ADA

Because of their wide range of actions on glucose homeostasis, lipid metabolism and vascular inflammation, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are promising targets for the development of new drugs for the treatment of metabolic disorders such as diabetes, dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis. In clinical practice, PPARα agonists, such as the already available fibrates, improve dyslipidemia, while PPARγ agonists, such as thiazolidinediones, improve

Aim.-This study explored the association between reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and microalbuminuria vs. subclinical organ damage in patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods.-Data from middle-aged patients with type 2 diabetes (n = 706) treated in primary care were analyzed for microalbuminura, defined as a urinary albumin/creatinine ratio (uACR) ≥ 3.0 mmol/mol, and reduced eGFR, defined as < 60 mL/min/1.73 m 2 , in relation to blood pressure, pulse wave velocity (PWV), left ventricular mass index (LVMI), and carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) and lumen diameter (LD). Results.-Patients with microalbuminuria had significantly higher 24-h ambulatory systolic blood pressure (ASBP) compared with subjects with uACR < 3 mg/mmol: 137 vs. 128 mmHg (P < 0.001). There were no differences in ASBP in patients with eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m 2. However, patients with vs. without microalbuminuria had increased PWV (11.4 vs. 10.1 m/s; P < 0.001), LVMI (134.4 vs. 118.6 g/m 2 ; P < 0.001), LD (7.01 ± 0.93 vs. 6.46 ± 0.74 mm; P < 0.001) and IMT (0.78 vs. 0.74 mm; P = 0.047), respectively. The associations between uACR vs. PWV and LVMI were more robust after adjusting for age, diabetes duration, ASBP, HbA 1c , LDL-cholesterol, and antihypertensive and lipid-lowering therapy compared with uACR vs. IMT. There were no statistically significant differences in PWV, LVMI or IMT between patients with reduced (< 60 mL/min/1.73 m 2) vs. normal eGFR. Conclusion.-Levels of urinary albumin excretion, but not reduced eGFR, were associated with increased arterial stiffness, left ventricular mass and atherosclerosis in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Al~tract--The history of computer programming languages is reviewed, with emphasis on the influences of early languages on later efforts. Four generations of software are presented, beginning with machine code, and continuing through fourth generation languages, paradigms, and environments.

Bahasa pemrograman adalah software bahasa komputer yang digunakan dengan cara merancang atau membuat program sesuai dengan struktur dan metode yang dimiliki oleh bahasa program itu sendiri. Komputer mengerjakan transformasi data berdasarkan kumpulan printah program yang telah dibuat oleh program. Kumpulan perintah ini harus dimengerti oleh komputer, berstruktur terntentu (syntax), dan bermakna. Bahasa pemrograman merupakan notasi untuk memberikan secara tepat program komputer. Berbeda dengan bahasa, misalkan Bahasa Indonesia dan Inggris yang merupakan bahasa alamiah (natural language), sintaksis dan semantik bahasa pemrograman komputer ditentukan secara jelas dan terstruktur, sehingg bahasa pemrograman juga disebut sebagai bahasa formal (formal language).

21. Id. 22. See supra notes 5-8, 15-18 and accompanying text; cf WILLIAMS & CALVERT, supra note 20, at i-i (describing typical cases of FRD under Title VII involving mothers of young children). 23. See Kirstin Downey Grimsley, Family a Priority for Young Workers; Survey Finds Change in Men's Thinking, WASH. POST, May 3, 2ooo, at Ei (reporting on a survey by Harris Interactive and the Radcliffe Public Policy Center); see, e.g.

This exploratory study examines employer attitudes towards people with disabilities in the labor market. Through in-depth, semi-structured interviews with senior management, human resources staff, directors of diversity, and hiring managers at four corporations, it pinpoints reasons why businesses chose to hire people with disabilities, investigates the perceived benefits and barriers to hiring people with disabilities, and identifies strategies for successfully hiring and retaining workers with disabilities. It fills a gap in examining the attitudes and decision-making processes of U.S. companies that have been leaders in hiring people with disabilities, as well as delving into the special issues of small businesses that may lack exposure to disability employment. It closes with directions for future studies that could extend our understanding of employment of people with disabilities.

