5g Technologies

The millimeter wave (mmWave) frequency band is seen as a key enabler of multi-gigabit wireless access in future cellular networks. In order to overcome the propagation challenges, mmWave systems use a large number of antenna elements both at the base station and at the user equipment, which lead to high directivity gains, fully-directional communications, and possible noise-limited operations. The fundamental differences between mmWave networks and traditional ones challenge the classical design constraints, objectives, and available degrees of freedom. This paper addresses the implications that highly directional communication has on the design of an efficient medium access control (MAC) layer. The paper discusses key MAC layer issues, such as synchronization, random access, handover, channelization, interference management, scheduling, and association. The paper provides an integrated view on MAC layer issues for cellular networks, identifies new challenges and tradeoffs, and provides novel insights and solution approaches.

Wireless personal communication devices which, a single generation ago, seemed an incredible
technology application found only in science fiction have now become an absolute necessity for how many
Americans engineer daily life; equally indispensable in all aspects of human functionality and enabling
man’s virtually effortless ability to manipulate his immediate environment, limitless access to information
and entertainment, performance of professional applications, and providing the ability to immediately
engage in personal communications no matter the distance between sender and receiver. Despite
increasingly extensive dependence, the feature on cellular devices with the most future impact is not
currently subject to widespread availability. Advances associated with 5G boast lowered latency, seamless
coverage and the improved ability to support a greater number of devices. This paper explores the
obstacles involved with upgrading to 5G implementation including challenges of infrastructure support,
increased energy consumption, exploration of tower usage, positioning and beamforming, and hardware
and software upgrades regarding timing and compatibility.

The author undertakes an analysis of the impact of dynamic technological changes on the phenomenon of political leadership. The extent to which these changes affect political, social and economic relations is indisputable. The author will conduct an analysis of the impact of selected technologies on the evolution of political leadership. Artificial intelligence, algorithms and the development of information technologies such as 5G will be investigated to identify vectors of their impact on leadership. There are some questions about how the above-mentioned technology will affect the process of leadership creation, strengthening its parameters. The author will do his best to answer them all. It is also important to answer the question about the factors disrupting the functioning of traditional leaders. The result of the analysis will therefore be a picture of the nature of the impact on political leadership methods and techniques and their prognosis/forecast. The set of scientific methods used to analyse the research problem described as such will be defined by the scientific pragmatism, which emphasizes the efficiency criterion. Therefore, methods such as morphological analysis and heuristic forecasting were used in the study.

Picking up public cloud service providers is now becoming a harder task in an enterprise organization. This paper will help in reducing more hesitation to choose a public cloud
service provider. This paper is highlighting computation, storage, and infrastructure is important to service features that have an impact when choosing cloud service providers. Compare these three (AWS, Microsoft Azure, GCP) CSPs concerning service, price, advantages, and highlight significant service features. Studies discuss the primary reason to choose a CSP that normally enhance features, familiarity with the brand, suitable for organization and security parameters considered when choosing CSP. Amazon Web Services proved its leadership by maintaining about 33% share in the market throughout for several quarters irrespective of the market size increased by a factor of 3. Microsoft has shown prominent performance in SaaS. Since 2008, after introducing PaaS in the form of Google App Engine, Google is continuously enhancing its cloud computing services of Google Cloud Platform

Compared with the fourth generation (4G) cellular systems, the fifth generation wireless communication systems (5G) are anticipated to provide spectral and energy efficiency growth by a factor of at least 10, and the area throughput growth by a factor of at least 25. To achieve these goals, a heterogeneous cloud radio access network (H-CRAN) is presented in this article as the advanced wireless access network paradigm, where cloud computing is used to fulfill the centralized large-scale cooperative processing for suppressing co-channel interferences. The state-of-the-art research achievements in aspects of system architecture and key technologies for H-CRANs are surveyed. Particularly, Node C as a new communication entity is defined to converge the existing ancestral base stations and act as the base band unit (BBU) pool to manage all accessed remote radio heads (RRHs), and the software-defined H-CRAN system architecture is presented to be compatible with software-defined networks (SDN). The principles, performance gains and open issues of key technologies including adaptive large-scale cooperative spatial signal processing, cooperative radio resource management, network function virtualization, and self-organization are summarized. The major challenges in terms of fronthaul constrained resource allocation optimization and energy harvesting that may affect the promotion of H-CRANs are discussed as well.

In the era of 5G which has ever growing demand of mobile data services for increasing number of mobile devices such as smart phones, netbooks, smart wearable. Today's macro cell networks will become more tightly packed and eventually becoming ultra-dense due to ever increasing data traffic. Thus the future 5G cellular network will be ultra-dense. The ultra-dense network introduces a concept of small cell base station (BS) which can provide high data rates and reliable wireless connection. Cloud-based radio networks will be needed to optimize performance in ultra-dense cellular network. This paper provides comprehensive survey on 5G wireless networks, the parameters to improve the quality of services in 5G ultra dense cellular networks, challenges and applications.

