Corporation

All rights reserved June 2009 The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The World Bank Group encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission to reproduce portions of the work promptly.

The selection and scheduling of a portfolio of projects is a task frequently found among the strategical activities performed by management staff in several industries. When choosing a project to be selected and scheduled into a portfolio, managers have to deal with conflicting criteria, resource constraints, distinct scenarios, and changes during the planning and execution phases. In this work, we describe the functionalities of a decision support system (DSS) prototype designed to help managers make better decisions, when constructing a portfolio of projects. The DSS software was developed to solve portfolio selection problems originating at a large corporation in the power generation industry. It implements a heuristic algorithm, which finds solutions at least 10% better than a manually produced solution for a real-world input instance.

Textile and confection sector is one of the leading fields of socio-economical activity, regarding its technological state, economical efficiency and social interaction. Marketing conditions became harder within the recent years of 2000, urging this crucial sector for Turkey's economy to aim taking new and radical measures and bounding it to determine its production system focused on the quality. In this article, we studied the effects of quality management practices in difficult marketing conditions, regarding the competitive capability of textile industry.

The ESA contained much more than just the legislation to create the SFC. John Deutch, under secretary of the Department of Energy during the Carter administration, argues that it passed because it contained "something for everyone" and because the windfall profits tax funded almost everything in the ESA. As an example, it was probably the first legislation to authorize and fund a study of the climate effects of greenhouse gases: Title VII-Acid Precipitation Program and Carbon Dioxide Study.

A number of people have claimed that the ongoing financial crisis has revealed the problems with neoliberal thought and neoliberal policies in the 'Atlantic Heartland'. However, if we look at the history of the 'Heartland' economies then it becomes evident that they were never neoliberal in the first place - that is, the economic policies and discourses in these countries did not follow neoliberal prescriptions. /We Have Never Been Neoliberal/ explores this divergence between neoliberal theory and 'neoliberal' practice by focusing on the underlying contradictions in monetarism, private monopolies, and financialization. The book finishes by proposing a 'manifesto for a doomed youth' in which it argues that younger generations should refuse to pay interest on anything in order to avoid the trap of debt-driven living.

The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent.

Duplex Architekten sind ein «junges» Büro. Mit ihrem Bei-trag für die Genossenschaftssiedlung «Mehr als Wohnen» haben Anne Kaestle und Dan Schürch viel Aufmerksamkeit auf sich gezogen. Weitere Wettbewerbsgewinne folgten. Auch wenn die meisten Projekte noch im Bau oder auf Papier sind. Wir haben das Büro in Zürich besucht und Einblicke in ihren bereits reichhaltigen Fundus an Ideen, Konzepten und viel-versprechenden Projekten erhalten.

EN SU FORMA MÁS BÁSICA, un bono es una cosa muy sencilla. Usted le presta a una empresa algún dinero, por ejemplo, 1 000 dólares. La empresa le paga intereses en forma regular y reembolsa el monto original del préstamo de 1 000 dólares en algún momento en el futuro. Pero el bono también puede tener características complejas, y en 2008, un tipo de bono conocido como valores respaldados por hipotecas, o MBS (siglas de mortgage-backed security), estaba causando graves estragos en el sistema fi nanciero global.

he main objective of this paper was to discuss the structure of the modern corporation, the nature of agency problem and the use of employee share option schemes in reducing the agency problem. The paper was done on a discussion basis, making use of the existing literature and existing evidence from media reports and company news. It was noted that design of executive compensation should align the interests of management with the shareholders and thereby induce managers to exert efforts to increase the firm's value. An optimally designed scheme would seek to provide risk-averse managers with cost-effective incentives to exert effort and make value-maximizing decisions. The ideal exercise price with respect to such a scheme should depend on a various situations that are likely to vary from executive to executive, from company to company, from industry to industry, and from time to time.

