoperability, while not compromising on efficiency.

In this paper, we present an improved Paillier Cryptosystem for a secured data transmission based on the Residue Number System (RNS). The current state of Paillier Cryptosystem allows the computation of the plaintext from the cipher text without solving its security assumption of Decisional Composite Residuosity or the knowledge of its private keys under mathematical attacks. The proposed RNS based cryptosystem
involving two stages of encryption and two stages of decryption has never been adequately studied before. This paper attempts to solve by introducing two stages of encryption and two stages of decryption. The first stage of the encryption process maintains the traditional Paillier encryption process and the second stage process is the encryption using the recommended moduli set – by the RNS Forward converter. At the first stage of the decryption process, our proposed RNS based reverse converter is adopted and finally, the traditional Paillier decryption process will be used at the second stage of the decryption process. Because the entire encryption technique is randomized, it can withstand chosen bruteforce attacks. The suggested algorithm's security study reveals that it has a wide key space ( , a high level resistance to key sensitivity attacks, and an acceptable level of resilience. In terms of security, it has been discovered that the proposed system outperforms the present algorithm.

ASCON is one of the elegant designs of authenticated encryption with associated data (AEAD) that was selected as the first choice for lightweight applications in the CAESAR competition, which also has been submitted to NIST lightweight cryptography standardization. ASCON has been in the literature for a while, however, there has been no successful AEAD which is secure and at the same time lighter than AS-CON. In this article, we have overcome the challenge of constructing a permutation that is lighter than the AS-CON permutation while ensuring a similar performance, and based on which we achieve a more lightweight AEAD which we call Sycon. Extensive security analysis of Sycon confirms that it provides the same level of security as that of ASCON. Our hardware implementation result shows that the Sycon permutation has 5.35% reduced area, compared to the ASCON permutation. This leads to a remarkable area reduction for Sycon AEAD which is about 14.95% as compared to ASCON AEAD. We regard Sycon as a new milestone as it is the lightest among all the AEADs belonging to the ASCON family.

We demonstrate physical side-channel attacks on a popular software implementation of RSA and ElGamal, running on laptop computers. Our attacks use novel side channels, based on the observation that the "ground" electric potential, in many computers, fluctuates in a computation-dependent way. An attacker can measure this signal by touching exposed metal on the computer's chassis with a plain wire, or even with a bare hand. The signal can also be measured at the remote end of Ethernet, VGA or USB cables. Through suitable cryptanalysis and signal processing, we have extracted 4096-bit RSA keys and 3072-bit ElGamal keys from laptops, via each of these channels, as well as via power analysis and electromagnetic probing. Despite the GHz-scale clock rate of the laptops and numerous noise sources, the full attacks require a few seconds of measurements using Medium Frequency signals (around 2 MHz), or one hour using Low Frequency signals (up to 40 kHz).

A number of various techniques have been already developed for providing security in sensor networks. It may be anticipated that these techniques provide less secure sensor network which has numerous adverse effects associated with them. Thus there is a sufficient scope for improvement of secure electronic communication, as the proficiency of attacks is growing rapidly in wireless sensor networks. DNA steganography is a technique of covered writing, which provides secure system in sensor network to some extent. Steganography is more effective over cryptography as later one only conceals information but steganography obscures the information, as well as camouflage the data to various attackers. DNA steganography is an inventive approach to reduce the popularity of public key cryptography over the wireless sensor networks. In the proposed work, a secret key is introduced which is purely based on DNA sequence named as DNA stego key and is only known to sender and receiver. This DNA stego key is used to hide information and is stored in a carrier. The proposed technique is implemented using java to verify its correctness.

We describe Charm, an extensible framework designed for rapid prototyping of cryptographic systems that utilize the latest advances in cryptography, such as identity and attribute-based encryption, as well as the traditional cryptographic functions. Charm is designed to minimize code complexity, promote code re-use, and to automate interoperability, while not compromising on efficiency. Charm was designed from the ground up to support the implementation of advanced cryptographic schemes. It includes support for multiple cryptographic settings, an extensive library of re-usable code, and a protocol engine to aid in the development of interactive protocols. Our framework also provides a series of specialized tools that enable different cryptosystems to interoperate. We implemented over twenty cryptographic schemes using Charm, including some new ones that to our knowledge have never been built in practice. This paper describes our modular architecture, which includes a built-in benchm...

