Comparative Private Law

Ringraziamenti XI Premessa dell'Autore XV X Class Action. Dalla comparazione giuridica alla formazione del giurista Titolo del capitolo XV PREMESSA DELL'AUTORE «C'era una volta un uomo proprietario di un asino e di un cavallo. Un giorno -mentre viaggiavano per la strada -l'asino, rivolgendosi al cavallo, disse: "Prendi un po' del mio carico se non vuoi che io muoia". L'altro, tuttavia, non volle saperne. Quindi, l'asino -sfinito dagli stenti -stramazzo e morì. A quel punto il padrone trasferì sul dorso del cavallo tutto il carico e in più la pelle dell'asino. Questi, gravato da tutto questo peso, esclamò piangendo: "Ahimè disgraziato! Che cosa mi è mai successo, povero infelice! Per aver rifiutato una parte di quel peso, ora sono costretto a doverlo sostenere tutto, e con esso pure la pelle dell'asino!"» 1 .

in Research for Development Multidisciplinary Design of Sharing Services (M. Bruglieri ed.), Springer Polimi, 2018.

The article describes the main legal challenges for regulating the sharing (or collaborative) economy in Europe and explains how the existing body of EU law applies to these new business models. In the last part, it makes a few brief comments on the need for future regulation.

Against the backdrop of the predominant legal positivism, this book strives to depict private law as a complex social phenomenon interacting with human culture as a whole and its history. The author sketches the national jurisdictions belonging to the Western legal tradition, as well as the supranational trends that point towards a global law. In particular, the rise of a European law is accounted for not only within the framework of the Union, but also through the development of a rediscovered ius commune that has emerged from comparative studies conducted by scholars and from the dialogue among national and international courts. Traditional doctrines regarding juridical facts and rights are presented as analytical tools aimed to construct a jurisprudence that extends beyond national borders.

In the British Academy of Songwriters, Composers and Authors (BASCA) and others v Secretary of State for Business, Innovation and Skills case, the High Court of Justice in matter of private copy exception provides the twofold prime opportunity to shed light on the state of the art of copyright in the UK and to flesh out the idea of 'legal hysteresis’. I support the reintroduction of the private copy exception, possibly in a less narrow fashion, and I explain the reasons why I am confident that my expectations will be fulfilled.

This work addresses the impact of language diversity and nation-specific doctrinal structures on harmonized company law in the EU. With this aim, two emblematic case studies will be analysed. The first case study is related to the definition of 'merger' adopted in the Company Law Directive 2017/1132 (originally in the Third Company Law Directive and the Cross-Border Merger Directive); by relying on the example of the SEVIC case decided by the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU), it will be shown that scholars' and courts' conception of the definition of 'merger' varies according to own domestic doctrinal structures. The second case study is related to the notion of 'registered office', which is key for establishing the scope of several harmonizing provisions and the freedom of establishment; this paper analyses termi-nological fluctuations across language versions of EU legislation and the impact of domestic taxonomies and legal debates upon the interpretation of these notions. These case studies show that company law concepts, despite their highly technical nature, are influenced by discourse constructions conducted within national interpretative communities, and by the language used to draft statutory instruments and discuss legal issues. The task of the CJEU is to counterbalance these local tendencies, and yet it is unlikely that doctrinal structures, rooted in national languages and legal cultures, will disappear.

Protéger la possession des biens meubles et immeubles d’une personne étrangère à Rome, à l’Époque classique romaine constitue, de notre perspective, une noble conception juridique qu’une cité puisse en exprimer dans sa politique vis-à-vis des étrangers.

La propriété romaine supposait des nombreux débats. C’était une institution très complexe du point de vue politique.

La possession supposait des nombreuses évaluations factuelles. C’était une institution très complexe du point de vue juridique.

Rome avait agi au sens de la protection de la possession, donc, de la paix sociale, et, par cela, elle avait agi le vois humaniste de la factualité non-politique (d’oportunité, au sens du Gaius).

La possession est une institution humaniste et universaliste par définition. En protégeant la possession, la bonne foi, la liberté des affaires et l’équité universelle, Rome avait protégé quelques unes des valeurs juridiques qui représentent le squelette de l’idéologie des droits fondamentaux de l’Homme contemporain.

L’actio Publiciana, par l’intermède des deux fictions juridiques qu’elle implique (l’usucapion instantanée et celle de la citoyenneté Romaine pour des circonstances juridictionnelles d’opportunité)  représente l’épitomé de cet humanisme juridique avant la lettre. Celui-ci est un humanisme juridique qui anticipe l’humanisme européen de l’époque moderne, un «humanisme » connu par la Dacia Felix, Tres Daciae, et respectivement, Dacia Romana pendant l’époque de son genèse, cela classique.

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This paper is designed upon a comparative research design set out to investigate socio-legal historical accounts of customs by using case law from different decisions of Uganda’s family courts. The case law precedents used are drawn upon ancestral communities of natives that comprise the Buganda region of Central Uganda in East Africa. Those cases shall aid this discussion by demonstrating how some of the African cultures have for years used and continue to use family law courts as strategic institutions for consolidating the continued promotion and preservation of their cultural norms. The two-family law cases that are furthering the above legal analysis include that of Kabali v Kajubi a court decision made during colonial times and Bruno Kiwuwa v. Ivan Serunkuma and Juliet Namazzi a much latter decision made in the post-colonial context. A case study-based research design is used in choosing Baganda, as one of the Bantu tribe in Uganda. This choice not a symbolic of preferential treatment to Baganda than other Ugandan tribes but it is solely used as an illustrative representation of Afrocentric family law systems.

