Biochemestry

To investigate the employment of enteral fluid therapy in continuous flow administered by a nasogastric tube in buffalo calves; toassesstheeffectsof a hypotonic and an isotonic electrolyte solutionon: vital functions, blood count and serum andurinary biochemistry profile of buffalo calves. Seven buffalo calves, clinically healthy, were submitted to two treatments. The solutions were administered in continuous flow through a nasogastric tube at a dose of 15 mL/kg/hr for 12 hours. The serum biochemistry profile showed an increase in chloride concentration, decrease in serumurea and osmolarity. In urine, anincrease in sodium and chloride concentrations and a decrease in calcium, creatinine and urea were observed. Enteral fluid therapy in continuous flow proved to beeasy to use and effective in maintaining volemia and concentration of electrolytes in buffalo calves.

Abstract: Commercialization of biotech crops has started since 1996, where the cultivated area of these crops was increased from 1.7 million hectares in 1996 to 170.3 million hectares in 2012 according to the latest statistics in 2012. Bt corn "MON810: Ajeeb YG®" is one of these crops that express endotoxin from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) throughout the whole plant. This study was designed to assess the safety of Bt corn by comparing its compositional chemical analysis with its conventional counterpart "Ajeeb". Moisture content, crude fat, total saccharides, starch & crude fiber were determined; sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium and phosphorous content were measured, tannins & phytic acid were determined as anti-nutrients. Amino acids and fatty acids profiles were also evaluated. Results indicated the presence of significant differences between both of Bt corn and its counterpart.

Background & Objectives: Neonatal jaundice causes yellow discoloration of the skin and sclera of the infants, caused by the accumulation of bilirubin in the skin and the mucous membrane. Before discharge the newborn should be examined, monitored and risk due to high bilirubin which maybe genetic be identified to prevent brain damage. Neonatal bilirubin was measured using micro slide technology, whereas Diazo method by Wet chemistry was utilized on the Erba analyzer. Methods: Neonatal bilirubin (N-Bil) was measured using micro slide technology on Vitros 250 (Ortho Clinical Diagnostics USA) Dry Chemistry analyzer. Wet technology was measured using wet technology based on diazo principle by a kit performed on Erba analyzer. Results: Direct Bilirubin showed significantly higher values than conjugated bilirubin (Bc) values and shows poor correlation. Cross reaction may occur between Direct bilirubin and Bc which is clinically misleading. Conclusion: Neonatal bilirubin (N-Bil) is better parameter than total bilirubin (T Bil) in assessing neonatal jaundice in newborns. The slide provides bichromatic accurate readings of unconjugated bilirubin (Bu) at 460nm and conjugated bilirubin (Bc) 420 nm without photometric interference from hemoglobin and albumin. Diazo method is the most widely used method for bilirubin estimation till date. The Kodak Ektachem (Eastman Kodak company Rochester NY 14650) dry –slide method directly estimates unconjugated(Bu) and conjugated bilirubin (Bc) by a rapid automated method developed in the 1980's.Bc concentrations are a marker of variety of infections, metabolic or liver conditions.

Introducción a la enzimología industrial y fundamentos de la tecnología enzimática. Distintos procesos de producción. Ejemplos de empleo de enzimas en procesos de bioconversión agroindustrial. Lactasa. Glucosa isomerasa. Uso de enzimas celulasas para la conversión de residuos de cosechas. Producción de papel y celulosa. Empleo de enzimas en la industria textil. Empleo en la industria azucarera.

