Leonardo Rosolen Müller-TESE FINAL
Leonardo Rosolen Müller-TESE FINAL
Leonardo Rosolen Müller-TESE FINAL
BOTUCATU - SP
Julho–2021
UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL PAULISTA
FACULDADE DE MEDICINA VETERINÁRIA E ZOOTECNIA
CÂMPUS DE BOTUCATU
BOTUCATU - SP
Julho –2021
Dedico
Ao meu filho, Bernardo Falcão Rosolen Müller, que Deus colocou em minha vida
e me deu forças para cada vez mais lutar e deixar um legado. Deixo eternizado nesta tese
o amor que tenho por você e que você é o principal motivo de eu lutar a cada dia para lhe
proporcionar uma boa educação.
A minha esposa, Patricia Silva Falcão, por todo amor, carinho, compreensão e por
me proporcionar algo inexplicável, que não existe palavras para mensurar a emoção de
ser pai. Que possamos juntos, proporcionar educação e sabedoria para o Bernardo trilhar
o seu caminho.
A minha avó, Lenira J. Salomão Rosolen, pelo exemplo de vida, força e
perseverança, caráter, honestidade, conselhos e amor. O apoio da senhora fez toda a
diferença para eu conseguir concluir mais essa etapa da minha vida. Sou imensamente
grato por tudo o que a senhora fez e faz por mim.
A minha avó, Sueli, e meu avô, Ari Müller, por me apoiarem e incentivarem em
mais esta etapa findada.
Aos meus pais Emerson e Simone, por me proporcionarem estudo e me dar forças
para a conclusão desta caminhada.
Ao Geraldo, Zoraide e Ligia por me apoiarem e sempre me incentivarem em
minha trajetória.
A todos meus familiares e às pessoas que acreditaram em meu potencial para
desenvolver este projeto, dentre elas - em especial - aos meus Coorientadores Prof. Mário
de Beni Arrigoni e Profa Cyntia Ludovico Martins.
AGRADECIMENTOS
1 1. CONSIDERAÇÕES INICIAIS
2
3 1.1.. Uso de lipídio nas dietas.
4 Os altos teores de concentrado, vem sendo cada vez mais utilizado para aumentar
5 a eficiência de produção e desempenho dos animais, sendo um fator de risco para
6 ocorrência de distúrbios metabólicos em bovinos (PINTO & MILLEN, 2016). Os
7 levantamentos americanos mostram que os níveis de concentrado são superiores a 90%
8 de concentrado, entretanto, os distúrbios metabólicos mais comuns e de maior impacto
9 econômico em confinamentos americanos são a acidose, timpanismo e abcesso hepático
10 (VACSCONCELOS e GALYEAN, 2007). A acidose, é a maior responsável pela redução
11 na eficiência e desempenho animal, além de provocar abcesso hepático e ruminites
12 (OWENS et al., 1998). Com 34,4%, a acidose nos confinamentos brasileiros vem sendo
13 descrita como a segunda doença mais frequente (PINTO & MILLEN, 2016).
14 A inclusão de lipídios nas dietas vem sendo estudado por anos para possíveis
15 substituições dos carboidratos altamente fermentáveis como o amido, visto o potencial
16 energético dos lipídicos quando oxidado de forma completa produz em média 9,45 kcal/g,
17 sendo este valor 2,25 vezes mais energia que a oxidação de carboidratos (ARRIGONI et
18 al., 2016). A sua inclusão é uma estratégia eficiente para aumentar a densidade energética,
19 a sua inclusão depende principalmente da quantidade de forragem fornecida aos
20 ruminantes. Dietas à base de volumoso podem receber até 4% de extrato etéreo na base
21 da matéria seca, mas quando as condições alimentares alteram para dietas ricas em
22 concentrado, os animais podem receber até 6% de lipídios, sem prejuízos na
23 digestibilidade dos outros componentes da dieta, principalmente da fração fibra. Alguns
24 efeitos deletérios podem ser causados por elevadas quantidades de extrato etéreo na dieta,
25 limitando a sua inclusão de no máximo 20% da energia metabolizável da deita (HESS et
26 al. 2008).
67 Os níveis de extrato etéreo utilizado nas dietas, nem sempre são favoráveis em
68 aumentar o desempenho e eficiência alimentar (Krenbel,2006). A atual busca pelos
69 pesquisadores vem sendo por ácidos graxos que impactem o mínimo possível na cinética
70 ruminal. Dentro deste contexto, o uso de oleaginosas se sobressai em relação aos óleos,
71 visto que proteção física causada pela casca, permite uma liberação lenta dentro do rúmen,
72 promovida pela ruminação do animal (Müller, 2018). Outro produto que vem sendo
73 estudado, este com aplicação tecnológica para a formação de uma proteção química, são
74 os sais de cálcio de ácidos graxos. Estes compostos possuem a sua proteção relacionada
75 com o perfil de ácidos graxos existente nos lipídios que serão utilizados, sendo assim,
76 quanto maior o nível de insaturação do ácido graxo menor é proteção (CAPPELLOZZA,
77 2020).
313 ABRIL, M.; CAMPO, M. M.; ÖNENÇ, A.; SAÑUDO, C.; ALBERTI, P.;
314 NEGUERUELA, A. I. Beef colour evolution as a function of ultimate pH. Meat Science,
315 Barking, v. 58, p. 69- 78, 2001.
316 AEBERSOLD, Ruedi; MANN, Matthias. Mass spectrometry-based proteomics. Nature,
317 v. 422, n. 6928, p. 198, 2003.
318 AFERRI, G. Desempenho e características de carcaça de novilhos alimentados com dietas
319 contendo diferentes fontes de gordura. 2003. 59 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Zootecnia)
320 - Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, 2003.
321 ALLEN, M. Effects of diet on short-term regulation of feed intake by lactating dairy
322 cattle. Journal of Dairy Science, Savoy, v. 83, p. 1598-1694, 2000.
323 ARIELI, A. Whole cottonseed in dairy cattle feeding: a review. Animal Feed Science and
324 Technology, Amsterdam, v. 72, p. 97-110, 1998.
336 BENDIXEN, E. The use of proteomics in meat science. Meat Science, v.71, p.138- 149,
337 2005.
338 BERG, R. T.; BUTTERFIELD, R. M. New concepts of cattle growth. Australia: Sydney
339 University Press, 1976. 240 p.
347 Cappellozza, B. I., Ferraretto, L. F., Vedovatto, M., & Moriel, P. (2020). Different
348 profiles of fatty acids in Ca soaps on dissociation and modification by biohydrogenation
349 in vitro. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 49. https://doi.org/10.37496/rbz4920200172
350 COPPOCK, C. E.; LANHAM, J. K.; HORNER, J. L. A review of nutritive value and
351 utilization of whole cottonseed, cottonseed meal and associated by-products by dairy
352 cattle. Animal Feed Science and Technology, Amsterdam, v. 18, p. 89-129, 1987.
353 DREHMER, A. M. F. Quebra de peso das carcaças e estudo de vida de prateleira da carne
354 suína. 2005. 131 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos) –
355 Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, 2005.
356 ESPINDOLA, Foued Salmen et al., Recursos de bioinformática aplicados às ciências
357 ômicas como genômica, transcriptômica, proteômica, interatômica e metabolômica.
358 Bioscience Journal, v. 26, n. 3, 2010
359 FERRARI, C. K. B. Oxidação lipídica em alimentos e sistemas biológicos: mecanismos
360 gerais e implicações nutricionais e patológicos. Revista de Nutrição, Campinas, v. 11, p.
361 3- 14, 1998.
362 FERRINHO, A. M. Caroço de algodão integral e vitamina E em dietas para bovinos
363 Nelore confinados por 83, 104 e 111 dias. 2016. 111 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Ciências
364 ) - Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, 2016.
375 HESS, B. W.; MOSS, G. E.; RULE, D. C. A decade of developments in the área of fat
376 supplementation research with beef cattle and sheep. Journal of Animal Science,
377 Champaign, v. 86, n. 14 (sup.), p. E188-204, 1998
384 JENKINS, T. C.; PALMQUIST, D. L. Effect of fatty acids or calcium soaps on rúmen
385 and total nutrient digestibility of dairy rations. Journal of Dairy Science, Savoy, v. 67, n.
386 5, p. 978-986, 1984.
387 KOZLOSKI, G. V. Bioquímica dos ruminantes. 3. ed. Santa Maria: UFSM, 2011. 216 p
388 KOZLOSKI, G. V. Bioquímica dos ruminantes. 3. ed. Santa Maria: UFSM, 2011. 216 p.
389 KREHBIEL, C. R. et al. Influence of grain type, tallow level, and tallow feeding system
390 on feedlot cattle performance. Journal of Animal Science, Champaign, v. 73, n. 10, p.
391 2916-2921, 1995.
412 OWENS, F. N.; GARDNER, B. A. A review of the impact of feedlot management and
413 nutrition on carcass measurements of feedlot cattle. Journal of Animal Science,
414 Champaign, v. 77, p. 1-18, 1999.
415 SCOLLAN, N. D.; CHOI, N. J.; KURT, E.; FISHER, A. V.; ENSER, M.; WOOD, J. D.
416 Manipulating the fatty acid composition of muscle and adipose tissue in beef cattle.
417 British Journal of Nutrition, London, v. 85, p. 115-124, 2001.
418 TORRES, E. A. F. S.; FERRARI, C. K. B. Fatores físicos e bioquímicos da
419 industrialização, preparo e armazenamento de alimentos e sua relação com radicais livres
420 e a oxidação lipídica. Revista Higiene Alimentar, São Paulo, v. 11, n. 68-69, p. 19-25,
421 2000.