Сьогодні процедура примусового викупу акцій мажоритарними акціонерами у міноритаріїв у багатьох країнах світу є
ефективним засобом захисту прав великих інвесторів і популярним тактичним прийомом, що дозволяє ефективно регулювати
процес корпоративного управління в господарських організаціях,
інструментарієм, який сприяє недопущенню корпоративних конфліктів між учасниками та паралізації діяльності підприємств.
За даними Національного депозитарію України станом на
01 вересня 2021 року в Україні було зареєстровано 386 процедури сквіз-аут. При цьому, не можливо не відзначити на багатьох
спірних моментах, пов’язаних із запровадженням відповідного механізму в національну правову екосистему (правомірність
втручання). Механізм примусового позбавлення права власності
був також предметом судового розгляду Федеральним конституційним Судом Німеччини.

Current Supreme Court's decision have made the stand apparently clear in India that the Corporation can be prosecuted as a separate legal entity even in the offences where the punishment is imprisonment. This Paper explains the present status of India on Corporate Criminal Liability and how judicial decision is inconsistent with the legal provisions. It further provides the current situation about the corporate criminal liability in the International scenario. The apex court's decision under various matters reflects the gravity of the concerned problem i.e being faced by the aggrieved parties. The Concept of "No soul to kick" has become obsolete and applicability of lifting the corporate veil has unveiled the sheath. The current research on this subject have been included and it is substantiated with the effect of recent Supreme Court's judgement and also focused on the dilemmatic situation of the Court's decision.

A company is treated as a separate legal entity distinct from its promoters, directors, members, and employees. The legal fiction of separate legal personality is, however, often used as a veil by corporations to escape criminal liability. The present paper tries to identify legal issues surrounding fastening of criminal liability on corporates. It delves into the element of "mens rea" and also the compelling circumstances when courts disregard the corporate form and pierce the corporate veil 1 . The paper in its attempt to identify the legal standards and relevant considerations and for piercing the veil, picks up some of the most recent and notable cases, including the much debated Vodafone Case 2 to reflect upon what goes into judges" head when they choose to compromise one legal principle for another. The paper then proceeds to raise one of the most important aspects of imposing criminal liability on corporation, i.e. liability of a parent company for the criminal wrongs of its subsidiary, particularly, in the context of Bhopal Gas case. 3 It highlights the key findings of the decision to answer whether a parent company should be held liable for wrongs of its subsidiary. The paper concludes with a brief summary of the findings and authors" own personal approach to the same.

The police archives of 18th century Paris reveal a preponderance of workers who were active outside of institutions, and have thus remained obscure. Amongst them, painters and sculptors “sans qualité” (“without qualification”) constituted a large, heterogeneous, and mobile population. A quantitative evaluation indicates that artisans, artists and merchants “sans qualité” active in the areas of the fine and decorative arts, the art market, and construction, represented hundreds of people. At once juridically marginalized and economically integrated, these painters and sculptors “sans qualité” participated de facto in the institutional deregulations of the second half of the 18th century that drove the undermining of the guild system and the liberalisation of the status of the artist. More specifically, in the domain of social art history, police archives can fill in biographical lacunae and shed light on artistic practice, production, and workshops. This study will also show how at the beginning of their careers, young artists constituted a major subject of rivalry between Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture and the Parisian guild of painters and sculptors, and investigates the possibility of pursuing an artistic vocation outside of institutional confines.

In this book, Robert Wallace shows that the repeated pronouncements of the death of Hegel's philosophical system have been premature. Wallace brings to light unique arguments in Hegel for the reality of freedom, of God, and of knowledge-each of them understood as intimately connected to nature, but not as reducible to it-and for the irrationality of egoism. And Wallace systematically answers many of the major criticisms that have been leveled at Hegel's system, from Feuerbach, Kierkegaard, and Marx through Heidegger and Charles Taylor. The book provides detailed interpretations of the major works of Hegel's mature system-his entire Philosophy of Spirit, most of his indispensable Science of Logic, and key parts of his Philosophy of Nature and Philosophy of Right. With the exception of Chapters 4 and 5, which will particularly interest advanced students, Hegel's Philosophy of Reality, Freedom, and God is written for students of philosophy at all levels. Wallace explains Hegel's terminology thoroughly, analyzes many important passages from Hegel's works in detail, and outlines alternative approaches (Plato's, Hume's, and Kant's, among others), so that the distinctiveness of Hegel's solutions becomes apparent.

