Parking Solutions

Today parking a car on side of the road is major problem. Every time while parking and removing car from the parking space consumes fuel and space. Also we have to leave some space in the front and back side of car so that removing it outside would be easy. We also have to reverse car several time while parking and crashes occurs sometimes. So to overcome this problem we designed a prototype showing transverse car parking mechanism. The mechanism is attached with the car from the bottom side which will lift the car on four small sized wheels by means of pneumatic or hydraulic system and then it moves transversely. The four auxiliary wheels can flip inside so that when we are not using mechanism the ground clearance of the car will be unaffected. This type of mechanism can also use as in-built jack to replace damaged wheels. This type of mechanism will be very much useful for people in emergency cases like removing car from the road in case it’s not starting and this mechanism will work on the battery.

Double parking is a common occurrence in dense urban areas. It routinely causes danger for cyclists, pedestrians and short-term traffic disruptions that impede traffic flow. Using New York City as a case study, this paper introduces a novel data-driven framework for understanding the influential factors and estimating the actual frequency of double parking through utilizing parking violation tickets, 311 service requests, and social media information with surrounding street characteristics. The number of hotel rooms, traffic volume, commercial usage, block length and curbside parking spaces are ranked as the top five important factors contributing to double parking. Three feature selection methods, LASSO, stability selection and Random Forests techniques are applied to identify those contributing factors. Random Forests, as one of the most effective machine learning techniques is also applied to predict double parking performance of 50 locations in Midtown Manhattan, New York, where ground truth data is available. The Random Forests model achieves 85% prediction accuracy. The study demonstrates that the violation tickets and 311 service requests supplemented with additional street characteristics are able to offer a higher level of prediction accuracy for double parking events. This predictive power can be further applied to a macroscopic or microscopic traffic simulation model to evaluate double parking impacts on traffic delay and safety. In addition, this study can provide transportation agencies insights into effective data collection strategies to identify potential double parking hotspots for better policy-making, enforcement, and management.

Each medium of transportation involves three necessary elements, without which it cannot operate effectively: the vehicle, the right-of-way, and the terminal. For water transportation, these essentials consist of the vessels, waterways, and port facilities; for railroad transportation, trains, tracks, and stations; for air transport, planes, airways and airports. Similarly, the elements of motor transportation are vehicle, the road, and a place to park at the end of the trip. Parking space availability is one of the most serious issues in most of the cities. The increase in heavy population in cities has resulted in increase in the travel demand. The study area is Rajkot GSRTC Bus stand area which in turn generates high parking demand. The basis of study is parking demand along the Rajkot ST Bus stand. The license plate method will conducted for collecting the data of current conditions for improving services. The parking management strategies like short term, medium term and long term, the way that can be implemented are discussed. To solve the current parking problem and solutions which are used to recommend that will manage the parking facility of off-street parking. But based on the future parking demand in the study area long term parking management can also be suggested, such as provision of Multistory Parking.

Paper sobre contrato de shopping center y sus aspectos generales, analizados bajo una perspectiva de seguridad civil e industrial. Contempla la frustración de la finalidad y como el Covid-19 impacto en Argentina ante una nueva estructuración del mercado comercial. Trabajo de investigación final para la materia de Contratos Civiles y Comerciales, cátedra Lovece- Herrera (UBA).

Makalah ini berisi mengenai metodologi penelitian dengan mengambil studi kasus pada lahan parkir fakultas teknik di Universitas Syiah Kuala. Terkhusus untuk penataan lahan parkir sepeda motor yang tidak jelas batasan parkir sehingga pengguna sepeda motor sering kali memarkirkan motornya sembarangan yang mengakibatkan tatanan parkir tidak rapi.

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This paper contains a research methodology by taking a case study in the parking area of ​​engineering faculty  at Syiah Kuala University. Especially for the arrangement of motorcycle parking lots that are not clear parking restrictions so that motorcycle users often parked their motorcycles carelessly which resulted in an untidy parking order.