Portuguese report to the Common Core of European Private Law volume on "immoral contracts". Report includes analysis of case scenarios on a range of issues, from sex work to surrogacy, from freedom to marry to inheritance issues, from suretyships to usury.

Chocolate Santa Claus is (not) coming to town! La sentenza cilena sul «Viejito Pascuero» e l'esigenza di rimediare le regole sul food marketing nell'interesse dei minori La scheda di iscrizione è disponibile sul sito: www.dirittocomparato.org SEGRETERIA DEL COLLOQUIO La disciplina della comunicazione B2C nel mercato agro-alimentare europeo fra scelte di acquisto consapevoli e scelte di acquisto sostenibili. TERZA SESSIONE FOOD AND MULTICULTURALITY (RELIGIOUS CONSTRAINTS, VEGETARIAN, NEW FOOD) COORDINA Maria Donata PANFORTI PARTECIPANO Roberto D'ORAZIO Il principio di eguaglianza e la libertà di pensiero alla prova delle "dottrine" alimentari Cinzia PICIOCCHI Le scelte alimentari come manifestazioni d'identità ed il loro rapporto con gli ordinamenti giuridici Livia SAPORITO, Antonio FUCCILLO Il cibo degli dei: diritti religiosi e mercati alimentari Lucia SCAFFARDI Food Law tra sicurezza alimentare e innovazione: la sfida ancora aperta dei Novel Food Elettra STRADELLA Giudaismo e cibo: un binomio antico e nuove tendenze alla prova del multiculturalismo POMERIGGIO: ORE 14.30 -18.30 QUARTA SESSIONE AGRI-FOOD CHAIN AND MARKETS COORDINA Gabriella AUTORINO PARTECIPANO Irene CANFORA Raggiungere un equilibrio nella filiera agroalimentare. Strumenti di governo del mercato e regole contrattuali Pamela LATTANZI Gli integratori alimentari botanici: un caso emblematico di prodotto di frontiera Anna Maria MANCALEONI Le pratiche commerciali nella filiera agroalimentare e la tutela della parte debole VENERDÌ 24 MAGGIO 2019 Palazzo dell'Università Via dell'Università, 12

Cross-selling is together with up-selling one of basic methods how an entrepreneur can increase his revenues or how he can help to increase revenues of his business partner (in case he is combining sale of his own products with sale of complementary products provided by a different entrepreneur). In comparison to up-selling which does not have a specific legal regulation except of compliance with general requirements of client´s consent thereto (and, of course, in case the client benefits from his legal position as consumer, also with consumer protection regulation), cross-selling is particularly and specifically regulated – by EU law on one side as well as domestic laws on the other. In this paper we take a closer look at both these levels of regulations and at the same time we pay a special attention to cross-selling of financial and non-financial products.

This paper considers the phenomenon of bitcoins, the best known cryptocurrency, commonly pre-sented as a means of self regulation, because its circulation does not require the intermediation of central authorities, thanks to the use of the blockchain system. However, due to the enormous costs, concretely the circulation of bitcoins occur off chain, through platforms implemented by relatively few private companies. This means that a regulation does exist, but it is left to the private initiative. Moving from this statement, the paper briefly considers the recent EU regulatory initiative lauched in September 2020, putting in evidence its main contents and also its limits. In particular, the ‘a-territorial’ character of bitcoins questions the efficacy of the attempt to encapsulate their regulation within territorial ambits. The challenge for jurists (legislators, academics, judges) is to catch the new ‘global’ perspective of phenomena like bitcoins requiring to pass across the national legal orders in order to understand (and regulate) them.

Si tratta del "report" italiano per la sessione in materia di "Optional choice-of-court agreements" a XX Congresso internazionale della Accademia internazionale di diritto comparato, tenutosi a Fukuoka (Giappone) nel luglio 2018. Nel report si analizza la disciplina delle clausole opzionali di scelta del foro alla luce della normativa e della giurisprudenza in materia, per giungere a concludere che tali clausole sono ammissibili e rispettate nel nostro ordinamento processuale.

San Marino trust law is embedded in a consolidated civil law tradition stretching back to the ius commune system of fiduciary instruments, thereby making it possible to trace, to a large extent, an itinerary related to common law trusts, and to challenge unwarranted allegations (now, fortunately, fading away) that trusts cannot be transplanted into civil law countries. San Marino has not confined itself to imitating other offshore legislation, but has drawn up a unique trust system reconciling the typical features of international models - thus embarking on the race to attract the trust business within its borders - with the peculiarities of its own system of sources. Hovering between the principles of confidence and patrimonial separation, the international models and ius commune, San Marino trust law proves to be the perfect combination of innovation and tradition, and longs to become a benchmark for the regulation of trusts established in civil law jurisdictions.