The Impact Project provides a solid and scholarly assessment of the impact software engineering research has had on software engineering practice. The assessment takes the form of a series of studies and briefings, each involving literature searches and, where possible, personal interviews.

Background: Patients with severe combined immunodeficiency disease who have matched sibling donors (MSDs) can proceed to hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) without conditioning chemotherapy. Objective: We sought to determine whether the results of HCT without chemotherapy-based conditioning from matched unrelated donors (URDs), either from volunteer adults or umbilical cord blood, are comparable with those from MSDs. Methods: We performed a multicenter survey of severe combined immunodeficiency transplantation centers in North America, Europe, and Australia to compile retrospective data on patients who have undergone unconditioned HCT from either URDs (n 5 37) or MSDs (n 5 66). Results: Most patients undergoing URD HCT (92%) achieved donor T-cell engraftment compared with 97% for those with MSDs; however, estimated 5-year overall and event-free survival were worse for URD recipients (71% and 60%, respectively) compared with MSD recipients (92% and 89%, respectively; P < .01 for both). URD recipients who received pre-HCT serotherapy had similar 5-year overall survival (100%) to MSD recipients. The incidences of grade II to IV acute and chronic graft-versushost disease were higher in URD (50% and 39%, respectively) compared with MSD (22% and 5%, respectively) recipients (P < .01 for both). In the surviving patients there was no difference in T-cell reconstitution at the last follow-up between the URD and MSD recipients; however, MSD recipients were more likely to achieve B-cell reconstitution (72% vs 17%, P < .001). Conclusion: Unconditioned URD HCT achieves excellent rates of donor T-cell engraftment similar to that seen in MSD recipients, and reconstitution rates are adequate. However, only From a

Development of the field of organ and tissue transplantation has accelerated remarkably since the human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) was discovered in 1967. Matching of donor and recipient for MHC antigens has been shown to have a significant positive effect on graft acceptance.

The Ada? programming language defines the semantics of interrupt handling as part of the tasking mechanism, making it possible to construct implementation-independent interrupt handlers. However, for the Ada mechanism to be effective, an implementation must provide support not specified by the Ada standard, such as for initializing hardware interrupting devices, handling unexpected interrupts and optimizing for real-time performance constraints. This paper analyses some of the constraints that efficient interrupt support places on an implementation. It develops a model for the interaction between interrupt hardware and Ada tasks and describes optimizations for Ada interrupt handlers. Implementation issues, including task priorities and task termination for interrupt handlers, are discussed in detail.

19. yüzyıl Türk romanı
Ada
Coğrafi okuma
Açık deniz yolculukları
Romantizm
Muhayyelat, Ali Aziz Efendi
Müsameretname, Emin Nihat Bey
Tanzimat romanı
Ahmet Midhat, Hasan Mellah
Temaşa-i Dünya ve Cefakar ü Cefakeş, Evangelinos Misailidis
Öksüz Kaptan, Ali Rıza
Sergüzeşt-i Kalyopi, T. Abdi
Hayalat-ı Dil, Hasan Tevfik

Background. This article presents evidence-based clinical recommendations for the prescription of dietary fluoride supplements. The recommendations were developed by an expert panel convened by the American Dental Association (ADA) Council on Scientific Affairs (CSA). The panel addressed the following questions: when and for whom should fluoride supplements be prescribed, and what should be the recommended dosage schedule for dietary fluoride supplements? Types of Studies Reviewed. A panel of experts convened by the ADA CSA, in collaboration with staff of the ADA Center for Evidencebased Dentistry, conducted a MEDLINE search to identify publications that addressed the research questions: systematic reviews as well as clinical studies published since the systematic reviews were conducted (June 1, 2006). Results. The panel concluded that dietary fluoride supplements should be prescribed only for children who are at high risk of developing caries and whose primary source of drinking water is deficient in fluoride. Clinical Implications. These recommendations are a resource for practitioners to consider in the clinical decision-making process. As part of the evidence-based approach to care, these clinical recommendations should be integrated with the practitioner's professional judgment and the patient's needs and preferences. Providers should carefully monitor the patient's adherence to the fluoride dosing schedule to maximize the potential therapeutic benefit.