Finding empty parking spaces is a common problem in densely populated areas. Drivers spend an unnecessarily large amount of time searching for the empty spots, because they do not have perfect knowledge about the available vacant spots. An effective vacancy detection system would significantly reduce search time and increase the efficiency of utilizing the scarce parking spaces. The proposed solution uses trained neural networks to determine occupancy states based on visual features extracted from parking spots. This method addresses three technical problems. First, it responds to changing light intensity and non-uniformity by having adaptive reference pavement pixel value calculate the color distance between the parking spots in question and the pavement. Second, it approximates images with limited lighting to have similar feature values to images with sufficient illumination, merging the two patterns. Third, the solution separately considers nighttime vacancy detection, choosing appropriate regions to obtain reference color value. The accuracy was 99.9% for occupied spots and 97.9% for empty spots for this 24-hour video. Besides giving an accurate depiction of the car park’s utilization rate, this study also reveals the patterns of parking events at different times of the day and insights to the activities that car drivers engage with.

The present world is witnessing tremendous growth in technology and practices. In the global perspective, day to day the number of four wheelers i.e, cars is increasing. The safety and parking the four wheelers has become a major concern and need attention in this regard. Safe, secure and automatic parking is need of the hour. An electronic circuitry and Arduino UNO controller is used to design and detect the car when it approaches to the gate of parking space and provides the parking space for it if free slots are available. The smart parking also display the number of occupied vehicles count on the display provided max of 9 in the present work and can be extended. Such a smart parking lot doesn't require a security officer to monitor. This provides cheap and easy solutions to parking problems.

Purpose: This chapter explains how and why local parking policies are developed, the sometimes conflicting relationship between parking, revenue raising and economic development and the circumstances in which it may be appropriate to use parking policy as a demand management tool.

Methodology/approach: This chapter offers a review of prior research and literature on the topic parking management and further explores the impacts and difficulties of parking management. Moreover, empirical data in this chapter comes from the authors’ own survey study of southern, eastern and southeastern European cities about their parking problems and policies.

Findings: The findings of this chapter show that there is a need to consider what parking solutions cities may choose and what solutions might work for them. It is difficult to say that very different solutions will suit cities of different sizes, but rather that the level of implementation of the solutions must be related to the scale of the problem in each city, and its citizens’ demands. In addition, each city must work within its particular legislative context, which is why certain solutions might not work in some cities.

Practical implications: Parking policy and parking management are key to urban mobility and to managing its negative effects. It is possible to develop a car parking policy that will manage the negative impacts of urban car use whilst also supporting business and the economy; but this is a balancing act, which is why it is important to learn from the experience of other places, as we have shown in this chapter. Parking demand and the response of different cities to it are very important when considering the rise of car use in Europe and other parts of the world. Future solutions for parking problems are detailed at the end of this chapter.

Originality/value of paper: This chapter offers a comprehensive overview of prior research in parking management and connects this overview to findings of the authors own survey in south, eastern and southeastern European cities. Very few studies have made similar connections and provided in-depth insights into parking management in European cities. Moreover, the research provides useful information for planners and professionals dealing with parking issues and what solutions might work in their city.

This paper aims to propose a comprehensive concept review at developing an automated parking system for cars. This proposed system improves the presently used parking system by enhancing its security features and simplifying the parking process by eliminating the need for manual intervention. For authentication and owner car identification, the parking system uses Near Field Communication (NFC) technology. NFC is a set of standards for smart phones and similar devices to establish radio communication with each other by bringing them into close proximity or touching them together, usually no more than a couple of inches. NFC Module is widely present in today’s smart phones and thus can be used to eliminate the need for parking tokens and/or cards. On the other hand, the automation and space management is managed by the ARM microcontroller by controlling the mechanical motors in transporting the car to an appropriate parking space.

