Network Component Modelling

& Parameters
  Capacity Building to Bangladesh Power
Sector
  Module A – Overhead Line & Cable Circuits
and Transformers
  04/09 February 2017
Introduction of Network Components - Session 1
Capacity Building to the
Table of Contents Bangladesh
Power Sector

 Introduction of Network Components

 Overhead Lines
 Power Cables
 Power Transformers
 Case Studies

Project undertaken by a consortium led by

2 Ricardo Energy & Environment
2
Introduction of Network Components - Session 1
Capacity Building to the
IEEE 25 Buses Transmission Systems Bangladesh
Power Sector

Components in the System:

- Transmission circuits
- Transformers
- Generators
- Shunt reactors and capacitor banks
- Load demands

Components Hidden in the System:

- Switchgear
- Substation configuration

Components not in the Systems:

An Interconnected 230kV/132 kV System - Dynamic VAR compensation devices
- HVDC link

Project undertaken by a consortium led by

3 Ricardo Energy & Environment
3
Introduction of Network Components - Session 1
Capacity Building to the
Transmission Circuits Bangladesh
Power Sector

Overhead Lines
- Steal tower OHL circuits
- Wooden pole OHL circuits
Key Concerns:
- Power transfer capability
- Voltage rises and drops
- Transmission losses Power Cables
- System stability - Onshore power cables
- Modeling of long OHL circuits - Offshore power cables

Key Concerns
- Power transfer capability
- Charging power
- Voltage profile
- Modeling of long cables
Project undertaken by a consortium led by
4 Ricardo Energy & Environment
4
Introduction of Network Components - Session 1
Capacity Building to the
Power Transformers Bangladesh
Power Sector

Power Transformers
- Two winding and three winding transformers
- Generator step up transformers
- Auto transformers
- Interconnection transformers
- Phase-shifting transformers

Key Concerns
- Capacity and over-load capability
- Transformer impedance
- Tap changer
- Voltage regulation
- Winding connection
- Active and reactive power losses
- Modeling of transformer
Project undertaken by a consortium led by
5 Ricardo Energy & Environment
5
Introduction of Network Components - Session 1
Capacity Building to the
Power Generators Bangladesh
Power Sector

Synchronous Generators
- Active and reactive power sources
- Steam turbine generators
- Gas turbine generators
- Hydraulic turbine generators

Other Type Generators

- Wind turbine generators
- PV generation

Key Concerns
- MW and MVAr capability and response
- Fault current contribution
- Stability impact
- Parameters and modeling of generators
Project undertaken by a consortium led by
6 Ricardo Energy & Environment
6
Introduction of Network Components - Session 1
Capacity Building to the
Generator Excitation Systems Bangladesh
Power Sector

Excitation System Function

- Provision of DC currents to synchronous machine field winding
- More excitation currents are needed if the generator increases its output level

Excitation System Types

- DC excitation system
- AC excitation system
- Static excitation system

Key Concerns
- Capability to meet specified response requirements for the generator
- Loss of excitation systems
- Stability impact
- Modeling of excitation systems
- Excitation system parameters

Project undertaken by a consortium led by

7 Ricardo Energy & Environment
7
Introduction of Network Components - Session 1
Capacity Building to the
Generator Turbine and Governor Bangladesh
Power Sector

Generator Turbines
- Provision mechanical power to synchronous machines
- Steam and gas turbines
- Hydro turbines

Turbine Governors
- Provision of speed and mechanical power output control for turbines
- Mechanical-hydraulic governors
- Electro-hydraulic governors

Key Concerns
- Characteristics of turbines and governors
- Impact on system dynamic performance and system stability
- Modeling of turbines and governors
- Turbine and governor parameters

Project undertaken by a consortium led by

8 Ricardo Energy & Environment
8
Introduction of Network Components - Session 1
Capacity Building to the
Loads Bangladesh
Power Sector

Power System Loads

- It is the loads to drive power system development and network planning
- Loads should be met by generation in system operation

Load Types
- Static Loads, voltage and frequency dependant
- Induction motors, 60%~70% electrical energy consumed by motors
- Dynamic loads, combination of static and motors

Key Concerns
- Amount and power factor of load demands
- Daily load demand patterns
- Lumped load characteristics at power supply points
- Impact of load demands on system voltage and rotor angle stability
- Capability of the system continuously meet the load demand requirement

