Horizon Power PowerFactory

Modelling Guideline

February 2022
Acknowledgement of
Country
Horizon Power acknowledges the traditional custodians
throughout Western Australia and their continuing
connection to the land, waters and community. We pay
our respects to all members of the Aboriginal
communities and their cultures; and to Elders past,
present and emerging.
Document Control
Author Name: Marjan Ladjavardi
Position: Consulting Engineer
Reviewed By Name: Justin Scott
Position: Power System
Simulation Manager
Endorsed By Name: Shervin Fani
Position: Principal Planning
Engineer
Approved By Name: David Stephens
Position: Manager System and
Network Planning
Date Created/Last Updated 6 December 2021

Revision Control
Revision Date Description
0 6/12/2021 Draft
1 17/12/2021 Internal HP review completed
2 15/2/2022 EMT requirements added. Appendix A added. External
stakeholder comments addressed.
3 22/2/2022 Issued for Use

STAKEHOLDERS
The following positions shall be consulted if an update or review is required:
Engineering Services Manager Regional Managers
Project Directors Regional Asset Managers

Horizon Power PowerFactory Modelling Guideline| 3

Contents

1 Introduction................................................................................................................... 5
2 Staged Modelling Requirements .................................................................................... 7
3 Load and Generating System Model Requirements......................................................... 9
3.1 Computer Software ............................................................................................................ 9
3.2 General Modelling Requirements ..................................................................................... 10
3.3 Model Configuration ........................................................................................................ 12
3.3.1 Synchronous Generating systems (SG) .............................................................................................. 12
3.3.2 Inverter Based Generating systems (IBR) ........................................................................................... 13
3.3.3 Battery Energy Storage systems (BESS).............................................................................................. 14
3.3.4 Hybrid systems (HS) ........................................................................................................................... 16
3.3.5 Static load and Motor Model Requirements (L) ................................................................................. 16
3.4 Aggregation ..................................................................................................................... 17
3.5 Model Accuracy................................................................................................................ 17
3.5.1 Steady State Models .......................................................................................................................... 17
3.5.2 Dynamic Models................................................................................................................................. 17
3.5.3 Assessment of Model accuracy .......................................................................................................... 19

4 Model Assessment ....................................................................................................... 20

5 Documentation ............................................................................................................ 21
5.1 Block Diagrams ................................................................................................................. 21
5.2 User Manual .................................................................................................................... 22
5.3 Other Documentation....................................................................................................... 22
5.4 R2 data, model validation and performance report (V) ...................................................... 23
6 Registered Data and Performance Standards ............................................................... 25
Appendix A Low Voltage Embedded Generation (EG) connections ................................ 26
Model Requirements ............................................................................................................. 26

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1 Introduction
This document (Horizon Power PowerFactory Modelling Guideline
requirements for computer models of generator systems and loads which may be connected

ensure that complete and accurate models of loads and generators are available to Horizon
Power for planning, design and operational purposes1.
The requirement to provide a computer model of a User Facility are described in the Horizon
Power Technical Rules (section 3.2.4, with section 3.3.9 providing further requirements for
Generators). Definitions of generator systems are provided in the technical rules, and may
refer to inverter based generation, solar and wind generators, batteries, in addition to
conventional generators. Loads may include induction machines (motors), equipment starting
direct online (DOL), and batteries, amongst other equipment. The Technical Rules and/or
Horizon Power should be consulted where it is not clear whether a facility is a load or
generator or both.
While the Technical Rules refer only to the final validated model of a facility, Horizon Power
uses a staged modelling approach to avoid any unnecessary delay to a project and to enable
Horizon Power to undertake studies that may be required to connect a customer as
information becomes available. This approach allows the customer project to progress so
long as the necessary information is available at each stage, with a view to achieving a final
validated model at project completion.
This guideline applies to all stages of a project listed below and outlines the computer model
and documentation requirements:
Stage 1: Access Application - (R0 model) based on Standard/Preliminary data available
at early stage of the project
Stage 2: Completion of detailed design - (R1 model) based

Stage 3: After Completion of commissioning tests - (R2 model also referred to as a

Horizon Power may accept any reasonable changes made to a model at any stage of the
process, however the provided information should be valid and sufficient to meet the
requirements of the relevant system studies. A material change to the provided information
or the computer model may require system studies to be repeated and cause delay to a
project. A material change includes any change to a model which affects the outcome of
studies or design work Horizon Power may have undertaken to connect a customer. These
include (but are not limited to) a change of the selected technology, a change to the installed
capacity, a major design change, or an alteration of control strategy.
Where a material change has occurred, the customer is required to notify Horizon Power of
the change and discuss the impact on any work commenced or completed.