The key to the keys to immortality and eternal youth lies in the correct answer to the main question: How to naively discover new essential – but still hidden – features required for properly training novel adaptive supervised machine learning algorithms (SMLA)

Kundalini (adaptation of Kuṇḍalinī, devanagari) is a Sanskrit term originally used in some texts of the Tantric traditions to indicate that aspect of Śakti (śakti, devanāgarī, "energy", "power", in Hinduism, the power of a God to give place to the phenomenal world and to the conscious plane of creation, its immanent creative capacity), the divine energy personified, present in the human body, present in quiescent form in every individual. The snake is the most used symbol to represent the kuṇḍalini, an association suggested by the same Indian texts belonging to the tradition: "The kuṇḍalinī, when it rests it is like a snake gathered on itself, ready to spring to bite and thus inject its venom; but when it is awakened it is like the snake standing upright on the tip of its tail, stiff as a stick, harmless "(Silburn 1997). In the tantric traditions the liberation from the cycle of rebirths is seen as the "awakening" of Kundalini followed by the relative ascent (śat chakra bedhana) in the subtle body until the last chakra, where it must permanently remain in union with Śiva. At this stage the adept has definitively abandoned his individual ego (ahmakara) to identify himself with the universal Subject (aham). In Yoga Hatha (devanāgarī, also adapted into ioga, ascetic and meditative practice), the management of Kundalini is not possible if the energy channel system of the subtle body, the nāḍī (from Sanskrit, It means tubes, canals or veins) the ways through which the prana (from the Sanskrit, literally "life" and in the second instance breath and spirit) passes, understood as vital energy or breath, identified with the breath, to feed all parts of the body. The adept must first engage in operations aimed to this purpose (nāḍīśodhana), which include specific āsana positions (devanagari, are positions or postures used in some forms of yoga, in particular in Hatha Yoga) accompanied by controlled breathing techniques and recitations of mantras (devanāgarī, thought, or to think a sacred expression") corresponding to verses of the Veda (devanāgarī, a very ancient collection in Sanskrit of sacred texts of the Aryan peoples of the 20th century BC), to a sacred formula

The present study aimed to review the literature about lactate dehydrogenase regarding physiological roles and clinical implications. The
enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is widely spread in almost each cell in the body, and its prime function is to convert lactate to pyruvate through
oxidation process. LDH exists in the cytoplasm of cell and when cell dies it becomes extracellular. The levels of LDH vary according to metabolic
needs of each tissue such as development, biological conditions, and pathological aspects. Its levels are increased in a variety of clinical situations
from inflammatory conditions to malignancies. The specificity of LDH cannot be taken as a single parameter but helps with other biochemical
investigations.

Antioxidant agents play an important role in inhibiting free radical molecules activity thus preventing the cancer disease. This current study aimed to evaluate antioxidant and cytotoxicityproperties of ethyl acetate fractions of Pandanustectorius fruit extract on HeLa cell lines. The radical scavenging activity was measured by the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. The cytotoxicity was measured by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay against human HeLa cell lines. The result showed that all ethyl acetate fractions of P. tectoriusfruit had high antioxidant property. All of seven fractions of the ethyl acetate extract were observed based on the IC 50 value and had high DPPH free radical scavenging activity with the IC 50 value range from 0.3 to 2.4 mg/ml compare to positive control,quercetin(IC 50 = 0.2 mg/ml). Based on the DPPH free radical scavenging activity (antioxidant property), three of seven fractions were chosen for the MTT assay to analyze their cytotoxic activity as anticancer potential agent against HeLa cell lines.From MTT result, one of tree fractions were showed cytotoxicity activity against HeLa cell lines with the IC 50 value is 12 µg/ml (less than 30 µg/ml), while anothertwo fractions was found not cytotoxic against HeLa cell lines.It is clearly indicated that P. tectoriusfruit has a very good potential as antioxidant and anticancer agent.