A number of various techniques have been already developed for providing security in sensor networks. It may be anticipated that these techniques provide less secure sensor network which has numerous adverse effects associated with them. Thus there is a sufficient scope for improvement of secure electronic communication, as the proficiency of attacks is growing rapidly in wireless sensor networks. DNA steganography is a technique of covered writing, which provides secure system in sensor network to some extent. Steganography is more effective over cryptography as later one only conceals information but steganography obscures the information, as well as camouflage the data to various attackers. DNA steganography is an inventive approach to reduce the popularity of public key cryptography over the wireless sensor networks. In the proposed work, a secret key is introduced which is purely based on DNA sequence named as DNA stego key and is only known to sender and receiver. This DNA ste...

Cloud Computing is the revolution in current generation IT enterprise. Cloud computing displaces database and application software to the large data centres, where the management of services and data may not be predictable, where as the conventional solutions, for IT services are under proper logical, physical and personal controls. This aspect attribute, however comprises different security challenges which have not been well understood. It concentrates on cloud data storage security which has always been an important aspect of quality of service (QOS). In this paper, we designed and simulated an adaptable and efficient scheme to guarantee the correctness of user data stored in the cloud and also with some prominent features. Homomorphic token is used for distributed verification of erasure – coded data. By using this scheme, we can identify misbehaving servers. In spite of past works, our scheme supports effective and secure dynamic operations on data blocks such as data insertion, deletion and modification. In contrast to traditional solutions, where the IT services are under proper physical, logical and personnel controls, cloud computing moves the application software and databases to the large data centres, where the data management and services may not be absolutely truthful. This effective security and performance analysis describes that the proposed scheme is extremely flexible against malicious data modification, convoluted failures and server clouding attacks.

Physically Unclonable Functions (PUFs) are security primitives that exploit intrinsic random physical variations of hardware components. In the recent years, many security solutions based on PUFs have been proposed, including identification/authentication schemes, key storage and hardware-entangled cryptography. Existing PUF instantiations typically exhibit a static challenge/response behavior, while many practical applications would benefit from reconfigurable PUFs. Examples include the revocation or update of "secrets" in PUF-based key storage or cryptographic primitives based on PUFs. In this paper, we present the concept of Logically Reconfigurable PUFs (LR-PUFs) that allow changing the challenge/response behavior without physically replacing or modifying the underlying PUF. We present two efficient LR-PUF constructions and evaluate their performance and security. In this context, we introduce a formal security model for LR-PUFs. Finally, we discuss several practical applications of LR-PUFs focusing on lightweight solutions for resource-constrained embedded devices, in particular RFIDs. A preliminary version of this report that has been presented at CHES'11 [22], and a more condensed version has been published in the Journal of Cryptographic Engineering [23]. This version additionally provides detailed security proofs.

Randomness extractors are important tools in cryptography. Their goal is to compress a high-entropy source into a more uniform output. Beyond their theoretical interest, they have recently gained attention because of their use in the design and proof of leakage-resilient primitives, such as stream ciphers and pseudorandom functions. However, for these proofs of leakage resilience to be meaningful in practice, it is important to instantiate and implement the components they are based on. In this context, while numerous works have investigated the implementation properties of block ciphers such as the AES Rijndael, very little is known about the application of side-channel attacks against extractor implementations. In order to close this gap, this paper instantiates a low-cost hardware extractor and analyzes it both from a performance and from a side-channel security point of view. Our investigations lead to contrasted conclusions. On the one hand, extractors can be efficiently implemented and protected with masking. On the other hand, they provide adversaries with many more exploitable leakage samples than, e.g. block ciphers. As a result, they can ensure high security margins against standard (non-profiled) side-channel attacks and turn out to be much weaker against profiled attacks. From a methodological point of view, our analysis consequently raises the question of which attack strategies should be considered in security evaluations.