1
Parts of this model guide

Horizon Power PowerFactory Modelling Guideline| 5

While this document is predominantly aimed at new facilities these guidelines also apply to
computer models which are updated due to changes to a facility. This guideline is tailored to
address the modelling requirements for different user facilities at each of the stages of a
project.
Specific objectives of the guidelines are:
To communicate to customers the requirements for computer models of facilities
which are connected or proposed to be connected to Ho
including:
o Model functional requirements
o Model performance, accuracy, and acceptance requirements
o Model assessment requirements
o Documentation requirements
For Low-voltage Embedded Generation connections, Appendix A provides details of model
requirements (extracted from the Low Voltage EG Connection Technical Requirements, HP
standard HPC-9DJ-13-0002-2019)

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2 Staged Modelling Requirements
Development of a compliant computer model will be dependent on a number of factors
including:
the quality and availability of any vendor generic models and documentation
the availability of Balance of Plant information and design data
the suitability of a model to be used at the grid strength identified at the point of
connection
any requirement for design and modelling of a project specific external controller, if
any (e.g., a hybrid controller)
the applicable technical rules and capability of the proposed technology to meet the
requirements through tuning of project specific control parameter settings
assessment of interactions between the proposed system with the rest of the network
through system studies
The activities required to complete and assess the items above will depend on the stage of
the project and maturity of the proposed technology. With new and emerging technologies,
Horizon Power recognises that achieving a fully compliant model at early stages of the project
may not be possible. Where this is the case, some details of the control strategies, modes of
operation, and other items may not be finalised until the detailed design stage. To
accommodate these cases Horizon Power allows some model details and information to be
provided progressively as the project proceeds.
The accuracy and level of detail in the model and the information required will depend on the
system studies and design activities to be undertaken by HP at each stage of the project.
The type of system studies is project specific and should be discussed with Horizon Power.
Due to this dependence, determining the list of studies to be undertaken at each stage (such
as load flow, short circuit, RMS, etc) is outside the scope of this guideline. This document
provides information and guidance on the modelling requirements relevant to the studies
that may be undertaken.
The staged modelling approach outlined in this guideline is intended to be an effective way
to allow the suitability of supplied information to be assessed by Horizon Power at each stage,
prior to undertaking any system study activities.
This approach avoids unnecessary delays to a project, while allowing time for progressive
completion of the model as more detailed information becomes available. Material changes
to the model and/or design are not expected to fit within the staged approach as they may
affect any outcomes from previous studies.
Table 1 shows the level of compliance with the modelling guidelines expected at each stage
of a project. This chart is provided as a high-level guide on what information is needed to
assess the model and documentation at each stage. It should be noted that any negotiated
requirements will depend on the model adequacy for undertaking the required system
studies at that stage of the project, and will be specific to an individual project.

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Table 1 Compliance with the Guideline at each project stage

Application Stage Detailed Design Stage After Commissioning

(R0 submission) (R1 submission) (R2 submission)
General Modelling
PC PC FC
Requirements

Project specific LF model FC* FC FC

Voltage control strategy PC FC FC

Project specific RMS model PC FC FC

Project specific control

PC PC FC
parameter settings

Model accuracy N/A N/A FC

Notes Partial Compliance - some requirements can be negotiated with Horizon Power based on project
PC specific requirements.
FC Full Compliance is required
FC* Full compliance based on preliminary/standard information

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3 Load and Generating System Model Requirements
As part of the access application and connection procedure, Horizon Power requires certain
data and documentation to be provided along with a computer model. Horizon Power uses
the provided information to undertake Technical Rules assessment and system studies.
When developing a computer model there are general requirements that apply to all models,
irrespective of the type of facility, as well as specific requirements that apply depending on
whether the facility is a generating system, load, or any other type of equipment, such as a
dynamic reactive device (STATCOM, SVC, or other).
In general, Horizon Power requires that the model and its associated data and parameters are
consistent with the information provided as part of an access application, or a request to
modify an existing facility. This should include, but is not limited to:
Consistency between Single Line Diagram (SLD) layouts and other schematics provided
to Horizon Power.
Consistency between relevant network data provided including all network
impedances and ratings, voltage levels, transformer specifics (location, rating, vector
groups, winding configuration, tap changer specifics etc), auxiliary loads and reactive
devices etc.
Consistency between generating system or load specifications provided, such as the
maximum capability and loading, active and reactive power ranges, generator
impedances, etc. Loads (including generator auxiliary loads) must be modelled such
under
typical operating conditions.

3.1 Computer Software

Horizon Power uses DIgSILENT PowerFactory software for performing load flow, fault level
and RMS studies. This software is considered as a standard power system study tool by
Horizon Power.
A requirement for an EMT model may be specified by Horizon Power on a per project basis.
A requirement to provide an EMT model will depend on the proposed technology, SCR at the
point of connection, overall impact of the new connection on the system strength, and
operation of other generating units. DIgSILENT PowerFactory is the standard tool for islanded
networks. Where projects will connect to the Northwest Interconnected System (NWIS) they
will be subject to meeting NWIS modelling requirements as specified by ISOCO.
Horizon Power currently uses version 19 of the PowerFactory software, though upgrades to
the software version in use are expected to occur from time to time. It is strongly
recommended that customers contact Horizon Power prior to undertaking any modelling
work to confirm the version of the software in use.
It should be noted that as the number of inverter based generating units increases, a
redu
networks. Some equipment suppliers may determine a minimum level of the system fault
level for an acceptable performance of the equipment and the PowerFactory RMS model. If a
supplier model has this limitation, the customer will need to discuss and agree with Horizon
Power on the computer model requirements.