Project undertaken by a consortium led by

9 Ricardo Energy & Environment
9
Introduction of Network Components - Session 1
Capacity Building to the
Switchgear Bangladesh
Power Sector

Switchgear
- Provision of connection and disconnection of electrical equipment in the systems
- Different types of switchgear used in the systems; for example air, oil, vacuum, and SF6
- Standard fault ratings; for example 31.5 kA, 40 kA, 50 kA and 63 kA

Key Concerns
- Capability of switchgear to interrupt fault currents flowing through it
- Capability of switchgear to withstand make fault current
- Capability of switchgear to withstand transient recovery voltage (TRV)
- Fault withstand capability margin

Project undertaken by a consortium led by

10 Ricardo Energy & Environment
10
Introduction of Network Components - Session 1
Capacity Building to the
Reactors and Capacitor Banks Bangladesh
Power Sector

Reactors
- Inductive reactive power sources
- Single phase or three phase reactors
- Line connected shunt reactors
- MVAr compensation reactors
- Series reactor to limit fault currents

Capacitor Banks
- Capacitive reactive power sources
- Series capacitor banks applied to reduce circuit impedance
- Mainly distribution system connected

Key Concerns
- MVAR ratings
- Sizing of the shunt reactors and shunt capacitor banks
- Impact on voltage regulation
- Series compensation degree
Project undertaken by a consortium led by
11 Ricardo Energy & Environment
11
Introduction of Network Components - Session 1
Capacity Building to the
HVDC Systems Bangladesh
Power Sector

HVDC System Main Features

- Applicable to large power transfer via long distance (over 500 km)
- Behave as generator at the receiving end
- Behave as load demand at the sending end
- Has the capability to rapidly control power transfer over the DC circuits

Id

Converter 1
(Rectifier)

Key Concerns
AC AC
System 1 System 2

Converter 2

- Control of the HVDC system

(Inverter)

Converter Id Converter
Transformers Transformers

- Interaction between AC and DC system

- Response to the AC and DC system fault
- Representation of the HVDC system in stability studies

Project undertaken by a consortium led by

12 Ricardo Energy & Environment
12
Introduction of Network Components - Session 1
Capacity Building to the
Network Modelling Bangladesh
Power Sector

Purpose of Network Modelling

- Understanding of characteristic of network components
- Establishment the base for power system analysis
- Serving planning, design and operation of the power transmission system

How to Prepare Network Modelling

- Be familiar with the fundamentals of power electrical engineering
- Be capable of analyzing system problem, preparing equivalent circuits, and obtaining
appropriate system and model data
- Combine the network model with the power system software package
- Make proper representation of the network model for power system analysis

Project undertaken by a consortium led by

13 Ricardo Energy & Environment
13
Introduction of Network Components - Session 1
Capacity Building to the
Per Unit System (1) Bangladesh
Power Sector

Advantage of Per Unit System

- Easier to compare relative magnitudes
o E.g. different voltage levels on a large network can easily be compared
- By normalising quantities to a common base both hand and automatic calculations can be
simplified.
o The per unit values of V, I and Z are same on both sides of a transformer
o Ohms law and Kirchoff’s laws easier to approximate by hand as Vpu ~ 1.0
o Power and voltage equations are simplified since factors of √3 and 3 are eliminated.
o Similar apparatus (generators, transformers, lines) will have similar per-unit
impedances and losses expressed on their own rating, regardless of their absolute size.

Project undertaken by a consortium led by

14 Ricardo Energy & Environment
14
Introduction of Network Components - Session 1
Capacity Building to the
Per Unit System (2) Bangladesh
Power Sector

Per Unit System Process

- Voltage, current, power and impedance (resistance and reactance) are converted from actual
values to a per unit value
- The conversion is done on the basis of a value for 1.0 per unit
o E.g. assume that 33kV equals 1.0 Volts per unit, or 1.0pu
- Can also be useful to think of per unit values as equivalent to percentage values
- The values used for conversion are called base values
- The base voltage, Vb or Vbase, is usually the nominal system voltage
- The base power, (MVAbase, Sb or Sbase) can be any reasonable value, typically 100MVA

Project undertaken by a consortium led by

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15
Introduction of Network Components - Session 1
Capacity Building to the
Per Unit System (3) Bangladesh
Power Sector

