Applied Cryptography

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In this paper we discuss an efficient implementation for selective disclosure of attribute-based credentials on smart cards. In this context we concentrate on the implementation of this core feature of IBM's Identity Mixer (Idemix) technology. Using the MULTOS platform we are the first to provide this feature on a smart card. We compare Idemix with Microsoft's U-Prove technology, as the latter also offers selective disclosure of attributes and has been implemented on a smart card .

As communication technologies surged recently, the secrecy of shared information between communication parts has gained tremendous attention. Many Cryptographic techniques have been proposed/implemented to secure multimedia data and to allay public fears during communication. This paper expands the scope of audio data security via an enhanced genetic algorithm. Here, each individual (audio sample) is genetically engineered to produce new individuals. The enciphering process of the proposed technology acquires, conditions, and transforms each audio sample into bit strings. Bits fission, switching, mutation, fusion, and deconditioning operations are then applied to yield cipher audio signals. The original audio sample is recovered at the receiver's end through a deciphering process without the loss of any inherent message. The novelty of the proposed technique resides in the integration of fission and fusion into the traditional genetic algorithm operators and the use of a single ...

There is deepest intuitive analogy between what geneticists and what cryptographers are doing with hash functions. I attempt to continue further exploration of such remarkable world of genetics-as-a-cryptography. And today I would like to translate cancer' intuitions into cryptography language in order to find unexpected ideas, new imaginary and, may be, new strategies for understanding of the most difficult unsolved problem of modern medicine and molecular genetics-cancer problem.

Cellular Automata is one of the most fascinating disciplines. It is being used in many practical applications but it's used in cryptography is still not being explored. A technique of generating key for public key cryptography has been proposed in the work. The work also applies different tests to the data generated by the application developed to generate cryptography key. It is found that the key is generated follows the gap test and frequency test .Moreover, the coefficient of autocorrelation of the data generated is also apt. Therefore, the method can be safely used in public key cryptography. The strength of the key generated is being tested against AES.

Cryptography is playing an increasingly important role in the computing and telecommunications industry. The cryptographic schemes currently employed, however, are theoretically breakable given enough time and/or computing resources. Nevertheless, there exists one scheme, the One-Time-Pad, that is theoretically unbreakable given that it satisfies certain requirements. The One-Time-Pad, however, is challenged by serious constraints due to inherent deployment problems. The purpose of this thesis is to outline a pseudo One-Time-Pad-based security system whereby deployment requirements are satisfied while leveraging the inherent strengths of the One-Time-Pad encryption scheme. The One-Time-Pad, also known as the Vernam Cipher, provides unconditional security regardless of the computational resources available. This state of unconditional security is also known as perfect secrecy, and the Vernam Cipher is the only scheme capable of making that claim. There are, however, several strict re...

Instant messaging services are quickly becoming the most dominant form of communication among consumers around the world. Apple iMessage, for example, handles over 2 billion messages each day, while WhatsApp claims 16 billion messages from 400 million international users. To protect user privacy, many of these services typically implement end-to-end and transport layer encryption, which are meant to make eavesdropping infeasible even for the service providers themselves. In this paper, however, we show that it is possible for an eavesdropper to learn information about user actions, the language of messages, and even the length of those messages with greater than 96% accuracy despite the use of state-of-the-art encryption technologies simply by observing the sizes of encrypted packets. While our evaluation focuses on Apple iMessage, the attacks are completely generic and we show how they can be applied to many popular messaging services, including WhatsApp, Viber, and Telegram.

In this era of information technology and e-commerce security is the key aspect while transmitting confidential information over insecure network like internet. In order to protect the information, various security mechanisms are used. Cryptography is a technique of protecting secure information from unwanted individuals by converting it into unintelligible form. It is an emerging technology in the area of network security. In this paper critical analysis of some of the symmetric key block cipher algorithms DES, 3DES, AES, IDEA, Blowfish and RC2 is presented.

Cryptography is a field that has developed very rapidly with the number of algorithms that keep popping up with this type of symmetric and asymmetric which has advantages and disadvantages of each, one of the problems that arise in cryptography type of symmetric is the key distribution should be given sender to the receiver's tackle the key distribution process used a cryptographic protocol three pass protocol has a way of working in which the sender and receiver do not need to exchange keys.