Unavailability of good quality drinking water is wide spread and this has serious health implications. In developing nations of the world, 80% of all diseases and over 30% of deaths are related to drinking water. According to Federal Ministry of Health statistics, only about 30% of Nigerians have access to portable water while the United Nations estimated that about 1.2 billion people all over the world lack access to portable water. The current study is on determination of physicochemical and microbiological characteristics of selected boreholes from University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State. Water samples were collected from five Boreholes from University of Ibadan, Fish farm, Ibadan, Oyo state. Temperature and pH were determined in-situ while the other parameters were determined out-situ. All properties (physicochemical and microbiological) were examined according to standard methods. The result of physicochemical parameters for the boreholes (Key: T= Tafawa Balewa Hall, D= Department of Microbiology, N= Nnamdi Azikwe Hall, S= Sultan Bello Hall and A= Abdulsalam Abuakar postgraduate Hall) water samples are as follows: Temperature (Ambient), pH (6.5, 6.6, 7.1, 6.8 and 7.0), Total Dissolved Solids (150, 250, 180, 200 and 100 mg/L), Turbidity (1, 3,2,4 and 3 NTU), Conductivity (105, 135, 222, 330 and 133μS/cm), Chloride (0.7, 2, 0.5, 3 and 2 mg/L), Fluoride (0, 0, 0, 0 and 0 mg/L), Iron (0.01, 0.02, 0, 0.01 and 0.04 mg/L), Nitrate (0, 0, 0, 0 and 0 mg/L), Nitrite (0, 0, 0, 0 and 0 mg/ L), Magnesium (0.04, 0.008, 0.01, 0.07 and 0.03 mg/L), Calcium (1.85, 2.30, 2.00, 3.56 and 1.22 mg/L) Total Hardness (33, 44, 48, 35, AND 52 mg/L), Total Alkalinity (45, 38, 50, 68 and 54 mg/L), Potassium (0, 0, 0, 0 and 0 mg/L) and Sodium (38, 22, 28, 30 and 34 mg/L). Microbiological analysis recorded 77, 50, 65, 73 and 69 cfu/ml for total plate count while 0 cfu/ml was obtained for Coliform, E coli, Fungi and Salmonella shigella counts. Physicochemical and microbiological properties of boreholes examined conform satisfactorily to WHO stipulated standards for drinking water. Therefore, water from the boreholes is clean and fits for human consumption.

Vegetable farming is an activity sensitive to the dynamism of the population and to the level of intensification in the use of soil resources. A study was conducted in the peri-urban zones of Yaoundé to present the socioeconomic characteristics of vegetable farming and the farmers' perception of soil and water degradation as a result of this activity. A semi-structured questionnaire was administered to this purpose in 2016 in two vegetable farming sites in Yaoundé, namely Nkolbisson and Nkolondom III. Results showed that most vegetable farmers from both sites (around 75%) lack training in agriculture while 74 and 90 didn't benefit from training on management of pesticides. Spreading and landfilling of amendments are the two most popular ways of applying fertilizers. In fact, while the majority (35.4%) of these fertilizers is applied at planting time, the minority (4.9%) is applied several months before planting. Besides young plots are more exploited (52.4% and 30%) compared to older ones (2.4% and 5%) in Nkolondom III and Nkolbisson respectively, as they are more responsive to fertilizer application. As consequence, high rates of fertilizers are applied to the oldest farms. As for irrigation water, it is altogether polluted. Base on the above, the farmers' perception of degradation is seen through the degradation of soils properties with time in the order of 14.3% to 60% and 15% to 44% at Nkolbisson and Nkolondom III respectively resulting in a gradual decrease of crop production (up to 50%). It is also seen through the polluted produce obtained from irrigation and cleaning water.

Objective: To investigate the ameliorative role of Tetrapleura tetraptera (Schum and Thonn) Taub (T. tetraptera) leaf in hyperglycemia with associated conditions like oxidative stress, kidney damage and disorders in lipid metabolism. Methods: Five groups of five rats each intraperitoneally received the following treatment schedules for 7 d: untreated normal control, untreated alloxan-diabetic control, diabetic treated with glibenclamide, normal rats treated with extract (50 mg/kg) and diabetic rats treated with the extract. Evaluations were made for fasting blood sugar, body weight changes, malondialdehyde, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, bilirubin, superoxide dismutase, catalase, lipid profile, packed cell volume, hemoglobin, urea and creatinine in all the rats. Results: Whereas the untreated diabetic rats showed a significant decrease (P<0.05) in packed cell volume, superoxide dismutase, catalase and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol with a concomitant increase in the levels of malondialdehyde, fasting blood sugar, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, bilirubin, urea and creatinine, administration of methanolic extract of T. tetraptera leaf or glibenclamide alleviated these altered parameters in the treated rats. Conclusions: Methanolic extract of T. tetraptera leaves possesses a potent capacity for treatment of diabetes and the accompanying complications, including oxidative stress and hyperlipidemia.

