Children and War

In the blanket of fog that separates us from the historical experience of the Shoha, there are many empty spaces, stories not told or only touched upon, characters whose human, ethical, pedagogical substance risks being dissolved in the temporal distance, in the oblivion, or in the short circuits of historical memory. Or stories that recur within the narratives of certain witnesses, waiting to be pulled out of the archives of memory to re-emerge, receive attention and be systematized. One of these is that of Freddy Hirsch, who works in the inferno of the Shoah to provide children and adolescents with an educational care projected to the dignity of existence and hope. The aim of this work is to trace in memorial (mostly in English and oral), the salient features of his work, the forms of memories within which his name resounds, the specifics of a work conducted in extreme conditions to promote the resilience of his children and human and cultural resistance: perhaps a "blurred p...

By Royal Order of 1846, the Vic City Council promoted the creation of a geometric map of the city to draw a plan of street alignments. In this article we explain the difficulties that arose in the preparation of the map, which lasted from 1846 to 1852, and we describe and analyze this document, which has survived to this day. Although very little known, it is a basic instrument for understanding the urban transformation of the ancient city towards the modern city as we know it today.

The Japanese army’s capture of Hong Kong in December 1941 profoundly shocked the Western world. In Canada, the almost complete destruction of Canadian army forces stationed there and the subsequent 44 months of imprisonment of the surviving soldiers is generally seen as an abject failure that could have been avoided. But less well known is the internment of the 76 Canadian nationals in Stanley Camp, where around 3,000 Western citizens were held starting in January 1942. While recent research has focused on the Canadian military’s role in the Battle of Hong Kong, scant attention has been given to the smaller group of Canadian civilians interned. This article aims to present the experiences of this community and to explain their absence in Canadians’ collective memories despite recent remembrances. The first part offers background on the Canadians interned and presents their demographic profiles before the war. In the second part, I recontextualise their lives within the camps and present their experiences from the beginning until their repatriation in September 1943. The final section contends that numerous factors, linked with a lack of proper communication and the overshadowing of other experiences of imprisonment and internment, explain the absence of the civilian internees in today’s discourse.

A 20. század első éveiben Robert Baden-Powell angol katonatiszt a városi fiatalok számára kidolgozta az iskolán kívüli tevékenységre vonatkozó nevelési elveit, hogy felnőve a társadalom értékes polgáraivá válhassanak. Megszervezte az első tábort és megjelentette a Cserkészet fiúknak c. könyvét 1908-ban, amiben ismertette az általa kidolgozott módszereket. 2 A cserkészet a világ legnépszerűbb ifjúságnevelő mozgalmává vált. Hazánkban 1910-ben Králik László tanár írásában jelent meg Baden-Powell műve. Kiemelte, hogy az alapelveket át kell venni, s azokat a magyar viszonyokhoz, célokhoz igazítani. 3 A nagy háború kitöréséig és a háború alatt néhány csapat alakult a fővárosban és a nagyobb városok neves középiskoláiban. 4

A century of change in the content of history teaching is traced, first in the elementary schools of England and Wales before World War II, then in the new creations of Primary Schools as the 1944 Education Act was implemented. Relatively rigid requirements of codes and regulations are seen to determine the content of the early period, whilst suggestions and guidance Outdated Textbooks housed in the School of Education,

In the EFL primary and secondary-school classroom there will be found a huge diversity of readers and reading practices. Although most young students on entering secondary school will already have a sense of story, and functional literacy in their mother-tongue, they will also bring with them preferences for certain types of narrative such as adventure, school stories, fantasy, non-fiction and comics or graphic novels. Many children, however, develop an entrenched loss of interest in reading at about the age of 12. In Germany this is known as the Leseknick, and is sometimes called the Reading Blip in the English-speaking world. As the classroom is increasingly characterised by social and cultural diversity, it has become evident that a truly universal reading experience does not exist. In order to combat the Leseknick, therefore, the wide potential value of non-canonical literature should be demonstrated and explored in teacher education and exploited in the EFL classroom, including the rich opportunities for language and literary learning through graphic narratives and children’s literature.