Par king resources efficient management in modern urban environment is getting more important because parking related activities are resource consuming in terms of spent time, fuel, carbon emission, air pollution and motorists frustration. According to research studies [15] average 30% of cars in urban areas are running around in search for available parking lot. This paper highlights challenges and issues related to the optimal parking resources management in smart city environment trying to give comprehensive overview including all elements relevant for optimal parking resources management. Mathematical, theoretical models and game theory concepts will be considered targeting parking specific challenges and issues. Democratization in parking resources management and commercialization will be considered and proposed focused to social welfare. Digital Parking platform will be proposed and described offering game change and democratized parking resource management. New models for further parking research will be proposed.

A singular and modest activist action, a temporary park created in San Francisco, grew into the global urban Park(ing) Day (PD) phenomenon. This tactical urbanism event not only expanded to be annually celebrated in thousands of parking lots all over the world but became an inspiration for urban planning and policy changes. The permanent rendition of Park(ing) Day, parklets, resulted from the movement but did not stop the spread of PD itself. This article presents case studies from New Zealand and Poland, two geographically and culturally distant locations where PD has further developed and evolved gaining local qualities. Through research methods such as research in design, secondary data analysis and expert interviews we study the trajectory of PD evolution and the role and interpretation of it in different parts of the globe. The results show a narrative of successive popularisation and institutionalisation as well as diversification. Departing from its grassroots, guerilla and assertive traits, PD has grown to become an artistic, creative and urban planning tool. As an established, recognised action and an 'attractive' idea, PD has great potential for designer education, allowing a venue for implementing methods such as design-build and live project.

The industrialization of the world, increase in population, slow paced city development and mismanagement of the available parking space has resulted in parking related problems. There is a dire need for a secure, intelligent, efficient and reliable system which can be used for searching the unoccupied parking facility, guidance towards the parking facility, negotiation of the parking fee, along with the proper management of the parking facility. Intelligent Parking Service is a part of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). This paper reviews different Intelligent Parking Services used for parking guidance, parking facility management and gives an insight into the economic analysis of such projects. The discussed systems will be able to reduce the problems which are arising due to unavailability of a reliable, efficient and modern parking system, while the economic analysis technique will help in analyzing the projects' feasibility.

Plug-in electric vehicles are rapidly becoming viable options for consumer use as regular transportation. Charging solutions that are both intelligent and renewable are therefore needed to meet the challenges of integrating these into the existing power grid and future smart grid. A solar photovoltaic parking structure for charging these vehicles is proposed and modeled that includes on-site power storage, a grid connection to a nearby building, and coordination with the local utility through demand response. Computer-based intelligent power management is realized by expert control of the sources, loads, and storage components. This parking structure is also designed to facilitate research and serve as an educational opportunity for university students.

On-street parking is one of the most important aspects of the transportation system in any central business district (CBD) worldwide. Managing the on-street parking demand is an important issue in transportation planning, especially for metropolitan cities. Every car owner prefers to park their vehicle as close as possible to destination to minimize the walking distance, leading to overcrowded. The objectives of this study are to find out important parameters on on-street parking, generating a parking demand estimation model and to carry out sensitivity analysis to obtain most sensitive parameter(s) for demand estimation. The data are collected from field survey. Four CBDs of Kolkata, viz. Camac Street, Dalhousie, Gariahat and Park Street have been selected as case study areas in this study. The estimated demand is found to be much higher than the present supply. The forecasted demand is also estimated. Statistical software like SPSS is used for analysis.

The Integrated Smart Parking System (ISPS) incorporates detection of empty parking spot and inappropriate parking, finds the available and different kind of parking spaces in various zones and suggest the most shortest way to reach the location. The ISPS mainly focuses on minimizing the time and maintaining a strategic distance from unnecessary traveling. There are lots of smart parking systems and a greater part of the solutions are following the conventional design approach focusing on a single parking center. However, existing single parking concentrating approached framework can’t satisfy the prerequisites of the incorporated smart parking system. In this study, for ISPS the structure has been defined with the utilization of best innovations. The ISPS can help the users to search the unoccupied spaces in the user-specific area within a very short time and also can suggest the nearest location from user destination. Additionally, ISPS supports the users with automated management ...

