Electricity Class 10

Electricity Class 10
● Electricity is a flow of tiny particles called electrons

which can travel through wires.
● There are two types of Electricity, Static Electricity and
Current Electricity.
● Static Electricity is made by rubbing together two or
more objects and making friction.
● Current electricity is the flow of electric charge
across an electrical field.
Electric charges
● Two types-
1. POSITIVE (+)
2. NEGATIVE (-)
● LIKE CHARGES REPEL
● UNLIKE CHARGES ATTRACT
● Electrons carry a negative charge(-1.6 x 10-19) and
protons carry a positive charge (+1.6 x 10-19).
● Symbol - (Q)
● Sl unit - Coulomb ©
Elementary Charge- The charge present on one electron

is called elementary charge, It is denoted by "e".
[e=1.6×10^-18 C]
Quantisation of charge- The quantisation of charge

means that charges always exits in a complete number.
(I.e.- 1e, 2e, 3e, 4e and so on).
Q= ne
Where, Q= Charges
n= no of electron
e= charge on electron
Electric current
● It is the rate of flow of electric charges.
● Symbol I
● S.I. unit - Ampere
i= q/t or q= it
Where,i= current
q= charge
t= time
● 1 Ampere: When 1 coulomb of charge flows in circuit
for 1 sec, the current is said to be of 1 ampere.
1A= 1C/1 sec
● 1 Coulomb: When 1 ampere of current flows in circuit
for 1 sec, the amount of charge circulated is of 1
coulomb.
1C= 1A. 1sec
Q.A current of 150mA flows through a circuit for 2

min. Find the amount of charge that flows through a
circuit.
mA=10^-3
I= 150 × 10^-3
t= 2min, 2×60= 120 sec
I= q/t
q= it
q= 150×10^-3 × 120
q= 18,000 × 10^-3
q= 18C Ans
Q. A total of 6 x 10^16 electrons flow through a

current carrying conductor when connected through
an external power supply for 20S. Find the value of
current in the conductor.
Given, n= 6×10^16
t= 20 sec
e= 1.6×10^-19
Q= ne
Q= 6×10^16 × 1.6×10^-19
Q= 9.6×10^-3
I= q/t
I = 9.6×10^-3 / 20
I = 4.8×10-4 A Ans
● Conductor- current flow through it.

● Insulator- current can't flow through it.
Ammeter
● Ammeter is a device used to measure the current.
● Ammeter is connected in series with the conductor.
● Measures the current in ampere.
Galvanometer
● It is a device used to measure sensitive current.
● It can also show the direction of current flowing.
Potential difference
● It is the Work done per unit charge.
● Potential Difference = work done charge
● V =W/Q, 1V = 1 Joule / 1 coulomb
● S.I. unit- Volt "V"
1 Volt: When 1 joule work is done in carrying one coulomb
charge then potential difference is called 1 volt.
● Measuring device - Voltmeter

A voltmeter is always connected in parallel in an electric
circuit.
Electromotive force
● Work done by a cell in moving unit charge around the
circuit is called electromotive force.
(Cell is device that convert chemical energy into electrical
energy)
● Symbol - E
● S.I unit- Volt , V
● Formula - E= W/qo
Where, E= Electromotive force
W= Work done
qo= Test charge
Current depends on potential difference

● If, V= 0, then I= 0
● If, V= increase, then I= increase
● If, V= decrease, then I= decrease
Ohm's law
● According to the ohm's law, if all the physical
condition remains constant then the current flow
through the conductor will be directly proportion to
the potential difference of the conductor.
I.e- V∝i
V=iR
Where, V= potential difference
I= current
R= is a constant, which is called resistance of the wire.
Q. The potential difference between the terminals of

an electric heater is 75 V when it draws a current of
5A from the source. What current will the heater
draw, if the potential difference is increased to 150
V.
V=75, I= 5A
V=IR
R = V/I
R= 75/5
R= 15 ohms
Now, V= 150, R= 15, I=?
I=V/R
I= 150/15
I= 10A Ans
Resistance
● The property of a conductor due to which it opposes
the flow of current through, it is called resistance.
● Symbol- R
● S.I unit- Ohm (Ω)
● Measuring device- Ohmmeter
Resistance of Conductor
● Resistance of the conductor depends on its length and
area. It also on depends on that MATERIAL of
conductor .
● L↑=↑ R, Resistance is directly proportional to the
length. R∝l
● A ↑ = R↓, Resistance is inversely proportional to the
area. R∝1/A
● R∝l/A
● R= ρ l/A or ρ = RA/l
p→ Rho→ resistivity
● ρ = Ωm
Difference between Resistance & Resistivity

RESISTANCE
● Ability of CONDUCTOR to oppose current.
● It depends on the length and area of the cross
section.
RESISTIVITY
● Ability of MATERIAL of conductor to oppose current.
● It does not depend on length and area of cross
section.
Combination of resistance
For series
● Take 3 resistors R1, R2 and R3 connected in series
and a battery of V volts has been connected. suppose
the p.d across R1 is V1, R2 is V2 and R3 is V3.
● Total p.d across the 3 resistors should be equal to the
voltage of the battery i.e.
V = V1 + V2 + V3 __________[1]
from ohm 's law--

