Module 5 Cell Modifications

CELL
MODIFICATIONS
What is cell modification?
Specialized or modifications re-
acquired by the cell division that
helps the cell in different
beneficial ways.
Apical Modification
Cell modification
found on the apical
surface of the cell.
Apical Modification
Cilia and Flagella
◦Cilia are short, hair-like
structures that move in
waves
◦Flagella are long whiplike
structures
◦Formed from microtubules
Apical Modification
Villi and microvilli
◦Villi are finger-like projections that arise from the epithelial
layer in some organs. They help to increase surface area,
allowing faster and more efficient absorption.
◦Microvilli are smaller projections than villi which functions
primarily on the efficient absorption of molecules.
Apical Modification
Pseudopods
◦Temporary, irregular
lobes formed by
amoebas and some
other eukaryotic
cells.
◦It bulges outward to
move the cell or
engulf the prey.
Apical Modification
Extra Cellular Matrix (ECM)
◦A compound secreted by the cell on its apical
surface
◦In plant cells, cell wall is made up of molecules
secreted by the cell called cellulose, a
polysaccharide compose of glucose units.
◦In animal cells, the major component of
extracellular matrix is the protein collagen.
Apical Modification
Extra Cellular Matrix (ECM)
◦The ECM also contains many other types of
proteins and carbohydrates.
◦Integrins are key connector proteins which are
imbedded in the plasma membrane.
◦Fibronectin also can act as bridges between
integrins and other ECM proteins such as
collagen.
Basal Modification
Cell modification
found on the
basal surface of
the cell basement
membrane.
Basal Modification
Desmosomes/ Hemidesmosomes
◦These allow for strong
attachment between cells or to
a basement membrane.
◦Desmosomes attach to the
microfilaments of cytoskeleton
made up of keratin protein.
◦Hemidesmosomes attach the
epithelial cell to the basement
membrane rather than the
adjacent cell.
Lateral Modification
◦Cell modification found on
the basal surface of the
cell.
◦These structures consist of
protein complexes and
induce connectivity between
adjacent epithelial cells,
between cell and ECM.
Tight Junctions
◦They are
transmembrane
proteins fused on
outer plasma
membrane . They act
as barriers that
regulate the movement
of water and solutes
between epithelial
Adherens Junctions
◦Protein complexes that
occur in cell to cell
junctions in epithelial
and endothelial tissues.
◦It fastens cell to one
another.
Gap Junctions
◦It is also known as
communicating junctions.
They directly connect the
cytoplasm of two cells,
which allows various
molecules, ions and
electrical impulses to
directly pass through a
regulated gate between
1. Functions mainly for support in plant
2. It serves as the protective outer covering of leaves, young roots and young stems.
3. A tissue that is Responsible for the production of new cells in plant
4. Found in the fleshy parts of fruits and the softer parts of roots, stem and leaves.
5. A tissue that forms lining of various cavities and tubes in the body.
6. Muscles of the heart.
7. Male sex cells produced by the testes.
8. A tissue that received and send sensations in the body.
9. For movement in animals
10. Meristem found at the tip of the stems and roots.
Cell modification are modifications re-acquired by the cell after cell division (for multicellular organism
during the stage of cell differentiation). These are specialized cell structure for a specialized function in
general. There are __1_ types of cell modifications; Apical which found on the apical __2__ of the __3___.
Examples of apical modification on bacterial cell is the __4___ which enables the cell to move. Other
examples are ___5___ for efficient electrical signals transmission and __6___ for motility. Epithelial cells
have __7___, a short hair-like projections which assist movement of material over epithelial surface. These
projections can be located on the ___8__ which clear-up mucus and dirt on the airways which allow
organism to breathe easily and without irritation. This can be found also in the epithelial cells of ___9____
which acts as a senior antenna or transmit signals to other cells to alert that there is a flow of urine. The
___10____ and __11___ projections on the small intestine epithelium surface is responsible for the
absorption of nutrients that goes into the blood stream. For plants cell, the rigidity of the __12___ is due to
the compound ___13___ which secreted by the plant cells on their apical surface. Another type of cell
modification which allow ___14__ between cells or to a basement membrane is basal modification which
can be found on microtubules of a cell cytoskeleton or surface of __15__ cells. Lastly, lateral modifications
are found on the __16___ surface of the cell. These structures consist of __17___ complexes that induce
__18__ between adjacent epithelial cells, between cell and ECM. They act as barrier and __19___
paracellular transport. These lateral modifications are the __20__, a transmembrane protein, __21___, a
protein complexes that occur at cell to cell junctions and ___22__, also known as communicating junctions.

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