Researchers have focused on the influence of cultural mobilisation on the population of a belligerent state. Yet, such mobilisation can spread abroad, affecting foreigners who sympathise with the goals of military campaigns led by other nations. For example, the Boer cultural mobilisation during the South African War of 1899–1902 led to the self-mobilisation of foreign volunteers, including Russian adolescents. The pro-Boer messages originating in the South African republics were internalised by other cultures. Although the initial impulse comes from the belligerent nation, cultural mobilisation can have a transnational dimension, defined and developed by its agents in their own countries.

L’Archivio comprende i disegni realizzati dagli alunni del maestro Cesare Ghezzi, nella scuola elementare di San Quirico, dall’anno 1958 all’anno 1994. Non sono i disegni dei praticelli e dei fiorellini, delle casette e dei campanili, non ci sono le nuvolette e il sole antropomorfizzati che sorridono e salutano. Sono esperienze di vita nelle quali la materia è calata nella sua forma icastica essenziale. Il far scuola del maestro è, invero, un cammino pedagogico nel quale l’iconismo figurativo ha aiutato i bambini a vedere il mondo circostante e a guardarlo in modo libero, critico e alternativo ai luoghi comuni degli sguardi correnti. Quel dipingere dà forma al mondo intimo del bambino e al suo così cólto non-sapere.


The Archive includes drawings made by the pupils of the teacher Cesare Ghezzi, in the primary school of San Quirico, from 1958 to 1994. They are not the drawings of grass and flowers, of houses and bell towers, there are no clouds and the anthropomorphized sun that smile and greet. These are life experiences in which matter has descended into its essential icastic form. The schooling of the teacher is, indeed, a pedagogical path in which figurative iconism has helped children to see the surrounding world and to look at it in a free, critical and alternative to the common places of current looks. That painting gives shape to the intimate world of the child and to his so much unknowing.

Assistance for displaced people inside Burma, sent from Thailand or other neighbouring countries, is by definition illegal as it challenges the sovereignty of the Burmese government (which most cross-border actors in fact consider illegitimate). Some cross-border activities are carried out from Bangladesh and India (very limited amounts of relief and documentation on human rights) and also from China (including lowprofile medical assistance). Most Thailand-based cross-border groups work in Karen areas but also in Mon and Karenni States; security and local capacity constraints mean that much less work is undertaken in Shan State.

Una collezione permanente a Milano dove si possono ammirare appunti e note di scolari provenienti da diverse culture e generazioni.
«Al mondo d'oggi ci sono persone con gravi problemi di lavoro: tra queste ci sono gli operai dell'Innocenti che per problemi economici ha dovuta andare in Cassa Integrazione», scrive in quinta elementare una bambina della provincia di Varese, nel 1976.

In stage dialogue and correspondence (Dutch), Chrétien Schouteten reconstructs part of the scientific and personal lives of the physicists Dirk Coster (1889 - 1950) and Lise Meitner (1878 - 1968). Goudmerels: Golden blackbirds. In 1938, the Jewish Austrian researcher of atomic physics escaped from Berlin with the help of Dirk Coster. Via the Netherlands she ends up in neutral Sweden where she continues her scientific research. After the end of the Second World War, ethical questions arise. What is the role of scientists in times of war? Who is accountable for the use of scientific knowledge?