V = IR ___________[2]
V1 = IR1 _________[3]
V2 = IR2 _________[4]
V3 = IR3 _________[5]
putting values of V1, V2 and V3 in [1]
IR = IR1 + IR2 + IR3
=IR = I [R1 + R2 + R3]
=R = R1 + R2 +R3
For parallel--
● Take 3 resistors R1, R2, R3 connected in parallel and

connect a battery on V volts. In this case the p.d
across the ends will be the same. The current flowing,
however, is not the same.
Total I = I1 + I2 + I3 _______[1]
from ohm 's law--

I = V / R _______[2]
I1 = V / R1 _________[3]
I2 = V / R2 __________[4]
I3 = V / R3 _________[5]
putting the values of I1, I2 and I3 in [1]

V / R = V / R1 + V / R2 + V / R3
= V / R = V [1 / R1 + 1 / R2 + 1 / R3]
= 1 / R = 1 / R1 + 1 / R2 +1 / R3
Q. Two resistance of 3 ohm and 6 ohm are connected
in parallel combination. Find its equivalent
resistance.
Sol. Given, R1= 3 ohms, R2= 6 ohms, R=?
1/R= 1/R1 + 1/RE
1/R= ⅓ + ⅙
1/R= 2+⅙
1/R= 3/6
1/R= ½
R=2 ohms
Q. Three resistance of 2 ohm, 3 ohm, 4 ohm are

connected in series , and find the equivalent
resistance.
Sol. Given, R1=2 ohm, R2=3 ohm, R3=4 ohm , R=?
R= R1+R2+RE
R= 2+3+4
R=9 ohm
Q. Find the current. Do it yourself.
Heating or thermal effect of electric current

● When electric current is passed through a resistance
wire, the wire gets heated. This is called heating
effect of electric current.
Work done by electric current
● If W Joule work is done by flowing q Coulomb charge
in a conductor in which potential difference at two
ends is V volt, the according to the definition of p.d
V=W/q
Or,. W= V×q. (i)
● We know that, I= q/t or q= i×t. (ii)
● Combining eq. i and ii
W=V×i×t
Calculation of electrical energy in a conductor

● Let W be work done in taking q coulomb of charge
from one end of the conductor to the other end and V
is the potential difference across the conductor , then
according to the definition of p.d,
V=W/q or W=V×q
Or,. W=Vit,. ….(i) (q=it)
● By ohm's law,
V=iR or I= V/R
● Now substituting V=iR, in eq. (i), we get
W=iR×it or W= i^2Rt. …..(i)
● Again, substituting I=V/R in eq. (ii), we get
W=(V/R)^2 ×Rt
W=V^2/R^2 ×Rt
W=V^2t/R
Hence, W=Vit= i^2Rt= V^2t/R
Joule's law of heating

● Heat generated in the conductor is directly
proportional to the -
(i)- square of current - H∝i^2
(ii)- Resistance- H∝R
(iii)- Time for which the current is passed- H∝t
So, H= i^2Rt
Heating effect of electric current

● H= i^2Rt
● H= Vit
● H= V^2t/R
Electric power
● It is work done per unit time.
● It is denoted by P,
● Unit= Watt(W)
● Power= amount of work done/total time
P=W/t. …..(i)
● We know that W= Vit, then from eq. (i), we have
P=Vit/t= Vi. …….(ii)
● Again, i= V/R
Then from eq. (ii) , we have,
P= V×V/R
P=V^2×R. ……..(iii)
● Also, V=iR, then from eq. (iii), we have
P=(iR)^2
=i^2 R^2/R
= i^2 R. ……..(iv)
● Now , combining eq., (i), (ii), (iii), & (iiii), we get
P=W/t=Vi=V^2/R=i^2 R
Q. An electric refrigerator rated 500 W operates 6

hours/day. What is the cost of the energy to operate
it for 30 days at 4.5 per KWh?
P=500W = 500× 10^-3kw
t= 6 × 30 = 180 hours
P= W/t
W=Pxt = 500×10-3×180, W= 90 j

Electricity Class 10

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Electricity Class 10

● Electricity is a flow of tiny particles called electrons

Elementary Charge- The charge present on one electron

Quantisation of charge- The quantisation of charge

Q.A current of 150mA flows through a circuit for 2

Q. A total of 6 x 10^16 electrons flow through a

● Conductor- current flow through it.

● Measuring device - Voltmeter

Current depends on potential difference

Q. The potential difference between the terminals of

Difference between Resistance & Resistivity

from ohm 's law--

● Take 3 resistors R1, R2, R3 connected in parallel and

from ohm 's law--

putting the values of I1, I2 and I3 in [1]

Q. Three resistance of 2 ohm, 3 ohm, 4 ohm are

Q. Find the current. Do it yourself.

Heating or thermal effect of electric current

Calculation of electrical energy in a conductor

Joule's law of heating

Heating effect of electric current

Q. An electric refrigerator rated 500 W operates 6

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