Editorial: Doralice, eu bem que te disse

RECIIS – R. Eletr. de Com. Inf. Inov. Saúde. Rio de Janeiro, v5, n.2, p.1-7, Jun., 2011 [www.reciis.cict.fiocruz.br] e-ISSN 1981 -6278 * Editorial Editorial: Doralice, ,WROG\RXVR... DOI:10.3395/reciis.v5i2.488en When empirical research studies inv olve individuals or groups of people it can be very dif ficult to avoid certain forms of investig ative f ramework regarding the collection (of data) followed by analysis (of the material), or even the method of observation versus the type of intervention. But, and why not say it, - maybe it is useless or pretentio us to attempt to change such an endeavor. It is important however, to consider that photography and its byproducts have been able to play a part in these operations, though sometimes imperceptibly. Research methodologies dedicated to studying the intricacies of health and disease tend to lack the use of image, photography, video, and film, despite their potential to enhance any material. Professionals within the b iomedical field themselves seem to have forgotten that radiology is basically the analysis of photographic im ages. Therefore, both social anthropologists a nd psychoanalysts, although they work against the grain and are the minorities, have always been concerned with the role of i mages in 1 the field of research. Malinowski , Mead and Bateson, Spitz and Robertson have been emblematic characters in this area. The ethnographic cinematography of Jean Rouch established, at last, the concept where truth, illu sion, art, and science are more significantly bonded after being perm anently de tached from the ideal s of purification, neutrality, and refutability. According to David MacDouga ll, although there is no genre that is properly understo od as ethnographic film per se, and some theorists even ref use to define it at all because they would like the topic to rem ain open to in terdisciplinary developments, one can distinguish ethnographic footage from ethnographic film , by recalling th at videos h ave peculiarities that in spire re spect. The characte ristics o f a video segment, whether from fictional or documentary film, comply with Jean Meryiat's documental-informational theory, which distinguishes a segment derived from intention from that conceived out of attribution. It is not, however, impossible that new theoretical s ets ar e unv eiled in the em pirical field, as no wadays there is a grow ing repertoire o f accessib le and affordable digital devices for image capture, and an advanced acknowledgment with regards to the importance of qualitative research in the field of health. This thematic issue of RECIIS stems from a process of reflection starting from the firs t edition of the refresher course "Ethnographic cinema, image and qualitative research on health", at the end of 2009, in ICICT / Fiocruz. A meeting of health professionals and researchers ga ve rise to a debate regarding the extent of image use in the field of research on collectiv e health, and its unexpected repercussions. W ith that, we had the chance to offer updated editions of the course, which having been enriched by the in itial trajectory have further expanded the repertoire of questions regarding the status of im ages in health resea rch be it in public hea lth, the b iomedical f ield, in education and / for / in health, in the social studies of science or in the a rt-science interface. The origins of the course were rooted in the observation that Brazil lacked information regarding the use of images in qualitative r esearch, especially in the area s of visual anthropology and collective health. T he use of im ages in the anthropology field has been increasing in anthropology research program s such as with Etienne Samain at UNICAMP, Fernando de Tacca, and Patricia Monte-Mor in the Department of Anthropology and Image at UERJ, among others, and a specialized journal has even been created 2. The convergence of ethnographic cinema with the progressive use of video in urban ethnography, and the role of photography and iconography in historical research and in oral history justify such developments. On the other hand, mental health s tudies that value the collection and recording of data on the mother-infant relationship in subjective genesis, in psychopathology and in the critical review of asylum experience, have another niche of in terest, designing an approach that goes from micro-sociology to infra-individual. There are also very few courses dedicated to discussing this subject, most of the m more firmly related to cinem a or aesthetics, with no em phasis on the research problem in communication / inform ation and health. However, there is surely interest, demand, and need to train researchers in these interdisciplinary areas, more or less hybridiz ed. It could also be possible to transfer this re cent trend in to the creation of film or video, film festivals, meetings and discussions devoted to ethnographic film, the substantial contribution of samplings from youtube or video, as well as the movement of bringing film to small communities. This set of texts aim s to present som e theoretical currents of thought on the use of i mages in research, show som e initiative s, p oint to som e events an d recover d ebts. No chosen thread of sufficient relief should be expected here, but rather