Car Parking

The stereotype of women's limited parking skills is deeply anchored in modern culture. Although laboratory tests prove men's average superiority in visuospatial tasks and parking requires complex, spatial skills, underlying mechanisms remain unexplored. Here, we investigated performance of beginners (nine women, eight men) and more experienced drivers (21 women, 27 men) at diVerent parking manoeuvres. Furthermore, subjects conducted the mental rotation test and self-assessed their parking skills. We show that men park more accurately and especially faster than women. Performance is related to mental rotation skills and self-assessment in beginners, but only to self-assessment in more experienced drivers. We assume that, due to diVerential feedback, self-assessment incrementally replaces the controlling inXuence of mental rotation, as parking is trained with increasing experience. Results suggest that sex diVerences in spatial cognition persist in real-life situations, but that socio-psychological factors modulate the biological causes of sex diVerences.

In this study, the method of direct-motion parallel parking is introduced both in theory and in simulations for the vehicle with and without a trailer. The results show that not only a vehicle with a trailer park in parallel using direct motion, but also a vehicle with a trailer park in parallel in direct motion after the final value of the orientation angle is satisfied. Simulation results are given to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Paper videos can be reached from this URL: http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLENSkat0854vszuVfu9mnrEvHsVQGBBgB

The existing use of underground space and further options of strengthening and integrating underground spaces into traditional planning process in urban areas has been surveyed through various studies and importance of underground spaces are explained in urban area. Urban underground space provide solutions for traffic congestion and here is such approach related to traffic congestion, lack of space, emission of pollutants through vehicles demanding for need of urban underground space. With increase in traffic and congestion scenario, metro has been playing vital role in metropolitan cities of India but there’s always need for off-street parking like underground parking facilities at metro station considering the lack of space for parking, rise in motorized vehicles, congestion scenario in numerous urban areas of country. The underground parking station at metro station is going to be first of its kind in India. The various studies related to stability excavations, factors for underground parking, Deep excavations and working sequences are being studied and Top down construction Methodology adopted at urban area which has become a trend for its speed in execution. The numerical modeling was also done with respect to stability for respective geometry with basic soil parameters from a study. The Finite element modeling was done with RS2 2019 software. After detailed survey and on few assumptions two models were done for metro station which was dimensionally 32 mx21 m and to metro corridor for length of 200 m considering the plastic condition with 3 noded triangles with Mohr-Coulomb failure criteria. The Installation of diaphragm wall and struts are done with the sequential excavation i.e Top down construction methodology is adopted for 4 levels of excavation phases of underground metro station and are modeled for stability assessment. The stresses, displacements and strains were analyzed at excavation phases and diaphragm wall analysis is observed with geotechnical parameters and assigned loads. It ensured how important the thickness of wall, strut & its properties, meshing and loads played role in variation of stresses, displacements and strains in analysis for considered geotechnical conditions. These were analyzed and their variation is shown with values obtained by software. The strength reduction factor and inferences for both the models are observed, explained and also their variation is shown at initial and later stage of modeling. Conclusions were then taken up for need of underground parking facilities at metro stations and for underground space as they are need of the hour at urban places.

The Interlaced concept relates to fitting of one part into another and here the part relates to connection of buildings for the proper utilization of space, which was done for parking and classroom purposes. This project presents the solution for creating parking in the SRMIST campus, Kattankulathur and also can be utilized for class room purposes whereas this technique of interlaced building can be followed in India which will be a solution for lack of space which leads to sustainable development for the society. The proposed site area is 60m × 40m is considered for planning, analysis and design for the proposed building. For planning computer aided building drawing is implemented and prepared using AutoCAD, according to the standards. The analysis of the building is done by using software ETABS and design of structural elements such as slab, beam, column, footing and ramp are done manually. Axial force, shear force and bending moment are being analyzed and the values are used for manual design. The reinforcement detailing for structural members is done and checked for its safety. This concept provides more space for the construction and hence additional space which is now a parking lot and can be used efficiently by using the concept of interlaced building done in various countries. The complete design for the building is done and a factor of safety is found to be safe in this confined space.