The Levantine business community—the Sursuqs, Bustruses, Tuenis,
Khuris, Debbases, Trads, Tabets, Naggiars, and Farahs—created large agricultural estates in the Levant and established company branches in Beirut, Alexandria, Haifa, London, Liverpool, Paris, and Marseille in the mid-nineteenth century. Against both culturalist and new institutional paradigms, I argue that the trajectories of the Levantine firms were much like those of their European counterparts; Dutch and English capitalism—what came to be recognized as modern forms of capitalism—developed out of long-distance trade and relied on forms of coerced and semi-coerced labor as well as other so-called “noncapitalist” or “precapitalist” elements. Beirut-based companies relied on tenant contracts, sharecropping, and other forms of labor control rooted in the
Ottoman social formation. Drawing upon the unexplored private papers of these business families in Beirut and a diverse collection of documents from Istanbul, Beirut, Jerusalem, London, Liverpool, and Marseille in Arabic, German, Ottoman Turkish, and French, this paper examines the parallels and the links between the business practices of the Levantine joint-stock companies and their European partners. It contends that the development of nineteenth-century capitalism relied on several different institutions and relations of production formulated and articulated on both sides of the Mediterranean and in the competition between them. Only after World War I, because of settler-colonialism, the settlement of nomads, and large-scale European capital investment backed by imperial power, did Levantine capital accumulation begin to take a form that was subordinate to Europe.

Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. Terms of use: Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your personal and scholarly purposes. You are not to copy documents for public or commercial purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. If the documents have been made available under an Open Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence.

The relevance of the study is determined by the need to establish corporate responsibility for breach of
legislation. In this regard, this paper is aimed at identifying features of competition and corporate responsibility for breach
of competition law. Particular attention is drawn to the case when corporations become monopolists and, in fact, dictate
market rules. Consideration of the development aspect of competition law suggests that it largely limits the growth of
corporate business and forces corporations to formulate strategies for splitting the business, thereby determining the
conduct of business. In the modern world, where business is in many respects globalised, such measures can lead to a
decrease in market indicators and form a dependence on the operations of certain corporations in the local market. The
leading method to the study of this issue is the modelling method, which allows to consider this problem as a targeted
and organised procedure related to the improvement and application of competition law, as well as the protection and
development of competition. The novelty of the study lies in the possibility of limiting the activities of a corporation in a
market that is occupied by it and where there is no practical competition. The authors consider the mechanism of selfregulation as a source of domestic competition law. The paper determines that self-regulation processes are also subject
to state supervision and thus corporate self-regulation becomes an aspect of the regulation of competition enforcement
by the state at large. The practical significance of the study is determined by the structural feature of the corporation as a
quasi-state mechanism and the regulation of external relations between the state and corporations as tax residents on
this basis.

The main objective of this study is to expose the corporative income taxation granted by the legislations of different Latin American countries, trying to identify and analyze trends that  emerge  from  such treatment. This paper does not intend to make a critical or comprehensive analysis of the corporative income taxation. This paper identifies the most important issues of the resident’s income taxation, deductible expenses, non-resident taxation and withholdings, and the anti-avoidance measures introduced by the domestic legislation of Latin American countries in order to avoid the base erosion.

The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed here are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Board of Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank cannot guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in the work do not imply on the part of the World Bank any judgment of the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and Permissions The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission promptly.

The authors proposed the concept of constructing a coordination centre for planning, covering the main aspects of the formation of a single financial plan for the corporation. In the course of scientific research, an original system for the creation of a single financial plan was developed, which provides automation of the planning, analysis and adjustment of financial plans. The authors calculated the economic efficiency and performance of the proposed Center on the example of a real corporation. The research hypothesis is based on the fact that financial planning is an important, significant tool, the need for modelling, including what-if analysis, reconfiguration of bottom-up/top-down information flows, data consolidation and viewing of historical information, as well as reporting and a graphical representation of the data is unthinkable without the use of special computer programs.