Chrétien Schouteten reconstrueert in toneeldialoog en briefwisseling een deel van het wetenschappelijk en persoonlijk leven van de natuurkundigen Dirk Coster (1889 - 1950) en Lise Meitner (1878 - 1968).
In 1938 ontsnapt de Joods Oostenrijkse onderzoekster van atoomfysica met hulp van Dirk Coster uit Berlijn. Via Nederland komt ze in het neutrale Zweden terecht waar ze haar natuurwetenschappelijk onderzoek voortzet. Na afloop van de Tweede Wereldoorlog komen ethische vragen boven. Wat is de rol van wetenschappers in tijden van oorlog? Wie is aanspreekbaar op gebruik van wetenschappelijke kennis?
Dit boek is een eerbetoon aan Dirk Coster – destijds hoogleraar natuurkunde aan de Rijksuniversiteit Groningen – die volgens de auteur onterecht lijkt te zijn vergeten.

Монографічне видання є черговою спробою  висвітлення окремих проблем історії Покуття як краю пограниччя крізь призму історичних, археологічних, етнографічних, краєзнавчих особливостей і граней дискурсу. Покуття розглядається в контексті загальноукраїнського історичного наративу, але водночас і  як територія прикордоння і  пограниччя.
Видання 2-ге. Доповнене і перероблене. Для тих, хто цікавиться історією рідного краю, методологією і практикою теорії фронтиру.

Nel mondo di legno di noce si viveva più a lungo". L'intérieur come fallimento dell'utopia nel romanzo La dimora di noce di Miljenko Jergović Enrico Davanzo ♦ eSamizdat 2020 (XIII), pp. 121-132 ♦ Se il futuro avesse fallito o se un giorno le persone si fossero stufate-anche questo era possibile-, avrebbero semplicemente prelevato quegli oggetti dalla soffitta per rimetterli nel punto esatto dov'erano una volta. M. Jergović 1 S TVARI. In italiano: le cose 2. A tale concetto è possibile ricondurre una parte assai significativa della produzione dello scrittore croato-bosniaco Miljenko Jergović, tra i principali autori contemporanei legati alla regione ex jugoslava. Nato a Sarajevo nel 1966, Jergović ha debuttato come poeta e giornalista nella prima metà degli anni Ottanta. Trasferitosi a Zagabria durante la guerra e l'assedio della capitale bosniaca, ha esordito nella prosa narrativa con la raccolta di racconti Sarajevski Marlboro [Le Marlboro di Sarajevo, 1994] 3. In quest'opera iniziale, legata all'esperienza diretta del conflitto, appaiono già pienamente definite quelle peculiarità stilistiche e tematiche che caratterizzano la successiva produzione dell'autore, e che hanno spinto diversi critici ad associarlo alla cosiddetta stvarnosna proza. Risulta difficile tradurre tale denominazione, attribuita dalla critica Jagna Pogačnik allo stesso Jergović 4 e solitamente adoperata

In the works of Bosnian Croat writer Miljenko Jergović (1966-) furniture and domestic things often play an essential role in defining the main characters' psychologies and relationship with the historical context. As furnishings are linked to the aesthetic taste of different periods, they represent the discontinuity of history and its consequences on the lives of individuals and their families. This article analyzes the description of furniture in one of Jergović's earliest novels, The Walnut Mansion (Dvori od oraha, 2003), presenting it as a metaphor for the collapse of the social and political utopias of 20th century Europe.

Anna Senye Ramisa (Manlleu, 1881-Barcelona, 1956) fou una dona de caracter aventurer que va tenir una vida poc convencional. Va escriure en diferents revistes i diaris catalans des de 1914 i durant la primera meitat del segle XX, com a poeta, periodista i activista social, amb la publicacio d’articles i manifestos en defensa dels drets dels animals. Senye tambe participa en els Jocs Florals i va guanyar-hi premis en els celebrats a l’Escala i a Molins de Rei. L’any 1922 va publicar el seu treball poetic en un volum, Remolinada.