The objective of Civil Procedure Laws is rendering justice. Civil Procedural Laws try to make sure that all litigants get equal chance to present their case and to convince the court their version of the truth to the required standard. This requires time. Parties need time to organize their case and evidences and courts also need time to weight evidences adduced by parties. However, the reality of life and human nature may not always allow us to make use of time to render justice. There are circumstances where lack of immediate action by court results in gross injustice that cannot be made good later by any available means. This makes it a must for our justice systems to create a solution to balance the interests at stake that is  the need for time for fair trail and the need to act immediately to prevent irreversible damage. The Ethiopian Civil Procedure Code like its counterpart the US Civil Procedure Act gives courts the power to apply measures to balance the two interests. However, the laws do not provide detailed rules on criteria and standards courts should apply in using this very relevant but delicate power. The US courts have developed through time criteria and standards. On the other hand Ethiopian courts do not do the same and they continue to use this important power without developing the required criteria and standards to create a consistent and balanced approach in using protective and provisional measures. The new proclamations on Copy right and Trade mark have incorporated criteria that are similar with the criteria developed by US Courts; however, their application is yet to be tested. The article is mainly based on doctrinal legal research approach and the conclusions are based on legal analyses. Very limited cases are available in Ethiopia courts that provide detailed discussion on how protective and provisional measures have been decided; therefore, it is not possible to make detailed case analyses to explain the laws. Very few Cases from Ethiopia are randomly used to show the lack of strong reasoning by courts in deciding on protective and provisional measures in Ethiopia.

SARA TONOLO ricercatore nell'università dell'insubria Sommario: 1. Osservazioni introduttive. -2. La qualificazione autonoma della compensazione e l'individuazione della legge ad essa applicabile. Riferimento generale al metodo che si fonda sull'analisi comparata degli ordinamenti giuridici. -3. Segue. Effetti dell'applicazione di tale metodo nel caso di specie. Il diritto comunitario quale fonte della regola di conflitto. Soluzioni possibili. -4. Segue. La soluzione individuata dalla giurisdizione comunitaria. Vantaggi e svantaggi. -5. Applicabilità della regola di diritto internazionale privato comunitaria ai conflitti tra sistemi nazionali e ordinamento comunitario. -6. Osservazioni conclusive.

The article describes the problem of tortious liability for failure to render assistance. There are no legal systems that establish a duty to render assistance in the provisions of civil law. This stems from the fact that in most of them, the obligation to take actions derives from criminal law that imposes direct sanctions on those who do not render assistance (e.g. France, Germany, Austria and Switzerland). Nevertheless, even the tortious liability of a person who could easily and without risk rescue another but fails to do so is highly controversial from the comparative perspective. Some legal systems (mainly in common law countries) reject tortious liability in similar cases.  ome authors argue that the failure to act in those cases does not cause direct damage and that the pure omission should not provide a basis for liability. There are also opinions that this issue should remain the subject of morality rather than law, and therefore a moral sanction, not a civil one, is appropriate in this respect. For that reason, the draft amendment to Austrian tort law and the Principles of European Tort Law include explicitly such a duty to act in the draft provisions. In Polish law, Article 162 of the Polish Criminal Code of 1997 governs the obligation to render assistance. According to the legal literature, the qualification of an act or omission as wrongful in criminal law prejudges that it is also unlawful in civil law. The scope of criminal liability established on the basis of Article 162 of the Polish Criminal Code covers most cases regarded in the comparative literature as potential grounds of tortious liability. The obligation to act can also potentially arise outside the scope of the situations covered by Article 162 of the Polish Criminal Code. It is possible when the omission would be contrary to the so-called rules of social coexistence (rules of morality). In such case, the potential existence of an obligation to render assistance should depend on several circumstances. Firstly, the omission of the potential rescuer must be intentional. Secondly, potential liability should be limited only to situations where the existing danger could lead to serious bodily injury or death to the person at risk. Thirdly, the cost of preventing or removing the threat on the part of the potential rescuer should be significantly lower than the importance of legal interests of the endangered person. Fourthly, the potential rescuer needs to have a real opportunity and appropriate skills to prevent or eliminate the existing threat, whether by providing help or support to the person at risk or informing those who could do so. Moreover, the obligation to render assistance may exist in situations where there is a specific relationship (even a factual one) between the parties that justifies providing aid to each other.

Il libro si propone di esaminare l’utilità della distinzione
tra ordine pubblico interno e internazionale, nonché le modalità
operative di questa clausola generale, da intendere
non piú soltanto come limite alla libertà negoziale
o alla recepibilità di leggi e atti stranieri, a garanzia dell’identità
culturale nazionale, ma anche come insieme dei princípi
identificativi con funzione promozionale. In questa prospettiva
l’ordine pubblico è non piú soltanto chiamato a tutelare
l’interesse generale della società, bensí a esprimere e garantire
anche i diritti, i doveri e le libertà degli individui. Di là
da formali distinzioni, l’ordine pubblico è un concetto unitario
non per identità di soluzioni, ma per identità assiologica
dei criteri di giudizio. Sono le circostanze del caso concreto
e i valori normativi in gioco che determinano le modalità
con le quali tali valori vanno coniugati per raggiungere, di volta
in volta, la soluzione più ragionevole.