In this study, the method of direct-motion diagonal and perpendicular parking is introduced both in theo-ry and in simulations for the vehicle with and without a trailer. The results show that not only a vehicle with a trailer park in diagonal or perpendicular using direct motion, but also a vehicle with a trailer park in diagonal and perpendicular in direct motion after the final value of the orientation angle is satisfied. Simulation results are given to verify the effec-tiveness of the proposed method. Keywords: diagonal, perpendicular, direct motion, parking, trailer, car-like vehicle Paper videos can be reached from this URL: http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLENSkat0854vGceT1fX4Yr6Yw0UqqW_vl

With the growth of economy, vehicle has become a necessity in our daily life making the vehicle quantity increase dramatically. Vehicle brings convenience to people, yet parking causes serious problems because of poor management at the same time. For drivers and managers, traditional parking management hasn’t met their needs in efficiency, security and performance. Therefore, the need for an intelligent parking system with high efficiency, low cost and high security is indispensable for people in the modern society. Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) is a digital mobile communication network which has developed rapidly in recent years. It is used widely in mobile device standards.

In this study, the method of direct-motion diagonal and perpendicular parking is introduced both in theo-ry and in simulations for the vehicle with and without a trailer. The results show that not only a vehicle with a trailer park in diagonal or perpendicular using direct motion, but also a vehicle with a trailer park in diagonal and perpendicular in direct motion after the final value of the orientation angle is satisfied. Simulation results are given to verify the effec-tiveness of the proposed method. Keywords: diagonal, perpendicular, direct motion, parking, trailer, car-like vehicle Paper videos can be reached from this URL: http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLENSkat0854vGceT1fX4Yr6Yw0UqqW_vl

Finding empty parking spaces is a common problem in densely populated areas. Drivers spend an unnecessarily large amount of time searching for the empty spots, because they do not have perfect knowledge about the available vacant spots. An effective vacancy detection system would significantly reduce search time and increase the efficiency of utilizing the scarce parking spaces. The proposed solution uses trained neural networks to determine occupancy states based on visual features extracted from parking spots. This method addresses three technical problems. First, it responds to changing light intensity and non-uniformity by having adaptive reference pavement pixel value calculate the color distance between the parking spots in question and the pavement. Second, it approximates images with limited lighting to have similar feature values to images with sufficient illumination, merging the two patterns. Third, the solution separately considers nighttime vacancy detection, choosing appropriate regions to obtain reference color value. The accuracy was 99.9% for occupied spots and 97.9% for empty spots for this 24-hour video. Besides giving an accurate depiction of the car park’s utilization rate, this study also reveals the patterns of parking events at different times of the day and insights to the activities that car drivers engage with.

Purpose: This chapter explains how and why local parking policies are developed, the sometimes conflicting relationship between parking, revenue raising and economic development and the circumstances in which it may be appropriate to use parking policy as a demand management tool.

Methodology/approach: This chapter offers a review of prior research and literature on the topic parking management and further explores the impacts and difficulties of parking management. Moreover, empirical data in this chapter comes from the authors’ own survey study of southern, eastern and southeastern European cities about their parking problems and policies.

Findings: The findings of this chapter show that there is a need to consider what parking solutions cities may choose and what solutions might work for them. It is difficult to say that very different solutions will suit cities of different sizes, but rather that the level of implementation of the solutions must be related to the scale of the problem in each city, and its citizens’ demands. In addition, each city must work within its particular legislative context, which is why certain solutions might not work in some cities.

Practical implications: Parking policy and parking management are key to urban mobility and to managing its negative effects. It is possible to develop a car parking policy that will manage the negative impacts of urban car use whilst also supporting business and the economy; but this is a balancing act, which is why it is important to learn from the experience of other places, as we have shown in this chapter. Parking demand and the response of different cities to it are very important when considering the rise of car use in Europe and other parts of the world. Future solutions for parking problems are detailed at the end of this chapter.