we try to follow the course outline taking contributions from some of its professors. We work outside the box and seek to depict a wide, unusual and heterogeneous panorama. Interinstitutional contribution is one of the features of this course and it is evident in selected texts. PhD Prof. Diana Pinto, a researcher of the Social Memory of UNIRIO (Memória Social da UNIRIO), presents the foundations of discourse analysis based on interactional sociolingu istics, indicating three theoretical vocations that have contributed to this approach: analysis of conversation with Sacks, ethnography of communication of Gumperz and Dell Hym es, and also the analys is of fram ework with Gregory Bateson and Goffman. Accordingly, the project to integrate non-verbal information in data collection em erges. I t includes audio-visual recordings, and a sophisticated manner of register ing "the m ultiple and com plex human actions in wh ich various social groups are engaged." Image adds an interactive dimension to research and thus a llows f or the u nderstanding of how subjects contextualize discourse. It is important to note that the researcher is particularly concerned with medical consultation and its complex interactive context. This leads to a discussion on ethical aspects such as confidentiality in the shooting of an interview with a patient. The issue of ethics in research with hum ans and of resolution 196/96 is quite tim ely because we are living a moment of deep concern about confidentiality and the im plementation of im ages in research that uses photography or video. Anthropologist Pedro Gradella, who work s at the Laborator y of Communication and Health (LACES-Fiocruz), talks about how audiovisual devices help to support research p roduction in the field of anthropo logy, as well as the development of the relationship between the two afore mentioned fields. Pedro's concern was to reconstruct the debates surrounding ethnographic film, carefully exposing the tensions between cinema vérité and direct cinema, as well as the relationship betw een the initial ethnographic project and its reconsideration in late modernity. Luciana Barbio, anthropologist, writes about the role of photography in the construction of the Paresí Indigenous community identity. This was one of the m ajor ethnic groups that the legendary Luiz Thomaz Reis recorded during the Rondon Commission, constituting one of the oldest records of ethnog raphic film in Brazil. His fieldwork among m embers of this group broug ht us the w onderful photograph of the Indian chief dressed in a suit chosen specifically for that photograph, by the anthropologist. Using photographic records made by the Rondon Comm ission, the text seeks to counter balance the official idea of the project, its strategic action of integration and settlement of borders, with the current opi nion of Paresí on the subject. The interest in rec reating investigative tra jectories or exped itions rec eived the spe cial atten tion of researchers fr om CO C, i n par ticular Ph D Prof. Eduardo Thiele n and Prof. Stella Oswaldo Cruz Penido, who rebuilt some in roads in to r iver st ream areas called "ribeirinhas" that had been constructed by som e m ajor Brazilian sanitarians, and produced extensive documentation using photography, film and video. The article written by PhD Pr of. Rafaela Zorzan elli, from the Institu te of Social Medicine at UERJ, aims to examine the persuasiveness of medical imaging from the use of photographs in European m ental health m edicine in the late nineteenth century, and of neuroimaging in the field of contemporary neuroscience, em phasizing problems concerning its production process. The article by Mariana Bteshe and PhD Prof. Carlos Estellita-Lins was based on nearly a decade of research in IFF / FIOCRUZ when a system atic study of subjective genesis was undertaken using video to record the mother-infant interaction in institutional situations such as neonatal intensive care, in preterm infants, in the context of syndrom ic diseases, and ev en in routine situ ations like changing diapers. Together with PhD Prof. Octávio de Souza, Mariana and Carlos subjected some Lac anian paradigms to the scrutiny of an Anglo-Saxon rereading on earl y object relations. In this article, both seek to depict relevant in itiatives in th e footag e of babies and young children with an emphasis on the psychoanalytic stud ies of the mother-infant relationship. The task of describing and classifying the project does not go beyond the pragmatic fram ework which indicates the composition of the field. They aimed at highlighting the im portance of images within research for the study of intersubjective relationship genesis. PhD Prof. Kátia Lerner, a researcher at LA CES / Fiocruz, discusses two American research experiences - the Fortunoff Archive (Yale) and the Shoah Foundation Institute (U SC) – both which utilize the capture of audiovisual material as an important form of data collection, an d emphasize the value of using i mage schemes in research. It would not be correct to speak of ethnography and not mention the netnographies that emerge as methodology to reside and search the Web. Virtuality and its ef fects a s re lated to the use of images in research are discussed in the article by designer Marcelo Vasconcellos, a doctoral student at the