Specified Base Values

- MVA base: System capacity base in MVA for all voltage levels (e.g. 100 MVA)
- Vbase: Base voltage in kV for each transmission/distribution voltage level, normally its
nominal voltage (e.g. 400 kV, 230 kV, 132 kV)

Derived Base Values

- Base current at the specified voltage level

MVAbase
Ibase  kA
- 3  Vbase
- Base impedance at the transmission voltage level
2
VBase
Zbase  Ohm
MVAbase

Project undertaken by a consortium led by

16 Ricardo Energy & Environment
16
Introduction of Network Components - Session 1
Capacity Building to the
Per Unit System (4) Bangladesh
Power Sector

Per Unit Value Calculation

V (kV )
- Per unit voltage V ( pu) 
Vbase

P( MW ) Q( MVAr )
- Per unit active power and reactive power P( pu)  , Q( pu) 
MVAbase MVAbase
Z (ohm) R(ohm) R(ohm)
Z ( pu )  , R( pu )  , X ( pu) 
- Per unit impedance and admittance Zbase Zbase Zbase
G ( pu )  G (1 / ohm)  Zbase, B( pu )  B(1 / ohm)  Zbase

Per Unit Value Conversion

2
MVAbase new  Vbaseold 
Z ( pu)new  Z ( pu)old   
MVAbaseold  Vbasenew 

Project undertaken by a consortium led by

17 Ricardo Energy & Environment
17
OHL & Power Cables - Session 2
Capacity Building to the
Table of Contents Bangladesh
Power Sector

 Introduction of Network Components

 Overhead Lines
 Power Cables
 Power Transformers
 Case Studies

Project undertaken by a consortium led by

18 Ricardo Energy & Environment
18
OHL & Power Cables - Session 2
Capacity Building to the
Overhead Lines Bangladesh
Power Sector

- Applicable to bulk power transmission over long distance

- Consisting of at least three phase conductors
- Suspended by transmission towers or poles
- Represented by power transfer capacity and transmission impedance

Project undertaken by a consortium led by

19 Ricardo Energy & Environment
19
OHL & Power Cables - Session 2
Capacity Building to the
Overhead Line Design Bangladesh
Power Sector

- Key Concerns Example of double OHL circuit

- Transmission voltage level
Shield conductor
- Conductor size and type of conductors
- Conductor arrangements including shield conductor
- Support structures
- Span between towers
- Insulators
Insulator

Phase conductor

Project undertaken by a consortium led by

20 Ricardo Energy & Environment
20
OHL & Power Cables - Session 2
Capacity Building to the
OHL Conductor Types Bangladesh
Power Sector

- All Aluminum Conductor (AAC)

- Aluminum Conductors Steel Reinforced (ACSR)
- All Aluminum Alloy Conductors (AAAC)
- Aluminum Conductor Aluminum-alloy Reinforced (ACAR)

AAC or AAAC ACSR or ACAR

Arrangement Arrangement

Project undertaken by a consortium led by

21 Ricardo Energy & Environment
21
OHL & Power Cables - Session 2
Capacity Building to the
Conductor Technical Data Bangladesh
Power Sector

Following data is the main concern:

- Code name
- Nominal Area
- Number and nominal diameter of wires
- Nominal DC resistance at 20 ºC (Ohm/km)
- Current Rating (amps)

Calculations based on above data

- Nominal AC resistance at 75 ºC (Ohm/km)
- MVA ratings with various ambient temperatures
- Acceptable operational periods

Project undertaken by a consortium led by

22 Ricardo Energy & Environment
22
OHL & Power Cables - Session 2
Capacity Building to the
Bundled Conductors in Transmission Lines Bangladesh
Power Sector

Advantages:
- Increase of power transfer capacity
- Reduced corona losses due to large cross sectional area
- Reduced interference with telecommunication systems
- Improved voltage regulation

Project undertaken by a consortium led by

23 Ricardo Energy & Environment
23
OHL & Power Cables - Session 2
Capacity Building to the
Conductor DC Resistance Bangladesh
Power Sector

DC Resistance:
- is related to the property of the material that the conductor is made from

