FICHTNER

Insulation Coordination and Switching

Transient Studies as Applied to Oil &
Gas Projects

By

TIRUMAL REDDY & PRASHANT INGALE

FICHTNER Consulting Engineers India Pvt. Ltd
Vashi, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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Outline of Presentation
 Introduction to Insulation Coordination
 Equipment Capabilities
 Causes Insulation Stress
 Equipment modeling in PSCAD
 PSCAD simulation Case Studies
 Results and Discussion

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Introduction
 Insulation coordination is the "process of bringing the
insulation strengths of electrical equipment into the
proper relationship with expected over-voltages and with
the characteristics of surge protective devices“

 Equipments Capability is a Limitation

 PSCAD EMTDC software used for simulation and analysis.

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Equipment Capabilities
 Electrical Equipment Capabilities:
 Insulation strength of equipment (BIL and BSL)
 BIL – Basic Lightning Impulse Insulation Level
 BSL – Basic Switching Impulse Insulation Level

 All electrical equipment should operate within their BIL

and BSL limits

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Equipment Capabilities
 Circuit Breaker Capabilities
 (TRV) Transient Recovery Voltage or Restriking Voltage :
 A high frequency voltage transient that appears across the
contacts of CB when arc gets extinguished.

 (R.R.R.V.): Rate of Rise of Restriking Voltage

 TRV causes high dielectric stress between contacts of CB
 CB should capable interrupting rated SC Current under
specified limits of TRV and R.R.R.V

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Equipment Capabilities
EQUIPMENT PEAK INSULATION WITHSTAND RATING (BIL)
System Nominal kV kV rms 13.8 69 115 230
Rated Equipment kV kV rms 15 72.5 121 245
BIL (1.2/50 µ-sec) Basic Lightning
kV Peak 110 350 650 900
Impulse Insulation Withstand Level
Basic Switching Impulse Insulation Level (BSL)
Equipment Switching Impulse Duration BSL
Transformer 250/2500 micro-sec wave 0.83 x BIL
Bushings 250/2500 micro-sec wave 0.63 to 0.69 x BIL
Reference: Table 5 of IEEE standard C62-22
BSL of associated equipment connected after applying a margin of 20 %.
Equipment BSL/BIL BSL Value Considered
BIL
Nominal kV Ratio With 20 % Margin
13.8 110 0.63 0.63*110/1.20 = 57.75kV peak
69 350 0.63 0.63*350/1.20 = 183.75kV peak
115 650 0.63 0.63*650/1.20 = 288.75kV peak
230 900 0.63 0.63*900/1.20 = 472.50kV peak
Note: Equipment withstand limit with 20 % margin on BSL is as per IEEE Standard C62.22-1997, Section 4.6 .

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Causes of Insulation Stress
 The various sources of insulation stress are
 Lightning Over Voltages (LOV)
 Produced by lightning flashes
 Switching Over Voltages (SOV)
 Produced by switching breakers and disconnecting switches
 Temporary Over Voltages (TOV)
 Produced by faults, generator over speed, Ferro-resonance etc.
 Normal power frequency voltages
 in presence of contamination

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Study Scope
Insulation co-ordination study includes:
 Determination of transient over-voltages (TOV)
 occurring due to lighting, switching, ferro-resonance etc
 Analyzing the system performance during TOV
 Comparison of TOV with insulation strength of electrical
equipment
 Mitigation for effects of over-voltages
 Selection of proper rating and location of surge arrester

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Simulation Tool PSCAD EMTDC
 Insulation coordination, correct operation, and adequate
functioning of the system protection.
 Transient phenomena can occur in a time frame of
 nanoseconds (VFFT)
 microseconds (Lightning )
 milliseconds (SOV, TRV and R.R.R.V because of switching Actions)
 second (In the case of ferro-resonance)
 Transients are usually composed of
 travelling waves on OHL and underground cables,
 oscillations in lumped n/w elements, generators, transformers so
on.
 Analytical transient calculations by hand is rather
cumbersome or even impossible.
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Equipment Modeling in PSCAD EMTDC
Following component modeling important for Transient
Over Voltage Studies
 Switchgear Components (GIS)
 Over Head Lines
 Cables
 Transformer
 Surge Arrestor

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Equipment Modeling in PSCAD EMTDC
 Switchgear Components (GIS)
PSCAD PI Model
230kV GIS SWITCHGEAR Modeling Data
Closed Circuit
GIS BUS Isolator Breaker
PSCAD Model PI Model PI Model PI Model
Segment Length (Length of panel) m 2 2 1
Positive Seq. Resistance [μΩ/m] 63 35 25
Positive Seq. Travel Time for 1 m [s/m] 3.45E-09 3.45E-09 3.45E-09
Positive Seq. Surge Impedance [Ω] 63 46.5 16