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3.2 General Modelling Requirements
There are several general modelling requirements applicable to the PowerFactory software
which need to be taken into consideration when developing a Load Flow and RMS model of a
facility.
Compliance with the requirements is generally needed at all stages of the project, but specific
requirements may be negotiated with Horizon Power where it makes sense to do so. Section
2 provides more details on the expected data that would be required to be able to complete
the system studies at each stage of a project. The general requirements for a model which
must be met for all (A) generators and loads are:
General Load Flow and Short Circuit Model Requirements
A-1. The model must be suitable for balanced and unbalanced power flow studies, and
for calculation of balanced and unbalanced short-circuit currents using the
'Complete' and 'IEC' methods.
General RMS Model Requirements
A-2. The model must support a minimum step size of 1 msec for PowerFactory RMS
simulations. A step size of 2msec or larger is desirable subject to sufficient accuracy
being achieved.
A-3. The dynamic model must be able to be initialised from the Load Flow solution
without any requirement to manually modify any parameter settings and without
any error messages or warning messages. (See negotiated exceptions listed below)
A-4. Where initialising an RMS simulation from a Load Flow solution causes an unsteady
response, the time to settle to a steady result should be no longer than 2 seconds
(simulation time).
A-5. Dynamic model initialisation must be invariant to the simulation start time (i.e. the
simulation must not be required to be initialised at a particular time).
A-6. A model accuracy of ±10% should be demonstrated when validating the model
performance against the commissioning tests.
A-7. It is preferred that all model components are developed in PowerFactory software.
(See negotiated exceptions listed below)
A-8. The dynamic model must be suitable for RMS studies at the project specific short
circuit levels at the point of connection. (See negotiated exceptions listed below)
A-9. The RMS model must accurately represent the equipment response during and
after a system event. This includes active and reactive current injection during a
system fault or system frequency excursion. This performance must be achieved
under a balanced system condition. It is highly desirable for the model to also
support unbalanced system faults.
A-10. The model must be developed based on good modelling practice. This includes

descriptions, units and block diagrams. It is preferred that unique control functions
are modelled as individual block definitions and DSL code blocks with more than 20
parameters should be avoided.
A-11. The model must be numerically stable for all possible ranges of system strength
(short-circuit ratio and X/R ratio) at its planned point of connection.

Horizon Power PowerFactory Modelling Guideline| 10

 A-12. The model may include non-convergence warnings for some simulation events, this
may indicate issues with the dynamic model and have an adverse impact on
simulation performance and/or cause the simulation to collapse. Care should be
taken, and unnecessary warnings avoided when developing the model.
A-13. For protection events (e.g. Wind Farm controller operation) the simulation events,
including initial detection, operation, and time-out, should be reported to the
PowerFactory output window during the simulation.
A-14. The PowerFactory DSL model must compile to C code without warnings or errors.
A-15. The dynamic model must accurately represent the performance of equipment for
a minimum duration of 30 seconds following an event.
General EMT Model Requirements
The below requirements apply to an EMT model developed in DIgSILENT PowerFactory
software,
A-16. The model must support a minimum step size of 10 µsec. A step size of 50µsec is
desirable subject to sufficient accuracy being achieved.
A-17. The model should accurately represent the plant behaviour under all system
conditions and fault levels.
A-18. The EMT model must accurately represent the behaviour of the generating system
under balanced and unbalanced simulations.
A-19. The model must show accurate current injection during events including reactive
current rise time/settling time, negative sequence reactive current injection and
active power recovery time.
A-20. The model should include all control loops implemented on the device. Where
response time of a control function is outside the EMT simulation range of up to
10sec, that control function may be excluded from the model following discussion
and agreement with Horizon Power.
A-21. The model must include all input filters, limiters and protection equipment (such as
current limiting devices, over current protection, over/under voltage protection,
over/under frequency devices, etc).
A-22. The model should be suitable for assessing the capability of the system to ride
through a series of events, where required. This includes a sequency of balanced
and unbalanced faults.
A-23. For an inverter based generating facility, the EMT model should include source and
system side converters including switches, filters, smoothing reactors and linking
capacitors. For source side machines and PV arrays must be able to represent
transients being occurring at the DC link.

Some negotiated exceptions to the above requirements may be acceptable after discussion
and agreement with Horizon Power:
Warning Messages any warning messages resulting from initialisation of the model.
Note that in any case an initialisation issue resulting in a warning message should not
affect the performance or accuracy of the model.

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 DLL Files the structure of any DLL files that are required by and form part of the
model
Short Circuit Level alternative modelling options where an RMS model is unable to
be used at the short circuit level at the point of connection. This could happen in weak
systems where the Short Circuit Ratio (SCR) at the point of connection is low (e.g.,
SCR<3)