RDC  103 (Ohm/ km)
A
- A, Cross-sectional area (m2)
- ρ, Resistivity of the conductor (Ohm-m)
- Resistance increases linearly with temperature
- At the same temperature, the resistivity of aluminum is higher than the
resistivity of copper
M  T2
T 2  T1
M  T1

Project undertaken by a consortium led by

24 Ricardo Energy & Environment
24
OHL & Power Cables - Session 2
Capacity Building to the
Conductor AC Resistance Bangladesh
Power Sector

AC Resistance
- is mainly related to skin effect forcing more current flow near the outer
surface of the conductor
RAC  kRDC (Ohm/ km)
- Skin correction factor k
- is higher than its DC resistance
- the higher frequency of the current, the more noticeable skin effect
- coefficient increases with conductor size

Sample Skin Correction Factors

- Rac≈ (1.003~1.069)RDC for ACCC conductors
- Rac ≈ (1.0225~1.0247)RDC for ACCR conductors
- Rac ≈ (1.026~1.156)RDC for AAAC conductors

Project undertaken by a consortium led by

25 Ricardo Energy & Environment
25
OHL & Power Cables - Session 2
Capacity Building to the
Conductor Current-Carrying Capacity Bangladesh
Power Sector

Current-carrying capacity is determined by:

− The conductor resistance
− Heat dissipated from its surface
− Maximum acceptable conductor operating temperature

Project undertaken by a consortium led by

26 Ricardo Energy & Environment
26
OHL & Power Cables - Session 2
Capacity Building to the
AAC Conductors (IEC 61089) Bangladesh
Power Sector

Project undertaken by a consortium led by

27 Ricardo Energy & Environment
27
OHL & Power Cables - Session 2
Capacity Building to the
ACSR Conductors (IEC 61089) Bangladesh
Power Sector

Project undertaken by a consortium led by

28 Ricardo Energy & Environment
28
OHL & Power Cables - Session 2
Capacity Building to the
AAAC Conductors (IEC 61089) Bangladesh
Power Sector

Project undertaken by a consortium led by

29 Ricardo Energy & Environment
29
OHL & Power Cables - Session 2
Capacity Building to the
Single OHL Circuit Parameters (1) Bangladesh
Power Sector

Impedance Consists of:

Shield conductors
- Positive sequence impedance R1, X1, and B1
- Zero sequence impedance R0, X0, and B0
- R1 is related to conductor material
- X1,B1, X0, and B0 are related to:
o Geometric radius of conductors (meters)
o Number of bundled conductors
o Geometric arrangement of phase conductors and
shield conductors Phase conductor

- R0 is related to:
o Phase conductor resistance
o Shield conductor resistance
o Ground resistance

Project undertaken by a consortium led by

30 Ricardo Energy & Environment
30
OHL & Power Cables - Session 2
Capacity Building to the
Single OHL Circuit Parameters (2) Bangladesh
Power Sector

GMD Calculation:
- Related to distance between conductors including
phase conductors and shield conductors
w w v

daw dbw dcw

daw dbw dcw
dav dbv dcv
a b c

a b c a b c

dab dbc dab dbc dab dbc

dac dac dac

dm3  3 dabdbcdac d m ( 3  d )  3 d aw d bw d cw d m ( 3  2 d )  6 d aw d bw d cw d av d bv d cv

(b) Three phase conductors (c) Three phase conductors

(a) Three phase conductors with one shield conductor with two shield conductors

Project undertaken by a consortium led by

31 Ricardo Energy & Environment
31
OHL & Power Cables - Session 2
Capacity Building to the
Single OHL Circuit Parameters (3) Bangladesh
Power Sector

Calculation of Geometric Mean Radius of Conductors:

- Conductor radius rm
- Distance between bundled conductors d

d d d

rm  drm rm   3
d 2 rm rm   4
2 d 3 rm

Project undertaken by a consortium led by

32 Ricardo Energy & Environment
32
OHL & Power Cables - Session 2
Capacity Building to the
Single OHL Circuit Parameters (4) Bangladesh
Power Sector

Positive Sequence Impedance (@50Hz):

Ra
R1 
n
 d m 3 
X 1  0 .062845 ln  
 rm 
- Ra, conductor AC resistance in ohm/km
- R1, bundled conductor total resistance in ohm/km
- n, number of conductors bundled together
- dm3Φ, Average distance geometrical mean distance (GMD) of phase conductors
- rmΦ, Geometric mean radius of conductors