PSCAD Capacitor
230kV GIS SWITCHGEAR Modeling Data
Earth Voltage Current Open
Switch Transformer Transformer Isolator
Capacitance [pF] 25 705 385 2.4

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Equipment Modeling in PSCAD EMTDC
 PSCAD 230kV GIS MODEL

T
BUS4_SF_230 Timed
Disconnector Breaker Disconnector
CB_SF230_IC1 Logic
Closed@t0
T T
D14A D14R
T
T CB14 T
D14B A D14Y
CB_SF230_IC1 V A4
T T

3.2e-5 [pF]

3.2e-5 [pF]

4.7e-5 [pF]

3.2e-5 [pF]

8440 [pF]
A D14C D14BB
3.2e-5 [pF]

V
CT VT
Earth Switch V_SF230_IC1 V_SF230_IC1 Winding
Earth Switch and Bushing

T
BUS5_SF_230

Disconnector

T T
D15A D13R
T
T CB15 T
D15B D13Y
A5
T T

3.2e-5 [pF]

3.2e-5 [pF]

4.7e-5 [pF]

3.2e-5 [pF]
D15C D13BB
3.2e-5 [pF]

CT VT
Earth Switch Earth Switch Earth Switch

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Equipment Modeling in PSCAD EMTDC
 Over Head Lines (Frequency Dependent (Phase) Model )
230kV Overhead Line Configuration
1 Segment Length 6 km
2 Steady- State Frequency 60 Hz
3 Number of Conductors 3 G1 G2
Overhead Line Towers Data 6.7 [m]
7.3 [m]
4 Height of Lowest Conductor (measuring at Tower) 30 mtr
C1 C2 C3
5 Horizontal spacing between the phases 10 mtr
6 Relative X Position of Tower Centre on Right of Way 0 mtr 10 [m]

7 Shunt Conductance 3 U mho

3E-12 mho/mtr Tower: 3L1
30 [m]
Conductors: chukar
Conductor Data
Ground_Wires: 1/2"HighStrengthSteel
8 Conductor Radius 0.345 mtr
0 [m]
9 Conductor DC Resistance 0.0598 ohm/km
10 SAG for all conductors 6 mtr
11 No of sub conductors in bundle 1 Nos Frequency Dependent (Phase) Model Options
Ground Wire Data Travel Time Interpolation: On
12 Ground wire Radius 0.00473 mtr Curve Fitting Starting Frequency: 0.5 [Hz]
Curve Fitting End Frequency: 1.0E6 [Hz]
13 Ground wire DC resistance 2.8645 ohm/km Total Number of Frequency Increments: 100
14 SAG for all ground wires 6 mtr Maximum Order of Fitting for YSurge: 20
Maximum Order of Fitting for Prop. Func.: 20
15 Height of Ground wire above Lowest Conductor 6.7 mtr Maximum Fitting Error for YSurge: 0.2 [%]
16 Spacing between the Ground wires 7.3 mtr Maximum Fitting Error for Prop. Func.: 0.2 [%]

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Equipment Modeling in PSCAD EMTDC
 Cable Data (230 kV 3Cx1Rx630mm², CU, XLPE )
Cable Cross-sectional and Parameter Data
Cross section of Conductor Acc 630 sq.mm
Material of Conductor Copper
Length of the Cable 45 km
Thickness
Diameter of Conductor Tc 15.25 mm
Thcikness of Conductor Shielding/Screen Tcs 1.5 mm
Insulation Thickness (XLPE) Ti 25.6 mm
Insulation Shielding Tis 2.5 mm
Thickness of Metallic Shield (lead sheath) Tmsc 3.3 mm
Thickness of Individual Conductor Jacket
(PE-HMWLD) Tj 3.5 mm

Capacitance of Cable C 0.1497 uF/km

Relative Permittivity εr 2.5
Resistivity of Copper Conductor ρ 1.7241E-08 Ohm-m
DC Resistance of Conductor Rdc 2.7367E-08 ohm/mm
Cross Section area of metallic shield/screen Amsc 1649.0220 sq.mm
μr 1
Resistivity of Lead sheath ρ 2.14E-07 Ohm-m