3.3 Model Configuration

The load flow and RMS components of the PowerFactory model must be setup to adequately
represent the proposed project. This includes Balance of Plant (BoP) components and
equipment as well as control systems.
The control systems must include proposed parameter settings that allow the generator or
load to meet the applicable Technical Rules requirements. This generally requires tuning of
the control system based on the network conditions at the nominated connection point to
best meet the performance requirements of the Technical Rules. Horizon Power can provide
(upon request) a range of applicable fault levels and X/R ratios at the point of connection to
support customers in tuning a model. Horizon Power will then conduct an independent model
assessment.
The accuracy of the BoP and controller system settings depend on the information available
at each stage of the project. The model needs to be prepared based on the most accurate
information available at the time and should be updated as required. For more information,
please refer to the Staged Modelling Requirements section.
The sections below provide further information on technology specific modelling
requirements.
3.3.1 Synchronous Generating systems (SG)
A power station model comprising of Synchronous Generating units must include:
SG Load Flow and Short Circuit Model Requirements
SG-1. A project specific load flow model based on the best information available (R0, R1
or R2). This model shall include the Balance of Plant (BoP) primary equipment such
as transformers, cables, generating units, auxiliary loads, earthing transformers,
reactive power components (such as capacitor banks, reactor banks or harmonic
filters). Including the BoP protection relays is not necessary unless otherwise
advised by Horizon Power.
SG-2. T
capability curve. Any operational limitation on the active and reactive power must
be implemented in the model.
SG-3. P
SG-4. Generator data entered for 35degC ambient temperature. Temperature
dependency of the generator output up to the site maximum ambient temperature
to be provided.
SG-5. Details of all station controllers for coordination of the generating units active and
reactive power, where applicable. The standard PowerFactory elements
modelling

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 of the power station controllers, if suitable. If the standard models do not have the
required functionality, further modelling requirements shall be discussed and
agreed with Horizon Power. RMS modelling of any controller with a response time
of more than 30seconds is not necessary for dynamic studies.
SG-6. T control strategy, modelled by including the relevant
components such as transformer AVRs, shunt element switching strategies and
generating unit voltage control modes.

SG RMS Model Requirements

SG-7. A dynamic model that adequately represents the performance of the equipment
over its load range and over the system voltage and frequency operating range.
SG-8. Dynamic model of and frequency control system
including the relevant components such as measurement devices, communication
delays, shunt element, generating unit voltage control system, extended ramp rate
and any other component necessary to implement the voltage/frequency control
strategy.
SG-9. Synchronous machine control system components including:
o Excitation system and load drop compensation,
o Turbine-governor (including speed droop and power control loops, turbine
boiler dynamics, temperature and power control/limiting functions and other
relevant control mode and protection functions).
o Power System Stabiliser, if available
o Under-excitation limiter (UEL)
o Over-excitation limit (OEL)
o Other limiters (such as stator current limiter(s), volts per hertz limiter(s), over
flux limiter(s)).
3.3.2 Inverter Based Generating systems (IBR)
An Inverter based generating system (such as a wind farm or solar farm) must include:
IBR Load Flow and Short Circuit Model Requirements
IBR-1. A project specific load flow model on best information available (R0, R1 or R2).
Inverters may be modelled as static generator elements with project specific
ratings, voltage dependent capability curves and short circuit current contribution
included.
IBR-2. Balance of Plant (BoP) primary equipment (such as transformers, cables, auxiliary
loads), reactive power components (such as STATCOMs, capacitor banks, reactor
banks or harmonic filters). Including the BoP protection relays is not necessary
unless otherwise advised by Horizon Power.
IBR-3. The flicker and harmonic spectrums for each inverter element.
IBR-4. Primary equipment data, consistent with the manu
IBR-5. Generator data entered for the maximum site ambient temperature. Information
on the temperature dependency of the generator output is to be provided.

Horizon Power PowerFactory Modelling Guideline| 13

 IBR-6. Load flow model should include details of any overall control system (Power Plant
C

modes of operation (e.g., voltage control, Q(V), Power Factor or reactive power
control modes) must be defined and all control and measurement points must be
specified and be consistent with the proposed voltage control strategy.
IBR-7. In the absence of a power plant controller, the load flow model should include the
control methodology modelled on individual inverter elements. This can be done
using the standard control functionality available within the static generator
element of PowerFactory and may include frequency response, volt-Watt or volt-
VAr response.
IBR RMS Model Requirements
IBR-8. RMS model of the s voltage control system, modelled by including the
relevant components such as communication delays, power plant controller,
transformer AVRs, shunt elements switching strategies, dynamic reactive support
equipment, and any other component necessary to implement the voltage control
strategy.
IBR-9. Control mode and droop settings configured for usual operation, and consistent
between both steady-state and dynamic simulations.
IBR-10. All functional controllers and ancillary equipment that may materially affect the
performance of the generator over the typical timeframe of a dynamic simulation
(no less than 30 seconds). The model(s) must accurately represent performance for
all possible conditions where the equipment would be in operation.
IBR-11. All controller components required to model any controlled response of the
generating system. This includes those needed to implement current control, fault
ride through, current limiting, frequency control, over/under voltage protection,
over/under frequency protection, Rate of Change of Frequency (RoCoF) response.
Any other components affecting the response of the inverter to a system event
within a 30sec time frame shall be included.
IBR-12. Project specific control system parameter settings. These settings should be
included in block definitions with no need to create parameter events for a correct
model setup.
3.3.3 Battery Energy Storage systems (BESS)
A battery energy storage system must include:
BESS Load Flow and Short Circuit Model Requirements
BESS-1. A project specific load flow model on best information available (R0, R1 or R2).
The inverters can be modelled as static generator or rectified elements including
the DC link to the battery storage element. The inverter components shall
include project specific ratings, capability curves and short circuit current
contributions.
BESS-2. The flicker and harmonic spectrums for each inverter element.