Project undertaken by a consortium led by

33 Ricardo Energy & Environment
33
OHL & Power Cables - Session 2
Capacity Building to the
Single OHL Circuit Parameters (5) Bangladesh
Power Sector

Zero Sequence Impedance (@50Hz) consists of:

- Zero sequence impedance of phase conductors Z’0a
- Zero sequence impedance of shield conductors Z’0d
- Zero sequence mutual impedance between phase conductors and shield conductors Zad
- ρ, Earthing resistivity in (ohm.meter) Z0ad=R0ad+jX0ad

- RW , Resistance of a shield conductor (ohm/km) Z’0a=R’0a+jX’0a

Z’0d=R’0d+jX’0d

  
 '  ' 
 Z 0 d  R 0 d  jX da (  / km )
' '
 Z 0 a  R 0 a  jX 0 a (  / km )  Z 0 ad  R 0 ad  jX 0 ad (  / km )
' '

 '  ' 3 
 R 0 a  R1 (  / km )  R 0 d  R w (  / km )
2  R 0 ad  re (  / km )
  
 '  d m ( 3  2 d )   d   '  Dd 
X
 0a  0 . 188535 ln   (  / km )  X 0' d  0 . 188535 ln  m ( 3  2 d )  (  / km )  X 0 d  0 . 188535 ln  d  (  / km )
 
 r    rm 2 d  
 m ( 3  2 d ) 
m 3  

Project undertaken by a consortium led by

34 Ricardo Energy & Environment
34
OHL & Power Cables - Session 2
Capacity Building to the
Single OHL Circuit Parameters (6) Bangladesh
Power Sector

Positive Sequence Capacitance and Admittance:

w v

- Mirror distance of phase conductors daw dbw dcw

 0 .03883  10  6 dav dbv dcv

 1
C  ( F / km )
  d m 3 D D D 
  log 10 ( )  log 10 ( 3 aa ' bb ' cc ' )   1 .609 a b c
  r D ab ' D ac ' D bc ' 

X  1 ( Ohm / km ) BC 1  2 fC 1 (1 / Ohm / km )
Dcw’

 C 1 2 fC 1
Daa’
Daw’ Dbw’

Zero Sequence Capacitance and Admittance:

- Mirror distance of phase conductors and shield conductors
- Zero sequence capacitance of phase conductors
- Zero sequence capacitance of shield conductors a’ b’ c’

- Combination of above two zero sequence capacitances

1
X C0  (Ohm/ km) BC0  2fC0 (1/ Ohm/ km)
2fC0
w’ v’

Project undertaken by a consortium led by

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35
OHL & Power Cables - Session 2
Capacity Building to the
Two or More OHL Circuit Parameters Bangladesh
Power Sector

- More than two OHL circuits on the same tower

- Possible different transmission voltage levels
- Possible different power flow directions

Positive Sequence Impedance

- Self impedance of each circuit
- Mutual reactance between different circuits
- Combination of above two impedances

Zero Sequence Impedance A

I
B

II
- Zero sequence self impedance for each circuit
Z Id  Z Id II
- Zero sequence mutual impedance between circuits
Z Id II
- Impedance of shield conductors and earth included Z IId  Z Id II
A B
I1  I2
- Operational conditions of other circuits
Two OHL Circuits

Project undertaken by a consortium led by

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36
OHL & Power Cables - Session 2
Capacity Building to the
OHL Equivalent Circuit (1) Bangladesh
Power Sector

rl xl
Short-length Transmission Line
- Line length (km)
- Line impedance (ohm/km)
- Line capacity (MVA)
Equivalent circuit of a short – length
transmission line

rl xl
Medium-length Transmission Line
- Line length (km)
- Line impedance in ohm/km bl/2 bl/2

- Line susceptance (1/ohm/km)

- Line capacity (MVA)
Equivalent circuit of a medium–
length transmission line

Project undertaken by a consortium led by

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37
OHL & Power Cables - Session 2
Capacity Building to the
OHL Equivalent Circuit (2) Bangladesh
Power Sector

Long-length Transmission Line

(rl)kr (xl)kx
- Line length (km)
- Line impedance in ohm/km
(bl/2)kc (bl/2)kc
- Line susceptance (1/ohm/km)
- Line capacity (MVA)
Equivalent circuit of a long – length
Sample Correction Factors transmission line