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Equipment Modeling in PSCAD EMTDC
 Cable Model (PSCAD Frequency Dependent (Phase) Model)
Cable Configuration Data Frequency Dependent (Phase) Model Options
Segment Length 45 km C1 Cable1_230kV
S1
Cable1_230kV C1
S1 Travel Time Interpolation: On
Steady State Frequency 60 Hz C2
C
C2
Curve Fitting Starting Frequency:
Curve Fitting End Frequency:
0.5 [Hz]
1.0E6 [Hz]
Cable1_230kV
S2 S2 Total Number of Frequency Increments: 100
Maximum Order of Fitting for YSurge: 20
C3 C3 Maximum Order of Fitting for Prop. Func.: 20
Cable No 1 2 3 S3 S3 # 2
Cable
0.05165 [m ]
Maximum Fitting Error for YSurge:
Maximum Fitting Error for Prop. Func.:
1.0 [%]
1.0 [%]

Depth of cable 1 m 0.91054 m 1 m

X position of Cable 0 m 0.05165 m 0.1033 m

Cable No 1; 2; 3
C1 Inner Radius 0.008946 m Cable # 1
0 [m ]
Cable # 3
0.1033 [m ]

C1 outer Radius 0.01675 m

C1 resistivity 1.7241E-08 ohm*m 1 [m ]

C1 relative permeability 1
Insulator 1 Outer radius 0.04485 m
Insulator 1 Relative permitivity 3
Insulator 1 relative permeability 1
C2 outer Radius 0.048 m
C2 resistivity 2.14E-07 ohm*m Conductor
Ins ulator 1
C2 relative permeability 1 Sheath

Insulator 2 Outer radius 0.0517 m Ins ulator 2

Insulator 2 Relative permitivity 2.3 0.008946

0.01675
[m ]
[m ]
Insulator 2 relative permeability 1 0.04485
0.048
[m ]
[m ]
0.0517 [m ]

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Equipment Modeling in PSCAD EMTDC
 Transformer
Transformer 120/75/45 MVA 230/69/13.8kV Model
Rating Voltage Impedence
MVA kV p.u.

5265 [pF]
Primary (D) 120 230 0.11
Secondary (Y) 75 69 0.35 Bushing &
Teritiary (Y) 45 13.8 0.55 Winding
Primary Secondary Tertiary
Winding Capacitance (pf) 8000 5000 5000
Bushing Capacitance (pf) 440 265 205
Total Capacitance (pf) 8440 5265 5205 #2
From IEEE 399, Chapter 11, P no 371

8440 [pF]
#3

5205 [pF]
#1

Bushing & Bushing &

Winding Winding
120 [MVA]
230.0 [kV]/69 [kV]/13.8 [kV]

19.918 [ohm]
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Equipment Modeling in PSCAD EMTDC
 Surge Arrestor Model
230kV Surge Arrestor
Make TOSHIBA
Model RVLUF-192KY
BIL 950 kV
Max System Voltage 245 kV
Rated Voltage 192 kV
MCOV 155 kV
I-V Characteristics
I in kA MDV (kV Cr) MDV in pu
0.001 342 1.781
0.01 357 1.859
0.1 364 1.896
1 382 1.990
5 420 2.188 PSCAD Model Surge Arrestor
10 444 2.313
20 475 2.474
40 512 2.667

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Case Studies
 Case 1: Switching Over Voltages and TRV
 Case 2: Ferro-resonance
 Case 3: Series resonance (neutral Inversion)

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Case Study 1: Switching Over Voltages and TRV
 Typical Oil and Gas Distribution System
 230kV SOV and CB TRV studies OFFSHORE PLATFORM
Transformer
160/158/2MVA
230/69/13.8kV
Transformer
450MVA
380/230kV
GRID 380kV 230kV, 52km Feeder
220kV CB
230kV OHL 7km 230kV Cable 45km

GRID BUS
380kV
GIS 230kV
BUS
GIS BUS
230kV

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Case Study 1: Switching Over Voltages and TRV
 PSCAD Model
Bushing &
Winding
10530 [pF]

#1 #2

230kV 3CX630SQ.MM, CU CABLE, LENGTH 45km

FROM ONSHORE TRASITION YARD TO PLATFORM
Timed
Breaker
CB_SF230_TP20 Logic
Closed@t0 230kV Single Circuit OHL C1 C1
P+jQ Cable1_230kV Cable1_230kV
3.17 [MW] /ph 380/230kV S/S TO TRASITION YARD S1 S1
1.04 [MVAR] /ph
RRL A T C
V C2 C2 TP_20_Platform
A BAY_230_TP20 OHL_230_SF_TP20 A Cable1_230kV
CB_SF230_TP20 V V S2 S2