The optimization of the main key compression bottlenecks of the supersingular isogeny key encapsulation mechanism (SIKE) has been a target of research in the last few years. Significant improvements were introduced in the recent works of Costello et al. [6] and Zanon et al. [18,19]. The combination of the techniques in [18,19] reduced the running time of binary torsion basis generation in decompression by a factor of 29 compared to previous work [6]. On the other hand, generating such a basis still takes almost a million cycles on an Intel Core i5-6267U Skylake. In this paper, we continue the work of [19] and introduce a technique that drops the complexity of binary torsion basis generation by a factor log p in the number of underlying field multiplications. In particular, our experimental results show that a basis can be generated in about 1, 300 cycles, attaining an improvement by a factor more than 600. Although this result eliminates one of the key compression bottlenecks, many other bottlenecks remain. In addition, we give further improvements for the ternary torsion generation with significant impact on the related decompression procedure. Moreover, a new trade-off between ciphertext sizes vs decapsulation speed and storage is introduced and achieves a 1.7 times faster decapsulation.

Physically unclonable functions (PUFs) are becoming popular tools for various applications, such as anticounterfeiting schemes. The security of a PUF-based system relies on the properties of its underlying PUF. Usually, evaluating PUF properties is not simple as it involves assessing a physical phenomenon. A recent work (Armknecht et al. in A formalization of the security features of physical functions. In: IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy, pp. 397-412, 2011) proposed a generic security framework of physical functions allowing a sound analysis of security properties of PUFs. In this paper, we specialize this generic framework to model a system based on a particular category of PUFs called image-based PUFs. These PUFs are based on random visual features of the physical objects. The model enables a systematic design of the system ingredients and allows for concrete evaluation of its security properties, namely robustness and physical unclonability which are required by anti-counterfeiting systems. As a practical example, the components of the model are instantiated by Laser-Written PUF, White Light Interferometry evaluation, two binary image hashing procedures namely, Random Binary Hashing and Gabor Binary Hashing, respectively, and code-offset fuzzy extraction. We experimentally evaluate security properties of this example for both image hashing methods. Our results show that, for this particular example, adaptive image hashing outperforms the non-adaptive one. The experiments also confirm the usefulness of the formalizations provided by Armknecht et al. (A formalization of the security features of physical functions. In: IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy, pp. ticular, the formalizations provide an asset for evaluating the concrete trade-off between robustness and physical unclonability. To the best of our knowledge, this experimental evaluation of explicit trade-off between robustness and physical unclonability has been performed for the first time in this paper.

Internet is a public-interacted system; the amount of information exchanged over the internet is completely not safe. Protecting the information transmitted over the network is a difficult task and the data security issues become increasingly important. At present, various types of cryptographic algorithms provide high security to information on networks, but there are also has some drawbacks. To improve the strength of these algorithms, we propose a new hybrid cryptographic algorithm in this paper. The algorithm is designed using combination of two symmetric cryptographic techniques. These two primitives can be achieved with the help of Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) and Data Encryption Standard (DES). This new hybrid cryptographic algorithm has been designed for better security with integrity.

As fault based cryptanalysis is becoming more and more of a practical threat, it is imperative to make efforts to devise suitable countermeasures. In this regard, the so-called "infective countermeasures" have garnered particular attention from the community due to its ability in inhibiting differential fault attacks without explicitly detecting the fault. We observe that despite being adopted over a decade ago, a systematic study of infective countermeasures is missing from the literature. Moreover, there seems to be a lack of proper security analysis of the schemes proposed, as quite a few of them have been broken promptly. Our first contribution comes in the form of a generalization of infective schemes which aids us with a better insight into the vulnerabilities, scopes for cost reduction and possible improvements. This way, we are able to propose lightweight alternatives of two existing schemes. Further we analyze shortcomings of LatinCrypt'12 and CHES'14 schemes and propose a simple patch for the former.

The security of embedded systems can be dramatically improved through the use of formally verified isolation mechanisms such as separation kernels, hypervisors, or microkernels. For trustworthiness, particularly for system-level behavior, the verifications need precise models of the underlying hardware. Such models are hard to attain, highly complex, and proofs of their security properties may not easily apply to similar but different platforms. This may render verification economically infeasible. To address these issues, we propose a compositional top-down approach to embedded system specification and verification, where the system-on-chip is modeled as a network of distributed automata communicating via paired synchronous message passing. Using abstract specifications for each component allows to delay the development of detailed models for cores, devices, etc., while still being able to verify high-level security properties like integrity and confidentiality, and soundly refine the result for different instantiations of the abstract components at a later stage. As a case study, we apply this methodology to the verification of information flow security for an industry-scale security-oriented hypervisor on the ARMv8-A platform and report on the complete verification of guest mode security properties in the HOL4 theorem prover.