Distributed or parallel software with synchronous communication via rendezvous is found in client-server systems and in proposed open distributed systems, in implementation environments such as Ada, V, remote procedure call systems, in transputer systems, and in specification techniques such as CSP, CCS and LOTOS. The delays induced by rendezvous can cause serious performance problems, which are not easy to estimate using conventional models which focus on hardware contention, or on a restricted view of the parallelism which ignores implementation constraints. Stochastic rendezvous networks are queueing networks of a new type which have been proposed as a modelling framework for these systems. They incorporate the two key phenomena of included service and a second phase of service. This paper extends the model to also incorporate different services or entries associated with each task. Approximations to arrival-instant probabilities are employed with a mean-value analysis framework, to give approximate performance estimates. The method has been applied to moderately large industrial software systems

Abxrrucr-This article describes a new approach to hardwaresoftware codesign for complex embedded systems, using high-level programming languages, such as C, C++, Java, or Ada. Unlike previous approaches, we do not distribute parls of the behavior between the different subsystems. We map the entire behavior onto the whole system, and the partition is made implicitly during the synthesis process. We divide the system specification into behavior, architecture and design criteria, to maximize reuse opportunities and to increase the flexibility of the design environment.

An experimental comparison among Support Vector Machines, AdaBoost and a recently proposed model for maximizing the margin with Feed-forward Neural Networks has been made on a real-world classification problem, namely Text Categorization. The results obtained when comparing their agreement on the predictions show that similar performance does not imply similar predictions, suggesting that different models can be combined to obtain better performance. As a consequence of the study, we derived a very simple confidence measure of the prediction of the tested margin-based classifiers. This measure is based on the margin curve. The combination of marginbased classifiers with this confidence measure lead to a marked improvement on the performance of the system, when combined with several well-known combination schemes.

We report the results of a year-long experiment in the use of robots to teach computer science. Our data set compares results from over 800 students on identical tests from both robotics and nonrobotics-based laboratory sessions. We also examine the effectiveness of robots in encouraging students to select computer science or computer engineering as a field of study. Our results are negative: test scores were lower in the robotics sections than in the nonrobotics ones, nor did the use of robots have any measurable effect on students' choice of discipline. We believe the most significant factor that accounts for this is the lack of a simulator for our robotics programming system. Students in robotics sections must run and debug their programs on robots during assigned lab times, and are therefore deprived of both reflective time and the rapid compile-run-debug cycle outside of class that is an important part of the learning process. We discuss this and other issues, and suggest directions for future work.

LEGAL CONTROLS over the unfettered exercise of public health powers have long been regarded as ineffective and idiosyncratic. 1 Public health statutes (many written before the sciences of virology, bacteriology and epidemiology had fully come of age) delegate wide ranging powers to officials.' The major check on the exercise of these powers has been constitutional review by the judiciary. The courts, however, are reluctant to interfere in public health decision making, and have not yet developed a cogent set of criteria for establishing effective boundaries around the proper exercise of public health authority. This paper argues that constitutional review-long the standard bearer for judicial activity in the public health realm-is quietly, but effectively, being replaced with a more cogent statutory review. That review is provided by disability law. The advent of disability t Lawrence 0.

The authors compare the new concurrency features in Ada 95 to the concurrency syntax in Ada 83. An example of resource contention in a flexible manufacturing environment illustrates Ada 95's improvements. Parallel Programming W hen Ada was introduced in 1983, it was one of very few languages with built-in support for concurrency. Unfortunately, because of several shortcomings, its concurrency features were never widely accepted for embedded real-time systems.

Pleuropulmonary complications after endoscopic injection sclerotherapy for treatment of esophagogastric varices are not uncommon but are usually mild and self-limited. Herein we report a male patient with liver cirrhosis who underwent endoscopic injection sclerotherapy, using a mixture of n-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate and ethiodized oil for obliteration of gastric varices. After the procedure, he developed moderate amount of left pleural effusion that persisted for a period of time and required thoracentesis and medical treatment. We believed that the inadvertent retrograde reflux of the embolized glue and ethiodized oil via the portosystemic venous collateral into the left pleura might be the possible mechanism for the development of left pleural effusion as the droplets of ethiodized oil were seen along the left pleura on the imaging studies.