The legal treatment of agreements to negotiate is of great importance in a modern commercial context, and strikes to the heart of two fundamental values in the law of contract: the freedom to contract, and the freedom from contract.  Very often, commercial entities will find it necessary to rely on certainty that negotiations will take place, or continue to take place, before they will be willing to embrace the risk of the negotiations falling through or to invest more heavily in their side of those negotiations – a commercial inevitability in many cases.  To deny those entities that certainty – which may even be mutually sought – would be to discourage them from committing to negotiations that ran the risk of being broken off at any point.  On the other hand, the very idea of enforceable obligations relies on their being ‘firm’ when compared to mere unenforceable negotiations, and, by definition, parties should not be obliged to commit to anything that is not a firm obligation. The foundational questions in the matter of agreements to negotiate are therefore as follows: which of the two freedoms should be given priority when considering agreements to negotiate, and why?
This essay attempts to answer these questions from the point of view of the English, South African, and French legal systems. This will be done by delineating the various approaches and contexts of enforceability and remedies – solely in contract, with little regard to a ‘duty’ to negotiate as in delict or tort – and evaluating the outcome on the basis of that jurisdiction’s principle and theory. The differing principles and justifications of French civil law, English common law and South African mixed-heritage law should be illustrative of different approaches to the matter.

Harm and loss in the French law of civil liability after the Projet de réforme of March 2017. Pure economic losses and pure non-economic losses (wrongful life and wrongful death). Punitive damages. Vindicatory damages.  Functions of civil liability.

The study published in the 3rd vol. of the Studi Talamanca (2001) deals with the problem, whether the quasi-delicts of Roman law can be regarded as reflection of vicarious liability. According to the author it is not impossible that the list of the quasi-delicts did not begin originally with the "iudex qui litem suam fecit" but with the liability of the publicani. The problematical meaning attributed to the "quasi-délits" in French law is criticised.

This paper critically examines the conventional contractual law remedy of liquidated damages from the Islamic Law of contracts perspective. Liquidated damages are pre-agreed upon measures of damages as used in conventional contracts by private parties to compensate a non-breaching seller or lessor for damages relating to non-performance or unwarranted delays by a breaching buyer or lessee. In order to facilitate this analysis, a journal article entitled “From Mecca to San Francisco: Harmonizing Shari'a-Compliant Contractual Remedies with California Law,” published in the United States by Angelo Rosa (the “author”), an American attorney, was reviewed in the light of Fiqh  principles found in the Islamic Law of contracts.

Covid-19 disproportionately affected Afro-Americans and other ethnic minorities, along with the poor. There is an emerging consensus that the race differential is also associated with socioeconomic correlates. A large share of the black population in the U.S. lives in poor areas characterized by high unemployment, low housing quality, and unhealthy living conditions, making low socioeconomic status a critical risk factor.
As a consequence, the higher Covid-19 death toll paid by black Americans has been linked to the “redlining” policies introduced by the Home Owners Loan Corporation in the 1930s. These policies are believed to have contributed to the development of segregated neighborhoods plagued by unemployment, low housing quality, and unhealthy living conditions.
Nowadays, we assist to the new “redlining” which come in the different shape of the formal/informal market divide in housing. In fact, two pathways to homeownership have always existed in this legal framework. On one hand, a well-established legal regime that provides families with secure, marketable title to their homes. On the other hand, an informal regime where the most vulnerable citizens (Black, Latino, immigrants and poor) buy “on contract”, something alike an installment land contracts whereby the seller could easily repossess the house, since he is entitled to evict the would-be owner even when a single monthly payment is missed. Indeed, such contracts grew in number particularly in the aftermath of the 2007 subprime mortgage crisis, when the lack of equal access to credit for homeownership led many people to buy houses “on contract”.
Furthermore, the formal/informal market divide shapes US geography, as most vividly expressed in the contrast between the living conditions in “golden ghettos” and slums, where urban conditions are of poverty, segregation, exclusion and marginalization.
This research aims at showing how predatory lending practices, by fostering ghettoization, favored the race differential during Covid-19 pandemic.

I diritti di traduzione, di memorizzazione elettronica, di riproduzione e di adattamento totale o parziale, con qualsiasi mezzo (compresi i micro lm e le copie fotostatiche), sono riservati per tutti i Paesi. Le fotocopie per uso personale del lettore possono essere effettuate nei limiti del 15% di ciascun volume/fascicolo di periodico dietro pagamento alla SIAE del compenso previsto dall'art. 68, commi 4 e 5 della legge 22 aprile 1941, n. 633. Le riproduzioni diverse da quelle sopra indicate (per uso non personale -cioè, a titolo esempli cativo, commerciale, economico o professionale -e/o oltre il limite del 15%) potranno avvenire solo a seguito di speci ca autorizzazione rilasciata da EDISER Srl, società di servizi dell'Associazione Italiana Editori, attraverso il marchio CLEARedi Centro Licenze e Autorizzazioni Riproduzioni Editoriali. Informazioni: www.clearedi.org. L'elaborazione dei testi, anche se curata con scrupolosa attenzione, non può comportare speci che responsabilità per eventuali involontari errori o inesattezze.

Digital ridesharing platforms and transportation network companies such as Uber have not been regulated in most European countries yet, including Italy. The current legal framework is obsolete and should be revisited as soon as possible , as new disruptive technologies bringing new regulatory challenges are just around the corner (e.g. robotaxis and decentralized transportation platforms). However, reforming the ride market is not an easy task. Looking at the experience of the few European countries that have already adopted a new regulation might help. A possible solution could be to introduce a light regulation of transportation network companies while reducing the regulatory burdens on taxis.