Mobile wireless technology has become popular as it has simplified the communication. The ability to connect install and anywhere has made the mobile wireless technology successfully. It provides high speed service to the users. A wireless technology helps in transferring the information over a distance without the use of wires. This technology is fast evolution in mobile computing change our day to day life that is the way we work, interact, learn etc. The Fifth generation network provides affordable broadband wireless connectivity. Currently 5G technology is not used in officially. Fifth generation research is being made on development of World Wide Wireless Web (WWWW), Dynamic adhoc wireless networks (DAWN), Read wireless world. The key technology includes MIMO integration of emerging technologies like device to device support, heterogeneous network, base centric architecture for a millimeter wave range for developing future generation 5G standards for wireless cellular. The New technology is always the main motive of the leading cell phone giants to out innovate their competitors.  Apple has produced shivers all around the electronic world by launching its iPhone, new handset.

APPLICATION OF THE IOT SMART CITY TECHNOLOGY IN IMPROVING THE TRANSPORT SECURITY IMPROVEMENT

Abstract. Internet of Things (IoT) Smart City solutions and functionality described in this paper will provide local communities as well as all subjects included in road traffic with completely new functionality related to driving assistance and smart community features through the implementation of xZone solutions (Next Generation Zone) as well as full interaction with a modern digital infrastructure. All vehicles will use driving assistance as an integral part of advanced navigation systems with special emphasis on functionality predictions and avoiding collision (anti-collision) as well as traffic count at key junctions using SAM (Street Activity Monitor) sensor/module. The above-mentioned features are just the initial phase of more attractive services such as V2V (Vehicle to Vehicle), V2I (Vehicle to Infrastructure), I2V (Vehicle to Infrastructure), and AV (Autonomous Vehicle). The consequence of digitized infrastructure in Smart City and Connected Routes environments, as well as the digitization of vehicles, will significantly reduce the number and consequences of a collision, property damage, and, most importantly, the number of injured people and loss of life.

Keywords: IoT, Smart City, Traffic Security, Nagel-Shrackerberg

The increasing usage of smart devices and the penetration of mobile phones in the low-end markets have outpaced the average growth of this wireless mobile communications industry due to which the world is witnessing the demands of burgeoning data traffic, proliferating bandwidth and energy efficient wireless communication technologies. Realizing these increased demands, the research on the Fifth Generation (5G) mobile communication technology has already been initiated by research institutes and industries worldwide. This paper gives a brief overview of some 5G technologies along with their possible challenges and the applications.

Abstract
5G is the latest technology in this century in the
internet. Through this network internet access will
be many times higher than the previous
generation 4G. But the presence of 5G technology
in Indonesia is still a mystery until now. There are
many obstacles that cannot be resolved by the
government, especially Kominfo. Various
considerations ranging from technical aspects so
that the regulations must be of concern to the
government. Promising that technological
developments need to be taken seriously bay
various parties.
Keywords : technology, 5G, 4G, IoT
Abstrak
5G menjadi teknologi termutakhir di abad ini
dalam jaringan internet. Melalui jaringan ini
akses internet akan meningkat berkali lipat dari
generasi sebelumnya 4G. Namun kehadiran
teknologi 5G di Indonesia masih menjadi misteri
hingga detik ini. Masih banyak hambatan yang
belum bisa dibenahi oleh pemerintah, terutama
Kominfo. Berbagai pertimbangan mulai dari
aspek teknis hingga regulasi harus menjadi
perhatian pemerintah. Urgensi akan
perkembangan teknologi memang perlu
diperhatikan dengan serius oleh berbagai pihak.
Kata Kunci : teknologi, 5G, 4G, IoT

Enhanced Diversity and Network Coding (eDC-NC), the synergistic combination of Diversity and modified Triangular Network Coding, was introduced recently to provide efficient and ultra-reliable networking with near-instantaneous fault recovery. In this paper it is shown that eDC-NC technology can efficiently and securely broadcast messages in 5G wireless fog-computing-based Radio Access Networks (F-RAN). In particular, this work is directed towards demonstrating the ability of eDC-NC technology to more efficiently provide secure messages broadcasting than standardized methods such as Secure Multicasting using Secret (Shared) Key Cryptography, such that the adversary has no ability to acquire information even if they wiretap the entire F-RAN network (except of course the source and destination nodes). Our results show that using secure eDC-NC technology in F-RAN fronthaul network will enhance secure broadcasting and provide ultra-reliability networking, near-instantaneous fault recovery, and retain the throughput benefits of Network Coding.

