1

Mitigation of Transient Recovery Voltage Issues

Associated with Transmission Capacitor Banks
G. W. Becker, Senior Member, M. F McGranaghan, Member, IEEE S. Santoso, Senior Member IEEE and M.
Waclawiak, Member, IEEE

Abstract—The failure of several transmission capacitor banks Based on the study, it was determined that existing 245 kV,
prompted The United Illuminating Company to perform an engineering 50 kA capacitor breakers do not possess sufficient TRV
study to evaluate the transient recovery voltage capabilities of existing
123-kV, oil-filled capacitor bank circuit breakers at the East Shore 115- capabilities for clearing a three-phase ungrounded fault at the
kV substation. The study determined if the transient recovery voltage source-side terminals of the energized capacitor bank. There
capability of existing bus and capacitor bank circuit breakers is sufficient exists a step jump in the TRV profile immediately following
for the present system configuration. Furthermore, the study determined
the required design and application changes related to the circuit
the breaker opening. This phenomenon is contributed by the
breakers and capacitor bank component equipment, required to ensure presence of the inrush current limiting reactors between the
that the bus and capacitor bank circuit breaker transient recovery breaker terminals and the fault location. As a practical
voltage capabilities are not exceeded. The study recommended a future
capacitor bank configuration to mitigate transient recovery voltage
permanent solution to this problem, current limiting reactors
issues. The results of the study also lead to an expansion of the study area are relocated to the neutral side of capacitor terminals.
to include an adjacent substation, Grand Avenue Substation, due to Additional capacitances of 95 nF/phase/bus or larger, in the
concerns about the required transient recovery voltage capabilities of new form of two 47.5-nF three-phase sets of CVTs, at the bus side
gas-insulated switchgear to be installed.
of the capacitor bank circuit breakers are also recommended to
Index Terms—Transient Recovery Voltage (TRV), pre-insertion further reduced the rate of rise of the recovery voltage.
(closing) resistors, three phase grounded fault, three phase ungrounded
fault, re-strike, inrush current, outrush current, reactor, circuit breaker,
circuit switcher, rate of rise of recovery voltage (RRRV). II. ARRANGEMENT OF TRANSMISSION CAPACITOR BANKS
. The East Shore 115-kV substation is a breaker-and-a-half
switching station with two main buses identified as Generator
I. INTRODUCTION and Line Buses. The New Haven Harbor Generating Station
Recent failures of transmission capacitor banks is connected to the Generator Bus through a 475 MVA,
documented in [1-3] prompted The United Illuminating 22/115 kV delta wye-grounded transformer. Under a normal
Company (UI) to evaluate the transient recovery capabilities operation condition, all breakers in the substation are closed
of existing bus and capacitor breakers. The UI transmission and both buses are energized. The substation has a total of
network consists of 115-kV overhead lines and underground two 42 Mvar three-phase capacitor banks, one connected to
cables. The network employs switched capacitor banks for each bus. SF6 circuit breakers are used to energize and de-
voltage and reactive power support. These capacitor banks energize the capacitor banks. Each 42 Mvar capacitor bank is
are equipped with current limiting reactors installed on the equipped with 0.4 ohm/phase reactors to limit the inrush
source side of the capacitor terminals. current during a back-to-back energizing and the outrush
The objective of this paper is to present key approaches current during a close-in fault. In addition, the capacitor
and findings of our on-going studies to evaluate the transient configuration is also equipped with MOV arresters to reduce
recovery voltage (TRV) capabilities of existing capacitor and transient overvoltages. The inrush current limiting reactors
bus breakers. In this paper, we focus on capacitor breakers at are installed at the source side of the capacitor bank. Each
the East Shore 115-kV substation. The study determined the capacitor bank is connected in an ungrounded-wye
required design and application changes related to the circuit configuration. Figure 1 illustrates a capacitor bank
breakers and capacitor bank component equipment required to arrangement in the East Shore 115-kV substation.
ensure that the capacitor bank breaker TRV capabilities are
not exceeded.