Bushing & C3 C3
E_CB_SF230_TP20

Winding SA 230kV S3 S3
10530 [pF]

#1 #2

SF_230kV_BUS

P+jQ
6.33 [MW] /ph
2.08 [MVAR] /ph

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Case Study 1: Switching Over Voltages and TRV
 The below case studies are considered
Case No Description

Case 1.1 Switching ON of cable without any trapped charge on cable

Case 1.2 Switching ON of cable with trapped charge on the cable

Case 1.3 Switching OFF of cable

Case 1.4 Tripping of cable due to source end 3-Phase-Earth Fault

Case 1.5 Tripping of cable due to source end 2-Phase-Earth Fault

Case 1.6 Tripping of cable due to source end 1-Phase-Earth Fault

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Case Study 1: Switching Over Voltages and TRV
Case 1.1: Switching ON of cable Case 1.2: Switching ON of cable with
without any trapped charge on cable trapped charge on cable
230kV CABLE SWITCHING TRANSIENT PLOTS 230kV CABLE SWITCHING TRANSIENT PLOTS
V_SF230_BUS V_SF230_BUS
300 400
300
200
200
SE Voltage (kV)

SE Voltage (kV)
100
100
0 0
-100
-100
-200
-200
-300
-300 -400
V_TP20_230IC1 V_TP20_230IC1
400 500

300 400
RE Voltage (kV peak)

RE Voltage (kV peak)

300
200
200
100 100
0 0
-100
-100
-200
-200 -300
-300 -400
E_CB_Cab230_SE E_CB_Cab230_SE
200 400
150 350

100 300
CB TRV (kV peak)

CB TRV (kV peak)

250
50
200
0
150
-50
100
-100 50
-150 0
-200 -50
T (s) 0.200 0.220 0.240 0.260 0.280 0.300 0.320 0.340 0.360 ... T (s) 0.200 0.220 0.240 0.260 0.280 0.300 0.320 0.340 0.360 ...
... ...
... ...

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Case Study 1: Switching Over Voltages and TRV
Case 1.3: Switching OFF of cable Case 1.4: Tripping of cable due to
source end 3-Phase-Earth Fault
230kV CABLE SWITCHING TRANSIENT PLOTS 230kV CABLE SWITCHING TRANSIENT PLOTS
V_SF230_BUS V_SF230_BUS
200 300
150 200
100
100
SE Voltage (kV)

SE Voltage (kV)
50
0
0
-100
-50
-200
-100
-150 -300

-200 -400
V_TP20_230IC1 V_TP20_230IC1
200 200
150 150
RE Voltage (kV peak)

RE Voltage (kV peak)

100 100
50
50
0
0
-50
-50
-100
-100 -150
-150 -200
-200 -250
E_CB_Cab230_SE E_CB_Cab230_SE
300 300

200 200
CB TRV (kV peak)

CB TRV (kV peak)

100 100

0 0

-100 -100

-200 -200

-300 -300

-400 -400
T (s) 0.200 0.220 0.240 0.260 0.280 0.300 0.320 0.340 0.360 0.380 0.400 ... T (s) 0.200 0.220 0.240 0.260 0.280 0.300 0.320 0.340 0.360 0.380 0.400 ...
... ...
... ...

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Case Study 1: Switching Over Voltages and TRV
Case 1.5: Tripping of cable due to Case 1.6: Tripping of cable due to
source end 2-Phase-Earth Fault source end 1-Phase-Earth Fault
230kV CABLE SWITCHING TRANSIENT PLOTS 230kV CABLE SWITCHING TRANSIENT PLOTS
V_SF230_BUS V_SF230_BUS
300 200

200 100
100
SE Voltage (kV)

SE Voltage (kV)
0
0
-100
-100
-200
-200

-300 -300

-400 -400
V_TP20_230IC1 V_TP20_230IC1
200 200
150 150
RE Voltage (kV peak)

RE Voltage (kV peak)

100 100
50 50
0 0
-50 -50
-100 -100
-150 -150
-200 -200
E_CB_Cab230_SE E_CB_Cab230_SE
300 200

200 100
CB TRV (kV peak)

CB TRV (kV peak)

100
0
0
-100
-100
-200
-200

-300 -300

-400 -400
T (s) 0.200 0.220 0.240 0.260 0.280 0.300 0.320 0.340 0.360 0.380 0.400 ... T (s) 0.200 0.220 0.240 0.260 0.280 0.300 0.320 0.340 0.360 0.380 0.400 ...
... ...
... ...