This essay offers a glance at three major areas of Israeli contract law, namely the
law of formation, the law of defects, and the law of remedies for breach of con‐
tract. While covering the whole field would be too presumptuous within the con‐
text of a concise survey,2
the essay aspires to give the foreign reader a fair acquain‐
tance with the most important statutory and judge-made principles which govern
today these major areas of Israeli contract law. The essay opens with a brief intro‐
duction into the basic characteristics of Israeli contract law, to be followed by a closer look at the three major areas mentioned, namely: the law of formation, the
law of defects and the law of contract remedies.

This book investigates whether national courts could and should import innovative solutions from abroad in the adjudication of complex legal disputes. Special attention is paid to the concept of “legally relevant damage” and its importance in overcoming the deadlock created by the category of “pure economic loss” in the Portuguese and German tort law systems. These systems are essentially based on the concept of unlawfulness (“Rechtswidrigkeit”), which limits the compensation for pure economic loss to where a protective rule is infringed. These losses have nevertheless been compensated for through the extensive interpretation of rules and the appeal to near-contractual devices, which has been detrimental to legal certainty, the equality before the law, and subjects’ freedom of action. This book explains why courts can and should take a proactive role and apply DCFR-based solutions in order to compensate for every loss that is worthy of legal protection.

In the financial markets, an increasing attention is being paid to the exchange-traded products (ETPs). An ETP is a derivatively priced security which trades during the day on a national stock exchange. ETPs are typically benchmarked to indices, stocks, commodities, or may be actively managed. There are several different types of ETPs: most common are ETFs (exchange-traded funds); ETCs (exchange-traded commodities); ETNs (exchange-traded notes). First, this work aims to analyze the differences between ETFs and traditional investment funds. An ETF is an investment fund traded on stock exchanges like stocks. Then, specific attention is drawn on the strict connection between some types of ETPs (i.e., ETCs and ETNs), derivatives and asset-backed securities. ETCs and ETNs are debt securities issued by the financial practice of securitization by a special purpose vehicle. Finally, this paper focuses about problems relating to securities derivatives in Italian law.

يهدف هذا المقال إلى إبراز دور المحكمة العليا الأمريكية في حل مشكلة تنازع القوانين من خلال دراسة إحكامها في هذا المجال وما تركته من أثر على الكيفية التي يتم بها فض تنازع القوانين بواسطة المحاكم الأمريكية سواء كنا بصدد المحاكم الفيدرالية أو محاكم الولايات المختلفة داخل الاتحاد الفيدرالي الأمريكي. وسنحاول هنا إبراز أن حل مشكلة تنازع القوانين، في الكثير من الأحيان، قد جاء كمحصلة لتوزيع السلطات التشريعية والقضائية المنصوص عليها في الدستور الأمريكي بين الحكومة الفيدرالية وحكومات الولايات من ناحية ورغبة المحكمة العليا الأمريكية في تحقيق العدالة المادية باعتبارها الهدف الاسمي من حل مشكلة تنازع القوانين من وجهة نظرها من ناحية أخري. وهو ما ترتب عليه تخبط الأحكام الصادرة عن المحكمة العليا الأمريكية وكذلك عن محاكم الولايات، وفتح الباب للاجتهاد القضائي لمشكلة تنازع القوانين بعيداً عن إعمال قواعد الإسناد التقليدية استنادا إلى تفسير المحكمة العليا الأمريكية لنصوص الدستور الأمريكي فيما يعرف بالثورة الأمريكية في مجال تنازع القوانين.
ولعرض ما سبق فلقد تم تقسيم هذا المقال إلى مبحثين: المبحث الأول ويتناول كيفية توزيع السلطات التشريعية والقضائية داخل الاتحاد الفيدرالي الأمريكي باعتباره مدخلاً هاماً وضرورياً لفهم كيفية إثارة مشكلة تنازع القوانين داخل النظام القانوني الأمريكي، إن علي المستوي الفيدرالي أو علي مستوي الولايات وما يحكمها من نصوص دستورية عملت المحكمة العليا على استغلالها، في مرحلة أولي، لكي تفرض حلولاً مادية لمشكلة تنازع القوانين قبل أن تتراجع عن ذلك. أما المبحث الثاني فسيفرد لدراسة القيود الدستورية التي وضعتها المحكمة العليا الأمريكية فيما يتعلق بالتنازع بين قوانين الولايات أو بينها وبين قوانين الدول الأجنبية، وكذلك فيما يتعلق بتطبيق التشريعات الفيدرالية.

La dimensione ultranazionale del diritto, divenuta oramai il suo aspetto più peculiare, colloca la comparazione al centro del sapere giuridico, contribuendo a ridefinirlo come sapere critico. Questo conduce innanzi tutto a ridefinire l’oggetto di studio: l’insieme dei precetti, giuridici e sociali, che presiedono alla distribuzione imperativa di valori e beni. Centrali divengono poi gli scopi della comparazione, in funzione dei quali si individua il metodo utilizzato per praticarla: tradizionalmente l’unificazione dei diritti nazionali, e ultimamente la tutela delle loro identità, minacciate dalla circolazione imposta dei modelli angloamericani. In questa Introduzione al diritto comparato gli strumenti utili a capire il cosa, il come e il perché della comparazione giuridica e il valore che ha nel mondo di oggi.