This work is the result of a joint study involving The United Illuminating
Company and The Electric Power Research Institute.
G. W. Becker and M. Waclawiak are with The United Illuminating
Company, Shelton, CT 06484 USA
M. F McGranaghan is with The Electric Power Research Institute, Fig. 1 – A 42 Mvar three-phase capacitor bank at a 115-kV Bus
Knoxville, TN 37932 USA.
S. Santoso is with The University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712 USA
The East Shore 115-kV capacitor configuration is similar
 2

to the Hydro One Richview Transformer Station capacitor energize and de-energize capacitor banks must be able to
configuration [2-3]. They are both connected in a withstand inrush capacitive switching and momentary
ungrounded-wye manner and inrush current limiting reactors currents during back-to-back capacitor switching.
are installed at the source side of the capacitor bank. On 3. The line breakers must be able to withstand outrush
January 30, 2007 an extreme event occurred at the Rich View capacitive switching and momentary currents during
TS. A double phase-to-neutral fault occurred at the terminal close-in faults.
of a 230 kV, 400 Mvar capacitor bank during an energizing
operation. The double phase-to-neutral fault then evolved into IV. TIME-DOMAIN MODEL OF ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT
a three-phase to neutral fault. The circuit breaker used to A time-domain equivalent circuit covering the entire New
energize and de-energize the capacitor bank failed to clear the Haven 115-kV system including its overhead lines and
fault in time and the rate of rise of the recovery voltage was underground cables was developed. The system wide model
thought to have exceeded the breaker withstand transient is preferred compared to a reduced network with a few buses
recovery voltage capability. Because of this incident and away from the bus of interest. This is so because it can be
given the fact that the capacitor bank configuration at the East reused for evaluating TRV performance of breakers at other
Shore 115-kV substation is similar, the United Illuminating buses and provides a more realistic representation of the
Company called for a study to evaluate the TRV withstand system underground cable capacitance. The time-domain
capability of capacitor circuit breakers when a three-phase model was developed using the PSCAD/EMTDC platform.
fault occurs at the capacitor terminals. The overhead lines are represented with a Bergeron line
model based on a distributed LC parameter travelling-wave
III. EVALUATION AND SOLUTION METHODS line model with a lumped resistance. The line model
essentially represents the L and C elements of a PI section in a
TRV withstand capabilities of a circuit breaker are distributed manner along the line and emulates the effect of an
evaluated using standard practices described in IEEE Std. infinite number of PI sections. The underground cable model
C37.011-2005 [4-5]. The prospective system TRV profiles is developed based on the cable cross-section and laying-
are estimated for the most unfavorable short-circuit condition formation data, as well as cable electrical properties of
through the use of the time-domain modeling and simulation conductors and insulators (resistivity, permittivity, and
approach. The most severe system TRVs tend to occur across permeability). The built-in cable models are solved using the
the first pole to open when the circuit breaker interrupts a frequency-dependent phase approach.
symmetrical three-phase ungrounded fault at or near the The internal apparatus capacitances on the source side of
breaker terminals during which the system voltage is at the circuit breaker must be taken into account because they
maximum. Since the resulting prospective system TRV is influence the rate of rise of the transient recovery voltage.
greatly influenced by the design of the circuit breaker, an Because effective capacitance values of East Shore 115-kV
idealized circuit breaker is used. Therefore, when the breaker apparatus are not readily available, they are approximated
conducts, it has zero impedance. At current zero, the breaker using data available from IEEE Std. C37.011-2005 Annex B.
impedance changes from zero to infinity. Capacitance values are specified for outdoor bushings,
Since there are two three-phase capacitor banks in the same inductive instrument transformers, capacitive voltage
substation, energizing a capacitor bank with another bank transformers, bus work, circuit breakers, and transformers.
already energized will cause significant inrush capacitive
V. TRV ANALYSIS FOR THE EXISTING CONFIGURATION
switching current to flow from the energized bank to the one
being energized for a fraction of a cycle. Similarly, when a TRV capabilities of existing capacitor breakers were
close-in line or bus fault occurs near an energized capacitor evaluated for the most conservative conditions: A three-phase
bank, capacitive current will flow from the bank to the fault ungrounded fault was applied at the source side of the
location. Circuit breakers will fail to close or open when energized capacitor (see Fig. 1) and the other capacitor was
inrush or outrush currents exceed the capacitive current offline.
switching duties of the breakers. Current limiting reactors are Fig. 2 shows phase currents and voltages during a three-
usually required to limit the magnitude and frequency of the phase ungrounded fault. When the fault is on the system but
capacitive switching current to an acceptable level. Therefore, before it is cleared by the capacitor breaker (i.e. before 0.0173
a good solution is one that addresses the capacitor breaker msec), the voltage at the neutral point of the energized
TRV concern while maintaining capacitive switching currents capacitor bank (refer to Fig. 1 for this neutral point) is zero (or
to rated switching and momentary current capabilities of both negligible) as shown in Fig. 2D. This is so because the power
line and capacitor circuit breakers. In other words, the system remains balanced as a three-phase ungrounded fault is
following criteria must be satisfied. a balanced fault. During this period, the transient recovery
1. The capacitor bank circuit breakers must be able to voltage (Fig. 2B) is zero because none of the poles have
withstand transient recovery voltage resulting from a opened. Recall that the transient recovery voltage is the
three-phase ungrounded fault at the source-side of the voltage across the contacts of the circuit breaker. The
capacitor terminals. capacitor bank voltage (Fig. 2E) is also zero as the three-phase
2. The capacitor circuit switchers or breakers used to fault is at the source side of the capacitor terminals. The
 3