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Case Study 1: Summary Results and Discussion
Table 1: Summary results of PSCAD EMTDC graphical plots of study cases for 230 Kv, 45km cable

( 230kV Feeder ( 230kV Cable Cable

(TRV Across Poles of Source
(230kV Bus) OHL Sending- Receiving-End Sending Remark
End 230kV Circuit Breaker)
End Voltage) Voltage) End Current
Cae No
time to
kV kV kV kV RRRV CB TRV &
pu pu pu peak kA Peak SOV
peak peak peak peak (kV/u sec) RRRV
( u sec)
OK, within OK, within
Case 1.1 288.3 1.54 289.7 1.54 318.1 1.69 -- -- -- 1.228 Limit Limit
OK, within OK, within
Case 1.2 364.8 1.94 367 1.95 459.7 2.45 -- -- -- 2.125 Limit Limit
OK, within OK, within
Case 1.3 198.1 1.05 201.2 1.07 201.1 1.07 -- -- -- 0.533 Limit Limit
OK, within OK, within
Case 1.4 318.6 1.70 191.5 1.02 221.3 1.18 321.04 563.00 0.57 22.44 Limit Limit
OK, within OK, within
Case 1.5 318.8 1.70 191.3 1.02 194.1 1.03 321.96 567.96 0.57 21.87 Limit Limit
OK, within OK, within
Case 1.6 315.46 1.68 191.5 1.02 194.4 1.04 318.43 573.70 0.56 21.58 Limit Limit

Insulation with Stand Limits Circuit Breaker TRV & RRRV Ratings At T100 test duty
System Nominal kV kV rms 230 System Nominal Voltage kV rms 230
Rated Equipment kV kV rms 245 Rated Voltage kV rms 245
BIL Basic Lightning Impulse kV
Insulation Withstand Voltage Peak
900 First pole to Clear factor kpp 1.5
BSL With 20 % Margin = kV
0.63*BIL/1.20 Peak
472.5 TRV peak Value (uc) kV peak 486
RRRV kV/uSec 2

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Case Study 2: Ferro-resonance
 Ferro-resonance is a series "resonance" involving
nonlinear inductance and capacitances.

 Typically
 Saturable magnetizing inductance of a transformer
 Capacitive distribution long cable or transmission line

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Case Study 2: Ferro-resonance
 PSCAD Model
Bushing &
Winding
10530 [pF]

#1 #2

230kV 3CX630SQ.MM, CU CABLE, LENGTH 45km

FROM ONSHORE TRASITION YARD TO PLATFORM
Timed
Breaker
CB_SF230_TP20 Logic
Closed@t0 230kV Single Circuit OHL C1 C1
P+jQ Cable1_230kV Cable1_230kV
3.17 [MW] /ph 380/230kV S/S TO TRASITION YARD S1 S1
1.04 [MVAR] /ph
RRL A T C
V C2 C2 TP_20_Platform
A BAY_230_TP20 OHL_230_SF_TP20 A Cable1_230kV
CB_SF230_TP20 V V S2 S2

Bushing & C3 C3
E_CB_SF230_TP20

Winding SA 230kV S3 S3
10530 [pF]

#1 #2

SF_230kV_BUS
PLATFROM SYSTEM
V_TP20_230_BUS V_TP20_230_BUS

V_TP20_230_BUS_PU

5265 [pF]
A
Timed Bushing & V
A
Breaker 230kV BUS DUCT Winding
V
P+jQ CB_T20_230_TR1 Logic
Closed@t0 Length 50m
#2
6.33 [MW] /ph T
V_TP20_69IC1 V_TP20_69IC1

2.08 [MVAR] /ph TP20_230TR1_BAY

8440 [pF]
#3

5205 [pF]
A BUS1_GIS... #1
CB_T20_230_TR1 V
Bushing & Bushing &
Timed Winding Winding
Breaker V_TP20_230_TRF1 V_TP20_230_TRF1 120 [MVA]
CB_TP20_230IC1 Logic 230.0 [kV]/69 [kV]/13.8 [kV]
Closed@t0

19.918 [ohm]
A
V

TP20_230_BUS
V_TP20_13p8IC1 V_TP20_13p8IC1
TP20_230IC_BAY A
A V CB_TP20_230IC1

Timed
Breaker
Logic

19.918 [ohm]
V_TP20_230IC1 V_TP20_230IC1 CB_T20_230_TR2
Open@t0 A
230kV BUS DUCT V
Length 50m