n Zuid-Vlaanderen is het verhaal van een Vlaamse familie van kleine plattelandsadel die direct na de Tweede Wereldoorlog noodgedwongen en plotsklaps, de overstap moet maken van de negentiende naar de twintigste eeuw; van een nog hoofdzakelijk agrarische samenleving, naar een snel evoluerende en complexer wordende maatschappij. Alle oude zekerheden vielen weg waardoor het gezin, met vallen en opstaan, een nieuwe weg moet weten te vinden. Dat alles gezien door de ogen van de kleine Gillis De Grootveldt. Nieuwsgierig en geïntrigeerd observeert hij ook het dagelijkse leven in de Vlaamse Ardennen. Toen nog meer dan nu, een gesloten land. De odyssee van zijn familie en hemzelf, voert hem langs de dalen en de heuvels van Zuid-Vlaanderen; in dorpjes en stadjes met de prozaïsche namen Zavelbergen, Oudenberg, Nederbouckel, Everbossche, Sint-Amelberga en Oudenschelde. Het is nog de tijd dat het Vlaamse universum beheerst werd door nonnen en pastoors, door kostscholen en kerken. Het is het relaas van een wereld die eens was en niet meer is. Nooit meer zal zijn.

The devastating effect of war has no limits in space and time, forces some people to migrate and sometimes hits so hard and lasts so long that it shapes the memory and everyday life of future generations. In this context of crisis, interventions for children must be as extensive as possible if they are to be effective and sustainable.

The authors go so far as to affirm the need for the world itself to become a huge, reassuring and well-equipped playroom. The potential of a Polyvagal-informed intervention in restoring a feeling of safety and the main challenge of involving caregivers who are themselves affected by circumstances of high stress, uncertainty, and fear are discussed and illustrated through case examples.

To evaluate the comparative effectiveness of a classroom-based psychoeducation and skills intervention (tier 1) and a school-based trauma- and grief-focused group treatment (tier 2) of a three-tiered mental health program for adolescents exposed to severe war-related trauma, traumatic bereavement, and postwar adversity.

The version presented here may differ from the published version. If citing, you are advised to consult the published version for pagination, volume/issue and date of publication Constructing the Child Soldier Crisis: Violence, Victimhood and the Development of Transnational Advocacy against the Recruitment and Use of Children in Conflict, c.1970-2000' Stacey Hynd, University of Exeter. Children have become integral to contemporary humanitarian and human rights campaigns, both as the subjects of intervention and as an essential aspect of humanitarian iconography. 1 In the 1990s one form of child victim erupted spectacularly into prominence: the child soldier. 2 International non-governmental agencies, commentators and media sources alike brandished a figure of 300,000 child soldiers fighting or having been recently demobilized to alert the world to the scale of this problem in the late 1990s and early 2000s. 3 An estimated 120,000 were said to be African, and indeed for most of the 1990s the iconographic image of 'the child soldier' was overwhelmingly Africanthe small, wild-eyed Sierra Leonean or Liberian boy in ragged clothes, brandishing an AK-47. 4 Since the 1990s the 'child soldier crisis' has become a major humanitarian and human rights project, from the United Nations Machel Report in 1996 to the Kony 2012 phenomenon. Humanitarian campaigns have repeatedly highlighted the abduction and forced recruitment of children, depicting child soldiers as brutalized, traumatized victims of adult abuses whose recruitment violates norms of both war and childhood, and whose rescue requires international action. advocacy efforts around child rights campaigning from the mid-1990s to 2000s but have not explained how or why this transpired. 8 This article uses child soldiering as an empirical case study to ask why some issues gain traction and generate successful humanitarian advocacy campaigns when others do not? It analyzes the structural and contingent factors that drove transnational child soldier advocacy efforts from initial expressions of concern in 1969-71 to the adoption of the Optional Protocol to the Convention of the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict (OPCRC) in 2000. In terms of why this issue gained came to prominence, this article argues that a humanitarian calculus of concern drove the emergence of the child soldier crisis. The central element of this was the development of a compelling target for humanitarian concern with the construction of a sympathetic but provocative 'victim' in the figure of the child who participated in wartime violence. The object 'victim' figure required generative force from the action of committed norm entrepreneurs, but also the identification of tangible, targetable villains and the provision of clear, actionable solutions. The specific temporality of this humanitarian calculus was shaped by the intersection of late/post-Cold War geopolitics with child rights, liberal humanitarianism, new media technologies, and by concerns about 'civilianization' and hyper-violence in 'new wars'. As this humanitarian calculus of concern progressed from the 1970s to 1990s, the concept of the child soldier was transformed from a pragmatic description of children's actions in conflict, recognising their agency and 4 resilience, to one that privileged victimhood over agency, with those forms of victimhood later being bolstered and nuanced by transgressive discourses of child violence. To explain how the issue gained traction, the article adapts Finnemore and Sikkink's work on norm cascades to argue that, in child soldier campaigning, rather than a unilinear cascade from norm production to implementation and emergence, there were recurrent feedback loops of norm development and diffusion around international humanitarian law and rights mechanisms, building momentum towards the eventual cascade and implementation of norms against child soldiering. 9 There were four key stages to this norm production and development in campaigns against the recruitment and utilization of child soldiers. Firstly, in the 1970-80s issue emergence was driven by committed advocates, and the issue adopted by major gatekeepers. 10 Unlike in other late twentieth-century campaignslike those against landmines or sexual violence in warinternational legal prohibition of child soldiering here preceded coordinated humanitarian activism. Weakness in those legal protections however fueled subsequent campaigns by norm entrepreneurs that were focused on category expansion and norm development rather than straightforward implementation. Secondly, to construct the 'child soldier' as a major humanitarian issue, it was (re-)framed and grafted onto successive topical concerns in the late 1980s-early 1990s: from civilianization and 'women and children' in armed conflict, to contemporary slavery and child rights, and then onto war crimes and sexual and gender-based violence. Thirdly, in 1980-90s newly emergent TANs operating across humanitarian and humanspecifically childrights spheres engaged with new human human beings should or should not be treated'.