voltage across the reactor is large (Fig. 2C) since the current
Instantaneous Short Circuit Current
flowing through it is a fault current (35 kArms). 60
40 (A)
When the first pole of the breaker opens (at 0.0173 msec), 20
the voltage appears across the pole contacts. This is the 0

kA
system TRV voltage associated with the breaker opening (Fig. -20
-40
2B). Note that the other two poles have not opened yet – thus -60
they have no TRV. The power system beyond 0.0173 msec is 250
TRV across the frist pole of the breaker
unbalanced. The voltage at the neutral point of the capacitor 200 (B)
bank (Fig. 2D) is no longer zero but it oscillates. For the 150
purpose of evaluating the performance of the breaker TRV

kV
100
withstand capability; the first few microseconds following the 50
0
first pole opening are most critical. The voltage across the
Voltage across the reactor
reactor drops abruptly from about +20 kV to zero in 2 µS as 25.0
(C)
the fault current has been interrupted. This abrupt change
causes a step voltage change (i.e. to –10 kV) at the neutral of

kV
the capacitor bank. Even without the step voltage change, the
neutral voltage is moving away significantly from zero, i.e. to -25.0
–80 kV. The shifting of the neutral voltage causes extremely 10
Voltage at the netural of the capacitor bank
high magnitudes in the system TRV. This is why an
ungrounded capacitor bank typically imposes severe TRV (D)
duties on a circuit breaker.
kV
The voltage step changes across the reactor and at the
-80
neutral point leads to a sudden step change in the TRV profile
Voltage across the capacitor bank
(i.e. 30 kV in 2 µS, or an initial step change of 15 kV/µS). 2.00
1.50 (E)
The RRRV is obviously unacceptable. Fig. 3 shows the first 1.00
0.50
150 µS of the TRV profile. The sudden step jump can be 0.00
kV