Smart Cities are having lot of challenges and issues to solve while facilitating citizens better place and environment to live. One of such challenges is getting a free parking lot to park the vehicle. In absence of parking rules and regulations or necessary infrastructure, people may park their vehicles at wrong place and or in wrong direction. This can lead to inconvenience to pedestrians, obstacles to moving traffic, traffic jam and similar unwanted problems. This paper has discussed the Software technology and ICT based Smart Parking solution "SmartPark" to avoid such problems. There are various techniques and solutions available for enabling Smart Parking systems, this paper has briefly covered details of some of such solutions as well as proposed the smart parking system based on image processing, Mobile App and Client Server technologies.

Parking is a passive but an essential component of transportation infrastructure. It has been a neglected part of transportation policies in India. The automobile boom in this country over last two decades has been quite unbelievable. The parking problem is increasing day by day and land availability is reducing with rapid urbanization in whole country. This problem has now drawn the attention of city authorities in urban areas but the management is far from satisfactory. The management part is mostly outsourced to different agencies who concentrate more on maximizing their revenue generation through parking rather than proper parking management.
Parking management refers to various policies and programs that result in more efficient use of parking resources. When appropriately applied parking management can significantly reduce the number of parking spaces required in a particular situation. Cost effective parking management programs can usually reduce parking requirements by 20- 40% compared with conventional planning requirements, providing many economic, social and environmental benefits. When all impacts are considered, improved management is often the best solution to parking problems.
The problem of parking is very prominent in all the urban areas but metros are the worst affected by this problem. Delhi is ahead of all these urban areas because of highest number of motorized vehicles and scarcity of land for parking infrastructure. The problem is ever increasing in major commercial areas where parking turnover goes upto 2 times the parking supply. The parking utilization goes above 100% throughout the day. The over utilization of parking infrastructure is due to subsidized fee structure of parking supply. The parking pricing should be fixed in such a manner that the demand and supply should have balance.
Moreover the parking policies framed by city authorities are not able to match the requirement of city’s parking needs.  The parking policy that the action plans of all the civic and development agencies aim towards more supply of parking spaces and little on demand control measures.
This study is an attempt to analyze the existing parking problems, criticize parking practices and propose suitable reforms. The basic objectives of this particular study is to identify the different parameters influencing parking demand, to analyze and measure the influence of each parameter on parking demand, to derive demand functions based on the analyses. The final outcome of the study will is to formulate a suitable methodology for planning future parking facilities with special focus on spatial allocation, total parking supply, price framework, and regulatory policies and strategies. Moreover, planning the proposals and parking recommendations for improving the overall parking scenario at micro level of the study areas.

The main aim that we have is to create a completely automated car parking system with minimal human interference. With the rising population in the world, time is of the essence and hence we need to minimize the time taken by trivial activities such as finding a place to park in a busy place and avoid traffic congestion. We have seen in existing systems sometimes accidents can occur in parking situations by cars going at high speed o caused by frustrated drivers unable to find a parking space for a long period of time. In our project we propose a smart and automated car parking model that will help the user in booking their parking spaces beforehand and the vehicle will be able to park automatically once in the parking zone .The difference between our project of automated car parking systems is we hope to minimize human interaction as much as possible and make both the vehicle and the parking area fitted with sensors that will help us execute a safe and efficient way of parking. Hence, we aim to provide a completely safe and automated experience that is robust and can be implemented in real time and hopefully be implemented as the general norm for parking systems in the future.