Background. Coronary flow reserve (CFR) provides independent prognostic information in diabetic patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease. However, there have been no substantial data to evaluate CFR in prediabetics. Accordingly, we aimed to evaluate CFR in subjects with prediabetes using second harmonic transthoracic Doppler echocardiography. Methods and Results. We measured CFR of 65 subjects with prediabetes, 45 patients with overt type 2 diabetes, and 43 sex and age matched normoglycemic healthy subjects with normal glucose tolerance. Ages, gender, existence of hypertension or hypercholesterolemia, smoking status were similar among the groups. CFR was significantly lower in diabetics (2.15 ± 0.39) than in prediabetics (2.39 ± 0.45) and controls (2.75 ± 0.35); in addition, it was significantly lower in prediabetics than controls. Only 2 (5%) of control subjects had abnormal CFR (< 2) but 11 (17%) prediabetic subjects and 19 (42%) diabetic patients had abnormal CFR. We found that only age (β = −0.31, P < 0.01) and presence of the diabetes

Background: Adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency causes severe cellular and humoral immune defects and dysregulation because of metabolic toxicity. Alterations in B-cell development and function have been poorly studied. Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) and hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) gene therapy (GT) are therapeutic options for patients lacking a suitable bone marrow (BM) transplant donor. Objective: We sought to study alterations in B-cell development in ADA-deficient patients and investigate the ability of ERT and HSC-GT to restore normal B-cell differentiation and function. Methods: Flow cytometry was used to characterize B-cell development in BM and the periphery. The percentage of genecorrected B cells was measured by using quantitative PCR. B cells were assessed for their capacity to proliferate and release IgM after stimulation. Results: Despite the severe peripheral B-cell lymphopenia, patients with ADA-deficient severe combined immunodeficiency showed a partial block in central BM development. Treatment with ERT or HSC-GT reverted most BM alterations, but ERT led to immature B-cell expansion. In the periphery transitional B cells accumulated under ERT, and the defect in maturation persisted long-term. HSC-GT led to a progressive improvement in B-cell numbers and development, along with increased levels of gene correction. The strongest selective advantage for ADA-transduced cells occurred at the transition from immature to naive cells. B-cell proliferative responses and differentiation to immunoglobulin secreting IgM after B-cell receptor and Tolllike receptor triggering were severely impaired after ERT and improved significantly after HSC-GT. Conclusions: ADA-deficient patients show specific defects in B-cell development and functions that are differently corrected after ERT and HSC-GT. (J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014;nnn:nnn-nnn.)

According to transition science, system innovation requires experimentation and social learning to explore the potential of innovations for sustainable development. However, the transition science literature does not elaborate much on the learning processes involved. Senge's Field of Change provides a more detailed approach to the role of learning and action in innovation. We linked the Field of Change to transition management literature in order to explore social learning in an agricultural innovation experiment in the Netherlands called the 'New Mixed Farm'. Our findings show that the project partners focussed primarily on the level of action and did not learn about (the values prevalent in) their environment. Our analysis suggests that social learning about a project's environment should be organised specifically to avert the risk of a project ignoring its environment. Furthermore, the relevance of social learning in relation to societal context is shown: an innovation experiment that does not or cannot learn about its environment is unable to respond to mounting societal pressures and therefore prone to failure. Finally, the results show that the Field of Change can be related to transition theory in order to provide a more detailed approach to learning in system innovation.

This paper presents an approach to representing dependencies for object-oriented (OO) Ada 95 programs. This new approach distinguishes subcomponents for different objects and represents the effects of polymorphism and dynamic bindings. Based on this model, we developed approaches to slicing subprograms, packages/types and hierarchies of types. Our slicing algorithm is more efficient because most of the results can be reused, and inter-subprogram slicing is transformed to intra-subprogram slicing.