From the start of the PRC's "corporatization" project in the late 1980s, a Chinese corporate governance regime subject to increasingly enabling legal norms has been determined by mandatory regulations imposed by the PRC securities regulator, the CSRC. Indeed, the Chinese corporate law system has been cannibalized by allencompassing securities regulation directed at corporate governance, at least for companies with listed stock. This article traces the path of that sustained intervention, and makes a case-wholly contrary to the "quack corporate governance" critique much aired in the U.S.that for the PRC this phenomenon is necessary and appropriate, and benign. That analysis in turn reveals a great deal about: the development of Chinese law and legal institutions after 1979; China's contemporary political economy; the true identity of the firm under the PRC "corporatization without privatization" program; the normative character and function of corporate law across increasingly globalized capital markets; and the ways in which state intervention may protect against state abuse of power and enable greater private autonomy. For analysts of China's contemporary political system, this article uncovers a new identity of the Chinese party state's horizontally-oriented "fragmented authoritarianism", where a central government agency has instituted pre-enforcement designs which systemically constrain the economic and directorial power of the PRC's most powerful, formally non-governmental, political economic actors.

I Abstract The scope for an anthropology of mining has been dramatically transformed since the review by Ricardo Godoy, published in this review journal in 1985. The minerals boom of the 1980s led to an aggressive expansion of mine development in greenfield areas, many of them the domains of indigenous communities. Under considerable pressure, the conventional binary contest between states and corporations over the benefits and impacts of mining has been widened to incorporate the representations of local communities, and broad but unstable mining communities now coalesce around individual projects. Focused primarily on projects in developing nations of the Asia-Pacific region, this review questions the often-monolithic characterizations of state, corporate, and community forms of agency and charts the debate among anthropologists involved in mining, variously as consultants, researchers, and advocates, about appropriate terms for their engagement.

The study conceptualized Multinational Corporation and community development (MCS) in Nigeria. The study remarks  that,  the  economic  life  of  the  host  communities  in  Niger  Delta  states  have  been  devastated  by  oil exploration activities. Moreover it also discovered that, the development activities of the oil companies do not tickle down to the grassroots for whom they were intended and the so called development activities of  the oil companies are to further gain access to more operation area rather than intended to aid the people. It also finds out  that  the  oil  companies  have  no  long  term  developmental  plan  for  the  area,  they  operate.  Thus  the  paper recommends  a  revision  of  the  revenue  sharing  formular  whereby  the  people  manage  their  resources  and  pay dividend  to  the  federal  government.  The  another,  therefore  recommended  that  a  strong  legislations  should  be enacted  to  a  compel  multination  to  obey  human  rights  laws  in  these  communities  in  Niger  Delta  states  and finally advocated that transparency should be employed in choosing the community in Niger Delta States.

Are corporations merely composites of individuals, which then take on the rights and duties of individuals, or are they concessions from a sovereign government and therefore subject to popular control? The latter view in this perennial debate has been particularly influential to those who see the idea of corporate personhood as fundamentally anti-democratic and destructive. While sympathetic to the goals of these critics, this paper aims to show that “corporate personality” is not, in itself, a dangerous or malignant concept. I attempt to revive a long-dormant view of corporations that says they are real entities that depend upon the actions of both individuals and states but are reducible to neither. I argue that this realness is grounded in the specific sorts of relationships that corporations are functionally dependent upon. This relational approach to corporate personality helps us understand how normative and critical political theory should approach the corporation.

I Abstract The scope for an anthropology of mining has been dramatically transformed since the review by Ricardo Godoy, published in this review journal in 1985. The minerals boom of the 1980s led to an aggressive expansion of mine development in greenfield areas, many of them the domains of indigenous communities. Under considerable pressure, the conventional binary contest between states and corporations over the benefits and impacts of mining has been widened to incorporate the representations of local communities, and broad but unstable mining communities now coalesce around individual projects. Focused primarily on projects in developing nations of the Asia-Pacific region, this review questions the often-monolithic characterizations of state, corporate, and community forms of agency and charts the debate among anthropologists involved in mining, variously as consultants, researchers, and advocates, about appropriate terms for their engagement.

