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    Calculation Methods - Ground Grid Systems - ETAP

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    Manuel
    This document describes different calculation methods for ground grid systems, including the finite element method and IEEE standards-based methods. It provides details on using optimization routines to determine the minimum number of conductors and ground rods needed to limit step and touch potentials. Key formulas are also presented for reflection factor, surface layer derating factor, decrement factor, and tolerable step and touch potentials.

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    Calculation Methods - Ground Grid Systems - ETAP

    Uploaded by

    Manuel
    944 views3 pages
    This document describes different calculation methods for ground grid systems, including the finite element method and IEEE standards-based methods. It provides details on using optimization routines to determine the minimum number of conductors and ground rods needed to limit step and touch potentials. Key formulas are also presented for reflection factor, surface layer derating factor, decrement factor, and tolerable step and touch potentials.

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    Calculation Methods - Ground Grid Systems - ETAP

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    This document describes different calculation methods for ground grid systems, including the finite element method and IEEE standards-based methods. It provides details on using optimization routines to determine the minimum number of conductors and ground rods needed to limit step and touch potentials. Key formulas are also presented for reflection factor, surface layer derating factor, decrement factor, and tolerable step and touch potentials.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    944 views3 pages

    Calculation Methods - Ground Grid Systems - ETAP

    Uploaded by

    Manuel
    This document describes different calculation methods for ground grid systems, including the finite element method and IEEE standards-based methods. It provides details on using optimization routines to determine the minimum number of conductors and ground rods needed to limit step and touch potentials. Key formulas are also presented for reflection factor, surface layer derating factor, decrement factor, and tolerable step and touch potentials.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 3

    Calculation Methods - Ground Grid Systems Pgina 1 de 3

    Calculation Methods - Ground Grid Systems


    The Ground Grid Systems module includes the following methods of computation:

    Finite Element Method


    ANSI/IEEE Std 80-1986

    IEEE Guide for Safety in AC Substation Grounding

    ANSI/IEEE Std 80-2000

    IEEE Guide for Safety in AC Substation Grounding

    ANSI/IEEE Std 665 - 1995

    IEEE Guide for Generating Station Grounding

    Optimization of Conductors

    ANSI/IEEE Std Based Methods

    Optimization of Conductors and Rods

    ANSI/IEEE Std Based Methods

    Finite Element Method


    The Finite Element method (FEM) is based on a method of images, and assumes that the grounding system
    is an equipotential structure. The uniform or two-layer soil view is also used with the FEM method.

    IEEE Std Methods


    IEEE Std 80-2000, IEEE Std 80-1986, or IEEE Std 665-1995 is optional for the calculation of Step and
    Touch (mesh) Potentials, Ground Resistance, Ground Potential Rise, Tolerable Step and Touch Potential
    Limits. IEEE Std 80-1986 or IEEE Std 665-1995 is used only for the Square/Rectangular shapes of ground
    grids; IEEE Std 80-2000 can be used for Square/Rectangular, Triangular, L-Shaped, or T-Shaped ground
    grids.

    When computing step and touch potential in a two-layer soil structure using the IEEE-80 method, ETAP
    uses the soil resistivity defined for the layer where the ground grid is located, and the formulas in IEEE-80
    for single layer soil model. This is because IEEE-80 does not provide formulas for step and touch potential
    calculations for two-layer soil structure.

    Optimization of Conductors
    ETAP determines the minimum number of conductors that satisfy the tolerable limits for the Step and
    Touch potentials for a fixed number of ground rods. The GGS module begins calculations with a grid
    consisting of only two conductors on each side, and increases the number of conductors (keeping the mesh
    almost square) until a solution is reached. This optimization function applies to IEEE Std methods only.

    Optimization of Conductors and Rods


    The GGS module performs a cost optimization routine to determine the optimum number of conductors
    and ground rods needed to limit the Step and Touch potentials. ETAP begins the optimization routine with
    a minimum of two parallel conductors horizontally, two parallel conductors vertically, and four rods. With
    each iteration, the number of rods and conductors is increased based on their cost effectiveness in reducing
    unwanted potential levels. This optimization function is for IEEE standard methods only.

    Fundamental Formulas
    Some fundamental formulas are given below.

    Reflection Factor, K

    Calculation Methods - Ground Grid Systems Pgina 1 de 3


    Calculation Methods - Ground Grid Systems Pgina 2 de 3

    Where r is the resistivity of the earth beneath the surface material in ohm-m; r is the surface layer soil
    s
    resistivity in ohm-m.

    Surface Layer Derating Factor, C


    s

    For IEEE Std 80-2000

    where hs is the thickness of the surface layer in meter.

    For IEEE Std 80-1986, IEEE Std 665-1995

    C is 1 when K=0.
    s

    Decrement Factor, Df

    Where T is the equivalent system subtransient time constant in seconds.


    a

    Tolerable Step Potential, E and E


    step touch

    For body weight of 50 kg

    For body weight of 70 kg

    Calculation Methods - Ground Grid Systems Pgina 2 de 3


    Calculation Methods - Ground Grid Systems Pgina 3 de 3

    Maximum Grid Current, I


    G

    Ground Grid Systems


    Ground Grid Systems Presentation
    Create a New Ground Grid Presentation
    Edit a Ground Grid System
    Project Toolbar
    - FEM Edit Toolbar
    - IEEE Edit Toolbar
    - Ground Grid Study Method Toolbar
    Grid Editor
    - Info Page
    - Results Page
    - Remarks Page
    - Comment Page
    Study Case Editor
    - Update Ground Grid Short-Circuit Current
    - Soil Editor
    FEM Group Editor
    - Conductor/Rod Editor (FEM)
    IEEE Group Editor
    - Conductors Page
    - Rods Page
    Calculation Methods
    Required Data
    Output Reports
    Plots Selection
    Alert View

    Calculation Methods - Ground Grid Systems Pgina 3 de 3

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