T V_TP20_13p8IC2
TP20_230TR2_BAY V_TP20_13p8IC2

8440 [pF]

5205 [pF]
A BUS2_GIS... #1 #3
CB_T20_230_TR2 V
Bushing & #2 Bushing &
Winding Winding

V_TP20_230_TRF2 V_TP20_230_TRF2

5265 [pF]
A
V
Bushing &
Winding

V_TP20_69IC2 V_TP20_69IC2

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Case Study 2: Ferro-resonance
 Unbalance opening CB pole causes Ferro-resonance
 The below case studies are considered
Case No Description
Unbalance Opening off 230kV CB, R-phase breaker open and Y-
Case 2.1
phase and B-phase breakers stuck

Unbalance Opening off 230kV CB, R-phase and Y-phase breaker

Case 2.2
open and B-phase breaker is stuck
Unbalance Opening off 230kV CB, R-phase breaker open and Y-
Case 2.3 phase and B-phase breakers stuck (Incomer Opening with 200ms
Delay)
Unbalance Opening off 230kV CB, R-phase and Y-phase breaker
Case 2.4 open and B-phase breaker is stuck (Incomer Opening with 200ms
Delay)

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Case Study 2: Ferro-resonance
Case 2.1:Unbalance Opening off 230kV CB, R-phase breaker open and Y-phase and
B-phase breakers struck
Ferro Resonance : Transient Over Voltage Results Ferro Resonance : Surge Arrestor Response
V_TP20_230_BUS I_SA_CAB_230KV_SND I_SA_TP20_230IC1 I_TR1_IC
400 0.80
300
Platform 230kV BUS (kV)

0.60
200
100 0.40

Current Through SA (kA)

0
-100 0.20

-200
0.00
-300
-400 -0.20
V_TP20_69IC1
100 -0.40
75
69kV BUS Voltage (kV)

50 -0.60

25
-0.80
0 E_SA_CAB_230KV_SND E_SA_TP20_230IC1 E_TR1_IC
6.0
-25
-50

Energy Stress on SA (kJoules/kUr)

-75 5.0

-100
V_TP20_13p8IC1 4.0
20.0
13.8kV BUS Voltage (kV)

15.0
3.0
10.0
5.0
0.0 2.0

-5.0
-10.0 1.0

-15.0
-20.0 0.0
T (s) 0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 ... 0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 ...
... ...
... ...

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Case Study 2: Ferro-resonance
Case 2.2: Unbalance Opening off 230kV CB, R-phase and Y-phase breaker open and
B-phase breaker is struck
Ferro Resonance : Transient Over Voltage Results Ferro Resonance : Surge Arrestor Response
V_TP20_230_BUS I_SA_CAB_230KV_SND I_SA_TP20_230IC1 I_TR1_IC
400 0.80
300
Platform 230kV BUS (kV)

200 0.60

100

Current Through SA (kA)

0.40
0
-100
0.20
-200
-300 0.00
-400
V_TP20_69IC1 -0.20
100
75
69kV BUS Voltage (kV)

-0.40
50
25
-0.60
0 E_SA_CAB_230KV_SND E_SA_TP20_230IC1 E_TR1_IC
6.0
-25
-50

Energy Stress on SA (kJoules/kUr)

-75 5.0

-100
V_TP20_13p8IC1 4.0
20.0
13.8kV BUS Voltage (kV)

15.0
3.0
10.0
5.0
0.0 2.0

-5.0
-10.0 1.0

-15.0
-20.0 0.0
T (s) 0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 ... 0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 ...
... ...
... ...

30 Insulation Coordination & TOV study

 FICHTNER
Case Study 2: Ferro-resonance
Case 2.3: Unbalance Opening off 230kV CB, R-phase breaker open and Y-phase and
B-phase breakers struck (Incomer Opening with 200ms Delay)
Ferro Resonance : Transient Over Voltage Results Ferro Resonance : Surge Arrestor Response
V_TP20_230_BUS I_SA_CAB_230KV_SND I_SA_TP20_230IC1 I_TR1_IC
400 0.40
300
Platform 230kV BUS (kV)

0.30
200
100 0.20

Current Through SA (kA)

0 0.10
-100
0.00
-200
-300 -0.10
-400
-0.20
V_TP20_69IC1
100
-0.30
75
69kV BUS Voltage (kV)

50 -0.40
25
-0.50
0 E_SA_CAB_230KV_SND E_SA_TP20_230IC1 E_TR1_IC
1.80
-25
-50 1.60

Energy Stress on SA (kJoules/kUr)

-75
1.40
-100
V_TP20_13p8IC1 1.20
20.0
13.8kV BUS Voltage (kV)

15.0 1.00
10.0
0.80
5.0
0.0 0.60

-5.0 0.40
-10.0
0.20
-15.0
-20.0 0.00
T (s) 0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 ... 0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 ...
... ...
... ...