Parking automation has been developed for locating available parking spaces inside a parking lot with new technologies, such as automatic collection, capacity, or empty spaces' detection; to both reduce search time and avoid crowds of vehicles waiting to park in it. A simple detection system of available spaces, within the Faculty and Staff parking lot of the Engineering and Chemistry Departments at the Autonomous University of Chihuahua, Mexico (UACH), was set up. First, an analysis of vehicle capacity was carried out to establish the peak hours of vehicles' entrances and compare it to the parking lots' capacity. For one working week (6 days), it was determined that Tuesdays have the highest vehicle occupancy, and Saturdays are the days with the least traffic. Second, the geometric design of the parking lot (divided into two areas because of the terrain topography: upper and bottom levels), its dimensions and location of parking spots and marks on the pavement for traffic directions, were obtained from its blueprint, to visualize how the surveillance cameras can be oriented to cover the area. A detection system prototype was created for a specific area of the parking lot, using an artificial vision technique to perform the video extraction, while the digital image processing was developed in MATLAB. To complement and achieve the objective, Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) was used to obtain the count analysis as well as the availability/occupancy of each of the parking areas. This information is shown on a web page, with a simple driver-friendly design, since it has each parking space number and its availability in blue with the word "Available" or, in the opposite case, the word "Taken" in pink.

El presente artículo analiza los requerimientos de estacionamiento en edificaciones de uso residencial dentro de la ciudad de Lima. Se analizarán los máximos y mínimos requeridos con base en casos, normativa y doctrina. Asimismo, el autor relaciona el tema con los problemas de tráfico, concentración de vehículos privados y falta de eficacia de transportes públicos o alternativos. Se responderá a las siguientes cuestiones: ¿Por qué no funcionan los planes urbanísticos en Lima? ¿Cómo afecta el hecho de que Lima sea una ciudad difusa?

Toulouse, Héliport de Toulouse au Marché Parking Victor-Hugo, 1964/ [  Toulouse, Toulouse Heliport at the Victor-Hugo Parking Market, 1964 - Toulouse, helipuerto de Toulouse en el mercado de estacionamiento Victor-Hugo, 1964 -  圖盧茲，圖盧茲直升機場在Victor-Hugo停車場市場上，1964年 ]

Société des Grands Garages-Parkings du Sud-Ouest.

En 1959, sous le mandat de Louis Bazerque,, le marché-parking actuel voit le jour en relation avec l’essor démographique, aéronautique et le tout automobile dans les métropoles françaises. La mairie décide d’adapter ses marchés aux besoins  de place de parking.  Les architectes Pierre Lafitte, Joachim et Pierre Guénard  propose un marché parking héliport, premier parking payant de Toulouse avec plus de 670 places à l’époque.

In 1959, under the mandate of Louis Bazerque, the current parking market was created in connection with the demographic, aeronautical and all-automotive boom in French metropolitan areas. The town hall decides to adapt its markets to the needs of parking space. The architects Pierre Lafitte, Joachim and Pierre Guénard offer a heliport parking market, the first paying car park in Toulouse with more than 670 spaces at the time.

Regard historique sur l’image touristique de Toulouse.
Mirada histórica a la imagen turística de Toulouse.
Historical look at the tourist image of Toulouse.
歷史看圖盧茲的旅遊形象。

We demand the Chicago Transit Authority restore Green Line elevated rail service to Jackson Park over E. 63rd Street from Cottage Grove Avenue to Stony Island Avenue.

Sign the petition online: https://www.change.org/p/mayor-emanuel-and-the-chicago-transit-authority-restore-the-e-63rd-street-green-line/.

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Nowadays, in all the cities, there is an acute problem of a lack of parking spaces. The number of vehicles are becoming more and more larger, not only in megacities, but in small cities of the country, as well and there are no more parking places - the pace of solving the problem is several times slower than the rate of the transport growth among the citizens. The article is dedicated to the determination of the optimum sizes parking place for designing vehicles on a parking space, which is an element of the roads. The optimum amount parking places are determined on examples of the passenger cars and trucks. The results of research on dimensioning of parking spaces and recommendations to use the results for design of objects of transportation infrastructure are presented. According to the research, authors included the term "design vehicle" and gave its definition. The authors developed a template for 7 types of design vehicles and their sizes and also recommended sizes fo...