-0.50
clearly seen near the point of origin of the plot. -1.00
-1.50
The system TRV profile is then compared with the existing -2.00
breaker related TRV withstand capability at 71% of the rated time (... 0.0050 0.0075 0.0100 0.0125 0.0150 0.0175 0.0200
interrupting current. Fig. 4 clearly shows that the system TRV
profile greatly exceeds the breaker related TRV withstand Fig. 2. Short circuit current and voltages at the phase with the first open pole
during the three-phase ungrounded fault at the source side of the capacitor
capability in terms of the initial step jump, rate of rise of the terminals.
recovery voltage and the peak voltage. Note that the step
jump immediately following the breaker opening is clearly
TRV across the frist pole of the breaker
90
visible.
80
Current-limiting reactors have been used successfully over 70
the years to reduce the peak magnitude and frequency of 60

outrush currents experienced by a line breaker during close-in 50

kV

40
faults. Unfortunately, the presence of a current-limiting
30
reactor places tremendous transient recovery voltage stress on 20
a capacitor breaker when clearing a three-phase ungrounded 10
0
fault at the source side terminals of the capacitor bank [6-7]. time (... 0.01733 0.01735 0.01738 0.01740 0.01743 0.01745 0.01748 0.01750
Depending on the size of the reactor, the transient recovery
voltage across the contacts during the first pole opening may Fig. 3. Comparison between the prospective system TRV associated with the
greatly exceed the TRV withstand capability of the capacitor capacitor breaker and the related TRV capability of a general purpose breaker
at 71% of interrupting rating.
breaker. When this condition occurs, the capacitor breaker is
unlikely to open successfully The initial step jump in the system TRV can be eliminated by
completely removing these reactors from the capacitor
VI. SOLUTION TO ELIMINATE THE INITIAL STEP CHANGE configuration. Alternatively, the reactors can be bypassed
The above analysis indicates that 0.4 ohm/phase reactors once a back-to-back energizing operation is completed.
cause an abrupt initial step voltage change immediately after Unfortunately, these mitigation measures are not desirable as a
the first pole of the breaker opens. This step change then three-phase ungrounded fault may occur before reactors are
causes a step voltage change in the neutral of the capacitor bypassed. Furthermore, these reactors must be present in the
bank. circuit for the outrush current limiting purpose.
 4

Therefore, the voltage step change between before and after

500
the first pole opening is negligible. For this reason, the
Definite 245 kV, 50 kA →
450
at 72% rated
system TRV does not experience an initial step jump
400 immediately after the first pole opening. If the size of the
reactor is sufficiently large, the voltage across it would be
350
larger. An initial step change immediately after the first pole
300 opening would be observed. The larger the size of the
← General 245 kV, 50 kA
at 72% rated reactors and the larger the magnitude of the fault current, the
kV

250

200
higher the initial step jump will be. The size of the capacitor
bank has an insignificant effect on the magnitude of the initial
150
System TRV step jump since the voltage across (Fig. 6E) is even smaller as
100 General 245 kV, 50 kA compared to that of the reactor.
at 72% rated
50 Definite 245 kV, 50 kA
at 72% rated
0 Instantaneous Short Circuit Current
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 80
time in μsecs 60 (A)
40
Fig. 4. Comparison between the prospective system TRV associated with the 20
0

kA
capacitor breaker and the related TRV capability of a general purpose breaker -20
at 71% of interrupting rating. -40
-60
-80
A sound engineering solution to this problem is to relocate 300
TRV across the frist pole of the breaker

these reactors to the neutral side of the capacitor bank as 250

(B)
200
shown in Fig. 5. With this solution, an appropriately sized 150
reactor for each phase can be used for current limiting kV 100
50
purposes without causing an initial step change in the system 0
TRV. Note that this solution alone will not reduce the peak of -50
Voltage across the reactor
the TRV profile. 2.0
(C)
FaultCTL

1.0

0.0
kV
FAULTS

-1.0
FaultType

-2.0
Vcapacitor

Vreactor

Voltage at the netural of the capacitor bank

TRV

C
A

10

LBRKCap 0.0011 [H]

(D)
iLBRKCap 8.424 [uF]
Vneutral

0.0011 [H]
kV

8.424 [uF]
0.0011 [H]