Mothers' Darlings of the South Pacific: the children of indigenous women and US Servicemen, World War II (2015) is written 74 years after the arrival of United States servicemen to the Pacific Islands during the Second World War. The cover image of two servicemen flanking an unnamed indigenous woman holding a baby was taken r months after the arrival of US forces in Tonga in 1942. The work of the editors and co-authors Judith Bennett and Angela Wanhalla alongside the contribution of seven authors has culminated in an important text. This book acknowledges a gap in the military history of World War II which it proposes to fill, that of women, Pacific Islanders and the intimacy of encounter. The war stories of relationships formed between indigenous women and US servicemen stationed in the Pacific are lived experiences retold by their children, many of whom for various reasons were left behind. As the epilogue states "[t]hese children, however, are the embodiment of the human cost of war. Like their mothers, their lives are marked by war, and they live with its legacies. For them, the war never ended, it is still unfolding as they search for their American father. The 'always after' of their stories continue" (p.308). The geographic coverage is extensive with case studies

On 13 November 2023, a workshop was organised on behalf of the Human Rights Subcommittee focusing on the forcible transfer and deportation of Ukrainian children by Russia, which has taken place since 2014 and vastly intensified since the full-scale invasion on 24 February 2022. Ukrainian, EU and third country diplomatic and political efforts to stop the deportations and repatriate children were looked at, along with initiatives by the civil society. The workshop examined the investigations and cases brought before national and international jurisdictions against state actors and individual perpetrators. Challenges on political, legal and practical fronts were scrutinised, leading to recommendations for what the EU could do to help bring the children back. One of the experts shed light on the situation of civilians in the occupied Ukrainian territories more generally. This report brings together the background briefings prepared for the workshop and a summary of the debate with Members, academics, experts from the civil society and EU representatives. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank/en/document/EXPO_STU(2024)754442

La determinacio de la forma i dimensions de la Terra va trobar en la triangulacio un metode pertinent que va establir les bases de la geodesia. En aquest article s’incideix en les aportacions dels antics grecs, les d’alguns astronoms islamics i les dels europeus, com ara Jeroni Munyos, a partir del Renaixement. S’analitza el metode de Snellius, les mesures de Picard, la polemica sobre la forma de la Terra del segle XVIII i les expedicions geodesiques que incidiren en la transferencia de coneixement a Espanya i Catalunya. Jules Verne divulga la triangulacio a traves de la literatura.