Abstract — Genetic algorithm based Cryptanalysis has gained considerable attention due to its fast convergence time. This paper proposes a Genetic Algorithm (GA) based cryptanalysis scheme for breaking the key employed in Simplified- AES. Our proposed GA allows us to break the key using a Known Plaintext attack requiring a lower number of Plaintext-Ciphertext pairs compared to existing solutions. Moreover, our approach allows us to break
the S-AES key using also a Ciphertext-only attack. As far as we are concerned, it is the first time that GAs are used to perform this kind of attack on S-AES. Experimental results prove that our proposed fitness function along with GA have drastically reduced the search space by a factor of 10 in case of Known plain text and 1.8 in case of Ciphertext only attack.

Index Terms — Cryptanalysis, Genetic Algorithm, Plaintext, Ciphertext, Simplified-AES.

International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security (IJCSIS), Vol. 13, No. 10, October 2015

https://sites.google.com/site/ijcsis/
ISSN 1947-5500

There are many challenges for a forensic investigator when it comes to digital evidence. These include the constantly changing technology that may store evidence, the vast amounts of data that is stored, and the increasing use of cryptography. This last problem can prevent any useful information being retrieved and is encountered in the use of communication protocols, whole-disk encryption, and individual applications. Cryptography is a field of great depth and breadth, encompassing both complex mathematics and cutting-edge technology. A forensics investigator does not need to be aware of all aspects of this field, but there are certain areas that are vital. The knowledge described in this chapter can assist an investigator in obtaining information that may otherwise be obscured, and also prepare them to defend the integrity of any evidence obtained.

Cryptocurrency for Beginners Bear in mind that dissatisfaction with the current financial system gave rise to the development of the digital currency. High quality content, great conversions and happy customers click here now. Notwithstanding the many opinions predicting the death of cryptocurrency, bitcoin's performance has inspired many other digital currencies, especially in recent years. The success with crowdfunding brought on by the blockchain fever also attracted those out to scam the unsuspecting public and this has come to the attention of regulators. Beyond bitcoin Bitcoin has inspired the launching of many other digital currencies, There are currently more than 1,000 versions of digital coins or tokens. Not all of them are the same and their values vary greatly, as do their liquidity. Coins, altcoins and tokens It would suffice at this point to say there are fine distinctions between coins, altcoins and tokens. Altcoins or alternative coins generally describes other than the pioneering bitcoin, although altcoins like ethereum, litecoin, ripple, dogecoin and dash are regarded as in the 'main' category of coins, meaning they are traded in more cryptocurrency exchanges. High quality content, great conversions and happy customers click here now.

International Journal on Cryptography and Information Security ( IJCIS) is an open access peer reviewed journal that focuses on cutting-edge results in applied cryptography and Information security. It aims to bring together scientists, researchers and students to exchange novel ideas and results in all aspects of cryptography, coding and Information security.

The future developments of the wireless sensor networks and its applications demands for the efficient and secure communication. For the solution of efficient and reliable security needs cryptography algorithms provides good solutions. For providing reliable security schemes mainly data confidentiality now-a-days key management is used. This paper provides a review over cryptography schemes being used to deal with security issues of wireless sensor networks. ARTICLE HISTORY

The cryptography is the branch of Cryptology. It is a combination of mathematics and computer Science. It is the study of obscuring information in cyberspace. Cipher is a set of algorithm which comprise of encryption and decryption. The cipher paly important role in modern technology. The technologies involving communication including the Internet, Mobile Phones, Digital Television, and ATM machine rely on cipher in order to maintain security and privacy. Thinking about aforesaid importance of cipher in cryptography, in this article, we have designed a smallest cipher which may be efficient in RFID chips. The smallest cipher has been comprised of five mathematical operation: Exponentiation, Multiplication, Addition, Subtraction and Division based on systematic study of classical cipher. The proposed cipher is a keyless cipher, but it is very efficient in secret information passing.

International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks (IJWMN) is a bi monthly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of Wireless & Mobile Networks. The journal focuses on all technical and practical aspects of Wireless & Mobile Networks. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on advanced wireless & mobile networking concepts and establishing new collaborations in these areas.

Money is one of mankind's earliest and greatest inventions. Money, as we know it today has a long
evolutionary history. The process started from barter in ancient times and evolved into
cryptography-based money in modern times. The evolution process of money has always been
closely connected with the technological advancements in an economy and modern economy is
high-tech. The global economy is inevitably moving towards a digital eco-system which requires
a new and auspicious payments solution that better address the needs of the people involved. Over
the last couple of years, cryptocurrencies have gained rapid market growth as well as serious public
attention. The creator of the first cryptocurrency, Bitcoin, using the pseudonym Satoshi Nakamoto,
wrote a white paper titled ‘Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System’ and in his paper he
describes Bitcoin as a purely peer-to-peer version of electronic cash (Nakamoto, 2008). The
motivation of the creator behind Bitcoin was to develop an alternate payments solution to cash
while retaining the advantageous properties of cash.