L'articoloè messo a disposizione dell'utente in licenza per uso esclusivamente privato e personale, senza scopo di lucro e senza fini direttamente o indirettamente commerciali. Salvo quanto espressamente previsto dalla licenza d'uso Rivisteweb,è fatto divieto di riprodurre, trasmettere, distribuire o altrimenti utilizzare l'articolo, per qualsiasi scopo o fine. Tutti i diritti sono riservati. Sommario: 1. Che cos'è la blockchain. -2. Blockchain e GDPR. -3. Blockchain e mercato dell'arte. -4. I primi utilizzi della blockchain nel mondo delle aste. -5. Conclusioni.

Mercato, concorrenza regole, vol. 2/2015 (pp. 245-278)

Abstract: The case for regulating the sharing economy (J.e.l.: K)
Despite the great deal of attention and fierce regulatory battles worldwide, the sharing economy is still an overlooked topic in legal studies. This paper aims first at defin- ing «sharing economy» and providing an economic explanation of the wide variety of economic activities mediated by digital platforms that enable «peers» to share private underused assets and to provide services. Further, it investigates the impact of sharing economy on consumer protection, competition, market failures and innovation. In- deed, the disruptive potential of sharing activities goes well beyond ongoing struggles between incumbents and sharing firms, challenging existing laws and regulations in many ways. To conclude, it examines how these practices fit existing legal rules and analyze potential regulatory responses.

Sommario: Nonostante la crescente attenzione dei media e le tante dispute a livello globale sulle regole applicabili, la sharing economy è un fenomeno ancora trascurato dall’analisi giuridica. Questo saggio intende offrire un primo inquadramento delle pra- tiche economiche di condivisione, in cui piattaforme digitali facilitano lo sfruttamento in comune di beni e l’erogazione di servizi tra «pari», per poi valutare le sfide che i cambiamenti descritti presentano per il regolatore. Le ricadute giuridiche dei nuovi modelli di produzione e scambio vanno ben oltre il conflitto in atto tra esponenti dei comparti tradizionali e nuovi attori economici, sollecitando una ridefinizione dei falli- menti del mercato e una nuova divisione delle responsabilità regolative.

Abstract
My first argument is that it is not reasonable to teach the rules of coexistence to those from other cultural and national experiences without combining this learning with a simultaneous effort to translate behavioral habits and underlying world conceptualizations. In the same vein, it is not reasonable to expect to draw and shape circuits of peaceful coexistence among people from different cultures given the combination of (a) a lack of legal education at school and (b) an absence of any specific provision regarding the general teaching of intercultural translation. It is against this background that I emphasize that intercultural education and law constitute an inseparable educational pairing essential to the achievement of any form of bottom-up cosmopolitan citizenship.

Sommario: 1. Per una democrazia interculturale attraverso il diritto: a) Contro l'uso escludente dei diritti umani; b) Oltre le difettività del multiculturalismo e del pluralismo-inter-normativo – 2. Un diritto interculturale tempestivo e le potenzialità dell'assistenza legale on-line – 3. Guida pratica all'uso (anche interculturale) diritto. Gli avvocati nelle scuole e l'Alternanza Scuola Lavoro – 4. Conclusione. Classi multi-etniche e ubiquità planetaria della formazione giuridica interculturale.

Comparisons of property laws require an understanding of what is living law, governing and structuring social practice and social expectations, and what are instead the intellectual tools that lawyers use to rationalise, structure, and represent property rules in conceptual terms. Many of the differences between the common law and the civil law – even those that are often presented as distinctive of each legal tradition – should be considered as relating mostly to what jurists and lawyers have done to frame property law in intellectual terms. This chapter takes a critical look at how these narratives are construed and upheld. The analysis set out by the author tackles a few problems, namely to what extent common law and civil law systems rely on different ontologies of property law, and how these ontologies have been historicised through different genealogies, and expressed through language. The author claims that a comparative analysis disentangling these various aspects of the subject may help to advance a better understanding of what different property law systems achieve.