A glucoamylase activity produced by the thermophilic fungus Scytalidium thermophilum was purified 6.8-fold by ion exchange chromatography. The protein exhibited a molecular mass of about 86 kDa (7% PAGE and SDS-PAGE), or 68.5 kDa (Bio Sil SEC-400 FPLC). The pI of the enzyme was 8.4. Optima of pH and temperature, with starch or maltose as substrates were, 6.5/60 qC and 5.0/55 qC, respectively. The enzyme had a half-life of 22 min at 55 qC with starch as substrate, and it was fully stable with maltose. Maltase activity was activated by 10 mM Ba ++ (7.8%); Mn ++ (12.4%) or Mg ++ (28%). The enzyme contained approximately 25.5% carbohydrate. K m and V max values for starch and maltose were 0.28 mg/ml, 67.2 U/mg protein and 1.40 mg/ml, 5.61 U/mg protein, respectively. The products of hydrolysis of starch, detected by thin layer chromatography, showed only glucose after 30 min, indicating a glucoamylase activity. The amino terminal sequence of the purified protein showed 93% homology with a glucoamylase activity purified from Humicola grisea var. thermoidea.

This table lists reference ranges (expressed in both SI units and traditional units) for the most common laboratory tests and is intended for interpretation of the results as they are provided in the examinations. Most of the values apply to adults and where they differ for children it will be indicated. Many important laboratory reference values are not listed here, because of the less frequent use of these tests. Such values are inserted parenthetically following the result recorded in the examination question.

Compositional analysis and mineral quantization of five elected mushrooms Lentinus edodes, Pleurotus ostreatus, Volvariella volvacea, Pleurotus eryngii and Ganoderma lucidum from the region of Faisalabad was carried out for investigating their nutritional efficacy and pharmaceutical value. It was established that vast amount of biomolecule content such as protein, carbohydrates and fibers was present in the flesh of the examined mushrooms. Maximum concentration of protein was observed in the specimens of V. volvacea and L. edodes while P. eryngii contained highest carbohydrate content. Lower fat content established these mushrooms to be falling under the tab of low-caloric diet. Mineral profiling revealed these specimens to be highly enriched with macronutrient (Ca, Mg and P) as well as micronutrient (Cu, Zn, Mn and Fe) minerals. Overview of acquired results elucidated that these edible mushrooms could be considered as a valuable good quality nutritional dietary supplement for addressing certain malnutrition ailments. The potential implications of this analysis were also discussed for providing an estimation of their viable benefits to the consumers.

Chemical and anti-nutrient content of three seed spices commonly consumed in the South East of Nigeria was investigated using standard methods. Results reveal that the chemical and anti-nutritional composition of these edible Nigerian seed spices, Piper guineense, Ocimum gratissimum and Monodora myristica, are rich in protein, fat, fiber, and carbohydrate in the range of 6.23to 12.50%, 9.84 to 16.21%, 0.23 to 41.60% and 0.17 to 42.60% respectively. Antinutrients present include alkaloids 1.33 to 2.01%, flavonoids 0.15 to 1.87%, saponins 0.15 to 0.17%, HCN 0.16-3.04%, Tannin 0.21 to2.50%, anthocyanins 0.16 to 0.31%. The present study therefore reveal the health and nutritional importance of the spices as commonly used in south eastern Nigeria.

The present investigation has been designed to study the effect of sublethal concentrations (10% and 30%) of heavy metal, arsenic on the total carbohydrate and glycogen content of liver and muscles of Mystus vittatus after exposure to 30 days. A significant reduction in total carbohydrate and glycogen content of liver and muscles in arsenic exposed fish, Mystus vittatus suggests that the tissue carbohydrate and glycogen might have undergone glucogenolysis, during the stressful situation in the intoxicated fishes. Thus the present study concludes that the carbohydrate metabolism of fish Mystus vittatus affected during arsenic exposure and reduces the nutritive value of fish.