8.424 [uF] -90

Fig. 5. Proposed Solution to Eliminate Step Jump in the System Transient Voltage across the capacitor bank
2.00
Recovery Voltage. 1.50 (E)
1.00
0.50
The proposed solution is evaluated through simulations 0.00
kV

-0.50
with conditions described earlier. Fig. 6 shows the resulting -1.00
-1.50
short-circuit current, the neutral voltage, and voltages across -2.00
the reactor, breaker, and capacitor at the phase in which the time (... 0.0050 0.0075 0.0100 0.0125 0.0150 0.0175 0.0200
first pole opens. While the fault is on the system but before
the first pole opens (i.e., before t = 0.0173 msec), the voltage Fig. 6. Short circuit current and voltages at the phase in which the first pole
across it is zero because the pole has not yet opened. Voltages open during the three-phase ungrounded fault at the source side of the
capacitor terminals.
across the capacitor and reactor are zero because the fault is
exactly at the source side of the capacitor terminals. The
neutral voltage is zero because the power system is still Fig. 7 shows the first 200 µS of the system TRV is plotted
balanced as this is a balanced fault. and compared with the breaker TRV withstand capability
Immediately after the first pole of the breaker opens (t > curve. Of course, the peak TRV exceeds the breaker
0.0173 msec), the power system becomes unbalanced. As withstand capability; however, the initial step jump in the
expected, the neutral voltage (Fig. 6D) shifts significantly system TRV is clearly eliminated. Based on this analysis, the
away from zero. In addition, its magnitude is larger than that conclusion is that reactors must be relocated to the neutral of
shown in Fig. 2D. This is attributed to the presence of the the capacitor banks to get rid of the initial step jump in the
reactor at the neutral side of the capacitor. Note that the system TRV.
capacitor configuration is ungrounded.
It is interesting to note that the voltage across the reactor
(Fig. 6C) is insignificant compared to the neutral voltage.
 5

TRV across the frist pole of the breaker

The effectiveness of circuit switchers with pre-insertion
90
resistors was also evaluated. Therefore, instead of using a
80
70
circuit breaker to energize and de-energize a capacitor, an
60 appropriate circuit switcher designed for switching and
50 protection of shunt capacitor banks should be used. Such a
kV

40 circuit switcher is equipped with standard pre-insertion

30
20
closing resistors and has a much higher number of operations
10
between maintenance intervals (i.e. 10,000 operations for the
0 circuit switcher before required major maintenance, versus
time (... 0.01725 0.01730 0.01735 0.01740 0.01745 0.01750 2,000 operations for the circuit breaker before required major
maintenance). The recommended capacitor configuration for
Fig. 7. System transient voltage recovery profile after the reactors are
relocated to the neutral of the capacitor bank. The initial step jump in the
each 42 Mvar capacitor bank is summarized in Fig. 9. The
system TRV is eliminated capacitor breakers shown are on the basis of three-phase
grounded faults.
VII. METHODS TO REDUCE THE RATE OF RISE AND PEAK TRV 350
There are three basic approaches to reduce the rate of rise ← Definite 170 kV, 63 kA
and the peak value of the transient recovery voltage: 300 at 80% rated

• Approach 1. Provide additional capacitances to the source ← Definite 145 kV, 63 kA ← General 170 kV, 63 kA
at 80% rated at 80% rated
side of the capacitor circuit breakers without modifying the 250
← Definite 123 kV, 63 kA ← General 145 kV, 63 kA
configuration of existing capacitor banks. Additional at 80% rated at 80% rated
200 ← General 123 kV, 63 kA
capacitances can be in the form of bushing capacitances,
at 80% rated