One of the main inroads to the so-called Classic Contract Law has been made by implied terms imposing a certain quality on the subject matter of contracts, an outcome that has been achieved by resorting to a variety of legal sources and tools. Modernization and harmonization of European Contract Law, to this respect, has mainly focused on sales contracts (as an archetype to others), including the requirement of conformity in its terms. The article deals with the concept of conformity and assesses its profound implications to traditional notions of Contract Law. As in many European legal systems the principle of conformity is restricted to certain types of sales, it is necessary to furtherly deepen in national Law to assess the existence of equivalent requirements to conformity whenever it does not apply. To this end, the work undertakes a Comparative Law perspective following a realistic and functional methodology. As a central instrument in the modernization of Contract Law, the article assesses the desirability of generalizing the principle of conformity to all contracts, a position that, from a legal and economic perspective, is not recommended. The relationship between freedom of contract and reasonable expectations of the parties is an underlying tension to this matter in respect of which the present work proposes a solution. Résumé: L'une des principales percées à le soi-disant Droit classique du contrat a été faite par des clauses implicites imposant une certaine qualité sur l'objet du contrat, un résultat qui a été obtenu par le recours à une variété de sources et d'instruments juridiques. La modernisation et l'harmonisation du droit européen des contrats, à cet égard, a porté principalement sur le contrat de vente (comme un archétype pour les autres), y compris l'exigence de conformité dans son contenu. L'article traite de la notion de conformité et évalue ses implications profondes aux notions traditionnelles du droit des contrats. Comme dans de nombreux systèmes juridiques européens, le prin-cipe de conformité est limité à certains types de ventes, il est nécessaire d'approfondir en droit national pour évaluer l'existence d'exigences équivalentes à la conformité à chaque fois qu'il ne s'applique pas. À cette fin, le travail engage une perspective comparative suivant une méthodologie réaliste et fonctionnelle. En tant qu'instrument central de la modernisation du droit des contrats, l'article évalue l'opportunité de généraliser le principe de conformité à tous les contrats, une position qui, du point de vue juridique et économique, non est recommandé. La relation entre la liberté 71 contractuelle et les attentes raisonnables des parties est une tension sous-jacente à cette question à l'égard duquel le présent ouvrage propose une solution. Zusammenfassung: Einer der Haupteingriffe in das sogenannte klassische Vertragsrecht ist durch implizite Vertragsbestandsteile gelungen wodurch eine gewisse Qualität in den Vertragsinhalt eingebracht wurde. Dies ist durch den Rückgriff auf verschiedene Rechtstraditionen und Rechtsmechanismen erreicht worden. Die Modernisierung und Harmonisierung des europäischen Vertragsrechts hat sich, in diesem Zusammenhang, vor allem auf Kaufverträge konzentriert (als ein Vorreiter für andere Arten von Verträgen), inklusive auf die Voraussetzung der Vertragsmäßigkeit. Dieser Artikel behandelt das Konzept der Vertragsmäßigkeit und untersucht seine tiefgründigen Implikationen auf traditionelle Ansichten des Vertragsrechts. Da in vielen europäischen Rechtssystemen der Grundsatz der Vertragsmäßigkeit auf bestimmte Kaufarten beschränkt ist, wird es notwen-dig sein nationale Rechtssysteme genauer zu untersuchen um die Existenz äquivalenter Voraussetzungen der Vertragsmäßigkeit zu beurteilen, falls dieser Grundsatz nicht anwend-bar ist. Daher untersucht diese Arbeit die Problemstellung von einer komparativen Perspektive des Rechts und folgt eine realistische und funktionelle Methodologie. Als zentrales Instrument in der Modernisierung des Vertragsrechts, erforscht dieser Artikel die Eignung der Generalisierung des Grundsatzes der Vertragsmäßigkeit für alle Vertragsarten, wodurch eine Stellungnahme geboten wird, die von einem rechtlichen und ökonomischen Standpunkt nicht empfohlen wird. Der Zusammenhang zwischen der Vertragsfreiheit und angemessener Erwartungen der Vertragsparteien bewirkt eine Spannung zu dieser Problemstellung, zu welcher dieser Artikel eine Lösung bietet.

This study published in the Scritti in onore di Generoso Melillo in 2009 deals with the problem, whether the so-called "triad of properietary rights" (uti+frui, habere, possidere) regarded in Eastern Europe often as "classical" can really be led back to the classical or at least to the Justinianic Roman law. The developments in Roman law, in the ius commune (with special regard to the role of Donellus) and in some modern civil codes are surveyed with comparative and sometimes with critical remarks. The distinction laid down by Savigny between the "ius possessionis" and the "ius possidendi" as well as the correctness of qualification of "ius possidendi" as a [subjective] right is criticised.