422 VALLEDOR, Luis; JORRÍN, Jesús. Back to the basics: maximizing the information
423 obtained by quantitative two dimensional gel electrophoresis analyses by an appropriate
424 experimental design and statistical analyses. Journal of proteomics, v. 74, n. 1, p. 1-18,
425 2011.
426 ZINN, R. A. et al. Influence of ruminal biohydrogenation on the feeding value of fat in
427 finishing diets for feedlot cattle. Journal of Animal Science, Champaign, v. 78, n. 7, p.
428 1738-1746, 2000.
429 ZINN, R. A. Influence of level and source of dietary fat on its comparative feeding value
430 in finishing diets for steers: Feedlot cattle growth and performance. Journal of Animal
431 Science, Champaign, v. 67, n. 4, p. 1029-1037, 1989.
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455 Capitulo 1
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466 Effects of the association between whole cottonseed and calcium salts of fatty acids
467 on nutrient intake, feedlot performance, and carcass characteristics of Bos indicus
1
469 Este capítulo corresponde ao artigo científico que está publicado na revista
470 Translation Animal Science DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/tas/txab207
471
472 ABSTRACT. This experiment evaluated the effects of feeding whole cottonseed (WC)
473 and/or calcium salts of fatty acids (CSFA) on dry matter intake (DMI), performance, and
474 carcass characteristics of Bos indicus animals receiving a high-concentrate diet during the
475 finishing phase. On day 0, 96 Nellore bulls were blocked according to initial body weight
476 (BW; 302 ± 26.7 kg) into group pens (4 animals/pen) and, within blocks, pens were
477 randomly assigned to receive: 1) 15% of WC and 2% of CSFA [dry matter (DM) basis]
478 of palm, cottonseed, and soybean oil (15WC; n = 6), 2) 10% of WC and 3% of CSFA
479 (DM basis) of palm, cottonseed, and soybean oil (10WC; n = 6), 3) 5% of WC and 4%
480 of CSFA (DM basis) of palm, cottonseed, and soybean oil (5WC; n = 6), and 4) 0% of
481 WC and 5% of CSFA (DM basis) of palm, cottonseed, and soybean oil (0WC; n = 6).
483 period lasted 108 days, whereas dry matter intake (DMI) was evaluated daily and blood
484 samples and carcass measurements were obtained on days 0, 55, and 108 of the study.
485 Upon slaughter on day 109, steaks were collected for determination of the chemical and
486 fatty acid (FA) profile of the meat. No treatment effects (P ≥ 0.35) were observed on
487 DMI, performance, average daily gain (ADG), carcass ultrasound measurements, and
488 chemical variables of the steak. Nonetheless, including WC into the diets increased
489 C12:0, C16:0, C16:1 trans-9, C17:0, C18:0, C18:1 cis-9, C18:2 cis-9,cis-12, C18:3 cis-
490 9,cis-12,cis-15, saturated, and unsaturated FA intake (P < 0.01). Moreover, adding WC
491 increased DMI fluctuation and feed efficiency (P = 0.03), but decreased marbling (P ≤
492 0.03). A treatment × day interaction was observed (P < 0.01) for serum leptin
493 concentration, as 10WC animals had greater leptin concentration on d 103 vs. other
494 treatments (P < 0.01). Regarding steak FA profile, WC addition into the diet increased
495 C18:2 cis-7,trans-9 and C18:3 cis-9,cis-12,cis-15 (P < 0.001), whereas saturated FA was
496 quadratically affected (P = 0.02) and unsaturated FA was reduced for 15WC (P < 0.04).
497 In summary, increasing levels of CSFA as WC decreased in isolipidic finishing diets did
498 not impact feedlot performance, but increased feed efficiency and marbling scores of Bos
499 indicus bulls, demonstrating its feasibility as a technology to improve carcass traits of
501
502 Key words: Bos indicus; calcium salts of fatty acids; isolipidic; marbling; performance;
505 One of the main goals of lipid feedstuffs is to increase energy content of the diet
506 and feed efficiency (FE) of the beef cattle herd (NASEM, 2016). In Brazil, whole
507 cottonseed (WC) and calcium salts of fatty acids (CSFA) are the main lipid sources
508 included into feedlot diets (Pinto and Millen, 2019). Besides WC adoption, its inclusion
509 remains limited at 15% of dry matter (DM), given gossypol toxicity issues and potential
510 negative effects on performance and meat sensorial traits (Cranston et al., 2006; Gouvêa
511 et al., 2020). However, using WC as the sole lipid feedstuff might not be able to increase
512 dietary ether extract (EE) content to values that can impact energy utilization and transfer
513 into the carcass. As reported by Krehbiel et al. (2014), feedlot diets containing roughly
514 7% EE benefit performance and carcass traits (Zinn, 1989; Zinn et al., 2000). A feasible
515 feedstuff that could be used to increase dietary EE and improve performance of feedlot
516 cattle is the CSFA (Carvalho et al., 2020; Nascimento et al., 2020). To the best of our
517 knowledge, no other study evaluated the effects of levels of both WC and CSFA into
518 feedlot cattle diets. As these differ on protection against rumen biohydrogenation, the
519 amount and profile of fatty acids (FA) entering the small intestine for absorption might
520 also differ, significantly impacting metabolism and carcass traits (Jenkins et al., 2008).
521 Bos indicus are recognized as low-marbling breeds (Martins et al., 2005) and
522 nutritional alternatives that promote marbling are warranted. In cattle, FA inhibit or
523 stimulate gene expression, adipocyte differentiation, and carcass characteristics (Choi et
524 al., 2015; Costa et al., 2020). Based on this rationale, we hypothesized that varying levels
525 of WC and CSFA would improve performance and carcass traits of feedlot cattle.
526 Therefore, our objective was to evaluate the effects of WC and CSFA on performance,
527 nutrient intake, carcass traits, and meat FA profile of B. indicus feedlot cattle.
528
529 MATERIALS AND METHODS
530 This experiment was conducted at the experimental feedlot from the
532 Brazil (22°53’25” S, 48°27’19” W, and elevation of 828 m) from April to August 2019.
533 All animals utilized herein were cared for in accordance with acceptable practices and
537 The experimental design used herein was randomized complete block design
538 (RCBD). On day 0 of the experiment, 96 non-castrated Nellore animals were blocked by
539 initial shrunk body weight (BW = 302 ± 26.7 kg; initial age = 20 ± 2 months) and
540 allocated to 1 of 24 pens (4 animals/pen). Within blocks (n = 6), pens were randomly
541 assigned to 1 of 4 treatments: 1) 15% of whole cottonseed (WC) and 2% of calcium salts
542 of fatty acids [CSFA; dry matter (DM) basis] of palm, cottonseed, and soybean oil
543 (15WC; n = 6; Nutri Gordura Terminação; Nutricorp, Araras, SP, Brazil), 2) 10% of WC
544 and 3% of CSFA (DM basis) of palm, cottonseed, and soybean oil (10WC; n = 6; Nutri
546 cottonseed, and soybean oil (5WC; n = 6; Nutri Gordura Terminação; Nutricorp), and 4)
547 0% of WC and 5% of CSFA (DM basis) of palm, cottonseed, and soybean oil (0WC; n =
548 6; Nutri Gordura Terminação; Nutricorp). A complete description of the FA profile of the
549 lipid feedstuffs (WC and CSFA) is reported in Table 1, meanwhile Tables 2 and 3 report
550 feedstuff composition and nutrient profile of the diets offered during the adaptation,
553 effect of WC and CSFA, all diets were formulated to isolipidic, isonitrogenous, and
554 isocaloric (Table 3). The experimental period lasted 108 d, whereas the adaptation,
555 growing, and finishing diets were offered from d 0 to 15, 16 to 55, and 56 to 108,
556 respectively. During the adaptation diet, all animals were allocated to step-up diets for a
557 15-d period, in which roughage amount was reduced from 40 to 28% (DM basis), as
558 reported in Table 2. All diets were formulated using the Large Ruminant Nutrition System
559 (Fox et al., 2004) and formulated to result in an average daily gain (ADG) of
560 approximately 1.7 kg/d. Diets were offered twice a day (0900 and 1600 h), at a rate of
561 55:45% of the total amount, respectively, and all animals had ad libitum access to the
562 diets and water. Throughout the experimental period, all animals were maintained in a
563 roofed barn with concrete-based floors (7.5 m2/pen and 1.25 m of linear
564 feedbunk/animal).
565 Seven days prior to beginning of the experiment, all animals were dewormed
566 (Dectomax; Zoetis Saúde Animal, São Paulo, SP, Brazil), and vaccinated against
567 clostridium (Covexin-10; MSD Saúde Animal, São Paulo, SP, Brazil). Moreover, from d
568 -7 to -1 of the experimental design, all animals received a diet containing (DM basis) 35%
569 sugarcane bagasse, 20% corn silage, 25% ground corn, 18% peanut meal, 0.5% urea, and
570 1.5% mineral-vitamin mix. Diets were offered at a rate of 2% BW obtained at feedlot
571 facility arrival (d -7). This management was performed to provide similar substrates and
572 potentially equalize the rumen microbiome profile of the animals prior to treatment
573 administration.
575 Individual animal shrunk BW was collected at the beginning (d 0) and end of the
576 experimental period (d 108) after 16 hours of feed and water withdrawal. With these BW
577 measurements, BW change (final minus initial BW) and overall ADG during the
578 experiment were calculated and further analyzed. Additional full BW measurements were
579 taken at the end of each dietary management (adaptation and growing diets on d 15 and
580 55, respectively), in order to follow-up herd performance as the experiment progressed.