31 Insulation Coordination & TOV study

 FICHTNER
Case Study 2: Ferro-resonance
Case 2.4: Unbalance Opening off 230kV CB, R-phase and Y-phase breaker open and
B-phase breaker is struck (Incomer Opening with 200ms Delay)
Ferro Resonance : Transient Over Voltage Results Ferro Resonance : Surge Arrestor Response
V_TP20_230_BUS I_SA_CAB_230KV_SND I_SA_TP20_230IC1 I_TR1_IC
400 0.80
300
Platform 230kV BUS (kV)

200 0.60

100

Current Through SA (kA)

0.40
0
-100
0.20
-200
-300 0.00
-400
V_TP20_69IC1 -0.20
100
75
69kV BUS Voltage (kV)

-0.40
50
25
-0.60
0 E_SA_CAB_230KV_SND E_SA_TP20_230IC1 E_TR1_IC
1.60
-25
-50 1.40

Energy Stress on SA (kJoules/kUr)

-75
-100 1.20

V_TP20_13p8IC1
20.0 1.00
13.8kV BUS Voltage (kV)

15.0
0.80
10.0
5.0 0.60
0.0
-5.0 0.40

-10.0
0.20
-15.0
-20.0 0.00
T (s) 0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 ... 0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 ...
... ...
... ...

32 Insulation Coordination & TOV study

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Case Study 2: Summary results Ferro-resonance cases
Table 2A: Summary results, PSCAD EMTDC graphical plots of study cases for Ferror-esonance Associated with 230kV
System
Platform
(Source Platform 230kV Platform 69kV Energy Stress On
13.8kV Bus Remark
230kV Bus) Bus Voltage Bus Voltage Surge Arrestor at
Voltage
Case No
Cable SE Platform IC Transformer System Surge
kV
kV pu kV peak pu kV peak pu pu (kJoules (kJoules (kJoules Over Arrestor
peak
/kV Ur) /kV Ur) /kV Ur) voltage Rating
OK, OK,
Case 2.1 192.5 1.025 370.48 1.97 96.68 1.72 19.31 1.71 0.8816 5.386 0.9620 within within
Limit Limit
OK, OK,
Case 2.2 192.5 1.025 370.7 1.97 97.7 1.73 19.56 1.74 2.133 5.7 0.316 within within
Limit Limit
OK, OK,
Case 2.3 192.5 1.025 369.89 1.97 96.05 1.70 19.25 1.71 0.2940 1.645 0.177 within within
Limit Limit
OK, OK,
Case 2.4 192.5 1.025 370.1 1.97 93.2 1.65 18.7 1.66 0.110 1.4 0.024 within within
Limit Limit
Insulation with Stand Limits
System Nominal kV kV rms 13.8 69 230
Rated Equipment kV kV rms 15 72.5 245
BIL Rating kV Peak 110 350 900
kV Peak 57.75 183.8 472.5
BSL Value Considered
With 20 % Margin = 0.63*BIL/1.20 pu on
5.13 3.26 2.52
(L-G peak)
(kJoules
Energy Stress Allowed of Surge Arrestor 7.2
/kV Ur)

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Case Study 3: Series Resonance (Neutral Inversion)
 SHORT-TERM UNEARTHING OF SYSTEM
 The 11kV system fed from delta side of Transformer
 The system get earthed by the system cable shunt
capacitance between each phase to earth.
 If any phase conductor gets earthed via connection
having a high inductance
 (E.g: a voltage transformer, Motor winding faults)
 The resonance, high circulating currents and over-voltage
can occur.
 An intermittent arcing fault with high impedance can
cause similar over-voltages can occur.
34 Insulation Coordination & TOV study
 FICHTNER
Case Study 3: Series Resonance (Neutral Inversion)

 If XL is 1/3 ratio of XC, Neutral inversion takes place

 Very high TOV can be experienced in the source neural to earth.
 A 100 Ohm damping resistor across the broken delta of VT
35 Insulation Coordination & TOV study
 FICHTNER
Case Study 3: Series Resonance (Neutral Inversion)
 PSCAD Model to Study Neutral Inversion
 NO damping resistor is considered in VT secondary
132kV Cable from AIS to GIS V_11kV_BUS1 V_11kV_BUS1