To consider the relationship between war and the media is to look at the way in which the media are involved in conflict, either as targets (war on the media) or as an auxiliary (war thanks to the media). On the basis of this distinction, four major developments may be cited that today combine to make war above all a media spectacle: photography, which opened the door to manipulation through stage-management; live technologies, which raise the question of journalists' critical distance vis-à-vis the material they broadcast and which can facilitate the process of using them; pressure on the media and media globalization, which have led to a change in the way the political and military authorities go about making propaganda; and, finally, the fact that censorship has increasingly come into disrepute, which has prompted the authorities to think of novel ways of controlling journalists.

In a qualitative study, 21 Ukrainian children (who had come to Germany as refugees) were asked about their experiences of the beginning of the war and their perceptions of the current situation. The article summarizes the role of the media and what children would like to see on television in this context.

Teacher educators might consider using high-quality picturebooks as partners to help teacher candidates understand and navigate today's painful world realities. From a critical perspective, these books also have the potential to reflect and shape empathy and action in regard to these difficult situations. This piece includes a rationale for using picturebooks to address human crises, findings related to a study of 21st-century representations of crises in picturebooks, and implications for sharing these books as pedagogical partners to engage with teacher candidates. To this end, we conducted a content analysis of recent 21st-century fictional picturebooks depicting human crises. Topics related to refugee status, poverty, homelessness, and hunger were analyzed to reveal common themes across these books related to persistence, courage, caring, and hope. Teacher educators who are eager to address 21st-century disasters, many of which are presented in sensitive and accessible ways in recent touchstone picturebooks, can find a ready and capable partner in these powerful picturebooks to help readers understand and navigate these human crises.

Protection from violence, and access to formal education, are fundamental human rights for girls in conflict-affected societies. And yet, war exposes girls to an increased risk of Dedication vi Map of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) 1 I. Background, Study Overview, and Literature Review A. Introduction 2 B. Country Context 8 C. Literature Review 19 D. Conceptual Framework 37 E. Methods 44 F.

Resumen Con la intención de describir como los niños usan las ilustraciones de los libros álbum para crear significados, este artículo presenta los resultados de un estudio empírico (Mourão, 2012), que investiga como niños portugueses utilizan su lengua materna, el portugués (L1), y el inglés como lengua extranjera (L2) para fomentar el desarrollo de un repertorio lingüístico especificado culturalmente (Lüdi, 2006) al interactuar con los libros álbum en inglés. En particular, se centra en experiencias individuales en L1, fijadas en la cultura visual del niño, y en experiencias de aula compartidas por los niños en la L2. Se comparan las respuestas de tres grupos de niños haciendo hincapié en cómo sus memorias icónicas individuales y colectivas mediaron en sus repertorios lingüísticos para crear distintas interpretaciones y narrativas en torno a las ilustraciones. Palabras clave ilustraciones, repertorio lingüístico, interpretación, transferencia de conocimiento Abstract With a view to describing how children used the illustrations in picturebooks to create signifiances, this paper shares the results of empirical research (Mourão, 2012), which investigated how Portuguese children used their mother tongue Portuguese (L1) and English as a foreign language (L2) to support the development of a culturally specific linguistic repertoire while interacting with English picturebooks. It focuses, in particular, on individual experiences in the L1, anchored in the child's visual culture, and the children's shared classroom experiences in the L2. It compares the responses of three groups of children emphasizing how their individual and communal iconic memories mediated their linguistic repertoires to create diverse interpretations and narratives around the illustrations.