The increase in the level of population`s motorization of both the Republic of Croatia and the city of Šibenik has led to the problem of stationary traffic and the required number of parking spaces for cars. Due to the lack of free parking spaces in the city center or near the center, many drivers park their cars in the surrounding residential areas of the city, causing discontent among the domicile population and an additional congestion on the streets. City districts are often characterized by illegal parking in the form of occupying driving part of the streets, occupying and turning open public areas into parking spaces. The district Baldekin III in the city of Šibenik is one of the most populous city districts in Šibenik where, in addition to a large number of cars of the domicile population, non-domicile residents park their cars and go to the city center for private and business activities. The predominant mode of parking is the off-street mode of parking in car parks next to residential buildings, and the street mode of parking where owners leave their vehicles along the edge of city streets thus turning originally designed two-way streets into one-way streets. The goal of this paper is to propose a solution to mitigate and solve the problem of parking in the city district Baldekin III by introducing parking fees on street areas, converting some streets into one-way streets, building garages, using smart parking solutions, in order to increase parking capacity, introduce roundabouts and more fluid traffic regulation, relieve the streets, and meet the needs of the domicile population of the city district for free parking spaces. The purpose of this paper is to present the issue of parking in the city district, which in addition to parked domicile cars is congested with parked cars of non-domicile population, and solutions that could alleviate these problems in order to primarily satisfy domicile population.

Türkiye’de her geçen gün hızla artan araç sahipliği ve çarpık kentleşme pek çok soruna sebep olmaktadır.
Bunlardan bir tanesi günlük ortalama 20 saatten fazla park halinde olan araçların park etme gereksinimi sonucu
ortaya çıkan otopark sorunudur. Bu sorun ulaşımın temel sorunları ile ayrı bir kategoride değerlendirilemez.
Çünkü kent içindeki hatalı veya yanlış parklanmalar trafik hacmini ve yol kapasitesini olumsuz yönde
etkileyerek trafik akışını yavaşlatacak ve/veya durma noktasına getirerek ulaşım sorunlarını arttıracaktır.
Geleneksel olarak otopark çözümleri her taşıt kullanıcısına veya sahibine mümkün olduğunca bedava ve her
yerde park hakkı olarak süre gelmiştir. Ayrıca bu çözümde yetersiz kalınan bölgelere ek park alanları yaratarak
sorun çözülmeye çalışılmıştır. Ancak, günümüzde modern parklanma felsefesi bu anlayışı geride bırakmış ve
yeni parklanma stratejilerinin oluşmasına yönelik çabaları arttırmıştır. Bu amaçla, çalışmada modern parklanma
felsefesi ve stratejileri irdelenerek örnek uygulama alanı olarak İzmir ilinin tarihi dokularından bir olan Konak
ilçesi ile hem ticaret hem de oturma alanı olan Karşıyaka merkez ilçeleri seçilmiş ve park yönetim stratejileri için
çalışmalar ve analizler yapılmıştır. Sonuçlar otopark yönetim stratejilerinin çalışma alanı için, kısa vadede
yaklaşık %30 ve uzun vadede yaklaşık %75 seviyelerinde otopark yeri gereksinimi azalma oranlarına
ulaşılabileceğini göstermiştir