Horizon Power PowerFactory Modelling Guideline| 14

 BESS-3. The overloading capability of the BESS inverter in the sub-transient fault
contribution of the load flow element when modelled as a full size converter.
BESS-4. An inverter capability curve capturing the four quadrant operation during charge
and discharge.
BESS-5. P
BESS-6. Generator data entered for the maximum site ambient temperature.
Information on the temperature dependency of the generator output is to be
provided.
BESS-7. Detail of any primary and secondary control systems, where applicable. The

be used for modelling of these controller. All modes of operation (e.g., voltage
control, Q(V), Power Factor or reactive power control modes) must be defined
and all control and measurement points must be specified and be consistent
with the proposed voltage control strategy.
BESS-8. The control methodology (in the absence of a secondary controller) modelled on
individual inverters using the standard control functionality available within the
static generator element of PowerFactory. This may include frequency response,
volt-Watt or volt-VAr response.
BESS RMS Model Requirements
BESS-9. Clearly defined modes of operation for the BESS (e.g., grid forming/grid
following and switching between different modes). The RMS model should
accurately represent all modes of operations appliable to the project and the
relevant settings.
BESS-10. Any additional functionalities of the BESS such as synthetic inertia, frequency
response and black starting if they are proposed to be utilised in the project.
BESS-11. If an active power overloading is available in the inverter and energy storage
element, it should be clearly mentioned in the documentation. It is preferrable
in this case if the energy storage DC components are included in the model.
BESS-12. Control system components representing AVR and frequency Governor
functionalities where the BESS includes virtual synchronous machine
technology.
BESS-13. Control mode and droop settings configured for usual operation and consistent
between both steady-state and dynamic simulations.
BESS-14. All functional controllers and ancillary equipment that may materially affect the
performance of the generator over the typical timeframe of a dynamic
simulation (up to 30 seconds). The model(s) must accurately represent
performance for all possible conditions where the equipment would be in
operation.
BESS-15. RMS model of all controller components required to model any controlled
response of the generating unit (In the absence of the power plant controller).
This includes those needed to implement current control, fault ride through,
current limiting, frequency control, over/under voltage protection, over/under
frequency protection, Rate of Change of Frequency (RoCoF) response. Any other

Horizon Power PowerFactory Modelling Guideline| 15

 components affecting the response of the inverter to a system event within a
30sec time frame shall be included.
BESS-16. Project specific control system parameter settings. These settings should be
included in block definitions with no need to create parameter events for a
correct model setup.
3.3.4 Hybrid systems (HS)
Each component of a hybrid system should meet the applicable modelling requirement as
detailed in the previous sections. In addition, a hybrid control system model must include:
HS-1. RMS model of a plant reactive power/voltage control system that coordinates the
reactive power contribution from different elements of a hybrid facility.
HS-2. RMS model of a control system that distributes active power across the
components of the hybrid plant.
3.3.5 Static load and Motor Model Requirements (L)
The following requirements apply for static load and motor models. These requirements are
intended as a guide and should be agreed with Horizon Power prior to model preparation.
Static load or Motor models must include:
L-1. Clearly identified lumped motor models where smaller motors have been lumped
into equivalents. This should be clearly identified in the supporting documentation
and the PowerFactory model.
L-2. Detailed representation and an aggregated equivalent load where requested by
Horizon Power
L-3. Complex load parameters where a number of static loads are represented as a
single lumped (static) load. These must be modelled based on the constituent loads
(VSD's, induction machines and other loads), and with suitable voltage dependent
parameters.
L-4. Appropriately represented equipment fault level contributions. This requires
simplification of load models to be consistent with good electricity industry
practice.
L-5. Converter controller model(s) for converter connected loads (such as hydrogen
electrolysers or fuel cells). These must include the voltage and frequency protection
settings and harmonic spectrum. The load may be modelled as a static load with
applicable voltage and frequency dependencies.
L-6. Models and descriptions of any load shedding facilities, including under- and over-
voltage and under- and over-frequency relays.
L-7. Descriptions of any other special protection schemes.
In addition, for motors or loads with a rating of 1MW or greater the model must include:
L-8. An explicit model of the load.
L-9. A harmonic current emissions model.
L-10. Models for the mechanical characteristics of the drive load (torque-speed
characteristic) and the total mechanical inertia parameters.

Horizon Power PowerFactory Modelling Guideline| 16

 L-11. For steady state models, starting method parameters defined in the model (e.g.
direct online, soft-starter).