Bacillus megaterium bacteria are used in the past for industrial production of B12 vitamin. In this study improvement product vitamin B12 by use natural and synthesis materials in culture media. With the above values we can conclude that, the Bacillus megaterium can produce a good quantity of vitamin B12 with high sugar concentrations and 80ug-90ug of cobalt combination. Alterations in sugar concentrations can change the quantity and quality of vitamin B12. B.megaterium is a cell works for cobalamin creation by using cheap raw materials.

Lignin peroxidase (LiP) is a well-recognized enzyme for its ability to oxidize lignins, but its commercial availability is limited, which hinders the biotechnological application of LiP-based bioprocesses in lignocellulose biorefineries. This study evaluated a combination strategy to improve the expression of LiP to promote its practical use. The strategy included optimization of the lipH8 gene of Phanerochaete chrysosporium according to the codon usage of Pichia pastoris, followed by fed-batch fermentation using a 14 L bioreactor (10 L working volume). The combination strategy achieved a maximum volumetric LiPH8 activity of 4480 U L −1 , protein concentration of 417 mg L −1 and a specific activity of 10.7 U mg −1 , which was higher than previous reports. Biochemical characterization showed that the recombinant LiPH8 (rLiPH8) was optimum at pH 3.0, 25 ℃ and 0.4 mM H 2 O 2. Using the optimized conditions, rLiPH8 was used to treat isolated technical lignins namely soda-anthraquinone (SAQ) lignin and steam explosion (S-E) lignin. High-performance gel permeation chromatography (HP-GPC) analysis showed that the molecular weight (Mw) of SAQ and S-E lignins were increased by 1.43-and 1.14-fold, respectively, after the enzymatic treatment. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) also showed that the thermal stability of the lignins was improved, indicating that the enzyme treatment of lignins with rLiPH8 resulted in lignin re-polymerization. As the first report on rLiPH8 production using P. pastoris, this study has shed light on the possible route for the enhancement of rLiPH8 production and its potential application for upgrading technical lignins.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder affecting 5 -10% of women and is a major cause of anovulatory infertility. Etiology of PCOS remains unknown but hyperandrogenism and chronic anovulation have both been associated with PCOS. Insulin resistance, abdominal obesity have also been frequently associated with PCOS. Abdominal adipose tissue is a source of leptin; however, the role of leptin in the pathogenesis of PCOS is unclear. The current study aimed to investigate the relationships between serum leptin levels with insulin resistance and anthropometric measures in patients diagnosed with PCOS attending Aleppo gynecology university hospital. We analyzed differences between 46 patients with PCOS and 25 healthy control subjects with the same range of age- and body mass index (BMI). Related parameters were measured for both groups: serum glucose, leptin and insulin levels, waist to hip ratio, BMI, Waist circumference, and HOMA-IR. We found that, 67% of PCOS patients have Insulin resistance, with significant correlation between PCOS and Insulin resistance (P<0.05), Serum leptin levels was significantly correlated with basal insulin levels, BMI and HOMA-IR in both groups (P<0.05). The levels of fasting leptin, insulin, waist circumference and HOMA-IR were significantly higher in the PCOS group in comparison with the control group (p<0.05). Increased leptin levels in PCOS patients is independently associated with insulin resistance.
Keywords: BMI, Insulin, HOMA-IR, Leptin, PCOS.