International Conference on Cryptography and Blockchain (CRBL 2021) will act as a major forum for the presentation of innovative ideas, approaches, developments, and research projects in the areas of Cryptography and Blockchain. It will also serve to facilitate the exchange of information between researchers and industry professionals to discuss the latest issues and advancement in the area of Cryptography and Blockchain.

An important challenge associated with the current massive deployment of RFID solutions is to provide security to passive tags while meeting their µW power budget. This can either be achieved by designing new lightweight ciphers, or by proposing advanced low-power implementations of standard ciphers. In this paper, we show that the AES algorithm can fit into this µW power budget by combining ultra-low-voltage implementations with a proper selection of the process flavor in a low-cost nanometer CMOS technology. Interestingly, this approach only requires slight modifications to the standard EDA tool flow, without incurring the engineering costs of architecture optimizations. In order to demonstrate this claim, we successfully designed and manufactured an AES coprocessor in a 65 nm low-power CMOS process. We prove with measurement results obtained from a set of 20 manufactured dies that the proposed coprocessor can be safely operated down to 0.32 V with an energy per 128-bit encryption/decryption at least 2.75× lower than in previously published low-power AES implementations.

The profiled attacks challenge the security of cryptographic devices in the worst case scenario. We elucidate the reasons underlying the success of different profiled attacks (that depend essentially on the context) based on the well-known bias-variance tradeoff developed in the machine learning field. Note that our approach can easily be extended to non-profiled attacks. We show (1) how to decompose (in three additive components) the error rate of an attack based on the bias-variance decomposition, and (2) how to reduce the error rate of a model based on the bias-variance diagnostic. Intuitively, we show that different models having the same error rate require different strategies (according to the bias-variance decomposition) to reduce their errors. More precisely, the success rate of a strategy depends on several criteria such as its complexity, the leakage information and the number of points per trace. As a result, a suboptimal strategy in a specific context can lead the adversary to overestimate the security level of the cryptographic device. Our results also bring warnings related to the estimation of the success rate of a profiled attack that can lead the evaluator to underestimate the security level. In brief, certify that a chip leaks (or not) sensitive information represents a hard if not impossible task.

At CHES 2009, Renauld, Standaert and Veyrat-Charvillon introduced a new kind of attack called Algebraic Side-Channel Attacks (ASCA). They showed that side-channel information leads to effective algebraic attacks. These results are mostly experiments since strongly based on the use of a SAT solver. This article presents a theoretical study in order to explain and to characterize the algebraic phase of these attacks. We study more general algebraic attacks based on Gröbner methods. We show that the complexity of the Gröbner basis computations in these attacks depends on a new notion of algebraic immunity defined in this paper, and on the distribution of the leakage information of the cryptosystem. We also study two examples of common leakage models: the Hamming weight and the Hamming distance models. For instance the study in the case of the Hamming weight model gives that the probability of obtaining at least 64 (resp. 130) linear relations is about 50% for the substitution layer of PRESENT

We demonstrate physical side-channel attacks on a popular software implementation of RSA and ElGamal, running on laptop computers. Our attacks use novel side channels, based on the observation that the “ground” electric potential, in many computers, fluctuates in a computation-dependent way. An attacker can measure this signal by touching exposed metal on the computer’s chassis with a plain wire, or even with a bare hand. The signal can also be measured on the ground shield at the remote end of Ethernet, USB and display cables. Through suitable cryptanalysis and signal processing, we have extracted 4096-bit RSA keys and 3072-bit ElGamal keys from laptops, via each of these channels, as well as via power analysis and electromagnetic probing. Despite the GHz-scale clock rate of the laptops and numerous noise sources, the full attacks require a few seconds of measurements using Medium Frequency (MF) signals (around 2 MHz), or one hour using Low Frequency (LF) signals (up to 40  kHz).

