Palmprint Recognition

Electronic passports have known a wide and fast employment all around the world since the International
Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) the human race has adopted standards whereby electronic passports
can store biometrics identifiers. The purpose of electronic passports is to prevent the illegal entry of
traveler into a particular country and frontier the use of counterfeit documents by more accurate
recognition of an individual. The electronic passport, as it is sometimes called, represents a bold initiative
in the employment of two new technologies: Cryptography protocols and biometrics. An electronic passport
contains the significant personal information of holder such as photo, name, date of birth and place,
nationality, date of issue, date of expiry, authority and so on. The goal of the adoption of the electronic
passport is not only to expedite dealing out at border crossings, but also to increase safety measures and
privacy. Important in their own right, electronic passports are also the harbinger of a wave of nextgeneration
electronic passports: numerous national governments plan to set up electronic passport
integrating cryptography safety measures algorithm and biometrics. We walk around the privacy and safety
measures implications of this impending worldwide experiment in biometrics certification technology. We
describe privacy issues that apply to electronic passports, and then analyze these issues in the context of
the ICAO standard for electronic passports. An overall safety measures process that involves people,
technology and procedures can overcome limitations of the cryptography protocols and biometrics
technologies.

Biometric recognition by hand geometry has a large number of measurements that may be used for authentication. The higher number of attributes, the harder is to define the importance of each one. In this paper, we analyze the use of a Genetic Algorithm-based approach in improving Equal Error Rate (EER) performance for biometric authentication by hand geometry. We used an own data set of dorsal and palm images of hand in a controlled environment to validate our approach. As the best results, the genetic algorithm decreased the equal error rate up to 0% in the training set and 0.01% for the test set. Additionally, a relative improvement of 90.91% was achieved by GA in the best case for the test set.

Biometric is one type of physical characteristics that can be used for person identification as it has uniqueness. Palm vein is one of individual biometrics that attracts researcher attention recently. The advantages of palm vein compared to others are that palm vein represent if someone is still alive or dead, palm vein is hidden under the human skin, and palm vein is quite impossible to be imitated. However, a study related to the application of biometric identification based on palm vein is still rarely done. Several methods and the implementations need to be observed, while the performances have to be proved as well.
This study is aimed to apply Principal Component Analysis (PCA) as the feature extraction method and Probabilistic Neural Network (PNN) as the classification method. PCA is capable to reduce the feature dimension size, but still maintaining the important feature. So, the computational load is getting faster without damaging the extracted features. Meanwhile, PNN is a classification method that is known as a quick method in the training process but still optimizing the performance.
The data set used in this research comes from Casia Database Multispectral. Some observations are done to obtain the optimal parameters setting. The highest accuracy obtained during the testing phase is 84% with the feature length used is 180 and the value of g is 0.001 for classifying 50 distinct individuals.

A biometric passport, also known as an e-passport, ePassport or a digital passport, is a combined paper and electronic passport that contains biometric information that can be used to authenticate the identity of travelers. It uses contactless smart card technology, including a microprocessor chip (computer chip) and antenna (for both power to the chip and communication) embedded in the front or back cover, or center page, of the passport. Electronic passports include contactless chip which stores personal data of the passport holder, information about the passport and the issuing institution. In its simplest form an electronic passport contains just a collection of read-only files, more advanced variants can include sophisticated cryptographic mechanisms protecting security of the document and / or privacy of the passport holder. The passport's critical information is both printed on the data page of the passport and stored in the chip. Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) is used to authenticate the data stored electronically in the passport chip making it expensive and difficult to forge when all security mechanisms are fully and correctly implemented. The specific choice of each country as to biometric security features to include makes a major difference in the level of security and privacy protection.