581 Intermediate full BW, instead of shrunk BW, was obtained to prevent extreme dry matter
582 intake (DMI) fluctuations following management and realimentation that could result in
583 any potential rumen disorders (Allen et al., 2009) and to avoid the trigger of an acute-
584 phase response that feed withdrawal might cause on the animals and subsequently impair
585 feedlot performance and health (Marques et al., 2012; Marques et al., 2019).
586 Throughout the experimental period, total DMI was evaluated daily from each pen
587 by collecting and weighing refusals. Samples of the offered and nonconsumed feed were
588 collected daily from each pen and dried for 96 hours at 50°C in forced-air ovens for dry
589 matter (DM) determination. Total DMI of each pen was divided by the number of animals
590 within each pen and expressed as kg/animal per d. In addition, total DMI was expressed
591 in % of BW by dividing the average DMI and average BW (initial + final) of each pen
592 during the experimental period. At the end of the experimental period (d 108), feed
593 efficiency (FE) was calculated by dividing ADG and DMI, whereas DMI fluctuation was
594 estimated by weighing diet offer and orts for actual DMI and fluctuation calculated as the
597 performed according to equations proposed by Weiss et al. (1992), and samples were
598 analyzed in duplicates by wet chemistry procedures for concentrations of crude protein
599 (CP), ether extract (EE), and ash (AOAC, 1990). Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) was
600 evaluated according to procedures described by Van Soest et al. (1991). Moreover,
601 digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) were performed according to
602 equations described by NASEM (2016), whereas dietary calculations of net energy for
603 maintenance (NEm) and gain (NEg) followed equations proposed by Zinn et al. (2002).
604 For these equations, retained energy (RE) a high-frame 18-mo animal was: RE = [0.0437
605 × BW0.75] × ADG × 1.097 (NRC, 1984), where BW = mean BW minus 4%. Net energy
606 for gain was determined through the estimation reported by Zinn and Shen (1998): NEg
607 = NEm × 0.877 - 0.41. Additionally, all feedstuffs used in the present experiment (Table
608 1) were analyzed for FA profile following procedures described in AOCS (2009) and
609 according to total DMI, individual and total saturated, monounsaturated, and
610 polyunsaturated FA intake was calculated for each treatment and subsequently reported
611 herein.
612 On d 0, 55, and 103 of the experimental period, blood samples were collected for
613 plasma concentrations of leptin and lactate. All blood samples were collected via jugular
614 venipuncture into commercial blood collection tubes (Vacutainer, 10 mL; Becton
615 Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, NJ). After collection, blood samples were centrifuged at 3,000
616 rpm for 15 minutes and one sample stored at -20°C for subsequent plasma leptin analyses.
619 by Pelleymounter et al. (1995). The second blood sample was immediately used for
623 The classification of the particle size of the diets was performed by using the Penn
624 State Particle Size Separator (PSPS; Heinrichs, 1996) and the not accounted/predicted
625 intake ratio was taken into consideration herein, where n = 19 (long), 8 (medium), 1.18
626 mm (small), and bottom (fine) sieves. Values obtained for this classification include 1 =
627 no classification (null), < 1 = selective intake refusal (negative ratio), and > 1 =
628 preferential intake (positive ratio). Corn silage particle size and WC were also determined
629 by PSPS and had, on average, 9.30 a 11.96, respectively, whereas for other feedstuffs a
630 different set of sieves was used (6.0, 3.25, 2.0, 1.25 mm, and bottom). Average particle
631 size for corn, peanut meal, CSFA, urea, and mineral-vitamin mix was 3.60, 2.40, 1.05,
634 On d 0, 55, and 103 of the experimental period, all animals enrolled into the
635 experiment were submitted to ultrasound evaluations (Aloka SSD-500V with a 17.2
636 cm/3.50 MHz convex probe; Hitachi Healthcare Americas, Twinsburg, OH) and
637 evaluations were performed by the same trained technician (DGT Brasil, Presidente
638 Prudente, SP, Brazil). Evaluations were conducted according to procedures described by
639 the Ultrasound Guidelines Council (UGC, 2014) and measurements of the ribeye area
640 (REA; cm2), marbling (%), and backfat thickness (BFT; mm) were collected on the
641 Longissimus thoracis muscle between the 12th and 13th ribs and from the Biceps femoris
642 muscle. Additionally, overall REA, marbling, and BFT gains were calculated as delta (Δ;
643 final measurement – initial measurement) and the Δ was divided by the number of days
644 between experimental measurements (103 d) to represent the daily gain of these
645 parameters (cm2 for REA, % for marbling, and mm for BFT of both tissues).
647 At the end of the experimental period, all animals were slaughtered on d 109
649 commercial packing plant (Frigol, Lençóis Paulista, SP, Brazil). Hot carcasses were
650 separated into two symmetrical sections, weighed to obtain hot carcass weight (HCW),
651 and individually identified. Dressing percent (DP) was calculated by dividing the HCW
652 by final BW of the animal on d 108 of the experiment. Per standard industry procedures,
653 initial DP of the animals was estimated in 50% and then it was calculated the amount of
654 carcass gained by the animals during the experimental period (d 0 to 108). Carcass ADG
655 was calculated by dividing the carcass gain and the number of days on feed (108 d),
656 whereas yield gain (YG) was calculated by dividing carcass ADG (in kg) and ADG (in
657 kg).
659 Following slaughter, all carcasses were cooled in a cold chamber for 48 h, whereas
660 samples of L. thoracis muscle from the left carcasses were collected for further
661 laboratorial analyses. For the colorimetric, weight losses due to cooking, and shear force
662 analysis, 3 pieces of 2.5 cm each were collected proximally to the 12th and 13th ribs. All
663 pieces were individually identified, vaccum-packed, and stored (-20°C) until further
665 Proximate composition. Meat moisture, CP, EE, and ash content were evaluated
666 in samples collected from L. thoracis muscles. Moisture and CP contents were determined
667 according to the methodologies previously described by AOAC (2007; methods 950.46
668 and 981.10, respectively). Ether extract and ash contents were also determined according
670 Colorimetric, pH, weight loss due to cooking, and shear force. Upon analysis,
671 samples were thawed in a refrigerator for 24 hours and exposed to oxygen (O2) for 20
672 min. Following this procedure, meat pH was determined using a digital device (model
673 HI-99163; Hanna Instruments Brasil, Barueri, SP, Brazil). For colorimetric parameters,
674 the determination of the components L*, a*, and b* were performed according to
675 Abularach et al. (1998). Color was evaluated on the surface of the samples using the CIE
676 L*, a*, and b* system with a D65 illuminating and 10° as the standard evaluation point.
677 A Minolta CM-2500-D device (Konica Minolta, Osaka, Japan) was used for color
678 determination and calibrated with a blank standard sample. The following color
679 parameters were used: L* is a lightness index (0 = black and 100 = white), a* is the
680 intensity of red color, an index that ranges from green (-) to red (+), and b* is the intensity
681 of yellow color, an index ranging from blue (-) to yellow (+; Houben et al., 2000).
683 high-precision scale and cooked at 170°C until internal temperature reached 71°C, as
684 described by the American Meat Science Association (AMSA, 1995). Then, samples
685 were cooled at room temperature and weighed in order to determine the weight loss due
686 to cooking (final – initial weight; Honikel, 1998). The same samples were subsequently
687 enveloped in a plastic film and placed on the refrigerator (4 - 6°C) for 24 hours. After 24
688 hours, 6 – 8 cylinders of meat were collected from each sample (1.27 cm diameter each),
689 parallel to the fibers. For shear force determination, the cylinders were sheared in a
690 Warner-Bratzler Shear Force (WBSF) device with a 20 cm/min velocity, whereas the
691 shear force of each sample was determined as the average of the 6 – 8 replicates and
694 was used by adding it to a 50 mL Falcon tube (CRAL, Cotia, SP, Brazil). The extraction
695 procedure followed the methodology described by Folch et al. (1957). Briefly, lipids were
696 extracted by homogeneizing the sample with a 2:1 chloroform:metanol solution (Ultra
697 Turrax; Marconi Equipamentos, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil) and isolated after the addition of
698 a 1.5% NaCl solution. The isolated lipid was methylated and methyl esters were
699 assembled according to the methodology described by Kramer et al. (1997). Fatty acids
700 were quantified by gas chromatography (GC-2010 Plus Capillary GC; Shimadzu
701 Scientific Instruments Inc., Columbia, MD) using a SP-2560 capilar column (100 m ×
702 0.25 mm of diameter and 0.02 mm thickness; Supelco Inc., Bellefonte, PA). Initial
703 column temperature was 45°C with a progressive heating until temperature reached
704 175°C, which was kept for 27 min. Then, temperature was increased at a rate of 4°C/min
705 until 215°C, which was kept for 35 minutes. Hydrogen gas was used as the carrier with a
706 40 cm3/sec flux. Fatty acids were identified using previously known and validated
708 evaluating the retention time of the samples and normalization of the peak area of methyl
709 esters with the Chromquest 5.0 Clarity Lite software (version 2.4.191; DataApex
710 Software, Prague, Czech Republic), whereas all FA were expressed as mg/g of total FA.
712 For all analyses performed herein, pen was considered the experimental unit. All
713 data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS (version 9.4; SAS Inst. Inc.;
714 Cary, NC, USA) and the Satterthwaite approximation to determine the denominator df
715 for the test of fixed effects. The model statement used for all analyses contained the fixed
716 effects of treatment. All data, with the exception of DMI and FE, were analyzed using
717 block, animal(pen) and pen(treatment) as random variables. For DMI and FE, block and
718 pen(treatment) were used as random variables. Blood samples and US measurements
719 obtained on d 0 were analyzed for covariates and results obtained on d 55 and 103 were
720 covariately-adjusted. Moreover, DMI (kg and % BW) DMI fluctuation, particle
721 classification, blood, and ultrasound data were analyzed as repeated variables, containing
722 day in the repeated statement, the subject was pen(treatment), and the covariance structure
723 was first-order autoregressive, which provided the best fit for these analyses according to
724 the smallest Akaike Information Criterion and Schwarz Bayesian Criterion.