We studied the effects of mono-, di-, tri-, and hexamers of glucosamine (GlcN) and N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) on oxidative and calcium signals in transgenic tobacco suspension culture (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Bright Yellow-2, cell line CST-1) expressing aequorin. Addition of (GlcN)n to the cells induced an immediate oxidative burst monitored by superoxide-specific chemiluminescence of CLA (CLA-CL). The superoxide generated by (GlcN)n was converted to hydrogen peroxide, causing a transient increase in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]c) which was monitored by ([Ca2+]c-dependent luminescence of aequorin. The longer the polymer of (GlcN)n the greater the effect. The (GlcN)n-dependent CLA-CL in the culture was inhibited by a peroxidase inhibitor, but not by a NADPH oxidase inhibitor. The (GlcN)n-dependent CLA-CL was also observed in the extracellularly excreted peroxidase preparation and also in horseradish peroxidase reaction mixture. We have previously obtained similar results using salicylic acid and aromatic amines. Addition of (GlcNAc)n also resulted in an elevation of [Ca2+]c. No superoxide generation preseding [Ca2+]c elevation was detected using CLA, but gradual accumulation of superoxide signal was detected with electron spin resonance spectroscopy using Tiron as a spin trapper. No effect of GlcNAc monomer and oligomers shorter than hexamer on [Ca2+]c elevation or superoxide generation was observed.
In various plants, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is one of the important early events in the active defense against pathogens. ROS can be induced by pathogen invation or treatment with elicitors....

We studied the effects of mono-, di-, tri-, and hexamers of glucosamine (GlcN) and N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) on oxidative and calcium signals in transgenic tobacco suspension culture (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Bright Yellow-2, cell line CST-1) expressing aequorin. Addition of (GlcN)n to the cells induced an immediate oxidative burst monitored by superoxide-specific chemiluminescence of CLA (CLA-CL). The superoxide generated by (GlcN)n was converted to hydrogen peroxide, causing a transient increase in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]c) which was monitored by ([Ca2+]c-dependent luminescence of aequorin. The longer the polymer of (GlcN)n the greater the effect. The (GlcN)n-dependent CLA-CL in the culture was inhibited by a peroxidase inhibitor, but not by a NADPH oxidase inhibitor. The (GlcN)n-dependent CLA-CL was also observed in the extracellularly excreted peroxidase preparation and also in horseradish peroxidase reaction mixture. We have previously obtained similar results using salicylic acid and aromatic amines. Addition of (GlcNAc)n also resulted in an elevation of [Ca2+]c. No superoxide generation preseding [Ca2+]c elevation was detected using CLA, but gradual accumulation of superoxide signal was detected with electron spin resonance spectroscopy using Tiron as a spin trapper. No effect of GlcNAc monomer and oligomers shorter than hexamer on [Ca2+]c elevation or superoxide generation was observed.

Blood samples have been collected from (153) women , a (103) of them were patients Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) and (50) were healthy women , the syndrome has been dignosed on the presence of at least two symptoms of the syndrome (Amenorrhea , elevation of biochemical and clinical androgen level and Polycystic Ovary (PCO).Patient women have carried a set of phenotypic features where 94% of them suffered from lack of ovulation and 79.6% suffer from hirsutism and 79% have polycysts on there ovary . The percentage of women who have obesity and weight gain were 72% in addition to acne and alopecia which was 55.3% and 42.7% respectively Results revealed a significant increase (28.67 kg/m2) in Body Mass Index (BMI) for women with the syndrome compared to the healthy group (24.43kg/m2).
The concentrations of hormones for Patient and Healthy women including LH , FSH, Prolactin and testosterone are as follow: Prolactin level has shown significant increase (22.66+ 1.7) ng/ml in women with syndrome compared to healthy women (16.12+0.7) ng/ml , while there was no significant increase in the other hormones compared to Healthy women. Determination of HDL-C has shown a significant decrease (65.03+ 1.3) mg/dL for Patient women compared to healthy subjects (78.42+1.0) mg/dL while triglycerides have shown a significant increase (198.2+4.3) mg/dL for Patient women compared to Healthy subjects (167.98+2.4) mg/dL.