The cryptography is the branch of Cryptology. It is a combination of mathematics and computer Science. It is the study of obscuring information in cyberspace. Cipher is a set of algorithm which comprise of encryption and decryption. The cipher paly important role in modern technology. The technologies involving communication including the Internet, Mobile Phones, Digital Television, and ATM machine rely on cipher in order to maintain security and privacy. Thinking about aforesaid importance of cipher in cryptography, in this article, we have designed a smallest cipher which may be efficient in RFID chips. The smallest cipher has been comprised of five mathematical operation: Exponentiation, Multiplication, Addition, Subtraction and Division based on systematic study of classical cipher. The proposed cipher is a keyless cipher, but it is very efficient in secret information passing.

International Journal on Foundations of Computer Science & Technology (IJFCST) is a Bi-monthly peer-reviewed and refereed open access journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of the Foundations of Computer Science & Technology. Over the last decade, there has been an explosion in the field of computer science to solve various problems from mathematics to engineering. This journal aims to provide a platform for exchanging ideas in new emerging trends that needs more focus and exposure and will attempt to publish proposals that strengthen our goals.

Now, in the 21st century, we can decipher the clues left for us in paintings, suspicious death reports, poetry, plays, and 20th century analyses of 16th century documents. They are like a time capsule intended to be discovered at a later time.
    We can find many Freemason and Rosicrucian clues in the 1603 portrait of Henry Wriothesley, Third Earl of Southampton, to whom Shakespeare dedicated “Venus and Adonis” in 1593.  It is called the “Tower Portrait” for its setting in the Tower Prison, from which Southampton had just emerged after serving a sentence for supporting the Essex Rebellion. Why was he eager to inform future generations that he was both a Rosicrucian and a Freemason? Is our present generation those “eyes not yet created” that Shakespeare predicted (in Sonnet 81) would make the “Fair Youth” immortal? 
    Was the Earl of Southampton Shakespeare’s patron, or was he the “Fair Youth” -- the natural son the poet could not acknowledge?  Shakespeare’s poems and plays show that he was a Freemason and a Rosicrucian. Yet there is a problem when we try to apply this knowledge to the Stratford resident, who had no connections to the secret societies. Research of the past century has identified the most probable user of the pen name “Shakespeare” as Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford.  Oxford had an affair with Elizabeth in 1572-73, leading to gossip that they had a child being raised as the Third Earl of Southampton. To protect Elizabeth’s political persona of “Virgin Queen,” Oxford used pen names. His enemies tried to destroy all his manuscripts, and they quickly suppressed the 1609 edition of the Sonnets. But Freemasons and Rosicrucian friends hid the documents and preserved them until after the would-be censors were dead.
      The love Oxford felt for Elizabeth and his son are presented dramatically in the movie Anonymous directed by Roland Emmerich, and in Helen Heightsman Gordon’s The Secret Love Story in Shakespeare’s Sonnets [2008]. Though fictional, Emmerich’s movie was based on ten years of solid research. Gordon’s literary criticism interprets the sonnets as they relate to the life experiences of Edward de Vere, based on 20 years of research on Shakespeare’s authorship.
      Although it is beyond the scope of this paper to refute other theories of Shakespearean authorship, a brief explanatory note follows the conclusion.

With the increased value of organizational data and evolution of Information Technology, that allows data availability and sharing, it grows the risk of inappropriate use of confidential corporative information. An approach often adopted to protect them is using file servers, but unfortunately the security mechanisms provided by these equipments are not enough. Therefore, the main objective of this study aims at developing a distributed file storage system that brings data security by using cryptographic techniques. To reach this objective, was done a research about the newest cryptographic techniques and methodologies that supplied the theoretical base to develop the file storage system called Crypto System. The software proposed in this work shows a high performance and security level which can help to protect the corporative data.