- Applicable to 500 kV OHL transmission circuits

Length rl1 xl1 rl2 xl2 rln xln
kr kx kc
(km)
100 0.99622 0.99812 1.00095 bl1/2 bl2/2 ….. bln/2
bl1/2 bl2/2 bln/2
150 0.99151 0.99577 1.00213
200 0.98493 0.99250 1.00380
250 0.97650 0.98829 1.00595
300 0.96624 0.98316 1.00859 Equivalent circuit of a long – length
350 0.95418 0.97712 1.01174 transmission line with several sections
400 0.94034 0.97018 1.01590
450 0.92477 0.96236 1.01950

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38
OHL & Power Cables - Session 2
Capacity Building to the
OHL Circuit Transposition Bangladesh
Power Sector

OHL Circuit without Transposition

- With asymmetrical spacing, the inductance will be different for each phase
- Unbalanced voltage drops on each conductor
- Unable to use single phase to represent the three phase system
- Transposition necessary for long OHL circuit

Two transpositions

Full transposition

Project undertaken by a consortium led by

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39
OHL & Power Cables - Session 2
Capacity Building to the
Modelling of Multi-Section OHL Circuits Bangladesh
Power Sector

Multi-Section OHL Circuits

- Several sections connected together in series
- Different section capacity
- Each section represented in the network model
- Main concern of power flow over the section with minimum MVA capacity

A B
400 MVA 480 MVA 400 MVA

R1+jX1, B1/2 R2+jX2, B2/2 R3+jX3, B3/2

R1 X1 R2 X2 R3 X3

B1/2 B1/2 B2/2 B2/2 B3/2 B3/2

Project undertaken by a consortium led by

40 Ricardo Energy & Environment
40
OHL & Power Cables - Session 2
Capacity Building to the
Multiple Coupling of OHL Circuits Bangladesh
Power Sector

- An OHL transmission circuit consists of several sections

- Different sections may couple magnetically with different circuits
- Those couplings have impact on zero sequence impedance of the associated circuits
- Mutual zero sequence impedance coupling data represented in network modelling
L003_A L003_B

L001_A L001_B

L002_A L002_B

"Line" Line is "Line is

Line section coupled coupled with" zps zps zps zps zps zps coupling
Name number with section number self R self X self B mutual R mutual X mutual B direction

L001 1 L002 2 0.12701 0.81954 4.29746 0.10944 0.42484 1.62330 1

2 0.05664 0.02529 77.27096 0 0 0
3 L002 4 0.08754 0.55968 3.19225 0.07767 0.30152 1.30402 1
4 L003 2 0.00726 0.05558 0.32446 0.00604 0.02964 0.12311 1
5 0.00075 0.00577 0.04277 0 0 0

Project undertaken by a consortium led by

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OHL & Power Cables - Session 2
Capacity Building to the
OHL Circuit Database Bangladesh
Power Sector

- Prepared for every single type of OHL transmission circuit

- Typical parameters consist of:
o Circuit type name
o Transmission nominal voltage levels
o R1, X1, B1, R0 and X0 in per unit on system base
o Maximums ratings at the specified ambient temperature
Zero Seq Zero Seq Voltage
Resistance Reactance Susceptance MVA
OHL Circuit Names Resistance Reactance Rating
(pu)/km (pu)/km (pu)/km Rating
(pu)/km (pu)/km (kV)
2x3w_LYNX_ACSR_175 mm2 0.00045 0.00187 0.00068 0.000805 0.00420 132 246
2x3w_UPAS_AAAC_300 mm2 0.00027 0.00183 0.00053 0.00061 0.00423 132 352
2x3w_ZEBRA_ACSR_400 mm2 0.00020 0.00177 0.000545 0.00410 132 510
2x3w_RUBUS_AAAC_500 mm2 0.00017 0.00173 0.00072 0.00432 132 426
3w_ZEBRA_ACSR_400 mm2 0.00039 0.00243 0.00109 0.00562 132 211
3w_RUBUS_AAAC_500 mm2 0.00033 0.00242 0.00102 0.00570 132 241
4x300 mm2 (LGJQ) 0.000011 0.00011 0.01005 0.00005 0.00024 500 1784
4x400 mm2 (LGJQ) 0.000008 0.00011 0.01031 0.00007 0.00026 500 2944
1x240 mm2 (LGJJ) 0.000269 0.00087 0.00135 0.00079 0.00277 220 231
1x400 mm2 (LGJQ) 0.000165 0.00085 0.00135 0.00068 0.00275 220 314
1x500 mm2 (LGJQ) 0.000134 0.00083 0.00137 0.00062 0.00262 220 314