Aim of this study was to investigate whether the polymorphic ADA (Adenosine Deaminase, EC 3.5.4.4) gene, which determines the cellular level of adenosine and plays a crucial role in the regulation of the immune system and in the control of metabolic rates, is involved in longevity. 884 unrelated healthy individuals (age range 10-106 years, 400 males and 484 females) from central Italy were studied. ADA genotyping was performed by RFLP-PCR. Frequency distributions were compared using the chisquare test and a three-way contingency table analysis by a log linear model was applied to test independence between the variables. We found that ADA influences human life-span in a sex and age specific way. An increased frequency of ADA*2 carriers was found in males aged 80-85, and a decreased frequency in males over 85 (v 2 = 13.93; df = 3; P = 0.003); significant differences among the age groups was not found in females. A strong interaction among age groups, ADA genotype and sex (G = 15.086; df = 3; P = 0.0017) was found. Males aged 80-85 could be protected from ischemic stroke by higher levels of adenosine (determined by the ADA*2 allele). The decrease of ADA*2 carriers in males over 85 may depend essentially on immunological factors; reduced levels of adenosine protect from asthma and other pulmonary diseases and lead to a reduced activation of inflammatory cells and pro-inflammatory cytokines production. Moreover, the low level of adenosine may potentiate the activity of NK and other cellular effectors against tumor cells. The negligible effect of ADA genetic polymorphism in females suggest a marginal influence of genetic factors in determining longevity in this sex, confirming previous reports.

Proliferation of distributed computing platforms, in both small and large scales, and mobile applications makes it important to protect remote hosts (servers) from mobile applications and mobile applications from remote hosts. This paper proposes and evaluates a solution to the latter problem for applications based on linear computations that involve scalar as well as array arithmetic. We demonstrate that, for certain classes of applications, it is possible to use an optimizing compiler to automatically transform code structure and data layout so that an application can safely be executed on an untrusted remote host without being reverse engineered.

Turn secondary structure is essential to the formation of globular protein architecture. Turn structures are, however, much more complex than either α-helix or β-sheet, and the thermodynamics and folding kinetics are poorly understood. Type I β-turns are the most common type of reverse turn, and they exhibit a statistical consensus sequence of Asx-Pro-Asx-Gly (where Asx is Asp or Asn). A comprehensive series of individual and combined Asx mutations has been constructed within three separate type I 3:5 G1 bulge β-turns in human fibroblast growth factor-1, and their effects on structure, stability, and folding have been determined. The results show a fundamental logical OR relationship between the Asx residues in the motif, involving H-bond interactions with main-chain amides within the turn. These interactions can be modulated by additional interactions with residues adjacent to the turn at positions i + 4 and i + 6. The results show that the Asx residues in the turn motif make a substantial contribution to the overall stability of the protein, and the Asx logical OR relationship defines a redundant system that can compensate for deleterious point mutations. The results also show that the stability of the turn is unlikely to be the prime determinant of formation of turn structure in the folding transition state.

Evaluation of the safety of new chemicals and pharmaceuticals requires the combination of information from various sources (e.g. in vitro, in silico and in vivo) to provide an assessment of risk to human health and the environment. The authors have identified opportunities to maximize the predictivity of this information to humans while reducing animal use in four key areas; (i) accelerating the uptake of in vitro methods; (ii) incorporating the latest science into safety pharmacology assessments; (iii) optimizing rodent study design in biological development and (iv) consolidating approaches in developmental and reproductive toxicology. Through providing a forum for open discussion of novel proposals, reviewing current research and obtaining expert opinion in each of the four areas, the authors have developed recommendations on good practice and future strategy.

Data sets in social and behavioural sciences are seldom normal. In uential cases or outliers can lead to inappropriate solutions and problematic conclusions in structural equation modelling. By giving a proper weight to each case, the in uence of outliers on a robust procedure can be minimized. We propose using a robust procedure as a transformation technique, generating a new data matrix that can be analysed by a variety of multivariate methods. Mardia's multivariate skewness and kurtosis statistics are used to measure the effect of the transformation in achieving approximate normality. Since the transform ation makes the data approximately normal, applying a classical normal theory based procedure to the transformed data gives more ef cient parameter estimates. Three procedures for parameter evaluation and model testing are discussed. Six exam ples illustrate the various aspects with the robust transformation.

Abstract: While participatory research methods, especially participatory action research, are a recognized approach to the study of social movement learning, the way in which this participatory relationship is framed and designed has deep implications on the collaborative nature of the research. Studies overly framed and designed by academics, as opposed to mutually designed with movements, run the risk of mining movements for information as opposed to contributing to their goals and learning. This paper describes a co-owned design process, based on established relationships, with a social movement in Ghana where being based in movement-articulations helps the research move with the movement.