This paper addresses the human rights of 'children born of war' as measured against the standards formulated in the Convention of the Right of the Child. Taking five 20th century cases studies which cover different conflict and post-conflict situations in diverse geographical regions, the paper concludes despite greater awareness of children's rights as evident in their codification throughout the 20th century, there has been no noticeable improvement in the application of these rights to children born of war.

El 16 de maig de 2007, l'Assemblea General de les Nacions Unides proclamava 2008 com Any Internacional de les Llengües. Avui en dia més de la meitat de les aproximadament 6.000 llengües que es parlen poden desaparèixer segons la UNESCO. La diversitat només serà possible si es garanteix la supervivència dels idiomes sense atendre al seu nombre de parlants o al pes polític i econòmic que tinguin. De totes les llengües del món, les africanes i asiàtiques representen al voltant del 64%; les del continent americà un 15% i les del Pacífic, un 18%. Europa només un 3% dels idiomes. Arreu del món la meitat de les llengües es concentra en vuit estats: Papua Nova Guinea (832), Indonèsia (731), Nigèria (515), Índia (400), Mèxic (295), Austràlia (268) i Brasil (234).Definitiu: Segons la UNESCO cal recordar que cada 15 dies mor una llengua. Temps era temps en la Polònia ocupada per la Rússia tsarista, el metge Llàtzer Ludoviko Zamenhof va crear la llengua de la fraternitat mundial: Esperanto. Fill de pares jueus vivia a Bialystok habitada per polonesos, bielorussos, russos blancs i jueus. Els tsaristes van

The following is an opinion-editorial published in my regional newspaper, the Press Enterprise, 11.11.23. It begins here:

I understand that there are difficult issues with respect to the war over Gaza including the potential for Hamas to rearm during the course of any cease fire. But I absolutely cannot condone or remain silent about an Israeli response that has, in fact, become genocidal.

Les conflits permanents, l'instabilité politique et la montée des radicalismes communautaires et religieux, dont Daesh en est le triste stigmate, caractérise l'Irak depuis de nombreuses années, notamment depuis la disparition de "l'homme fort", Saddam Hussein. Depuis l'été 2014, particulièrement, époque où les combattants de Daesh ont pris le pouvoir sur une large partie du territoire irakien, les mouvements de populations ont été vifs causant le déplacement de plus de 3,2 millions de personnes à l'intérieur de leur propre pays, particulièrement dans le Nord de l'Irak. Cette ethnographie étudie l'expérience du déplacement d'enfants et de leurs parents, qui ont trouvé refuge, en grande majorité depuis trois ans dans le camp d'Ashti, à Sulaymaniyah, au Kurdistan irakien. Cette étude souhaite interroger et comprendre les espérances de ces enfants, à travers les pratiques artistiques dans le cadre de l'Education Non-Formelle (NFE). Le camp d'Ashti est riche de complexité puisque s'y côtoient différentes communautés : les Arabes sunnites, les Yazidis, les Shabaks et les Turkmens. C'est le seul camp tenant de cette originalité au Kurdistan irakien. Les trajectoires sont diverses, les situations et les espoirs, le sont tout autant. Le camp est constitué d'installations provisoires qui n'ont pas vocation à se fixer, cependant elles se consolident au fil du temps et des situations de conflits qui s'éternisent. Ce qui doit être une solution de l'urgence ; dans un temps réduit devient la norme dans la marge en y intégrant des processus d'installation dans un lieu qui n'a pourtant pas vocation à en être un. Les camps deviennent une solution pérenne comme une exemplarité dans la gestion humanitaire de ces exils forcés. Les temps sont tiraillés entre une urgence qui demeure dans le besoin de sortir d'un territoire « hors-sol » pour pouvoir retrouver ses racines ou s'enraciner dans un environnement social qui permette à ces individus de repenser leurs possibles. Les vies sont souvent rendues invisibles et rétrécies. Les temps sont allongés, ils révèlent souvent de longues insomnies où l'attente du grand retour marque l'absence de la terre perdue. La souffrance et la posture de victime relayée par l'environnement humanitaire sont les uniques éléments de confirmation de la réalité présente. Alors, le présentéisme devient une réalité où la « pensée pleine de l'exil » donne une présence au monde. Comment accompagner les enfants à regarder le futur déraciné ? Comment répondre, grâce à l'éducation et aux pratiques artistiques, à cette quête d'identité dans un milieu l'où ne peut pas prendre racine ?