725 For the specific mean analysis and comparison, orthogonal contrasts were used to
726 partition specific treatment effects, given that the contrast (1) compared the inclusion of
727 WC: 0WC vs. WC, (2) linear contrast, and (3) quadratic contrast. For all data, means were
728 separated using the LSMEANS, significance was set at P ≤ 0.05, and tendencies were
730
731 RESULTS
734 indicating that animals were managed similarly prior to the beginning of the experiment
735 (Table 4). At the end of the experimental period, BW, DMI, and DMI as % of BW did
736 not differ among treatments (P ≥ 0.17; Table 4). Nonetheless, ADG and FE improved (P
737 ≤ 0.02) during the adaptation period (d 0 to 15) and overall (d 0 to 108) FE also was
738 improved (P = 0.03) when WC was included into the diets, whereas overall ADG was not
739 impacted by the experimental treatments offered herein (P ≥ 0.42; Table 4). Additionally,
740 removing WC of the diets significantly reduced (P = 0.03) DMI fluctuation, but no linear
741 or quadratic effects were observed on this parameter (P ≥ 0.13; Table 4).
742 In agreement with the DMI data, no contrast effects were observed for any of the
743 nutrient intakes analyzed herein (P ≥ 0.14; Table 5). Adding WC in the diets caused a
744 reduction in intakes of C12:0, C16:0, C17:0, C18:0, C18:1 cis-9, C18:3 cis-9, cis-12, cis-
745 15, C20:0, C20:3 n-6, C24:0, saturated and monounsaturated FA, as well as
746 saturated:polyunsaturated FA ratio (P ≤ 0.05; Table 5). On the other hand, intakes of
747 C16:1 trans-9, C18:2 cis-9, cis-12, C23:0, unsaturated and polyunsaturated FA, as well
749 C17:0, all FA intakes were linearly impacted by the treatments (P ≤ 0.01), whereas C14:0,
750 C17:0, C18:3 cis-9, cis-12, cis-15, C20:1 n-9, C23:0 and C24:0 FA intakes were affected
752 Blood samples collected on d 0 were not significant covariates (P = 0.31) for
753 serum lactate concentrations and did not differ among treatments (P = 0.67; 5.55, 6.51,
754 5.15, and 5.38 mMol/L for 15WC, 10WC, 5WC, and 0WC, respectively; SEM = 0.872).
757 contrasts (P ≥ 0.38; 4.19, 3.55, 3.54, and 3.88 mMol/L for 15WC, 10WC, 5WC, and
758 0WC, respectively; SEM = 0.506). Nonetheless, a day effect was observed for serum
759 lactate (P = 0.02), as concentrations on d 103 were greater than values on d 55 (3.36 vs.
762 and also did not differ among treatments (P = 0.37; 0.74, 0.69, 0.75, and 0.57 ng/mL for
763 15WC, 10WC, 5WC, and 0WC, respectively; SEM = 0.083). A treatment × day
764 interaction was detected on serum concentration of leptin (P < 0.01; Figure 1). On d 103
765 of the study, 10WC fed animals had a greater serum leptin concentration compared with
766 all other treatments (P < 0.01) and no further differences were observed among the other
767 treatments (P ≥ 0.36; Figure 1). Therefore, a quadratic effect was observed on mean leptin
768 concentration (P = 0.02), as 10WC bulls had a greater mean serum concentration vs.
769 15WC and 5WC (P ≤ 0.04) and tended to have a greater mean serum leptin vs. 0WC (P
772 From d 0 to 15, both NEm and NEg increased by adding WC in the experimental
773 diets (P < 0.01; Table 6), but no further differences were observed in the other periods
774 and/or when the entire experimental period was evaluated (d 0 to 108; P ≥ 0.12; Table 6).
775 Nonetheless, the same effect (0WC vs. WC) was detected on the observed:expected ratio
776 of NEm and NEg from d 0 to 15 and from d 56 to 108 (P ≤ 0.01; Table 6), in a manner that
777 adding WC improved and decreased these ratios from d 0 to 15 and from d 56 to 108,
778 respectively. Additionally, observed:expected ratio of NEm and NEg linearly increased as
781 Treatment × diet interactions were significant for long, medium, and fine particles
782 (P ≤ 0.03), whereas the same interaction tended to be observed for small particles (P =
783 0.07; Table 7 and Figure 2). Animals fed 15WC consumed a reduced amount of long
784 particles in the period which the finishing diet (from d 56 to 108) was offered vs. 0WC,
785 5WC, and 10WC, but also a reduced amount of medium-sized particles from when both
786 the growing and finishing diets were fed when compared with other treatments (P ≤ 0.03;
787 Figures 2-A and 2-B). Conversely, intake of fine particles was greater for 15WC vs. 5WC
788 and 0WC during the feeding of the growing and finishing diets (P < 0.01), but also greater
789 vs. 10WC when the finishing diet was fed (P < 0.01; Figure 2-C). Additionally, 10WC
790 had a greater intake of fine particles vs. 0WC during the growing and finishing diets and
791 5WC also had a greater intake of these particles vs. 0WC during the finishing diet (P <
793 Additional treatment effects were observed for all particle sizes (P ≤ 0.03)
794 evaluated herein (Table 7), as well as linear and quadratic effects in the orthogonal
795 contrast analysis. Adding WC linearly decreased intake of long- and medium-sized
796 particles (P ≤ 0.05), whereas the opposite was observed for fine particles (P = 0.02; Table
797 7). The quadratic effect observed herein for small particles is related to the reduced intake
801 < 0.01), but did not differ among treatments (P ≥ 0.41; Table 8). No significant effects
802 were observed for REA, L. thoracis and B. femoris BFT, regardless of which parameter
803 has been evaluated (P ≥ 0.16). The only exception to that is the linear effect on B. femoris
804 BFT evaluated on d 55, which decreased as WC content of the diet also increased (P =
805 0.04; Table 8). Similarly, animals fed 0WC had a greater marbling content vs. WC on d
806 55 and 103 of the study (P ≤ 0.01), as well as a greater delta (final – initial marbling)
807 score (P = 0.02; Table 8). A linear effect was also detected for the aforementioned
808 variables, in a manner that marbling decreased as WC content of the diet increased (P =
810 Lastly, no contrast effects were observed for HCW (P ≥ 0.48), DP (P ≥ 0.14),
814 0.18), and WBSF (P ≥ 0.41; Table 9). For the chemical composition, a linear effect was
815 observed on ash content (P = 0.04), but no further differences were detected (P ≥ 0.13;
816 Table 9). Similarly, a* index tended to be reduced by including WC in the diets (P = 0.08)
817 and no further differences were observed for L* and b*index (P ≥ 0.13; Table 9).
818 As expected, several meat FA were impacted by the different inclusion levels of
819 WC and CSFA (Table 10). Inclusion of WC in the diets reduced the amount of C18:2 cis-
820 7, trans-9 CLA (P = 0.03), C18:3 cis-9, cis-12, cis-15 (P < 0.001), C22:2 (P < 0.001),
821 and n-3 PUFA (P = 0.04; Table 10). Moreover, as WC level in the diet increased, meat
822 C16:1 trans-9 (P = 0.01), C18:2 cis-7, trans-9 CLA (P = 0.04), and monounsaturated FA
823 (P = 0.04) content decreased, whereas C18:1 cis-9 tended to decrease (P = 0.09) and
824 C18:0 (P = 0.05) and saturated FA (P = 0.03) increased as WC content of the diet
825 increased (Table 10). Additional quadratic effects were observed for meat levels of C14:0
826 (P = 0.05), C16:0 (P = 0.01), C18:3 cis-9, cis-12, cis-15 (P = 0.01), and saturated FA (P
827 = 0.02; Table 10). Animals fed 15WC had greater C14:0, C16:0, and saturated FA,
828 meanwhile 0WC cohorts had greater meat C18:3 cis-9, cis-12, cis-15 (Table 10).