"Im Recht überdauern besonders kurze Rechtssätze häufig nicht allein wegen ihrer juristischen Bedeutung, sondern aufgrund leicht eingängiger und sprichwortartiger Prägnanz. Hierin liegt auch eine der Besonderheiten des nur 13 Wörter zählenden Art. 213 Code civil von 1804.  Der Artikel statuiert für die verheiratete Frau, dass sie ihrem Ehemann gegenüber zur obéissance, also zum Gehorsam, verpflichtet ist. Zwar trifft den Mann im Gegenzug eine ehebedingte Schutzpflicht, Gehorsamkeit wird von ihm indes nicht verlangt. Dieses asymmetrische Pflichtenverhältnis zwischen beiden Ehegatten hat Vorbildcharakter für das gesamte französische Ehe- und Familienrecht des Code civil. Danach ist der Ehemann nicht nur sein eigener Herr, sondern zugleich auch oberster Souverän von Frau und Familie. Es liegt deshalb nicht fern, den Inhalt von Art. 213 auf folgende Maxime zuzuspitzen: Beschützen und Befehlen darf der Mann, Dulden und Gehorchen muss die Frau.
Diese im Gehorsamsartikel zum Ausdruck kommende patriarchale Herrschaftsstruktur der Ehe, in welcher der Ehemann eine nahezu unbeschränkte Autorität über seine Frau genoss, war bei weitem keine Seltenheit im Kodifikationszeitalter des 19. Jahrhunderts. In allen Zivilgesetzbüchern Kontinentaleuropas dieser Epoche finden sich solche ehemännlichen Privilegien, die aus heutiger Sicht eher in der Vor-Moderne verortet zu sein scheinen als in einer Zeit, die von fortschreitenden politischen und wirtschaftlichen Veränderungen begriffen war und deren Gesellschaften doch eigentlich noch vom individualistisch-liberalen Geiste der Aufklärung hätten getragen sein müssen. Allerdings dürfen hier die gerade Anfang des 19. Jahrhunderts zum Teil noch großen Differenzen in der sozio-ökonomischen Entwicklung, die zwischen einzelnen Staaten, Fürstentümern und sonstigen politischen Gemeinschaften bestanden, nicht pauschalisiert werden. Wie der Gehorsamsartikel indes exemplarisch auch für andere Länder zeigen kann, sind die Unterschiede speziell im Ehe- und Familienrecht eher marginal. Für die Stellung der Frau in der Ehe galten andere historische Wirkungsgesetze als für den technischen Fortschritt oder die Emanzipationsprozesse des (männlichen) Bürgertums.
Zwar ist die Frau im 19. Jahrhundert mittlerweile als Rechtssubjekt anerkannt, d. h. sie ist Trägerin von eigenen Rechten und Pflichten. Dies gilt jedoch nicht in gleich unbeschränkter Weise für die Ehefrau. Dem Ehemann als Oberhaupt, ‚Geschäftsführer’ und Leiter der ehelichen Gemeinschaft kommt eine überragende Stellung zu. Er besitzt in den meisten Ehe- und Familienrechten der europäischen Kodifikationen die Eheherrschaft.  Der Begriff Eheherrschaft ist dabei weniger als ein subsumierfähiger Rechtsbegriff zu verstehen, sondern vielmehr im Sinne eines eherechtlichen Leitgedankens, der alle möglichen Vorrechte des Mannes gegenüber der Frau umfassen kann. Inhalt und Umfang der Eheherrschaft gestalten sich in den verschiedenen Gesetzestexten sehr facettenreich und können für die Ehefrau von Beschränkungen der rechtlichen Handlungsfreiheit über güterrechtliche Benachteiligungen bis hin zum Ausschluss in Erziehungsfragen der Kinder reichen. Demgemäß ist auch die französische Gehorsamspflicht der Ehefrau nach Art. 213 zwar Ausprägung und Konkretisierung eines eheherrschaftlichen Prinzips, jedoch nicht ihre Ursache. Dabei verdeutlicht der in Art. 213 kodifizierte Begriff Gehorsam und die als Normadressatin festgelegte Ehefrau, dass sich die Frau einer unbedingten Autorität, namentlich dem Ehemann, zu fügen hat, was bereits eine hohe Intensität der französischen Eheherrschaft vermuten lässt.
Gegenstand der Untersuchung ist die Frage, welche Bedeutung Art. 213, der die unbedingte Gehorsamspflicht der Ehefrau gegenüber ihrem Ehemann gesetzlich verankerte, für die Rechtswissenschaft und aufkommende Frauenbewegung im Frankreich des 19. Jahrhunderts hatte. Nach einer kurzen Analyse des Wortlauts und der Systematik wird der Gesetzgebungsprozess zum Art. 213 vor dem Hintergrund seiner Ideengeschichte rekonstruiert. Dabei sollen auch Gesetzgebungsentwürfe während der Revolutionszeit mit einbezogen werden, die zwar nur einige Jahre vor Einführung des Code civil verfasst wurden, im Familienrecht allerdings wesentlich mehr von den Leitgedanken der Revolution beeinflusst waren als die restaurative Kodifikation von Napoléon Bonaparte. Auf Grundlage zeitgenössischer Urteile der französischen Rechtsprechung sowie einer gegen Art. 213 gerichteten Petition der Frauenbewegung, veröffentlicht von einem ihrer bedeutendsten männlichen Vertreter, Léon Richer (1824-1911), wird anschließend die Aufnahme des Gehorsamsartikel analysiert und bewertet.
Im Ergebnis zeigt der Beitrag einerseits, dass der Gehorsamsartikel in der Prozesswirklichkeit des 19. Jahrhundert einen bloßen Auffangtatbestand bildet und in nur wenigen Ehescheidungsklagen unmittelbare Bedeutung erlangt. Andererseits fungiert die gesetzliche Gehorsamspflicht als Begründung eines autokratischen Familienmodells, das auf unbedingtem Zusammenhalt und hierarchisch geordneter Rollenverteilung mit dem Mann als Haupt der Familie beruht. Diese rechtliche Ehekonstruktion ist in Zusammenhang mit nachrevolutionären restaurativen Tendenzen zur Wiederherstellung eines ‚starken Staates’ zu sehen. So bilden die beiden Begriffe Schutz und Gehorsam in Art. 213 spezifisch juristische Topoi, welche sich im gesamten Ehe- und Familienrecht des Code civil wiederfinden. Gegen dieses patriarchale Rollenverständnis richtet sich die Kritik der zeitgenössischen Frauenbewegung, deren Forderungen primär auf formelle Rechtsgleichheit der Geschlechter zielen. In den durch die Frauenbewegung ausgelösten Diskussionen um die Gehorsamspflicht der Ehefrau, die ab den 1830er Jahren in die französische Öffentlichkeit gelangen, drückt sich auch die zunehmende Diskrepanz zwischen kodifiziertem patriarchalen Eheverständnis und gesellschaftlicher Realität aus. Allerdings erstarken erst in dieser Zeit allmählich Reformvorhaben der Frauenbewegung zur Gleichberechtigung von Ehefrau und Mutter zu konkreten Versuchen, die französische Gesetzgebung zu einer Revision des Familienrechts zu bewegen."