3.4 Aggregation
For some detailed load models and for generating systems comprising many individual
generating units, there may be a requirement for a model to be aggregated. Where this occurs
the methodology for aggregating generating units, loads, other generating equipment and
the reticulation system models must be provided, as well as studies demonstrating the
equivalence between the detailed and aggregated models. At a minimum this must illustrate
the alignment of time-domain simulations (through overlayed plots) for voltage, active power
and reactive power for the nearest and farthest generating unit and the aggregated
generating unit, for:
L-12. Zero impedance balanced three-phase to earth and zero impedance two-phase to
earth faults at the connection point.
L-13. Voltage, reactive power, power factor and active power step responses.
For generating systems, the aggregation should not prevent access to generator terminal
quantities such as active/reactive power, active/reactive current and terminal voltage.
3.5 Model Accuracy
3.5.1 Steady State Models
The steady-state computer model accuracy requirements apply to both loads and generating
systems, including dynamic reactive plant. The general requirements are as follows:
A-1. The difference between the actual and simulated response of any measured
quantity must not exceed 10%.
A-2. The model must represent, as accurately as possible, the performance of the
load, generating unit or generating system at its terminals (or connection point for an
aggregated model) and only show any characteristics that are present in the actual
equipment response.
3.5.2 Dynamic Models
The dynamic model accuracy requirements apply performance measures to assess the
alignment between simulated and measured responses of generators and dynamic reactive
equipment (e.g. SVCs, STATCOMs, synchronous condensers). At present, Horizon Power has
adopted accuracy requirements consistent with those specified by the Australian Energy
Market Operator in their Generating System Model Guidelines. These requirements are
reproduced below:
A-3. For any control system models, the overall linear response over a frequency
bandwidth of at least 0.1 to 5Hz must be within the following tolerances:
o Magnitude must be within 10% of the actual control system magnitude at any
particular frequency; and
o Phase must be within 5 degrees of the actual control system phase at any
particular frequency.

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A-4. For time domain responses that include non-linear response or performance,
as well as responses to switching or controlled sequence events (e.g. operation of fault
ride-through schemes and converter mode changes), the key features of the response
must meet the following tolerances:
o Rapid slopes in the simulated response, compared with the actual equipment
response must be within:
10% of the change; or
From the start to finish of the slope, 20 milliseconds.
o For rapid events caused by control sequences (such as some fault ride-through
control schemes) or switching events, the sizes of peaks and troughs
(measured over the total change for that peak or trough) must be within 10%
of the change;
o Oscillations in active power, reactive power and voltage in the frequency range
0.1 to 5Hz must have damping and frequency of the oscillation within 10% of
the actual response of the equipment. The phase of the oscillations (relative
to the other quantities - e.g. active power versus reactive power) must be
within 5 degrees in terms of the dominant oscillatory mode. This does not
apply to rapid events, but does apply to any subsequent oscillations;
o The timing of the occurrence of the rapid slopes, events or the commencement
of oscillation described above must be consistent with the equipment
characteristic that initiates the response.
A-5. The deviation of the equipment model response from the actual equipment
response for active power and reactive power must not exceed 10% of the total
change in that quantity. During periods of oscillatory behaviour, this criterion applies
to:
o The first cycle of the oscillatory response after the transient period (i.e. if
associated with a fault, then after clearance of the fault and the transient
recovery from the fault); and
o After the first cycle of the oscillatory response, to the upper and lower bounds
of the envelope of the oscillatory response.
A-6. The final active power or reactive power value at which the model settles is
within the more restrictive of:
o The final value at which the actual equipment response would settle ±2% of
the equipment's nameplate rating; or
o The final value at which the actual equipment response would settle ±10% of
the total change in the final value of the quantity.
o Where measurement results can be shown to have been affected by changes
in supply source (e.g. the wind strength for a wind turbine), this shall be taken
into consideration when assessing this criterion, so long as sufficient evidence
can be shown to demonstrate the cause of the input power change.

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 A-7. The model response must not show characteristics that are not present in the
actual equipment response.
3.5.3 Assessment of Model accuracy
Assessment of compliance with the model accuracy requirements can be conducted by a
combination of visual inspection of results, results plots including accuracy tolerances, and
mathematical calculations. Particularly for cases where the modelled response deviates from
the simulated response there is a need to demonstrate the extent of that deviation and the
impact on plant performance. It is acceptable to apply accuracy tolerance bands to either the
simulated response or the measured response.

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4 Model Assessment
Horizon Power undertakes a due diligence assessment (model assessment) of the computer
model to assess its performance against the requirements of the Technical Rules.
As part of the model assessment Horizon Power will identify to what extent the computer
model meets the relevant criteria defined in the Generator and Load Model Guidelines. Some
aspects of Horizon Power's due diligence assessment may be performed using an infinite bus

Network.
Table 2 provides a list of tests which will be required (as a minimum) for tuning of control
system(s), and these will typically be undertaken by Horizon Power during a model
assessment of the R0 submission package. Before submission of the model to Horizon Power,
it is recommended the customer undertakes tuning and assessment of the Technical Rules
requirements based on grid information provided by Horizon Power. It should be noted that
depending on the size and connection location of the facility, some requirements may not
apply to a particular project.