829
830 DISCUSSION
831 The main objective of the present experiment was to evaluate the effects of
832 different levels of WC and CSFA on feedlot performance, nutrient intake, serum
834 carcass and meat characteristics of Bos indicus bulls offered a high-concentrate diet
835 during the finishing phase. This goal arised from the hypothesis that the association of a
836 feedstuff with physical lipid protection (WC) and another with chemical lipid barrier
837 (CSFA) against rumen biohydrogenation (Cappellozza et al., 2020) would allow a greater
839 microorganism population, which, in turn, would benefit performance and carcass traits
840 of feedlot animals during the finishing phase. Moreover, the FA profile of these
841 feedstuffs, when added in different dietary levels, would have a positive effect on
842 marbling and backfat thickness, improving customer eating experience and meat
843 acceptability (Westerling and Hedrick, 1979). Therefore, based on this rationale, diets
844 were formulated to be isocaloric, isofiber, isolipidic, and isonitrogenous (Table 3), taking
845 into account the high-quality nutrient supply of WC, including NDF, CP, and EE (Pires
846 et al., 1997; Mena et al., 2004; Cranston et al., 2006), and the great amount of EE from
847 the CSFA source. This experimental design allowed the direct comparison on how the
848 inclusion of these lipid feedstuffs (WC and CSFA) would impact performance and carcass
849 traits of feedlot Bos indicus beef cattle. It is noteworthy mentioning that one might
850 question the lack of an experimental group containing only WC as the sole lipid source,
851 but the explanation for this includes (1) possible negative effects of a greater dietary WC
852 inclusion (> 15% DM) on performance and carcass traits have been reported by others
853 (Zinn., 1995; Cranston et al., 2006; Gouvêa et al., 2020), (2) the WC levels used herein
854 are representative of the current nutritional practices in Brazilian feedlots (Pinto and
855 Millen, 2019), and (3) to the best of our knowledge, no other research evaluated different
856 levels of both lipid sources in the same experiment (Carvalho et al., 2020; Costa et al.,
858 The lack of differences on DMI, nutrient intake, final BW, ADG, and carcass traits
859 might be explained by the similar nutritional content of the experimental diets. Recently,
860 Carvalho et al. (2020) demonstrated that CSFA inclusion into a high-concentrate diet
861 containing cottonseed byproducts (WC and cottonseed meal) yielded similar final BW
862 and ADG, improved FE, and reduced DMI when compared with diets that did not contain
863 CSFA. In other study, Costa et al. (2020) did not report differences on feedlot
864 performance of Bos indicus animals offered an isocaloric, isonitrogenous, and isolipidic
865 high-concentrate diet containing a combination of WC and corn germ, CSFA alone, or a
866 three-way combination of WC, corn germ, and CSFA as lipid feedstuffs. An increased
867 linear inclusion of WC has linearly reduced DMI in beef cattle, without impairments on
868 feedlot performance (ADG and FE), but positive effects were observed on carcass traits
869 when WC inclusion varied from 2.2 to 10.3% DM (Gôuvea et al., 2020). The differences
870 between previous and the present study might be attributed to the FA profile of the
871 supplements used (Nascimento et al., 2020) and the EE content of the diets, so that greater
872 dietary EE levels lead to a greater reduction in DMI (Carvalho et al., 2020; Gôuvea et al.,
873 2020), whereas the lack of differences herein might be attributed to the fact that diets
874 were formulated to contain similar levels of energy, protein, and fat. The fact that FE was
875 reduced in 0WC was surprising, contrary than previous studies reporting either an
876 improvement (Carvalho et al., 2020; Nascimento et al., 2020) or similar (Costa et al.,
878 peNDF content of 0WC was 1 to 5% lower than the other treatments (Table 2).
879 Additionally, not only the amount, but also the type of fiber was different (corn silage vs.
880 WC) between treatments, which might be able to impact rumen fermentation parameters
881 and nutrient utilization. Supporting this rationale, the linter present in WC has a high
882 ruminal fermentation rate that consequently improves DM degradation (Bo et al., 2012)
883 and nutrient utilization when compared to corn silage. Recently, de Souza et al. (2018)
884 reported differences on nutrient intake and performance of dairy cows receiving either
885 WC or soybean hulls in the diet. More specifically, WC inclusion increased NDF, total
886 FA, and NE for lactation intake in isolipidic and roughly isofiber diets, without reported
888 The estimated FA intake observed herein reflects the DMI and nutrient
889 composition of the experimental diets, whereas ruminal biohydrogenation was not
890 evaluated herein. Animals that did not receive WC had a greater C16:0, C18:0, C18:1 cis-
891 9, C18:3 cis-9, cis-12, cis-15, total SFA, and MUFA intake, as well as greater SFA:PUFA
892 ratio and the opposite was observed when WC was included into the diets for C18:2 cis-
893 9, cis-12 and overall PUFA. In dairy cattle, the effects of C18:0 and C18:1 cis-9 on
894 metabolism and productive responses of dairy cattle receiving soybean hulls or whole
895 cottonseed have been reported by de Souza et al. (2018). Overall, supplementing C16:0
896 + C18:0 FA improved DMI and milk fat and protein content vs. a mixture of C16:0 and
897 C18:1 cis-9 FA, whereas opposite results were observed on nutrient digestibility and BW
898 changes. In beef cattle, few studies have evaluated the effects of these specific FA on
899 metabolism and performance of the herd (Costa et al., 2020; Nascimento et al., 2020).
900 Increasing the intake of C16:0 and C18:1 cis-9 FA improved FE, HCW, and deposition
901 efficiency of energy of feedlot cattle when compared with animals receiving a soybean
902 oil-based CSFA, without differences on DM and overall nutrient intake (Nascimento et
905 the profitability of the feedlot, given that the costs associated with feedstuffs are the
906 greatest factor influencing the profitability of a commercial beef cattle operation,
907 accounting for over 63% of the variation in total annual costs (Miller et al., 2001).
908 Moreover, reducing DMI fluctuation will likely improve the predictability of feed intake
909 by feedlot animals, resulting in reduced amount of feed wasted in the bunk, positively
910 affecting the profitability of the operation, and finally, likely preventing the occurrence
911 of digestive disorders. As reported by others (Owens et al., 1998; Krehbiel, 2014), a
912 greater variation in total DMI is commonly associated with low ruminal pH of cattle fed
913 high-grain diets. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first research study reporting a
914 reduced DMI fluctuation in feedlot animals receiving CSFA, whereas others (Gibb et al.,
915 2001; Teixeira et al., 2020) have demonstrated a reduced fluctuation in DMI when an
916 ionophore, such as sodium monensin, was included into high-concentrate feedlot diets.
917 Following this rationale, the evaluation of a feed selectivity index might be useful
918 in predicting rumen health and potential disorders, such as subacute rumen acidosis
919 (SARA; Keunen et al., 2002; Maulfair et al., 2013). In dairy cattle, Kmicikewycz and
920 Heinrichs (2015) reported that cows are able to change their particle size preference
921 depending on the rumen health. More specifically, dairy cows consuming a short corn
922 silage TMR changed their preference to longer forage particles during a SARA challenge.
923 Cows consuming long corn silage-based diets, however, selected against longer particles
924 during the same challenge. Changes were also observed in the present study, so that a
925 greater WC content of the diet reduced the preference for long and medium particles,
926 meanwhile the preference for fine particles increased. To the best of our knowledge, this
927 is one of the first experiment evaluating potential dietary interactions with feed sorting
928 and preference in beef cattle offered a high-energy and high-lipid feedlot diet, whereas
929 several researchers evaluated this matter in dairy cattle offered a TMR (Kmicikewycz and
930 Heinrichs, 2015; Miller-Cushon and DeVries, 2017). The reason for these results is
931 unknown and could be related to potential differences in rumen metabolism and health
932 which, unfortunately, were not evaluated herein and warrant further investigation.
933 Circulating leptin concentration is regulated by body fat content, nutrient intake,
934 carcass composition, and circulating insulin (Houseknecht et al., 1998; Geary et al.,
935 2003). In agreement, Cappellozza et al. (2014) demonstrated that beef heifers with greater
936 ADG also had greater plasma insulin leptin concentrations when compared with
937 unsupplemented beef heifers, which, in turn, had a reduced ADG. In the present
938 experiment, 10WC bulls had a greater serum leptin concentration vs. other treatments on
939 d 103 of the study (Figure 1). These results were unexpected, considering the overall
940 similar performance and nutrient profile of the diets. Nonetheless, 10WC animals had,
941 numerically, a greater ADG and DMI in the last half of the experiment (d 56 to 108),
942 which might explain the observed leptin results. Besides a greater leptin concentration,
943 carcass traits and final carcass measurements, such as REA and BFT of L. thoracis and
944 B. femoris, did not differ among treatments (Table 8). Nonetheless, removing WC from
945 the diets improved marbling in measurements obtained on d 55 and 103 of the study. In
946 a previous research from the same group (Costa et al., 2020), marbling was not affected
948 In ruminants, marbling is highly affected by the diets offered to the herd, so that
949 ingredients that increase propionate production have greater glycogenic and insulinogenic
950 capacities, increasing intramuscular fat deposition (Gilbert et al., 2003). However, this
951 hypothesis might be not applicable in the present experiment, as starch intake was similar
952 between treatments. Nonetheless, it is important to mention that many of the genes that
955 glucose in intramuscular tissue and lipogenesis from acetate (Smith and Johnson, 2016).
956 Hence, a tendency was observed for meat concentration of C18:1 cis-9 FA to increase as
957 WC content of the diet decreased. In a previous study, Costa et al. (2020) reported that
958 genes involved in lipid metabolism were downregulated as C16:0 and C18:1 cis-9 FA
960 gene of interest when looking at lipid metabolism and its potential effects on meat
961 characteristics, such as marbling (Lim et al., 2011), whereas it has been reported that SFA
962 vs. UFA are more potent inducers of PPAR-γ (Bionaz et al., 2012). Another key enzyme
963 involved in lipid metabolism is stearoyl CoA-desaturase (SCD), in a manner that its
964 greater expression has been associated with adipocytes hyperthrophy (Martin et al.,
965 1999). Increased C18:1 cis-9 FA intake and ruminal FA biohydrogenation with
966 subsequent CLA formation result in a down regulation of tissue SCD (Keating et al.,
967 2005; Smith and Johnson, 2016). In the present experiment, as rumen FA
968 biohydrogenation was not measured, it could be speculated that although a greater C18:1
969 cis-9 FA intake was observed in 0WC, rumen biohydrogenation likely played a role in
970 forming intermediates CLA isomers, inhibiting enzymes involved in lipid metabolism
972 In the present experiment, no treatment effects were observed for carcass pH,
973 chemical composition, and colorimetric parameters (Table 9). In agreement with our
974 results, others (Gilbert et al., 2003; Costa et al., 2020; Nascimento et al., 2020) also did
975 not report effects of lipid sources and FA profile of supplements on cooking loss, carcass
976 chemical composition, and WBSF. Conversely, Nascimento et al. (2020) observed
977 treatments effects on b* index, in a manner that greater values were observed in B. indicus
978 animals offered the same CSFA source as used herein vs. cohorts fed a CSFA source
979 based on soybean oil. It is reported that steaks with WBSF values greater than 4.6 kg/cm2
980 are hard (Belew et al., 2003) and our results suggest that animals, regardless of treatment,
981 had WBSF values closer to this threshold. The fact that B. indicus cattle was used herein
982 might explain the lack of treatment effects on pH and shear force. Sant´Anna et al. (2019)
983 also reported greater pH values in Nellore carcass, which might be related to the
984 temperament and consequently, the stress-related responses elicited by this trait (Voisinet
985 et al., 1997; Fordyce et al., 1988). Based on these, it is logical to speculate that other
986 factors beyond nutrition, such as cattle temperament, breed, castration status, and age,
987 might play a role in consistently and permanently affecting carcass characteristics of B.