Graduate Program in Information and Communication in Health (PPGICS / ICICT / Fiocruz) and Prof. Inesita Soares de Araújo, who explores th e major ethnographic techniques applicable to the online m edium, discussing the changes need ed for its use in et hnographies in the field of m assive online ga mes, known as MMORPGs ( Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing). This k ind of graphical interface has been heading towards a tiny detail, the multitude of pixels and true color, in short, pursuing image simulation along with its potential for emulation. It is very commendable that this journal has taken the task of publishing research in temporary state, uncertain as to the r esults, said to be in progres s. In the section of ongoing research, Clarice Portug al and collaborators under the guidance of PhD Prof. Carlos Estellita-Lins, w ho are part of the research group for the prevention of suicide Labcities / FIOCRUZ, a nd contribute with th eir initial ideas on which th ey discuss the viewing of videos in the wa iting rooms of clinics. It re gards video viewing experience in health within a psychiatric emergency service location in Rio de Janeiro, highlighting the waiting room as a space for education and health, and analyzing its characteristics, process, and observed effects. It is effectively a pilot investigation into ethnography enriched with psychiatric emergencies. Homero Carvalho and Tania dos S antos, directors of VídeoSaúde Distributer, bring out an article on "VídeoSaúde W orkshop - Idea of the Argum ent," which occurs every two years and is now focused on the des ign of the proposed videos in health. The authors report the birth of this pr oject and p oint th e co nstrains and possibilities of audiovisual production as relevant practice in the field of health. In our project we also bring three cr itical review s: one about the iconographic book Boticas & Pharmacies: An Illustrated History of Pharmacy in Brazil, by PhD Prof. Flávio Coelho Edler, a historian and researcher at CO C-FIOCRUZ, who presents images of the history of pharm acy in Brazil, focusing on the history of the occupation and medical practice in specific social, cultu ral and historical contexts. T he review was written by Liandro Lindner and Elaine Kabarite, master students of PPGICS. The documentary specialis t Flávia Corpas, a doctorate student at PUC, along with PhD Prof. Marcus André Vieira, writes about a rare documentary film about the life and work of Artur Bispo do Rosário, famous patien t at Juliano Moreira c linic: Prisoner of Passage, from 1982, directed by psychoanalyst and photographer Hugo Denizart, whose com plaints of abuse in asylums were i mportant for the psychiatric reform in Brazil. Paul Giacomini, journalist and m aster st udent of PPGICS, contributes to our journal issue with a rev iew he wrote on the film Wasteland, directed by Lucy W alker, which shows the work of artist Vik Muniz in one of the largest landfills of the world: the Jardim Gramacho in Rio de Janeiro. This f ascicle ends with a tr ibute to th e work of the Psychiatric Reform in a democratic health system and open to psychological distress, research object of our group. Thus, we find it very im portant to m ention an im portant initiative regarding the use of im age in health proj ects, it was developed in 1996 by interns and em ployees at the Philippe Pinel Institute (PPI), which was a milestone in Brazilian psychiatric reform: TV Pinel. Edvaldo Nabuco, a researcher at the Laboratory of Studies and Research in Mental Health and Psychosocial C are (LAPS / Fiocruz), pays tribute to Doralice Araújo, creator of TV Pinel. Verônica Miranda and Bianca Reis, master students of PPGICS, interviewed Ricardo Peret, assisted by the form er director of the IPP during the creation of TV Pinel, which enab led the implementation of this important project of image and mental health. We thank RECIIS and the Institute of Technological Communication and Information in Health (ICICT) from Fiocruz, for the inv itation to organize this special issue, as well as the dedication and enthusiasm of the editorial staff throughout its preparation. We thank FAPERJ for the support and encouragem ent in the research on prevention of suicide, as m entioned above. We also thank Clarice Portugal and Livia Motta de Lara, m embers of our Research Group, whose review work was priceless. Finally, this positive res ult has much to do with LAPS / Fiocruz and PhD Prof. Paulo Amarante; and VídeoSaúde staff; PhD Prof. Alice Ferry de Moraes; the group of PEPAS from IMS/UERJ; PhD Prof. Anna Hart man and the graduation course in Social Memory at UNIRIO; PhD Prof. Débora Diniz; Julia Araújo Ferreira, daughter of Doralice Araújo; and th e people that have collaboratede and professors from the course of “Image, Ethnographic Cinema and Qualitative Research in Health”. Carlos Estellita-Lins Mariana Bteshe Eduardo Thielen 1 The famous Tobriand Boxes, Bronislaw Malinowski' s boxes of pictures he took during his stay in Mailu, most of wh ich are currently available to view and download, and the London School of Economics is responsible for treating them a nd making them available at: http://www2.lse.ac.uk/library/archive/holdings/malinowski_bronislaw.aspx 2 Reports in Anthropology and Image, edited by UERJ, Department of Anthropology and Image