P = 0.372
Q = -1.042 65 [MVA]
V = 132.2 132 [kV] / 11 [kV]

RRL A Cable_Ckt_132kV Cable_11kV_7R A

#1 #2
V V

6.22 [nF]
6.9 [nF]

V_GRID_S V_GRID_S

11.2 [H]
#1 #2 #1 #2 #1 #2

Timed
Fault
Fault Logic

Fault
Eng
Eng

36 Insulation Coordination & TOV study

 FICHTNER
Case Study 3: Series Resonance (Neutral Inversion)
 100 ohm damping resistor is considered in VT secondary
132kV Cable from AIS to GIS V_11kV_BUS1

P = -0.08916
Q = -0.8714 65 [MVA]
V = 132.1 132 [kV] / 11 [kV]

RRL A Cable_Ckt_132kV Cable_11kV_7R A

#1 #2
V V

6.22 [nF]
6.9 [nF]

V_GRID_S V_GRID_S

11.2 [H]
#1 #2 #1 #2 #1 #2

Timed
Fault
Fault Logic

Fault
100 [ohm]

Eng
Eng

37 Insulation Coordination & TOV study

 FICHTNER
Case Study 3: Series Resonance (Neutral Inversion)
 The below case studies are considered

Case No Description

Single Line to Earth impedance fault, without Damping Resistor in

Case 3.1
VT broken Delta

Single Line to Earth impedance fault, with Damping Resistor in VT

Case 3.2
broken Delta

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Case Study 3: Series Resonance (Neutral Inversion)
Case 3.1: Single Line to Earth impedance Case 3.2: Single Line to Earth impedance
fault, without Damping Resistor in VT broken fault, with 100 ohm Damping Resistor in VT
Delta broken Delta
NEUTRAL INVERSION STUDY RESULTS NEUTRAL INVERSION STUDY RESULTS
V_GRID_S V_GRID_S
125 125
100 100
75 75
50 50
Voltage (kV)

Voltage (kV)
25 25
0 0
-25 -25
-50 -50
-75 -75
-100 -100
-125 -125
V_11kV_BUS1 V_11kV_BUS1
500 10.0
400 8.0
300 6.0
200 4.0
Voltage (kV)

Voltage (kV)
2.0
100
0.0
0
-2.0
-100 -4.0
-200 -6.0
-300 -8.0
-400 -10.0
VOLT_BROKEN_DELTA VOLT_BROKEN_DELTA
1.5k 0.050
0.025
1.0k
0.000
Voltage Ph-C (kV)

Voltage Ph-C (kV)

0.5k -0.025
-0.050
0.0
-0.075
-0.5k -0.100
-0.125
-1.0k
-0.150
-1.5k -0.175
T (s) 0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 ... T (s) 0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 ...
... ...
... ...

39 Insulation Coordination & TOV study

 FICHTNER
Case Study 3: Summary Results of Neutral Inversion cases
Summary results, PSCAD EMTDC graphical plots of study cases with and
without Ferro-Resonance Damping Resistor

132kV GRID BUS GRID TRAFO VOLTAGE ACROSS

Case No VOLTAGE 11kV SIDE OPEN DELTA
kV pu kV peak pu kV peak pu
Case 3.1 107.84 1.001 402.26 44.79 1186.21 132.07
Case 3.2 107.85 1.001 8.76 0.98 0.159 0.02

Insulation with Stand Limits

System Nominal kV kV rms 11 132
Rated Equipment kV kV rms 15 145
BIL Rating kV Peak 75 650
kV Peak 39.375 341.25
BSL Value Considered
With 20 % Margin = 0.63*BIL/1.20 pu on
4.38 3.17
(L-G peak)

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 FICHTNER
Conclusion
 PSCAD Modeling simulations have been carries out for
below case studies
 Switching Over Voltages and TRV
 Ferro-resonance
 Series resonance (neutral Inversion)

 System TOV and CB TRV are analyzed

 Solutions are recommended to limit over voltages within
the equipment BIL and BSL rating

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 FICHTNER

Thank you
Presented By
Tirumal Reddy Narra
Sr. Design Engineer (Elect.)
FICHTNER Consulting Engineers India Pvt. Ltd
Vashi, Navi Mumbai
Email: [email protected]

&
Prashanth B Ingale
Design Engineer (Elect.)
FICHTNER Consulting Engineers India Pvt. Ltd
Vashi, Navi Mumbai
Email: [email protected]

42 Insulation Coordination & TOV study