Providing suitable parking spaces may reduce disrupting traffic flow and mitigate congestion in urban streets. In that case; on-street parking is the main problem that often encountered in urban streets. The on-street parking phenomenon is widely spread in urban streets of Al-Najaf city. Therefore, this study has focused on two congested sites: Al-Rawan and Al-Iskan in order to investigate on-street parking characteristics. Thus; field data were collected using drone, video camera and manual counts. The average turnover, waiting time and type of parking were investigated. These sites have been divided into two sites and each one has been divided into several segments. Mainly, it was found that the peak period for both sites is in the evening after 4:00PM according to the activities there. The results of data analysis indicate that the waiting time for most parking vehicles in both sites is more than 80% for 30minutes. Finally, the results demonstrate that illegal parking behaviour is common in the study area city both on weekdays and weekend and the suggested improvements are to regulate on-street parking and provide off-street parking. Abstract Providing suitable parking spaces may reduce disrupting traffic flow and mitigate congestion in urban streets. In that case; on-street parking is the main problem that often encountered in urban streets. The on-street parking phenomenon is widely spread in urban streets of Al-Najaf city. Therefore, this study has focused on two congested sites: Al-Rawan and Al-Iskan in order to investigate on-street parking characteristics. Thus; field data were collected using drone, video camera and manual counts. The average turnover, waiting time and type of parking were investigated. These sites have been divided into two sites and each one has been divided into several segments. Mainly, it was found that the peak period for both sites is in the evening after 4:00PM according to the activities there. The results of data analysis indicate that the waiting time for most parking vehicles in both sites is more than 80% for 30minutes. Finally, the results demonstrate that illegal parking behaviour is common in the study area city both on weekdays and weekend and the suggested improvements are to regulate on-street parking and provide off-street parking.

Parking problems are common in most major cities. The limited availability of parking results in traffic congestion, air pollution as well as driver frustration. The price for parking expansion is usually prohibitive or extremely high. Recently researchers turned to apply technologies for efficient parking management. It is realized that this simple invention could be applied to monitor vehicles in parking places can be implemented. In this system, the driver can get the status of the parking slot through the website. The system can then inform drivers of the number of available parking spaces. The system should be performed over the less network-traffic and minimize the database server interruptions maintaining the synchronization in the client data fast and accurate response. The system should apply to large and small areas. The system should provide reliable performance.

The aim of this paper is to study the impacts of bottom-up information provision about on-street parking places on parking dynamics under heterogeneous conditions. Using an agent-based simulation model, performance is compared between a bottom-up vehicle-to-vehicle communication strategy and a strategy that combines parking sensors and vehicle-to-vehicle communication. In the latter approach onstreet parking places are all equipped with sensors capable of disseminating their status. The results show that search time is decreased for informed 'smart' cars, especially under spatially heterogeneous conditions, for the sensor-based strategy. Furthermore, for the case of the sensor-based strategy, the results point out that smart cars outperform regular cars in terms of walking distance under all circumstances. The positive impacts for the vehicle-to-vehicle strategy are limited to walking distance improvements only.

On-street parking is one of the most important aspects of the transportation system in any central business district (CBD) worldwide. Managing the on-street parking demand is an important issue in transportation planning, especially for metropolitan cities. Every car owner prefers to park their vehicle as close as possible to destination to minimize the walking distance, leading to overcrowded. The objectives of this study are to find out important parameters on on-street parking, generating a parking demand estimation model and to carry out sensitivity analysis to obtain most sensitive parameter(s) for demand estimation. The data are collected from field survey. Four CBDs of Kolkata, viz. Camac Street, Dalhousie, Gariahat and Park Street have been selected as case study areas in this study. The estimated demand is found to be much higher than the present supply. The forecasted demand is also estimated. Statistical software like SPSS is used for analysis.

Detection of vacant parking space is becoming a challenging task gradually. Space utilization and management of vehicle space is now a demandable field of research. Searching for an empty parking space in congested traffic is a time-consuming process. The existing vacant parking space detection methods are not robust or generalized for images captured from different camera viewpoints. Finding a proper parking space in a busy city is really a challenging issue and people are facing this problem on a daily basis. The main purpose of this research is to comprehensively discuss the previous researches of vacant parking space detection and compare them from different aspects. Methods used in previous researches are descriptively discussed along with their advantages and disadvantages. The frameworks of previous researches were compared on six generalized phases and the experimental results are compared in terms of dataset, accuracy, processing time and other performance measures. This research also focuses on the challenges of vision-based vacant parking space detection which will contribute to future researches and researchers can work to overcome these challenges.