The cryptography is the art of protecting information by transforming encryption into unreadable
format called cipher text. Only those who possess a secret key can decipher the message into plaintext. 
Either single or more cryptographic primitives are often used to develop a more complex algorithm
which is called cryptosystem. Michael O. Rabin Cryptosystem can generate same ciphertext form
different plaintext as well as multiple plaintext from single cyphertext. There are a number of
techniques to reveal original plaintext, but none of them can separate similar cyphertext against each
plaintext generated from modular reduction arithmetic. Another problem is forgery attack on Rabin
signcryption algorithm and private key derivation. To solve those issues, a new cryptosystem has been
designed which can efficiently separate similar ciphertext against each plaintext by removing all of the
problem of Rabin cryptosystem identified in problem statements. The proposed cryptosystem
comprises five algorithms: Key generation, Encryption, Decryption, Signature generation and
Signature verification algorithm. To authenticate message, the syncryption algorithm has been
designed. The proposed cryptosystem  construction based on quadratic residue, quadratic quotient,
floor function and absolute value counting, Diffie-Hellman key exchange protocol, concept of Michael
O. Rabin signature algorithm, and probability theorem.  The advantage of proposed crypto intensive
technique is intended receiver gets only one plain value distinguishing the ciphertext against the
plaintext by verifying signature of sender. Another advantage is that the sender generate signature using
encrypted text and intended receiver can retrieve plaintext from signature through signature verification
system. The proposed crypto technique requires less time complexity and probably secure against man
in-the-middle attack, chosen plaintext, cyphertext attack and modular squaring attack. The newly
designed techniques uses random padding system including additional quotient and residuum. In terms
of signature, Rabin signature is pair but proposed cryptosystem uses 4-tuple signature system. 
Keywords:
Cryptosystem, key distribution protocol, Extended Euclidean Algorithm, Chinese Remainder Theorem,
Legendre Symbol, Congruence, ASCII- Code, Quadratic reciprocity, Jacobi Symbol, Dedekind sum.
Group isomorphism, Cipher, Biswas cryptosystem.

Security threats have been a major concern as a result of emergence of technology in every aspect including internet market, computational and communication technologies. To solve this issue effective mechanism of " cryptography " is used to ensure integrity, privacy, availability, authentication, computability, identification and accuracy. Cryptology techniques like PKC and SKC are used of data recovery. In current work, we describe exploration of efficient approach of private key architecture on the basis of attributes: effectiveness, scalability, flexibility, reliability and degree of security issues essential for safe wired and wireless communication. The work explores efficient private key algorithm based on security of individual system and scalability under criteria of memory–cpu utilization together with encryption performance .The exploration results in AES as superior over other algorithm. The work opens a new direction over cloud security and internet of things.

11th International Conference on Information Theory (IT 2022 ) will provide an excellent
international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and
applications of Information Theory. The goal of this conference is to bring together
researchers and practitioners  from academia and industry to  focus  on understanding  modern
Information Theory concepts and  establishing new  collaborations in these areas.  Authors are
solicited to  contribute  to  the  conference by  submitting articles that illustrat e research results,
projects, surveying works and industrial experiences that describe significant advances in the
areas of Information Theory and applications.

Cryptography is a field that has developed very rapidly with the number of algorithms that keep popping up with this type of
symmetric and asymmetric which has advantages and disadvantages of each, the algorithm Arnold's Cat Map is one type of
cryptographic algorithms to secure the digital image by performing iterations for n in the pixel image and the outcome can not be known
without knowing the value of a process of iteration

The Edge of Creative Destruction is a compilation of investigative economic writings on to what extent does bitcoin embodies the principles of the denationalization of money set forth by renowned Austrian economist, philosopher and Noble Peace Prize winner F. A. von Hayek. Furthermore does cryptocurrency proliferation of money constitutes a global shift towards Austrian economics. Cryptocurrency is a step toward the "denationalization of money" that was once advocated by F. A. von Hayek. According to the ECB (European Central Bank) the decentralization of the utility of money offered by Bitcoin crypto-economic theory has its roots in the Austrian School of Economics. The economic fundamentals of bitcoin are a lesson in the Austrian school of economics. Cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin are decentralized, cryptographic public money that is not issued by a centralized authority. Decentralized, distributed cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin, the grandfather of cryptocurrency, exist outside the regalia of government printed fiat as a sound store of value. Cryptocurrency is a clear departure from the epoch of Nation States' designated currencies.