Endopolygalacturonases characterized until now have either low working temperatures, working pH in acidic range, high Michaelis-Menten constant (Km), or a high production cost. These characteristics are a hurdle in the industrial applications of these endopolygalacturonases. The purpose of this work was to characterize a novel endopolygalacturonase produced by Bacillus licheniformis IEB-8. Phylogenetic analysis of Bacillus licheniformis IEB-8 showed that the isolate was unique. Citrus peels were used as the only nutrient source for the growth of Bacillus licheniformis IEB-8, allowing a cheap production of endopolygalacturonase. All the synthetic carbon sources showed a negative impact on the production of endopolygalacturonase, while ammonium sulfate enhanced its production. Among different metal ions, Zn +2 showed a negative effect while Mg +2 and Ca +2 did not have any significant effect on the endopolygalacturonase activity. A Lineweaver-Burk plot was prepared for the characterization of the kinetic parameters including Km and Vmax, which were 0.45 mg/mL and 285.7 µM/min, respectively. A comprehensive comparison of the endopolygalacturonase from this study with the available literature indicated that it is better than the reported and commercially available endopolygalacturonases in having the optimum working temperature of 55 C, a low Km of 0.57 mg/mL, and pH of 7 to 8, which indicated its novelty.

A study was conducted on 64 serum samples of blood from people [36 male and 28 female] aged between 48-65 years old, 47 of whom suffer from chronic high blood pressure, and divided the patient samples to the first group using the drug Tenordin, and a second set using drug Captosam, and 17 healthy sample 9 male and 8 Female control group for comparison.
The results showed a significant increase in the activity of the alkaline phosphatase ALP for the first group, 19.44±2.94 Kind and King/100ml compared with control group 14.24±2.14 Kind and King/100ml. The second group showed a significant decrease enzyme activity, amounting to 7.16 ± 1.90 Kind and King/100ml compared with the control group.
Three different concentrations of drugs Captosam and Tenordin were prepared and studied their impact on the effectiveness of the enzyme ALP in vitro, and results showed that the drug Tenordin shows a strong activating effect, but the drug Captosam showed remarkable inhibition effect. Also studied the kinetics of the effect of a drug Captosam inhibitor on the activity of the enzyme and the results showed that the value of Km is 6.8965 mmol /L, while the value of Vmax are 12.5 mmol /L min., as results showed when studying the inhibition of the low values of Km and Vmax, as the value of Km is 3.077 mmol /L, while the Vmax value was 5.555 mmol /L min., and shows that the inhibition type is Uncompetitive

Oxidative stress has been found to be involved in both stroke and renal dysfunction.
Aim: In the present study, the relationship of oxidative stress and renal dysfunction after acute stroke was investigated.
Patients and Methods: Our study was conducted on seventy four patients with acute stroke and forty one apparently healthy subjects were taken as control group. Patients group was divided into two subgroups, patients with ischemic stroke and patients with hemorrhagic stroke. The sera obtained from the blood of patients and healthy subjects were used to measure the concentrations of malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), creatinine (SCr), and blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and the specific activity of glutathione peroxidase and catalase. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was also calculated.
Results and Discussion: The results of this study showed that MAD, SCr, and BUN concentrations were found to be significantly higher, and GSH concentration, GPX and CAT activities, and eGFR levels were found to be significantly lower in acute stroke patients than control group (P < 0.001). Patients with ischemic stroke have significant increase in MDA and SCr concentrations (P< 0.01, P< 0.05, respectively), and significant decrease in GSH concentration , GPX and CAT activities, and eGFR levels (P< 0.05, P< 0.05, P< 0.01, P< 0.01, respectively) than patients with hemorrhagic stroke.
Our results also showed the presence of highly significant positive correlation between MDA concentration and BUN and SCr concentrations, and highly significant negative correlation between MDA concentration and eGFR levels. Inversely there was highly significant negative correlation between measured antioxidants levels and BUN and SCr levels, and highly significant positive correlation between measured antioxidants and eGFR levels.
According to the results of our study we found that acute stroke is associated with elevated oxidative stress, kidney function is significantly compromised in patients with acute stroke, acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common complication after acute stroke, and there was highly significant correlation between oxidative stress in patient with acute stroke and decline in kidney function.
Conclusion: The kidney function in patient with acute stroke may be directly or indirectly affected by the level of oxidative stress developed during the acute phase of disease and there was a cerebro-renal connection, which is disease that affects brain may also affect kidney and vice versa