kV
capacitive voltage transformers, and capacitance banks. Ungrounded
150 Fault
• Approach 2: Modify the existing capacitor configuration
in such a way to reduce the rate of rise and peak value of 100 Grounded
the system TRV. This approach includes replacing Fault
existing capacitor breakers with those having higher TRV 50 System TRV
duties and providing an intentional ground to the neutral of General Purpose
the capacitor bank configuration. Definite Purpose
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
• Approach 3: Combine the above two approaches. time in μsecs
These three approaches were analyzed for three-phase
Fig. 8. Comparison between the prospective system TRV associated with
grounded and ungrounded faults, neutral reactors grounded grounded and ungrounded faults in an ungrounded capacitor configuration.
and ungrounded, different values of bushing capacitances, and
different circuit breaker ratings.
The prospective system TRV profiles for an ungrounded
neutral reactor configuration were evaluated for three-phase
ungrounded and grounded faults. On the basis of clearing
three-phase grounded faults at the capacitor terminals, a
capacitor breaker must be rated 123 kV/63 kA general-
purpose or higher. However, it cannot be expected to
successfully clear a three-phase ungrounded fault at the same
location. Fig. 8 shows system TRV profiles for three-phase
grounded and ungrounded faults relative to breaker TRV
capabilities. System TRV peaks for three-phase ungrounded
and grounded faults are 274.5 kV and 157.1 kV, respectively.
In other words, a three-phase ungrounded fault yields 118 kV
higher than a three-phase grounded fault. To successfully
clear a three-phase ungrounded fault, the capacitor breaker
must be rated 170 kV/63 kA definite-purpose or higher. It is
important to note that two 47.5-nF three-phase sets of CVTs
are added to both main buses. Fig. 9. Future capacitor configuration with the neutral point of the reactors
being ungrounded. Capacitor breaker ratings on the basis of three-phase
VIII. RECOMMENDED CAPACITOR CONFIGURATION grounded faults are 123 kV/63 kA general-purpose or higher.

In addition to the TRV evaluation which resulted in the ACKNOWLEDGMENT

application of 123kV, 63kA circuit breakers for capacitor
bank protection (based on a three phase grounded fault), the The authors gratefully acknowledge the contributions of
size of current-limiting reactors were evaluated to ensure that Daniel Brooks and Wes Sunderman of Electric Power
they have adequate inrush and outrush capabilities without Research Institute, and Christian Bilcheck, Robert Pellegrini,
adversely affecting the breaker TRV performance. Mark Adams, Alex Boutsioulis, Dave Bradt, and Chuck Eves
 6