—It's high time to have a paradig m shift to multi modal trans port system and also move towards sustainable parking. All the three pillars of sustainability have to be kept in mind for any policy. The climate change is affecti ng the human life, i t's essential to have a modal shift so as to achieve a smarter and sustainable travel. It's essential to have parking policy that supplements this concept of sustainability. On-Street, Off-Street and Peri pheral parking have to be designed in such a way so as to supplement each other and shoul d follow a particular policy. Parking price has to be designed in the same manner. It's essential to assimilate the disabled people in any policy. Sustainable Parking is an important step towards sustainable travel and it shoul d take into account the land use pattern and the local environment/surroundi ngs. I. INTRO DUCTION. It " s high time to move to mu lti modal planning. If congestion is looked fro m socioeconomic point of view then it is a good indication as it shows economic activity. The cities in the present world look more like car parks. The future of the transpo rt is to move towards mobility as a service. Veh icle does not move on at roads at all times. Usually there are two spaces that are taken up by a car one at the commuter " s residence and other at its work place. For sustainable transport we need a modal shift towards public transport which has dire ct as well as indirect benefits. Direct benefits include reduction in congestion. Indirect Benefits more impetus for Public transport which brings money into the public transport and therefore help in up gradation of the service as well as quality of public transport. Allied benefits include improvement in air quality. There are three E " s of Transportation Engineering are Engineering, Education and Enforcement. Any transportation system should follow this cycle. For parking usually the education is done and then policy planners think that it will be enforced. We usually see that people don " t park the vehicles in parking lots and many multistoried parking lots never reach to as close to capacity as they were designed for. The Cost-Benefit ratios of these parking lots differ fro m what it is usually conceptualized by the designer/planner. The reason behind this is lack of policy to facilitate such an investment.

Waste management is a shared problem in an university. The pollution generated at air, earth and water level, affects mainly to the individual's health.  The rise on the population  has  a direct relation with this problematic. On the other hand, the "boundless consumption of highly industrialized products"  and the "lack of culture of waste management” has propitiated an excesive generation of cull. Universities are an example to society and must come up with innovative solutions to then be applied in the city.

Increased levels of motorization have resulted in an increase of parking demand within urban areas in the Klang Valley, Malaysia. Local authorities need to respond with better parking management methods in order to effect better parking control. This paper illustrates two different parking management systems as operated by two neighbouring local authorities. Users were requested, through a survey, to provide various parking usage characteristics and their perception of the quality of parking service offered. The results showed that the Pay and Display system was more satisfactory than the traditional parking coupon system. Application of better parking management systems, through the use of technology, has not only proved beneficial in terms of increased revenue for the local authorities concerned but has also brought benefits to the users and private parking operators.

Parking maneuvers are affected by different factors, both external and internal. These factors could potentially affect the results of how each driver performs their parking maneuvers. This study is mainly focusing on how each driver's characteristics, as an internal factors, would affect the differences in those driver's respective parking durations. The methods that are being used to determine the differences are Mann-Whitney U Test, and Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance by ranks. From the data produced in these respective tests, the overall results show the relevancy of some certain characteristics on each driver, for the parking duration needed by each driver, and some reasons that might be related as an additional factor.

Parking is a huge problem in densely populated areas and drivers spend a significant amount of time finding a suitable place to park their cars. A system that could show drivers the nearest available space would result in enormous savings of time, fuel, and street space. In order to achieve that, real- world periodic statistical analysis of car parking areas could help increase effi- ciency. Ideally, real-time information could also be used to create personalized suggestions to drivers, thus enabling satisficing of a wide range of possible cri- teria of optimality. We propose a system that uses a single camera for a wide- area external parking, followed by a combination of two kinds of algorithms: static image analysis of parking lot spaces using a combination of histogram classification and edge detection, and dynamic image analysis using blob analy- sis. Our system thus achieves monitoring of parking spaces and reports statistics as well as empty slots in real-time. Our results in...