988 indicus cattle, whereas the specific effects of CSFA, if any, are yet to be determined.
989 One of the major goals in ruminant nutrition is to alter the FA profile of edible
990 products, such as beef and milk, in order to benefit the human population that consumes
991 such products (Scollan et al., 2006; Hess et al., 2008; Jenkins et al., 2008). A feasible
992 alternative to achieve this goal would be to feed CSFA, reducing the amount of FA being
993 hydrogenated in the rumen (Cappellozza et al., 2020) and increasing the amount of FA
994 reaching the small intestine for further absorption. Following the design of the
995 experimental diets and the FA intake data, it would be speculated dramatic differences in
997 Farfan, 1996). Indeed, feeding CSFA without WC increased meat concentration of C18:2
998 cis-7, trans-9, C18:3, and n-3 FA, and reduced SFA:PUFA ratio. On the other hand,
999 10WC-fed animals had lower meat C14:0 and C16:0, but greater C20:1, C20:3, and total
1000 MUFA. From a human nutrition and health standpoint, a greater supply of C14:0, C16:0,
1001 and other SFA to ruminants would not be desirable, as these are widely known as
1002 hypercholesterolemic FA (Scollan et al., 2006; Oliveira et al., 2011). More specifically,
1003 myristic FA has a 4-fold greater potential to cause an increase in blood cholesterol when
1004 compared with palmitic FA (Oliveira et al., 2012). Nonetheless, ruminants have the
1005 ability to modify palmitic FA through elongation and desaturation of the FA chain, giving
1006 rise to stearic and oleic FA, respectively (Archibeque et al., 2005; Scholljegerdes et al.,
1007 2007), which might explain some of the FA differences observed herein. On the other
1008 hand, supplementation with CSFA of a mixture of palm, soybean, and cottonseed oil
1009 yielded greater meat total PUFA when compared with meat obtained from animals
1010 receiving other treatments, which are part of the hypocholesterolemic FA class and act
1012 increasing high-density lipoproteins, which are known to prevent the occurrence of
1015 supplementation reduced DMI fluctuation and improved marbling in Bos indicus beef
1016 cattle offered isonitrogenous, isolipidic, and isocaloric high-concentrate diets. However,
1017 it remains to be evaluated possible interactions, if any, among fiber source and type on
1018 productive and metabolic responses of Bos indicus cattle offered a finishing diet.
1019
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1318
1319
Fatty acids, % total FA Corn Corn silage Peanut meal CSFA1 WC1
experiment1,2
Corn silage 40.0 40.0 35.0 35.0 28.0 28.0 14.0 15.0 22.0 27.0 10.0 13.0 16.0 10.0
Ground corn 34.4 37.0 40.5 42.7 46.4 48.4 64.3 66.0 60.5 58.0 69.0 68.4 67.2 69.0
Peanut meal 15.5 17.1 14.5 16.3 14.5 16.5 1.2 2.5 5.0 6.5 1.0 2.5 4.5 1.0
Whole cottonseed 5.0 -- 5.0 -- 5.0 -- 15.0 10.0 5.0 -- 15.0 10.0 5.0 --
CSFA3 1.6 2.6 1.6 2.6 2.7 3.7 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 1.5 2.6 3.8 5.0
Urea 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.1
Mineral-vitamin mix4 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5
1
Experimental period lasted 108 d.
2
ADAP-1: adaptation diet 1 offered for from d 0 to 5; ADAP-2: adaptation diet 2 offered for from d 6 to 10; ADAP-3: adaptation diet 3 offered for from d 11 to 15; GRO:
growing diet; FIN: finishing diet.
3
CSFA: calcium salts of fatty acids.
4
Mineral-vitamin mix contained 22% Ca, 2.6% S, 2% Mg, 8,5% Na, 2.0% P, 200 ppm Zn, 142 ppm Mn, 533 ppm Cu, 10.8 ppm , 40 ppm Co, and 1000 ppm monensin.
Table 3. Nutritional profile [dry matter (DM) basis] of the adaptation (ADAP), growing (GRO), and finishing (FIN) diets offered during the present
experiment1,2
Nutritional profile
Crude protein 19.5 19.5 19.3 19.3 19.3 19.3 15.5 15.5 15.5 15.5 15.5 15.5 15.5 15.5
Ether extract 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.8 6.8 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5
Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) 30.0 27.6 28.5 26.1 26.5 24.2 24.9 22.7 22.4 21.6 23.6 22.2 20.7 20.3
Physically effective NDF 27.0 24.0 25.0 23.0 23.0 21.0 24.0 21.0 21.0 19.0 23.0 21.0 19.0 18.0
Starch 42.0 44.0 44.0 46.0 45.0 47.0 51.0 53.0 53.0 53.0 53.0 54.0 54.0 54.0
Total digestible nutrients3 75.0 77.0 76.0 78.0 78.0 80.0 78.0 80.0 80.0 82.0 79.0 80.0 82.0 83.0
Metabolizable energy, Mcal/kg4 2.72 2.77 2.74 2.80 2.81 2.87 2.83 2.89 2.92 2.96 2.84 2.89 2.95 2.99
Net energy for maintenance, Mcal/kg4 1.79 1.84 1.81 1.87 1.87 1.93 1.89 1.94 1.96 2.00 1.89 1.94 1.99 2.02
Net energy for gain, Mcal/kg4 1.17 1.21 1.18 1.23 1.24 1.28 1.24 1.28 1.31 1.34 1.27 1.31 1.35 1.37
C16:1 trans-9 0.4 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.4
C18:0 2.3 2.8 2.3 2.8 2.6 3.2 4.9 4.5 4.0 3.8 4.4 4.2 4.2 3.8
C18:1 cis-9 25.4 35.3 25.3 35.3 30.0 40.4 37.5 34.5 29.5 26 34.4 32.5 31.3 28.5
C18:2 cis-9, cis-12 22.9 28,1 23.4 28,9 24.0 29,7 24.5 29.1 38.1 44.8 29.4 33.1 34.2 40.2
C18:3 cis-9, cis-12, cis-15 0.5 0.1 0.5 0.1 0.5 0.1 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.9 0.5
Saturated FA 15.5 17.9 15.7 18.0 17.9 20.7 36.0 34.2 30.9 28.0 34.3 32.9 32.7 30.0
Monounsaturated FA 24.7 23.2 25.1 23.3 26.3 27.8 38.2 35.2 30.3 26.5 35.1 33.2 31.9 29.2
Polyunsaturated FA 23.4 16.8 24.0 17.3 24.6 19.2 25.7 30.4 38.8 45.5 30.5 33.9 35.4 41.0
1
Experimental period lasted 108 d.
2
ADAP-1: adaptation diet 1 offered for from d 0 to 5; ADAP-2: adaptation diet 2 offered for from d 6 to 10; ADAP-3: adaptation diet 3 offered for from d 11 to 15; GRO:
growing diet; FIN: finishing diet.
3
Calculated according to equations described by Weiss et al. (1992).
4
Calculated according to equations described by NASEM (2016).
Table 3. Feedlot performance of Bos indicus bulls offered isolipidic diets containing 15,
Treatments P-value
Body weight, kg
Days 16 -55 1.47 1.45 1.43 1.49 0.08 0.67 0.89 0.66
Days 56 -108 1.79 1.83 1.76 1.74 0.07 0.51 0.49 0.68
kg/d
Days 16 -55 10.79 11.65 10.97 11.30 0.41 0.73 0.65 0.54
Days 56 -108 11.95 11.94 11.45 11.70 0.47 0.89 0.56 0.77
BW
Days 16 -55 3.00 3.24 3.05 3.14 0.05 0.45 0.30 0.17
Days 56 -108 2.74 2.73 2.62 2.69 0.05 0.98 0.31 0.41
Days 16 -55 3.95 3.24 5.65 3.32 0.45 0.06 0.81 0.07
Days 56 -108 3.10 2.69 3.43 2.46 0.35 0.12 0.45 0.42
Treatments P-value
Item SEM
15WC 10WC 5WC 0WC 0WC vs. WC Linear Quadratic
C12:0 2.31 2.92 3.40 3.99 0.14 < 0.01 < 0.01 0.94
C14:0 4.61 5.19 5.67 5.38 0.17 0.29 < 0.01 0.02
C16:0 194.1 219.2 218.1 227.8 7.20 0.05 < 0.01 0.29
C16:1 trans-9 3.46 2.28 2.90 1.90 0.10 < 0.01 < 0.01 0.36
C17:0 1.82 1.14 1.14 1.70 0.07 < 0.01 0.24 < 0.01
C18:0 31.84 35.58 35.91 38.55 1.21 < 0.01 < 0.01 0.65
C18:1 cis-9 229.1 263.1 274.9 292.8 8.61 < 0.01 < 0.01 0.36
C18:2 cis-9, cis-12 352.3 308.6 259.4 242.8 11.68 < 0.01 < 0.01 0.26
C18:3 cis-9, cis-12, cis-15 4.62 6.48 5.05 6.10 0.19 < 0.01 < 0.01 0.04
C20:0 4.13 4.55 4.54 5.27 0.17 < 0.01 < 0.01 0.36
C20:1 1.82 2.28 2.78 2.38 0.08 0.34 < 0.01 < 0.01
C20:3 n-6 1.82 1.79 2.27 2.30 0.08 < 0.01 < 0.01 0.68
C23:0 1.82 1.14 1.14 1.19 0.05 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01
C24:0 3.46 5.20 4.54 5.38 0.16 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01
Monounsaturated FA 234.9 269.3 281.1 298.8 9.4 < 0.01 < 0.01 0.38
Polyunsaturated FA 358.7 316.8 267.7 252.2 11.85 < 0.01 < 0.01 0.28
Overall 837,4 873,5 824,4 840,8 10,41 <0.01 < 0.01 0.75
Ratio3
SFA:MUFA 1.03 1.02 0.98 0.97 0.005 < 0.01 < 0.01 0.53
SFA:PUFA 0.68 0.86 1.03 1.17 0.029 < 0.01 < 0.01 0.38
n-3/n-6 54,7 37,31 35,43 28,90 5.02 < 0.01 < 0.01 0.46
1
Diets were offered for 108 d.