Random Euclidean addition chain generation has proven to be an efficient low memory and SPA secure alternative to standard ECC scalar multiplication methods in the context of fixed base point [21]. In this work, we show how to generalize this method to random point scalar multiplication on elliptic curves with an efficiently computable endomorphism. In order to do so we generalize results from [21] on the relation of random Euclidean chains generation and elliptic curve point distribution obtained from those chains. We propose a software implementation of our method on various platforms to illustrate the impact of our approach. For that matter, we provide a comprehensive study of the practical computational cost of the modular multiplication when using Java and C standard libraries developed for the arithmetic over large integers.

Random Euclidean addition chain generation has proven to be an efficient low memory and SPA secure alternative to standard ECC scalar multiplication methods in the context of fixed base point [21]. In this work, we show how to generalize this method to random point scalar multiplication on elliptic curves with an efficiently computable endomorphism. In order to do so we generalize results from [21] on the relation of random Euclidean chains generation and elliptic curve point distribution obtained from those chains. We propose a software implementation of our method on various platforms to illustrate the impact of our approach. For that matter, we provide a comprehensive study of the practical computational cost of the modular multiplication when using Java and C standard libraries developed for the arithmetic over large integers.

The Adapted Modular Number System (AMNS) is an integer number system which aims to speed up arithmetic operations modulo a prime p. Such a system is defined by a tuple (p, n, γ, ρ, E), where p, n, γ and ρ are integers and E ∈ Z[X]. In [12] conditions required to build AMNS with E(X) = X n + 1 are provided. In this paper, we generalise their approach and provide a method to generate multiple AMNS for a given prime p with E(X) = X n − λ and λ ∈ Z \ {0}. Moreover, we propose a complete set of algorithms without conditional branching to perform arithmetic and conversion operations in the AMNS, using a Montgomery-like method described in [26]. We show that our implementation outperforms GNU MP and OpenSSL libraries. Finally, we highlight some properties of the AMNS which state that it could lead to a helpful countermeasure against some side channel attacks.

ABSTRACT Simulation is a very powerful tool for hardware designers. It generally allows the preliminary evaluation of a chip’s performance before its final tape out. As security against side-channel attacks is an increasingly important issue for cryptographic devices, simulation also becomes a desirable option for preliminary evaluation in this case. However, its relevance highly depends on the proper modeling of all the attack peculiarities. For example, several works in the literature directly exploit SPICE-like simulations without considering measurement peripherals. But the outcome of such analyses may be questionable, as witnessed by the recent results of Renauld et al. at CHES 2011, which showed how far the power traces of an AES S-box implemented using a dynamic and differential logic style fabricated in 65nm CMOS can lie from their post-layout simulations. One important difference was found in the linear dependencies between the (simulated and actual) traces and the S-box input/output bits. While simulations exhibited highly non-linear traces, actual measurements were much more linear. As linearity is a crucial parameter for the application of non-profiled side-channel attacks (which are only possible under the assumption of “sufficiently linear leakages”), this observation motivated us to study the reasons of such differences. Consequently, this work discusses the relevance of simulation in security evaluations, and highlights its dependency on the proper modeling of measurement setups. For this purpose, we present a generic approach to build an adequate model to represent measurement artifacts, based upon real data from equipment providers for our AES S-box case study. Next, we illustrate the transformation of simulated leakages, from highly non-linear to reasonably linear, exploiting our model and regression-based side-channel analysis. While improving the relevance of simulations in security evaluations, our results also raise doubts regarding the possibility to design dual-rail implementations with highly non-linear leakages.

ABSTRACT Intel and AMD support for the Carry-less Multiplication (CLMUL) instruction set in their x64 processors. We use CLMUL to implement an almost universal 64-bit hash family (CLHASH). We compare this new family with what might be the fastest almost universal family on x64 processors (VHASH). We find that CLHASH is at least 60% faster. Yet CLHASH has better universality while using about the same number of random bytes. We also compared CLHASH with a popular hash function designed for speed (Google's CityHash). We find that CLHASH is 40% faster than CityHash on inputs larger than 64 bytes and nearly as fast otherwise.

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