of The United Illuminating Company for their work associated Mr. Waclawiak has coauthored CIRED papers - “Weather Normalized Load
Demand Forecasting for Distribution Planning” and “Using Energy as a
with this document. Measure of Risk in Distribution Planning” , IEEE Transaction Papers –
“System impacts evaluation of a single-phase traction load on a 115-kV
IX. REFERENCES transmission system”, “ Substation power quality performance monitoring and
the Internet”, “Substation power quality monitoring to prioritize system
[1] T. A Bellei, and G. Ransom, “Current-limiting inductors used in
improvements” and “Indices for Assessing Utility Distribution System RMS
capacitor bank applications and their impact on fault current
Variation Performance”, and an article to Transmission & Distribution World
interruption,” 2001 IEEE/PES Transmission and Distribution
Magazine – “Utilities Implement Intelligent Monitoring Applications to
Conference and Exposition, Vol. 1, pp. 603 – 607, Oct. 28 – Nov. 2,
Improve Reliability
2001..
[2] L. Marti, Richview TS Capacitor Bank Failure,” Special Studies,
Transmission System Development, Hydro One Networks, Inc, June 8, Mr. Waclawiak is a registered professional engineer in the state of
2007. Connecticut.
[3] IESO, Richview SC22 Incident – January 30, 2007, IESO_REP_0386,
http://www.ieso.ca/imoweb/pubs/ircp/IESO_REP_0386-Richview- Mark F. McGranaghan received the B.S.E.E. and M.S.E.E. degrees from the
SC22-20070130.pdf, accessed Nov. 23, 2009. University of Toledo, Ohio and the M.B.A. degree from the University of
[4] C. L Wagner, H. M Smith, “Analysis of transient recovery voltage Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Currently, he is vice president of consulting services
(TRV) rating concepts,” IEEE Trans. Power Apparatus and Systems, at EPRI, Knoxville, Tennessee. He is coauthor of the book Electrical Power
vol. PAS-103, No. 11, Nov. 1984, pp. 3354 – 3363. Systems Quality. He has been influential in developing IEEE and international
[5] IEEE Std. C37.011-2005, IEEE Application Guide for Transient standards for harmonic limits on power systems and within facilities. He
Recovery Voltage for AC High-Voltage Circuit Breakers, Institute of helped to achieve coordination between the IEEE and IEC in a wide range of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers, New York, NY. PQ standards development activities. He has taught seminars and workshops
[6] J. Rostron, “Outrush reactors for capacitor banks, The Solution or a on PQ issues and power system analysis to electric utility engineers from
Problem,” in http://www.southernstatesllc.com/pdf/News-Aug05.pdf. around the world. He is a Member of the IEEE.
Accessed October 26, 2008.
[7] J. R Ribeiro, “Protect circuit breakers from close-in fault,” Transmission Surya Santoso received the B.S.E.E. degree from Satya Wacana Christian
and Distribution World Magazine, May 01, 2008. University, Indonesia, in 1992 and the M.S.E.E. and Ph.D. degrees from the
University of Texas at Austin in 1994 and 1996, respectively. He is an
X. BIOGRAPHIES Associate Professor with the Department of Electrical and Computer
Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, where he has been since
2003. He was a Senior Power Systems/Consulting Engineer with Electrotek
George W. Becker earned a Bachelor of Science Degree in Electrical Concepts, Knoxville, TN, between 1997 and 2003. His research interests
Engineering and a USCG Third Assistant Engineer’s License from the State include power system analysis, modeling, and simulation, and wind power
University of New York Maritime College in 1986. In 1992 he earned a integration. Mr. Santoso is coauthor of Electrical Power Systems Quality
Masters Degree in Electric Power Engineering from the Polytechnic Institute (McGraw-Hill), now in its 2nd edition. He also authors a recently published
of New York. In 1994 he also earned an MBA from the University of New college textbook entitled, Fundamental of Power Quality,
Haven. (Createspace/Amazon.com). He is a senior member of the IEEE since 2002.

Mr. Becker is the Manager of Transmission and Substation Engineering for

The United Illuminating Company located in New Haven, Connecticut. He
has also held several Engineering and Operations positions over his prior 20
year tenure with Northeast Utilities Service Company in Berlin, Connecticut;
these included Manager of Document Control and Design Standards, Manager
of Distribution Substation Engineering and Design, Substation Project
Engineer, System Protection Engineer and Equipment Test Specialist.

Mr. Becker is a Senior Member of the IEEE and the Vice Chairman of the
Gas-Insulated Substations Subcommittee of the IEEE Substations Committee.
He is also Chairman of the Working Group charged with developing the IEEE
Guide for the Application of Medium-Voltage Gas-Insulated Substations 1kV
to 52kV.

Mr. Becker is a registered Professional Engineer in Connecticut and

Massachusetts.

Marek G. Waclawiak received his Masters Degree in Electrical Engineering

from Politechnic of Lodz, Poland in 1976. He is member of Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers. He is serving as a member of Power
Delivery and Utilization Business Area Council of Electric Power Research
Institute since 1995.

Mr. Waclawiak is the Chief Electrical Engineer with the United Illuminating
Company in New Haven, CT. He joined the United Illuminating Co. in 1985
after spending four years in Distribution System Network Design for the City
Public Service of San Antonio in Texas. Mr. Waclawiak participates in R&D
and Strategic Planning for Electric System at UI. Prior to his present
assignment, he lead UI’s System Integrity Group responsible for Reliability,
Power Quality, Distribution Planning and Distribution Standards. Mr.
Waclawiak responsibilities also included Distributed Generation
Interconnection issues, Power Quality efforts including the power quality
monitoring system, various distribution system studies especially in the
underground electric network systems.