Introduction: With better understanding of tumor behavior, availability of better chemotherapeutic agents, radiothera-py equipment, techniques and development of oncosurgery, the survival in carcinoma breast has significantly improved. Longer survival has lead to increased incidence of late side effects of treatment. As breast cancer is the commonest malig-nancy among women, the late effects in this disease are a matter of concern. One of late effect of treatment is malignancy of contralateral breast (CLB). Material and Methods: In this study, we compare dose to CLB during irradiation of diseased breast on cobalt and linear accelerator (LA). Measurement of CLB was done in 50 patients undergoing radiotherapy for carcinoma breast following surgery; 25 on cobalt teletherapy machine and 25 on LA unit. Standardized and precalibratedCaSO4: DyThermolumines-cent discs (TLD) were used for the dose measurement. Results: For all patients, the total dose to the CLB was more with Cobalt unit-168.29cGy (3.36%) than with LA 120.77cGy (2.41%)(p<0.001). At gantry angle more than 50 degree, the dose received was more for both cobalt and LA units (p=0.199 for cobalt and p=0.682 for LA). Conclusion: With the advancement of techniques like three dimensional conformal radiotherapy and Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy with linear accelerator, we can reduce the CLB dose as compared to conventional cobalt teletherapy.

Water as a constituent substance of life in greater proportion, is a common fundamental factor, for all the efforts of our hands and minds to achieve their conservation and rational consumption, thus ensuring the sustainability of our human actions in the social, economic, productive and environmental, should tending to mimic the natural behavior of life, as shown by the water cycle on its feedback, condensation and precipitation, the rivers bathe the ocean and never fill it, is a fantastic model to replicate for us, first education in parallel with desalination.

By the way, in this article you find the answer of the entrepreneur spirit of the human being with general information, creative and innovating seeking spread knowledge and want to resolve human needs using cleans developments mechanisms, for lower costs of living and access to drinking water from the sea, and less environmental pollution to mitigate climate and social education watching how business are engines socioeconomic leaders.

Commercialization of biotech crops has started since 1996, where the cultivated area of these crops was increased from 1.7 million hectares in 1996 to 170.3 million hectares in 2012 according to the latest statistics in 2012. Bt corn "MON810: Ajeeb YG ® " is one of these crops that express endotoxin from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) throughout the whole plant. This study was designed to assess the safety of Bt corn by comparing its compositional chemical analysis with its conventional counterpart "Ajeeb". Moisture content, crude fat, total saccharides, starch & crude fiber were determined; sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium and phosphorous content were measured, tannins & phytic acid were determined as anti-nutrients. Amino acids and fatty acids profiles were also evaluated. Results indicated the presence of significant differences between both of Bt corn and its counterpart.

Streptococcus iniae infection of cultured fish species is in an alarming trend, due to the possible emergence
of antibiotic resistant strains. The bacteria was responsible for the disease outbreak that caused massive
mortality of Chinese sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis) in 2016. We isolated the pathogenic bacteria (HNM1) from the infected A. sinensis and identified its identity by conventional physiological, biochemical,
and molecular techniques. Virulence and pathogenesis of the disease were determined by intraperitoneal
injection of the etiological agent to the healthy A. sinensis. Physiological and 16s rRNA molecular analysis
identified Streptococcus iniae as the causative agent of the disease outbreak. The bacteria has a unique
biochemical profile compared with most of the previously isolated strains. Antimicrobial susceptibility
tests revealed that S. iniae HNM-1 is resistant to most of the important antibiotics, including Kanamycin,
Amoxicillin, gentamycin, Penicillin G and spectinomycin. The bacteria is pathogenic to Chinese sturgeon
via intraperitoneal injection. It instigated pathological changes in vital organs that lead to mortality of
the infected A. sinensis with a cumulative mortality of 40% to 100%. S.iniae HNM-1 ability to evade
the innate immune system was determined by whole blood killing, exposure to hydrogen peroxide, and
biofilm assays. This study represents the first Report of S. iniae infection of Chinese sturgeon (Acipenser
sinensis)