Originality/value of paper: This chapter offers a comprehensive overview of prior research in parking management and connects this overview to findings of the authors own survey in south, eastern and southeastern European cities. Very few studies have made similar connections and provided in-depth insights into parking management in European cities. Moreover, the research provides useful information for planners and professionals dealing with parking issues and what solutions might work in their city.

In this study, the method of direct-motion diagonal and perpendicular parking is introduced both in theo-ry and in simulations for the vehicle with and without a trailer. The results show that not only a vehicle with a trailer park in diagonal or perpendicular using direct motion, but also a vehicle with a trailer park in diagonal and perpendicular in direct motion after the final value of the orientation angle is satisfied. Simulation results are given to verify the effec-tiveness of the proposed method.

Keywords: diagonal, perpendicular, direct motion, parking, trailer, car-like vehicle

Paper videos can be reached from this URL: http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLENSkat0854vGceT1fX4Yr6Yw0UqqW_vl

Car parking lots are an important object class in many traffic and civilian applications. With the problems of increasing urban traffic congestion and the ever increasing shortage of space, these car parking lots are needed to be well equipped with automatic parking Information and Guidance systems. Goals of intelligent parking lot management include counting the number of parked cars, and identifying the available location. This work proposes a new system for providing parking information and guidance using image processing. The proposed system includes counting the number of parked vehicles, and identifying the stalls available. The system detects cars through images instead of using electronic sensors embedded on the floor. A camera is installed at the entry point of the parking lot. It captures image sequences. The image sequences are then analyzed using digital image processing for vehicle detection and according to the status of vehicle occupancy inside, real time guidance and information is provided to the incoming driver.

Nowadays, in all the cities, there is an acute problem of a lack of parking spaces. The number of vehicles are becoming more and more larger, not only in megacities, but in small cities of the country, as well and there are no more parking places - the pace of solving the problem is several times slower than the rate of the transport growth among the citizens. The article is dedicated to the determination of the optimum sizes parking place for designing vehicles on a parking space, which is an element of the roads. The optimum amount parking places are determined on examples of the passenger cars and trucks. The results of research on dimensioning of parking spaces and recommendations to use the results for design of objects of transportation infrastructure are presented. According to the research, authors included the term "design vehicle" and gave its definition. The authors developed a template for 7 types of design vehicles and their sizes and also recommended sizes fo...

In this study, the method of direct-motion parallel parking is introduced both in theory and in simulations for the vehicle with and without a trailer. The results show that not only a vehicle with a trailer park in parallel using direct motion, but also a vehicle with a trailer park in parallel in direct motion after the final value of the orientation angle is satisfied. Simulation results are given to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.

This paper presents an intelligent reactive controller which is capable of performing parallel parking in a confined space slightly larger than the dimensions of the vehicle. This controller combines the features of fuzzy logic control and sliding-mode control, and is modeled as a fuzzy learning automaton. Representative simulation results are provided that demonstrate the parking steps and the effectiveness of the parking controller.

Parking is a huge problem in densely populated areas and drivers spend a significant amount of time finding a suitable place to park their cars. A system that could show drivers the nearest available space would result in enormous savings of time, fuel, and street space. In order to achieve that, real- world periodic statistical analysis of car parking areas could help increase effi- ciency. Ideally, real-time information could also be used to create personalized suggestions to drivers, thus enabling satisficing of a wide range of possible cri- teria of optimality. We propose a system that uses a single camera for a wide- area external parking, followed by a combination of two kinds of algorithms: static image analysis of parking lot spaces using a combination of histogram classification and edge detection, and dynamic image analysis using blob analy- sis. Our system thus achieves monitoring of parking spaces and reports statistics as well as empty slots in real-time. Our results in...

An intelligent reactive controller which is capable of performing automated parallel parking in a confined space very little larger than the dimensions of the vehicle, is presented. The effectiveness of this controller is demonstrated via simulation.