Table 2 Control system tuning tests

Model performance test

1 LF studies to determine the reactive power capability at the connection point
2 ±5% voltage step change at the connection point
3 Zero impedance three-phase fault at the connection point
4 Three phase fault with 40% residual voltage at the connection point
5 Grid frequency change by +/-2Hz with 4Hz/sec RoCoF
6 Grid frequency change by +/-1Hz with 4Hz/sec RoCoF
7 Voltage disturbance ride through based on Figure 3.6 of the Horizon Power Technical Rules
8 Frequency excursion ride through based on Figure 3.4 of the Horizon Power Technical Rules

When undertaking a thorough assessment of a computer model more detailed power system
studies will be performed covering steady state, dynamic and small signal studies, where
applicable. These studies consider where the facility will connect
so that the impact of the facility on the surrounding network and interaction between the

meet the requirements in the Technical Rules it is possible that the issue may not be a
shortcoming of the computer model itself. In some cases, network augmentation and/or
installation of additional equipment within a facility may be necessary to fully comply with
the Technical Rules.

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5 Documentation
This section describes the requirements for model block diagrams, user manuals, other
relevant documentation (D) and the R2 data, model validation and performance report.
5.1 Block Diagrams
The following requirements apply to model block diagrams.
D-1. The model block diagrams must illustrate all input and output signals including set-
point signals on the model block diagrams and model frames, and clearly illustrate
the interconnection of the various functional controllers.
D-2. The model block diagrams must illustrate all derivative states including derivative
state variable names consistent with the block diagrams.
D-3. All required control and output signals should be available for dynamic (RMS)
simulations and clearly indicated on the model block diagrams. These signals would
typically include, but are not limited to, the following:
o Active and reactive power.
o Applicable set-points, including:
Machine and exciter current and voltage.
Active power set-point.
Frequency and/or speed reference set-point.
Voltage set-point.
Reactive power and/or power factor set-point.
Where applicable, power plant controller, capacitor bank and SVC set-
points, etc.
o Other signals depending on the technology type.
D-4. The model block diagrams must clearly illustrate whether limits are windup or non-
windup, and provide details as to which state variable is limited and the relationship
between the limit value and state variable that is being affected by that limit. For
example, for a lead-lag function, whether the state variable or the feedback to the
-lag representation is limited.
D-5. The model block diagram documentation must include descriptions of any
arithmetic or mathematical functions, such as protection events (e.g. Wind Farm
crow bar controller operation) or voltage ride-through sequences.
D-6. The model block diagrams must show all relevant non-linearities, such as limits,
arithmetic or mathematical functions, events, dead bands and saturation.
D-7. The model block diagrams and documentation must show all controller settings and
settings ranges. Non-configurable settings should be identified on the block
diagrams.
D-8. The model block diagram documentation must identify any internal integration
algorithms.
D-9. The model block diagrams must identify the interpolation method for any look-up
table (e.g. spline, linear).
D-10. Settings shown on the model block diagrams must align with the computer model.

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 D-11. Where a controller uses input measurements or control outputs, these must be
appropriately configured and identified on the functional block diagrams.

5.2 User Manual

A project specific user manual should be submitted to Horizon Power with the computer
model. This user manual and computer model will be based on the best information available
at each stage of the project. The user manual must contain sufficient information to enable
Horizon Power to use the computer model to carry out power system studies for planning,
design and operational purposes. The user manual should not contain any confidential
information that cannot be released to third parties.
Information to be provided in the user manual, must include, but is not limited to the
following:
D-12. A description of the model components and parameters, and data category of each
parameter.
D-13. Information about how the model parameter values vary with the operating state
or output level of the equipment or with the operating state or output level of any
associated equipment (e.g. excitation system automatic and manual control,
configuration of voltage and power factor control modes).
D-14. Protection system settings and algorithms relevant to load flow or dynamic
simulation studies (e.g. under- and over-voltage or frequency protection settings).
D-15. Any special control or protection schemes that are relevant to load flow or dynamic
simulation studies (e.g. runback schemes, low voltage ride-through schemes, active
power reduction schemes).
D-16. Details of the connection point including single line diagrams, any parameters and
values, its location, any associated network augmentations or modifications (if
applicable) and other relevant connection information, sufficient to identify where
to connect the equipment in the HP power system model.
D-17. How the model is to be set up for power system analysis including, but not limited
to:
o Expected operational practice.
o Specific software simulation setup such as integration algorithm and RMS
simulation options, etc.
o Special setup for any associated auxiliary equipment or reactive compensation
equipment.
o Special setup required to enable, disable or configure protection functions.
o For a generating system, generating unit or load incorporating any power
electronic devices, a description of how that device should be included in the
short-circuit fault calculation.
o Any other information the customer considers relevant to the performance of
the equipment for the model's intended use or to achieve the relevant
accuracy requirements.

5.3 Other Documentation

As applicable, other documentation should be provided such as:

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 D-18. Equipment data sheets associated with the computer model.
D-19. If available, a report describing how the model was developed (model development
report).
D-20. Protection settings and model tuning report (design report).
D-21. For inverter connected generators, fault ride-through performance and model
validation report.
D-22. Other relevant documentation, such as model validation reports or type test
reports.
D-23. For synchronous generators, the max stator current limiter, OEL (max field current
limiter), UELs (min field current limiter, P-Q limiter), V/Hz and PSS circuit in AVR
with their settings and type of the limiter shall be included.
D-24. For synchronous generator type test data including generator impedances, time
constants and characteristics curves (Open circuit/short circuit, PQ and V-curve
characteristics) should also be provided.