This paper notes the ways in which conventional texts often construct limited reading positions and/or points of view. It argues that through the use of postmodern picturebooks and an understanding of metafictive strategies (as one aspect of a more complex methodological approach to the analysis of postmodern picturebooks) students are provided with tools through which to interrogate narrative conventions that are often otherwise naturalised through familiarity.

The dearth of knowledge about what life was like for different women and men, communities and institutions during conflict has caused many post-conflict developers to undertake reconstruction using standardised models that may not always reflect the realities of the affected populations. There is a need to engage with and understand the life experiences, transformations and social concerns of people affected by conflict before, during and after the conflict in order to develop

WelKom in Het marie KampHuis arcHief bent u op zoek naar een onderwerp of naar research-materiaal voor een artikel, scriptie of boek? Kom snuffelen in de collectie van het marie Kamphuis archief. daar vindt u de persoonlijke boeken en documenten van onder meer marie Kamphuis, bertje Jens en meta Petri, naast archieven van diverse opleidingen en instellingen. een nieuw overzicht van de collectie staat op de site: www. mariekamphuisstichting.nl onder Archief.

New Medical Acronym 'Unique To Gaza':
W C N S F
"Wounded Child No Surviving Family."

(Reported by Doctors Without Borders Dr, Haj-Hassan, BBC News'The Context)

“Gaza is becoming a graveyard for children.”
The UN Secretary General Antonio Guterres
(Reuters Nov, 6, 2023)

Ce chapitre analyse les raisons pour lesquelles des parents prirent la décision, pendant la guerre d'Espagne, de faire expatrier leurs enfants. Dans le sillage du renouveau récent des usages de la quantification en histoire, nous faisons le pari que des calculs sur des informations apparemment aussi prosaïques que la date de l’inscription pour l’évacuation, l’âge, le sexe et l’adresse des enfants ou encore la composition des fratries, permettent bien de deviner quelque
chose du processus de décision de leurs parents.

This article examines the construction of the colonial security apparatus in Burma, within the broader British colonial project in eastern Asia. During the colonial period, the state in Burma was built by default, as no one in London or India ever mapped out a strategy for establishing governance in this outpost. Instead of sending in legal, commercial or police experts to establish law and order-the preconditions of the all-important commerce-Britain sent the Indian Army, which faced an intensity and landscape of guerilla resistance never anticipated. Early forays into the establishment of law and order increasingly became based on conceptions of the population as enemies to be pacified, rather than subjects to be incorporated into or even ignored by the newly defined political entity. The character of armed administration in colonial Burma had a disproportionate impact on how that population came to be regarded, treated, legalized and made into subjects of the Raj. Administrative simplifications along territorial and racial lines resulted in political, economic, and social boundaries that continue to divide the country today. Bureaucratic and security mechanisms politicized violence along territorial and racial lines, creating "two Burmas" in the administrative and security arms of the state. Despite the "laissez-faire" proclamations of colonial state officials in Burma, this geographically and functionally limited state nonetheless established durable administrative structures that precluded any significant integration throughout the territory for a century to come. This article explores the relationship among violence, warfare and politics in the colonial outpost of Burma, located geographically, administratively and politically deep in the shadow of Britain's flagship colony, India. I argue that the process by which Britain built a modern state in Burma enshrined violence as the currency of politics. As in other societies, war and crisis in colonial Burma created institutions with staying power, and in this case The author is indebted to the following readers, all of whom read earlier drafts of this article and offered helpful suggestions: Eisei Kurimoto,