2
CP: crude protein; EE: ether extract; NDF: neutral detergent fiber; peNDF: physically effective NDF;
TDN: total digestible nutrients.
3
SFA:MUFA: saturated FA:monounsaturated FA; SFA:PUFA: saturated FA:monounsaturated FA.
Table 6. Dietary net energy (NE) utilization efficiency of Bos indicus bulls offered
isolipidic diets containing 15, 10, 5, or 0% [dry matter (DM) basis] of whole cottonseed
Treatments P-value
Item SEM
15WC 10WC 5WC 0WC 0WC vs. WC Linear Quadratic
Days 56 - 108 1.99 2.04 2.05 1.99 0.031 0.32 0.86 0.08
Days 56 - 108 1.33 1.38 1.39 1.34 0.027 0.32 0.87 0.08
Observed:Expected ratio
NEm
Days 56 - 108 1.05 1.05 1.03 0.99 0.016 < 0.01 0.01 0.18
Overall
NEg
15, 10, 5, or 0% [dry matter (DM) basis] of whole cottonseed (WC) and 2, 3, 4, or 5% of
Treatments P-value3,4
Item SEM
15WC 10WC 5WC 0WC T D T×D
Particle selectivity
8 mm (medium) 0.962b 1.012a 1.010a 1.031a 0.009 < 0.01* 0.49 < 0.01
<
1.008a 1.001b 1.000b 1.001b 0.002 0.03** 0.08
1.18 mm (small) 0.01
< <
a b b b
1.006 0.965 0.955 0.905 0.015 0.02
Bottom (fine) 0.001* 0.01
1
Diets were offered for 108 d.
2
Different letters in the same line indicate differences at the P < 0.05 level.
3
T: treatment effect; D: diet (adaptation, growing, or finishing) effect; T × D: treatment × diet interaction.
4
Symbols in P-value for treatment also denote a linear (*) and quadratic (**) effect in the orthogonal contrast
analysis.
Table 8. Ultrasound measurements (L. thoracis and B. femoris) and carcass
characteristics of Bos indicus bulls offered isolipidic diets containing 15, 10, 5, or 0%
[dry matter (DM) basis] of whole cottonseed (WC) and 2, 3, 4, or 5% of calcium salts of
Treatments P-value
Item SEM
15WC 10WC 5WC 0WC 0WC vs. WC Linear Quadratic
Ultrasound measurements
REA, cm2
Day 103 67.2 67.6 67.6 66.0 0.89 0.16 0.37 0.25
Daily gain 0.181 0.186 0.185 0.171 0.009 0.20 0.44 0.27
L. thoracis BFT, mm
Day 103 4.9 5.3 4.9 5.1 0.27 0.79 0.76 0.65
Daily gain 0.028 0.033 0.029 0.031 0.003 0.79 0.76 0.64
B. femoris BFT, mm
Day 103 6.6 7.2 6.7 7.0 0.28 0.57 0.49 0.51
Marbling, %
Day 55 2.94 3.11 3.01 3.25 0.07 < 0.01 0.01 0.63
Day 103 3.06 3.21 3.16 3.35 0.07 0.01 0.01 0.72
Carcass traits2
Carcass ADG, kg 1.05 1.05 1.02 1.00 0.03 0.48 0.40 0.83
Treatments P-value
Item SEM
15WC 10WC 5WC 0WC 0WC vs. WC Linear Quadratic
Chemical composition,2 %
Colorimetric parameters3
Cooking loss, % 27.1 24.7 23.8 26.8 1.96 0.49 0.84 0.18
C14:1 cis-9 0.62 0.61 0.87 0.72 0.09 0.87 0.18 0.42
C15:1 cis-10 2.17 2.13 2.37 2.77 0.35 0.18 0.19 0.53
C16:1 trans-9 2.02 2.41 2.89 2.93 0.22 0.12 0.01 0.44
C17:1 cis-10 0.41 0.53 0.46 0.47 0.05 0.99 0.58 0.24
C18:1 cis-9 29.06 35.37 33.37 34.57 1.79 0.37 0.09 0.18
C18:1 trans-9 3.14 3.56 3.29 3.87 0.31 0.12 0.17 0.81
C18:2 cis-9, trans-11 CLA 9.40 8.78 7.49 7.46 1.11 0.39 0.16 0.79
C18:2 cis-7, trans-9 CLA 0.10 0.11 0.12 0.18 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.39
C18:2 cis-10, trans-10 CLA 9.48 8.86 7.58 7.63 1.12 0.43 0.19 0.77
C18:3 cis-9, cis-12, cis-15 0.32 0.29 0.24 0.44 0.04 < 0.001 0.11 0.01
C20:3 n-6 0.17 0.31 0.35 0.25 0.05 0.64 0.24 0.03
C22:0 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.1 < 0.01 < 0.01
C22:2 0.16 0.16 0.15 0.23 0.01 < 0.001 < 0.01 0.01
Ratio
containing 15, 10, 5, or 0% [dry matter (DM) basis] of whole cottonseed (WC) and 2,
interaction was observed on serum lactate (P < 0.01). Different letters indicate
1,400
Serum leptin, ng/mL
1,200
b
b
1,000 b
0,800
0,600
0,400
0,200
0,000
55 103
Day of the experiment
Figure 2. Dietary selectivity index of Bos indicus bulls offered isolipidic diets containing
15, 10, 5, or 0% [dry matter (DM) basis] of whole cottonseed (WC) and 2, 3, 4, or 5% of
calcium salts of fatty acids (CSFA) as lipid sources. Treatment × diet interactions were
observed for long (Figure 2-A), medium (Figure 2-B), and fine (Figure 2-C) particles (P
≤ 0.03). ADAP = adaptation diet; GRO = growing diet; FIN = finishing diet.
1,000
b
0,800
Selectivity index
0,600
0,400
0,200
0,000
ADAP GRO FIN
Diet
15WC 10WC 5WC 0WC 2-B
1,100
a a a
1,050 a a a
1,000 b
Selectivity index
b
0,950
0,900
0,850
0,800
ADAP GRO FIN
Diet
0,800
Selectivity index
0,600
0,400
0,200
0,000
ADAP GRO FIN
Diet
Capitulo 2
Efeitos da associação entre caroço de algodão e sais cálcicos de ácidos
graxos na características química, perfil lipídio e Proteômico de bovinos Nelore
confinados recebendo dietas ricas em concentrado
No dia 0 do estudo, 96 Bos indicus touros Nelore foram blocados pelo peso vivo
(PV) inicial (302 ± 26,7 kg; idade inicial = 20 ± 2 meses) e alocados em 1 das 24 baias
(4 animais/baia). Dentro dos blocos (n = 24), as baias foram aleatoriamente distribuídas
entre os 4 tratamentos: 1) 0CA: adição de 0% de CA e 5% de SCAG de óleos de palma,
soja e algodão (Nutri Gordura Terminação; Nutricorp, Araras, SP, Brasil); 2) 5CA: adição
de 5% de CA e 4% de SCAG de óleos de palma, soja e algodão; 3) 10CA: com adição de
10% de CA e 3% de SCAG de óleos de palma, soja e algodão; 4) 15CA: com adição de
15% de CA e 2% de SCAG de óleos de palma, soja e algodão. A descrição completa da
composição e perfil nutricional das dietas de adaptação, crescimento e terminação, assim
como seus respectivos períodos de oferecimento está reportado na Tabela 1.
Análise do Proteoma
O proteoma do tecido adiposo subcutâneo foi avaliado conforme procedimentos
previamente descritos na literatura (Baldassini et al., 2015), com mínimas adaptações.
Durante o abate, foram colhidas na carcaça quente amostras individuais da gordura
subcutânea próxima ao músculo Longissimus thoracis (entre a 12ª e 13ª costelas). Essas
amostras foram preservadas em nitrogênio líquido e, posteriormente armazenadas
individualmente em freezer -80 ºC até a utilização nas análises de eletroforese
bidimensional (2D-PAGE) descritas a seguir.
Tratamento de imagem
Os géis foram digitalizados e as imagens importadas no programa ImageMaster
Platinum (GE Healthcare Life Sciences, v. 7.0) para comparações (contrastes) de imagens
entre os tratamentos e obtenção de informações como número de “spots” por gel, % de
“matching” (correspondência entre os “spots” proteicos nos géis), ponto isoelétrico (pI),
massa molar (MM) e volume dos “spots”. O matching dos géis dentro de cada amostra
(três repetições técnicas) foi superior a 95%, demonstrando que 95% dos “spots” estavam
presentes nas replicatas técnicas e houve boa reprodutibilidade. Após o tratamento de
imagem, comparou-se as imagens entre tratamentos por meio do “matching” dos “spots”
quanto à sua distribuição, volume, intensidade relativa, pIs e MM. O ImageMaster
Platinum foi utilizado para a ANOVA dentro das comparações entre tratamentos e os
spots proteicos divergentes (P<0,05) foram selecionados.