5.4 R2 data, model validation and performance report (V)

Throughout the process of a new connection application or modification to an existing facility,
data accuracy is refined over time until it is validated during commissioning tests and R2
validation tests.
Following completion of tests an R2 data, model validation and performance report must be
submitted to Horizon Power for approval.
The R2 data, model validation and performance report must include:
V-1. Details of the tests undertaken.
V-2. Details of any discrepancies between the tests conducted and the agreed test
procedures.
V-3. Results, measurements, analysis techniques used and any relevant information to
assist Horizon Power with performing a due diligence assessment.
V-4. Specific assessments of the performance against relevant clauses of the Technical
Rules.
V-5. Model validation assessment with respect to the requirements outlined in this
document, including overlays of measured and simulated responses with accuracy
bands.
V-6. Final model and model documentation (computer model, block diagrams and
settings, updated user manual, etc).
V-7. Updated documentation with registered (R2) data. For upgrades or modifications
this should be the updated R2 data relevant to the upgrade. Parameters to be
derived from on-site tests are as follows:
o Parameters designated as "R2" in relevant to the facility.
o Parameters, other than those designated as "R2" in the Technical Rules that
contribute most significantly to the accuracy of the model for fault, voltage
and frequency disturbances in the power system, must be derived from on-
site tests, where possible. Where parameters are not designated as "R2" in the
Technical Rules, there remains the requirement to validate the value of these

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parameters (in aggregate) through the validation of the overall performance
of the system, device, unit or controller to which they pertain.

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6 Registered Data and Performance Standards

Test report(s) including:

o R2 data, model validation and performance report (with R2 data and
performance standards attachments).
o Model tuning report (design report).
o Various study reports conducted by Horizon Power on behalf of the proponent
to assess performance of the facility with respect to the Technical Rules and
the relevant connection agreement. This must include any due diligence
studies conducted by Horizon Power following receipt of the R2 data, model
validation and performance report.
Final computer model and block diagrams.
Approved exemptions from the requirements of the relevant version of the Technical
Rules.
For performance covered by a Technical Rules clause, demonstrated performance
with respect to the relevant technical requirements prior to the Rules commencement
date. It is necessary for the customer to show evidence there has been no degradation
in performance over previous agreed performance standards.
Any special conditions specified with the connection approval.

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Appendix A Low Voltage Embedded Generation (EG) connections
Horizon Power undertakes system impact studies for Low voltage EG installations to ensure
the effect of those installations on the power system are appropriately managed.
As part of these studies, the following events and associated boundary conditions are
investigated:
Normal system operation
Installation energisation and trip scenarios
System cloud events
Fault ride through scenarios
Network voltage and loading assessment
Fault levels and harmonics assessment
For each of these cases, the effect on system frequency, voltage, loading, and other power
quality parameters are assessed. Horizon Power conducts these studies in DigSilent
PowerFactory.
Model Requirements
Horizon Power requires a suitable power system simulation model for each type of inverter
proposed, which is able to adequately represent the performance of the installation for
each of the scenarios and events considered above.
The model should be a configured model that includes parameters and settings that the
proponent intends to use.
The model shall be supplied with an instruction manual and description of the control
philosophy of the LV EG system.
The model shall have the following functionality:
Run for steady state, dynamic (RMS), and harmonic simulations.
Able to adjust active power, reactive power and voltage setpoints in steady state
model.
Able to adjust active power, reactive power and voltage parameters in dynamic
model.

Technical requirements and AS/NZS 4777, including ability to set trip time delays.
l
requirements and AS/NZS 4777, including ability to set trip time delays.

Technical requirements and AS/NZS 4777, including ability to set droop response time
delays and parameters.

requirements and AS/NZS 4777, including ability to set droop response time delays
and parameters.

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 Include voltage vs VA
requirements and AS/NZS 4777, including ability to set droop response time delays
and parameters.
The model shall be provided in a DigSilent PowerFactory file with the inverter connected to
a single machine infinite bus. The model shall contain step load and bus fault cases which
demonstrate suitable performance of the RMS simulation, including satisfactory
initialisation of controller initial conditions. Default parameter settings for all common and
composite models for the inverter system shall be included.
A technical user guide (instruction manual) shall be provided with the model. This shall
include key parameters with a sufficient description of each parameter.
The following table outlines the parameters which must be able to be adjusted within the
dynamic plant model:

Table 3 Adjustable Model Parameters

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Horizon Power PowerFactory Modelling Guideline| 28
Note that the operating power, reactive power, and voltage setpoints must be accessible
and updated via parameter events within the PowerFactory RMS module.
Inverter harmonic current and flicker emission levels must be included in the inverter
model. The model should also include relevant protection relays and settings to simulate
the performance of the PV system during power system disturbances. This includes, but is
not limited to, under and overvoltage protection, under and over-frequency protection etc.
In addition to power system simulation model, the following information is also required for
Horizon Power to undertake System Impact Studies:
Maximum and minimum load at facility (active power and reactive power / power
factor).
Proposed arrangement and site layout of the installation.
Single line diagram of proposed LV EG system.
Typical 24 hr load power curve measured at 15 minute intervals or less.
Inverter capability curves.

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