This paper focuses on the reflections of a doctoral research that evaluated the challenges of the adoption and implementation of a knowledge management (KM) initiative through the experiences of the knowledge champions. The African/Nigerian socio-cultural view was used to explore the narrative accounts of the knowledge champions. A case study research was carried out using qualitative approaches. Interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) was used in data analysis. The findings demonstrated the ability to ground KM adoption within a socio-cultural specific context helped in making sense of the organizational KM experience. The paper serves as an academic expression to the current generation of KM researchers and practitioners of African/Nigerian descent and takes time to reflect on African/Nigerian socio-cultural realities in KM adoption. The use of African psychology steps outside of the limits of Western KM theory to evaluate the KM experiences in this organization. As such, i...

In the face of competitive and dynamic business environment, it is pertinent that business entities should strive to create a cutting edge manpower development in order to remain in the frontline of business. This can however be achieved with the effective utilization of its human capital. This study therefore examined manpower development and employee job performance in the public & private sectors. Cross sectional survey served as a method of data collection. A total of 100 questionnaires were administered to employees using probability sampling technique in both sectors and 88 of the distributed questionnaires were retrieved. The Chi square method was used to test research hypotheses. The findings of the study showed that staff training is not given higher priority and consideration in the public sector compared to the private sector. Findings from the study also revealed that private sector believes in human capital as the most valued asset that can help drive organizational gro...

Процесс концентрации и централизации капитала, обусловленный переходом от натурального хозяйства к товарному привел к изменению экономического представление о юридическом лице, совершенствования правовой составляющей этой конструкции. Бесспорно, что с помощью теории фикции Ф. К. Савиньи раскрывается основная концептуальная идея обоснования природы юридического лица через концентрацию имущества и денежных средств в руках автономного субъекта права, ограничения гражданско-правовой ответственности физического лица за результаты деятельности такого субъекта, обеспечило быстрое развитие этой правовой конструкции. Однако, сегодня мы наблюдаем потребность в положительной деформации этого концепта. Через собственные особые черты, которые раскрываются в признаках самостоятельной юридической ответственности и автономной участия в гражданском обороте юридическое лицо становится средством неправомерных действий в гражданском обороте связанных с ней физических лиц. Компенсаторностю этого обстоятельства выступает расширение границ юридической ответственности физических лиц за результаты деятельности юридического лица, а также фрагментарное сужение автономии ее участия в гражданском обороте, в частности в части защиты своих субъективных гражданских прав. Итак, определяя современный взгляд на природу юридического лица мы синтезируем положения теории фикции Ф. К. Савиньи и положения о сущности человеческого субстрата в жизни юридического лица, которые развернуты в теории интереса Р. Иерингу в единую интегративную теорию.

Contents as aerospace, automobile manufacturing, shipbuilding, shoes, textiles, steel, and tourism and leisure. Globally SOEs account for 20 percent of investment and 5 percent of employment. In Africa SOEs produce around 15 percent of GDP, in Asia 8 percent, and in Latin America 6 percent. In Central and Eastern Held by the Visible Hand

Cumulative voting: Cumulative voting allows minority shareholders to cast all their votes for one candidate. Suppose that a publicly traded company has two shareholders, one holding 80 percent of the votes and another with 20 percent. Five directors need to be elected. Without a cumulative voting rule, each shareholder must vote separately for each director. The majority shareholder will get all five seats, as s/he will always outvote the minority shareholder by 80:20. Cumulative voting would allow the minority shareholder to cast all his/her votes (five times 20 percent) for one board member, thereby allowing his/her chosen candidate to win that seat.

We are pleased to present you with this book which is the effect of the international cooperation between the Research Group of the Commercial Law acting at the Faculty of Law and Administration of the University of Silesia and representatives of foreign university departments of private law from Austria, the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Ukraine. The “Evolution of Private Law – New Challenges” continues the collective publications issued in 2014, 2015 and 2017. Private law is not a subject that currently suffers from a scarcity of interesting and great scientific publications, but our first thought was to create some space for authors from different European countries to present new visions and development paths for that area of law. This year’s edition is dedicated to the new challenges facing national legislators regarding the adjustment of their legal systems to some international regulations on private law. A broad range of authors – academics from the above mentioned countries – substantially contribute to strengthen and widen the comparative law research. This publication is dedicated primarily to civil law academics, but it also addresses the issues relevant to the legal practice. Most of the articles can be useful in the didactic process at law studies as well.