El triunfo de Joe Biden en las recientes elecciones presidenciales celebradas en Estados Undos, impone la necesidad de establecer una nueva agenda de telecomunicaciones, en la cual, los siguientes temas podrían resultar prioritarios: regulación de precios y neutralidad de la red, disponibilidad y asequibilidad de la banda ancha, reforma tributaria, leyes antimonopolio. Sin embargo, la principal pregunta que en estos momentos se formula la prensa especializada en la Unión Americana, es si Biden efectivamente emprenderá las acciones necesarias para revertir la eliminación de la neutralidad de la red. Para ello, la administración del presidente Biden tendría que recuperar el control sobre la Comisión Federal de Comunicaciones (FCC), la cual hoy se encuentra en manos de comisionados identificados con los intereses del Partido Republicano. La operación política sería tan compleja como delicada. Durante el gobierno del presidente Donald Trump, los demócratas objetaron las políticas impulsadas por Ajit Pai, presidente de la Comisión Federal de Comunicaciones en Estados Unidos (FCC), quien es identificado como el principal promotor de la eliminación de la neutralidad de la red en la Unión Americana. Para promover la eliminación de la neutralidad de la red, Pai argumentó que las regulaciones realizadas por la administración del presidente Obama desalentaban la inversión en el desarrollo de redes de banda ancha e inhibían la innovación. Las regulaciones que impulsó la administración del presidente Obama al Título II de la Ley de Telecomunicaciones de 1996, respondían al propósito de asegurar que los proveedores de servicio de Internet no obstruyeran o ralentizaran el tráfico en sus redes según el nivel de los usuarios, el tipo de tráfico o el contenido.

This paper highlights the advantages of advanced interaction capabilities like multimodal services as the essential components for the future fixed and mobile networks. But telecom operators due to their need to look for new models generating revenues from data services are interested in convincing applications, which need more but only enhanced interface capabilities in end-user devices. Due to emerging mobile Internet capable terminals a large number of new and appealing services will be available. The small size of these terminals introduces usability problems for these services, and, therefore new interaction modes need to be deployed. One of these is speech centric
multimodal interaction. Speech recognition, pen and text are used at the input side and speech synthesis, graphics, text and moving pictures are used at the output side. Providing end users with multi-modal access to availability and location of other end users improves flexibility and efficiency of human-machine communication, and support the
user in person-to-person communication Concepts integrating presence and context information with multimodal interaction may influence the use of such services. In order to achieve this, the network has to provide basic interaction functions and dialog control, wherever the device itself is not capable to process all the information or several devices
are used in parallel

Эта книга является переводом на русский язык книги: 5G technology : 3GPP new radio / edited by Harri Holma, Nokia Siemens Networks, Finland, Antti Toskala, Nokia Siemens Networks, Finland, Takehiro Nakamura, 5G Laboratories, NTT DOCOMO, Inc., Japan.
Description: First edition. | Hoboken, NJ : JohnWiley & Sons, Inc., 2020.

iStreetLight (hereinafter ISLS) street lighting system according to the invention represents a new concept in urban infrastructure building which in addition to lighting has active interaction with the environment by collecting data via sensor array re -
lated to atmospheric conditions and traffic conditions. At the same time platform is using solar energy and / or kinetic energy of
moving vehicles and transmit radio waves related to utility, navigation and value added services. ISL is a device in the form of stand
< ard street lamp with the pole, which is composed of a central microprocessor component iCore (IE), LED bulb ( 1 K), communica
tion module (1C), sensor array module (IB), module for energy collection iHarvest (1G), battery ( 1 H) and module for utility and
value added services broadcasting to the end users (ID). All components are electrically connected and packaged in one or more wa -
ter resistant box. Each ISL in network communicates with central system iStreetHost (hereafter ISH) (2D) via wireless network (2B)
and the Internet (2C) sending all gathered data and ISL status information. Central ISH system (2D) is performing collection, storage
© and processing of data received from the ISL network, estimates traffic and microclimate conditions in ISL network area. ISH (2D)
estimation results and the data required for the additional service sends back to the interested users via ISL network by using ISL
transmission module (ID) and provides them available to the internet users (2C). ISL is collecting energy from the environment by
o iHarvest module (1G), which is receiving solar panel (1A) output and / or energy output from devices based on electroactive poly
mers EAP (1L) collecting kinetic energy of moving vehicles. iHarvest module (1G) and is connected to the power distribution net
o work via connection (IF). ISL uses energy from the distribution system only when the energy level in the battery (1H) is below the
defined limit of sufficient power for ISL. Figure 1 - Elements iStreetLight lamps Figure 2 - Communication between iStreetLight
devices (2A) with iStreetHost (2D) central system and with environment (2E) Figure 3 - Block schematic of iSensor module