The cryptographic literature is replete with algorithms for encryption and decryption which use a deck of cards as its source of randomness to generate a keystream. Two of the most well-known field ciphers of this type are Pontifex, a.k.a. Solitaire [3], and Chaocipher [4]. The following paper describes in full detail a field cipher which, to the best of the author's knowledge, is not currently used anywhere else. In contrast to the Pontifex and Chaocipher algorithms, which are primarily stream ciphers that operate on each bit or plaintext character, ISHTAR combines aspects of stream ciphers and block ciphers to achieve a high degree of confusion and diffusion. Furthermore, whereas Pontifex and Chaocipher require a great deal of practice to correctly encipher and decipher messages with no mistakes, two communicators can encipher and decipher messages with ISHTAR quickly without fear of mistakes, since the mental arithmetic involved is comparatively simple without sacrificing security. The author provides several examples of encryption and decryption with this algorithm, ventures an estimate of the entropy of the keyspace to justify confidence in the security of this algorithm, offers a few words of advice for effective use of this cipher with a deck of cards in the real world, and extends a challenge to the cryptographic community at large to identify specific weaknesses in the encryption algorithm that would contradict said confidence.

As communication technologies surged recently, the secrecy of shared information between communication parts has gained tremendous attention. Many Cryptographic techniques have been proposed/implemented to secure multimedia data and to allay public fears during communication. This paper expands the scope of audio data security via an enhanced genetic algorithm. Here, each individual (audio sample) is genetically engineered to produce new individuals. The enciphering process of the proposed technology acquires, conditions, and transforms each audio sample into bit strings. Bits fission, switching, mutation, fusion, and deconditioning operations are then applied to yield cipher audio signals. The original audio sample is recovered at the receiver's end through a deciphering process without the loss of any inherent message. The novelty of the proposed technique resides in the integration of fission and fusion into the traditional genetic algorithm operators and the use of a single ...

Genomic data holds salient information about the characteristics of a living organism. Throughout the last decade, pinnacle developments have given us more accurate and inexpensive methods to retrieve genome sequences of human beings. However, with the advancement of genomic research, there is a growing privacy concern regarding the collection, storage, and analysis of such sensitive data. Recent research results show that given some background information, it is possible for an adversary to re-identify an individual from any genomic dataset. In this thesis, we examine various data sharing models and study the potential privacy attacks in different real-life data sharing scenarios. We then propose appropriate privacy-preserving solutions using cryptographic and statistical techniques. Experimental results show that our proposed solutions are scalable and can guarantee both utility and privacy of the genomic data.

The trade business license certificate (SIUP) is a paper-based license to conduct trade businesses in Indonesia issued by the government. Until today, there is no mechanism for verifying the validity of document unless to verify it manually. The current paper presents a design that allows paper-based verification of the printed trade business license. It aims to provide the verification mechanism and ensure the document validity. Our design implemented digital signature with QR Code image that placed into the document and the digital certificate issued by a certification authority (CA). The proposed scheme generated 442 Bytes of data and version 14 of QR Code to scan easily by a reader device. The experimental result indicates that our scheme is easy and feasible to implement in Indonesia with guaranteed the document integrity, authentication, and nonrepudiation.

—In today's GSM networks, the security provided by the network operators is limited to the wireless links only. The information traveling over the wired links is insecure and weak encryption algorithms are used, therefore end-to-end security does not exist. The attacker is able to capture the traffic over the wireless link and decrypt it using specialized hardware. Short Message Service (SMS) is used widely all over the world which may contain sensitive and confidential information like banking systems. SMS spoofing applications are widely available through which any sender ID can be set. The objectives of this research includes, to provide end-to-end confidentiality, integrity and non-repudiation of SMS. The proposed scheme uses symmetric key and identity based techniques for encryption and key management. The overhead involved due to addition of control information may increase the message length but the computational delay due to cryptographic operation on the device is negligible on 1GHz+ processors. With the proposed scheme, any leakage either on the wireless or wired link will not result in any disclosure of the information or compromise of integrity.

Today is the era of Internet and networks applications. So,Information security is a challenging issue in today’s technological world. There is a demand for a stronger encryption which is very hard to crack. The role of Cryptography is most important in the field of network security. There is a broad range of cryptographic algorithms that are used for securing networks and presently continuous researches on the new cryptographic algorithms are going on for evolving more advanced techniques for secures
communication. In this study is made for the cryptography algorithms, particularly algorithms- AES, DES, RSA, Blowfishare compared and performance is evaluated. Also some enhanced algorithms are described and compared with the enhanced algorithms.
Keywords - AES, DES, BLOWFISH, Decryption, Encryption, Security