Searching for the parking space is a time-consuming task while visiting for shopping or unknown cities. Real-time parking management gets benefited for the development of the smart city and also reduces time for finding the parking place. In this chapter, different two types of modules for car parking are simulated using a combination of Hough transform, edge detection, and color enhancement method. Different car parking modules are circular shape-based: (i) parallel parking with a different radius and (ii) angle parking with the same radius. Real-time video is captured using an android smartphone with an IP camera. The proposed research work can enhance the solution for real-time parking solution in big malls and theater. Limitation and future scope of this will give motivation toward research work on an intelligent transportation system (ITS) development in India. For small-scale version here, we have used toy cars and bus with a different color for parking modules.

Now a days, finding an available parking space can be considered as time and fuel consuming. Therefore, it may cause drivers to be frustrated; which will lead to inappropriate parking. This will lead to bad traffic around the parking space and may also lead to accident. That is why this project proposes an Intelligent Parking System that uses various sensors which will be based on an Atmega328 Application as interface to help book or view available spaces.This project will help solve problems mentioned by allowing users to view and select available space in the parking; which will Prevent users from driving around the parking for long. As a conclusion, this project will help in reducing the amount of time a driver has to spend around the parking just to find an available spot, reducing the amount of traffic around the parking and also reducing the bad parking around the parking space.

Verkeer dat zoekt naar een straatparkeerplaats levert veel onnodige uitstoot en brandstofverbruik op. Dankzij voertuig-voertuigcommunicatie kunnen auto’s in de nabije toekomst onderling informatie uitwisselen over beschikbare parkeerplaatsen. Welke impact heeft dat op het zoekverkeer? Onderzoekers van de Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen bestudeerden deze onderzoeksvraag met een simulatiemodel.

This paper builds upon recent research on mobility infrastructures to question the usefulness of the mobility/moorings binary and suggest that scholars should examine the practices of infrastructuring by which mobile subjects, affects and environments emerge. The paper outlines recent work on the affective qualities of mobility infrastructures, before examining some of the diverse discourses, feelings, and atmospheres which have gathered around the humble British car park over the past fifty years. It examines how the affective and experiential qualities of car parks and parking became commodified by car park designers, urban redevelopers and landscape architects, as new techniques and technologies were adopted to prevent wasteful 'space-searching' and design secure, safe, pleasant, and aesthetically-pleasing spaces. Finally, the paper examines some of the discourses and regulative practices which have gathered around the direct and indirect environmental impacts of parking provision and parking policies, from their influence on local ecology and hydrology, to the use of parking regulations and charges to try and reshape people's mobility habits and reduce their environmental footprints.

The existing use of underground space and further options of strengthening and integrating underground spaces into traditional planning process in urban areas has been surveyed through various studies and importance of underground spaces are explained in urban area. Urban underground space provide solutions for traf ic congestion and here is such approach related to traf ic congestion, lack of space, emission of pollutants through vehicles demanding for need of urban underground space. With increase in traf ic and congestion scenario, metro has been playing vital role in metropolitan cities of India but there’s always need for of -street parking like underground parking facilities at metro station considering the lack of space for parking, rise in motorized vehicles, congestion scenario in numerous urban areas of country. The underground parking station at metro station is going to be first of its kind in India. The various studies related to stability excavations, factors for underground parking, Deep excavations and working sequences are being studied and Top down construction Methodology adopted at urban area which has become a trend for its speed in execution. The numerical modeling was also done with respect to stability for respective geometry with basic soil parameters from a study. The Finite element modeling was done with RS2 2019 software. After detailed survey and on few assumptions two models were done for metro station which was dimensionally 32 mx21 m and to metro corridor for length of 200 m considering the plastic condition with 3 noded triangles with Mohr-Coulomb failure criteria. The Installation of diaphragm wall and struts are done with the sequential excavation i.e Top down construction methodology is adopted for 4 levels of excavation phases of underground metro station and are modeled for stability assessment. The stresses, displacements and strains were analyzed at excavation phases and diaphragm wall analysis is observed with geotechnical parameters and assigned loads. It ensured how important the thickness of wall, strut & its properties, meshing and loads played role in variation of stresses, displacements and strains in analysis for considered geotechnical conditions. These were analyzed and their variation is shown with values obtained by software. The strength reduction factor and inferences for both the models are observed, explained and also their variation is shown at initial and later stage of modeling. Conclusions were then taken up for need of underground parking facilities at metro stations and for underground space as they are need of the hour at urban places.