Resultados
Composição, características e perfil lipídico da carne.
Não foram observados efeitos significativos nos teores de umidade, PB, EE,
cinzas, WBSF e pH da carne (P ≥ 0,57; Tabela 00). Na análise de coloração, as variáveis
L*, a* e b* também não foram afetadas pelos tratamentos experimentais (P ≥ 0,25; Tabela
00).
A associação entre CA e SCAG influenciou em diferentes níveis os AG
depositados na carne, tal qual resultando em um efeito linear negativo para as
concentrações totais dos AG monoinsaturados, insaturados, C18:2 cis-9,trans-7 e C18:2
cis-7,trans-9 (P = 0,04; Tabela 00), mas a inclusão de CA aumentou de forma linear a
saturação da carne. Não foram encontrados efeitos significativos nos outros AG (P ≥ 0,19;
Tabela 00).
Proteômica
5 1433G_BOVIN 14-3-3 protein gamma 1942.863 4.839/32.011 4.80/28.253 1x2 0.037 -1.605/+1.605
52 TBB5_BOVIN Tubulin beta-5 chain 4545.455 5.051/59.974 4.78/49.671 1x3 0.007 +2.036/-2.036
62 TPM2_BOVIN Tropomyosin beta chain 3187.554 4.572/38.229 4.66/32.837 1x4 0.001 +7.670/-7.670
65 F2Z4C1_BOVIN Tubulin alpha chain 25628.35 5.157/59.383 4.94/50.136 1x4 0.019 -1.896/+1.896
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5
Figure 8
Figure 9
DISCUSSÃO
O principal objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da associação de diferentes
níveis de CA e SCAG sob o desempenho, perfil metabólico, características de carcaça e
da carne de bovinos Bos indicus durante o confinamento. Esse objetivo surgiu da hipótese
de que a associação de CA (proteção física dos lipídios no interior da semente) e os
SCAG (proteção química da esterificação dos ácidos graxos insaturados com sais de
cálcio) possibilitaria um incremento nos níveis de EE da dieta sem afetar a fermentação
ruminal e, consequentemente, melhorando o desempenho e as características de carcaça
dos bovinos. Além disso, o teor elevado de AGI destes ingredientes poderia beneficiar a
deposição de gordura intramuscular e tecido adiposo. Com base nisso, as dietas foram
formuladas respeitando o que o CA de algodão fornece (FDN, PB e EE) para os animais
quando incluso nas dietas de confinamento, para que possuíssem fossem isoproteicas,
isofibras, isocalóricas e isolipídicas, conforme mostra a Tabela 00. A inexistência de um
tratamento controle somente com CA pode ser questionado no presente experimento, mas
essa estratégia foi adotada considerando que os benefícios e malefícios da inclusão
elevada de CA já foi abordada por outros autores (Zinn., 1995; Cranston et al., 2006;
Gouvêa et al., 2020) e que os níveis de CA adotados no presente experimento estão de
acordo com as prática de nutricionistas e consultores brasileiros (Pinto and Millen,
2019)Além disso, essa possível associação entre CA e SCAG é escassa na literatura
(Carvalho et al., 2020; Costa et al., 2020) e mais estudos para avaliar os benefícios de tal
associação são garantidos..
A inclusão de ingredientes gordurosos na dieta altera o perfil nutricional do
produto final. Pesquisas vem sinalizando que as alterações no perfil lipídico da carne
devem ser com intuito de reduzir ácidos graxos saturados, principalmente C12:0
(Láurico), C14:0 (Mirístico) e C16:0 (Palmítico) pelos efeitos hipercolesterolêmicos e
também o aumento da concentração dos ácidos graxos monoinsaturados, em especial o
C18:1 cis-9 (Oleico), além de ser extremamente desejável o aumento do teor de PUFA e
melhoria na relação n-6/n-3 (Howe et al., 2006). Outro ácido graxo que vem mostrando
efeitos fisiológicos benéficos é o CLA (cis-9, trans-11; trans-10, cis-12), dentre os quais
podem ser destacados os efeitos anticarcinogenicos e antilipogenicos (Huang et al., 2008).
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Tabela 2. Composição e perfil nutricional das dietas oferecidas aos animais durante o período experimental.
Crescimento Terminação
0CA 5CA 10CA 15CA 0CA 5CA 10CA 15CA
Ingredientes, g/kg MS
Silagem de Milho 270 220 150 140 230 160 130 100
Milho moído 580 604 659 643 619 671 683 690
Caroço algodão 0 50 100 150 0 50 100 150
Farelo de Amendoim 65 50 25 12 65 45 25 10
Ureia 10,5 10,5 10,5 10 10,5 10,5 10,5 10
Mixmineral-
25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25
Vitamínico4
Nutri Gordura5 50 40 30 20 50 38 26 15
Composição nutricional, g/kg MS
PB 155 155 155 155 155 155 155 155
EE 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75
FDN 216 224 227 249 203 207 222 236
CNF 530 530 530 510 540 540 540 530
NDT2 820 800 800 780 830 820 800 790
Ácidos graxos, g/kg MS
C12:0 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,3
C14:0 0,3 0,4 0,3 0,3 0,3 0,4 0,4 0,4
C15:0 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1
C16:0 12,3 13,4 13,4 12,0 13,1 15,2 15,2 16,3
C16:1 0,1 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2
C17:0 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,2 0,1 0,1 0,2
C18:0 2,2 2,3 2,2 2,0 2,1 2,5 2,5 2,7
C18:1trans(n9) 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,2
C18:1cis(n9) 16,5 17,3 16,0 13,9 15,7 18,4 18,9 20,7
C18:2cis(n6) 10,8 14,6 20,6 23,9 22,1 20,1 19,3 17,7
C18:3n3 0,4 0,4 0,3 0,3 0,3 0,5 0,3 0,4
C20:0 0,3 0,3 0,3 0,2 0,3 0,3 0,3 0,4
C20:1(n9) 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,1 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2
C20:3n6 0,2 0,2 0,1 0,1 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2
C23:0 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,2 0,1 0,1 0,1
C24:0 0,3 0,3 0,3 0,2 0,2 0,4 0,3 0,4
Monoinsaturad
a 16,8 17,6 16,4 14,2 16,1 18,8 19,4 21,2
Poli-insaturada 11,3 15,2 21,0 24,3 22,6 20,8 19,7 18,4
Insaturadas 28,1 32,9 37,4 38,5 38,6 39,5 39,0 39,5
Saturadas 15,8 17,1 16,7 14,9 16,5 19,2 19,1 20,6
Trans 0,1 0,2 0,1 0,2 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,2
Tabela 3. Caracteristicas da carne de Bos indicus recebendo dietas contendo 0% de CA
e 5% SCAG (0CA; n=6), 5% de CA e 4% SCAG (5CA; n=6), 10% de CA e 3% SCAG
(10CA; n=6), 15% de CA e 2% SCAG (15CA; n=6), como fontes lipídicas.1
Tratamento Valor de P
EPM
0CA 5CA 10CA 15CA Linear Quadrático 0 v.s. CA
pH 6,24 6,23 6,22 6,11 0,10 0,37 0,64 0,63
Características químicas, %
Umidade 75,69 75,44 75,69 75,77 0,32 0,57 0,38 0,78
PB 21,14 21,39 21,46 21,40 0,16 0,24 0,34 0,14
EE 1,55 1,61 1,24 1,89 0,29 0,62 0,33 0,92
Ash 1,138 1,139 1,137 1,100 0,01 0,04 0,13 0,36
Coloração da carne
L* 35,64 35,88 34,61 34,83 0,61 0,18 0,99 0,44
a* 19,79 19,15 19,17 19,05 0,32 0,13 0,43 0,08
b* 5,95 6,03 5,72 5,92 0,44 0,84 0,88 0,90
Perda por cocção (%) 26,77 23,82 24,65 27,08 1,96 0,84 0,18 0,49
WBSFb (kg) 4,40 3,83 4,56 4,90 0,59 0,41 0,46 0,96
L * = índice de luminosidade (0 = preto e 100 = branco); a * = intensidade da cor vermelha, índice que varia de verde (-)
a vermelho (+); b * = intensidade da cor amarela, um índice que varia de azul (-) a amarelo (+; Houben et al., 2000);
Tratamento Valor de P
EPM
0CA 5CA 10CA 15CA Maturação WC Dieta x Maturação
TBA 0,24 0,20 0,20 0,19 0,026 0,14 0,63 0,20
pH 6,26 6,25 6,22 6,12 0,091 0,22 0,67 0,19
Perda por Cocção (%) 25,72 23,90 24,65 25,77 1,597 0,29 0,81 0,29
WBSFb (kg) 3,64 3,44 4,06 3,87 0,423 <0,01 0,75 0,14
Coloração
L 36,23 36,53 35,22 36,08 0,639 <0,01 0,52 0,86
a 19,54 18,74 18,56 19,23 0,507 0,52 0,10 0,39
b 6,70 6,52 6,04 5,90 0,265 <0,01 0,12 0,89
L * = índice de luminosidade (0 = preto e 100 = branco); a * = intensidade da cor vermelha, índice que varia de verde (-)
a vermelho (+); b * = intensidade da cor amarela, um índice que varia de azul (-) a amarelo (+; Houben et al., 2000);