"Il est interdit de laisser stationner sans nécessité sur la voie publique aucune voiture attelée ou non attelée" : l'article 10 du Décret Impérial du 10 août 1852 sur la police des voitures montre l'ancienneté de la prise en compte par les pouvoirs publics des problématiques de stationnement des véhicules. Il traduit aussi une ambiguïté fondamentale dans la gestion de cette pratique, nécessaire aux activités permises par les voitures mais difficile à contrôler. Cela pose notamment problème dans les grandes villes occidentales à partir de la fin du XIX è siècle avec l'augmentation et la diversification des moyens de transport (développement du tramway, de la bicyclette, des transports automobiles) qui doivent se partager l'espace contraint des rues héritées. Face à cela, les mesures règlementaires apparaissent vite insuffisantes et divers acteurs affirment la nécessité de réserver une place pour le stationnement des véhicules dans l'aménagement des rues. Notre proposition consiste à s'intéresser aux conséquences concrètes des politiques de stationnement sur le paysage urbain, par l'étude des évolutions de ces politiques sur une longue durée. Ces aménagements pour le stationnement semblent évoluer de manière linéaire vers des infrastructures de plus en plus lourdes (du marquage au sol des places de stationnement aux parkings souterrains ou en silo), mais une analyse fine de plusieurs cas de rues lyonnaises montre que cette vision doit être largement nuancée selon les choix politiques propres à chaque contexte historique et local voire micro-local. Une approche fine de la construction du stationnement comme un problème politique est nécessaire tant les types de stationnement sont divers par leur durée, leur motif, leur mode de transport et les territoires concernés. Par ailleurs, il est intéressant d'analyser le mouvement d'intégration croissant des diverses mesures règlementaires et des politiques d'infrastructures adaptées au stationnement dans des logiques de planification (à partir des années 1950) et d'intégration à l'urbanisme et au fonctionnement urbain général (dans le cadre de la politique d'espaces publics des années 1990, par exemple). Là encore, ce processus est loin d'être une évidence et l'histoire de la gestion du stationnement par celle des infrastructures reste bien souvent marquée par des approches empiriques, des tâtonnements et des conflits d'usage qui révèlent des rapports de force entre ce nouvel usage de la rue et des pratiques pré-existantes. Ces problématiques s'appuient sur l'étude du cas lyonnais, avec une approche de longue durée et à plusieurs échelles, faisant le lien entre des politiques décidées à l'échelle nationale ou municipale et leurs enjeux et conséquences locales voire micro-locales (de la ville à la portion de rue). A cette approche large dans l'espace et le temps correspondent des matériaux divers : des archives variées nous renseignent sur les jeux d'acteurs et les logiques de mise en politique des questions de circulation (rapports de la commission municipale de circulation, correspondance municipale et préfectorale), des documents statistiques et cartographiques nous permettent d'analyser les éléments de cadrage et de mesure de ces problématiques, des sources iconographiques (plans, croquis, photographies) nous conduisent à étudier les représentations et les traductions concrètes de ces politiques. Cet article exposera des résultats d'une recherche en cours sur la modernisation de la voirie et les conflits d'usage à Lyon entre la fin du XIX e et la fin du XX e siècle (thèse d'Histoire contemporaine dirigée par Loïc Vadelorge, Université Paris-Est-Marne-la-Vallée).