Project undertaken by a consortium led by

42 Ricardo Energy & Environment
42
OHL & Power Cables - Session 2
Capacity Building to the
Use of OHL Parameters Bangladesh
Power Sector

Operation Stage
- Derived parameters based on on-site test
- Calculated parameters based on tower structure, conductor arrangement, and circuit length
- Estimated parameters based on similar type of OHL circuit and circuit length

Planning and Design Stages

- Calculated parameters based on tower structure, conductor arrangement, and circuit length
- Estimated parameters based on similar type of OHL circuit and circuit length

Project undertaken by a consortium led by

43 Ricardo Energy & Environment
43
OHL & Power Cables - Session 2
Capacity Building to the
Table of Contents Bangladesh
Power Sector

 Introduction of Network Components

 Overhead Lines
 Power Cables
 Power Transformers
 Case Studies

Project undertaken by a consortium led by

44 Ricardo Energy & Environment
44
OHL & Power Cables - Session 2
Capacity Building to the
Cable Types Bangladesh
Power Sector

Power Cables
- XLPE insulated cable
- Paper insulated with oil filled cable
- PPL (polypropylene paper laminate) insulated with oil filled cable
- SF6 gas insulated cable

Number of Cores
- Single core copper or aluminum conductor
- Three-core copper or aluminum conductor

Installation Locations
- Onshore with or without ducts
- Offshore without ducts

Project undertaken by a consortium led by

45 Ricardo Energy & Environment
45
OHL & Power Cables - Session 2
Capacity Building to the
Cable Sizing (1) Bangladesh
Power Sector

Power Cable Sizing is Determined Mainly by :

- Current carrying capacity
- Short circuit rating

Other Factors Considered in Cable Sizing Studies

- Voltage rise with light loading and voltage drop with heavy loading
- Earth loop impedance
- Power losses

Current Rating Calculations

- Based on cable design, installation conditions, ambient temperature, type of sheath bonding,
and proximity of other cables.
- Undertaken in accordance with IEC60287

Project undertaken by a consortium led by

46 Ricardo Energy & Environment
46
OHL & Power Cables - Session 2
Capacity Building to the
Cable Sizing (2) Bangladesh
Power Sector

Current Ratings in Cable Specification

- Calculated based on standard installation condition
o A single core or a three core cable
o Ground temperature 20ºC
o Ambient air temperature 35ºC
o Laying depth 1.0 meter
o Ground thermal resistivity 1.0 Km/W

De-Rating Factor
- Variations of ground temperature, laying depth, ground thermal resistivity, phase spacing,
group of cables, ambient temperature, and screen area

Project undertaken by a consortium led by

47 Ricardo Energy & Environment
47
OHL & Power Cables - Session 2
Capacity Building to the
Cable Impedance Bangladesh
Power Sector

Cable Circuit Positive Sequence Impedance

- AC resistance in Ohm
- Reactance in Ohm
- Capacitance in µF or susceptance in µs or charging power in MVAr
- Cable manufacturer will provide above data

Cable Circuit Zero Sequence Impedance

- Zero sequence resistance in Ohm
- Zero sequence reactance in Ohm
- Zero sequence capacitance in µF or susceptance in µs
- Cable manufacturer and design engineer will recommend and provide above data

Project undertaken by a consortium led by

48 Ricardo Energy & Environment
48
OHL & Power Cables - Session 2
Capacity Building to the
Modelling of Cable Circuits Bangladesh
Power Sector

rl xl
Data Requirements
- Cable length (km)
- Cable impedance in ohm/km bl/2 bl/2
- Cable susceptance (1/ohm/km)
- Cable capacity (MVA)
Equivalent circuit of a short – length
power cable circuit
rl1 xl1 rl2 xl2 rln xln

bl1/2 bl1/2 bl2/2 bl2/2 ….. bln/2 bln/2

Equivalent circuit of a medium – length

power cable circuit (around 50 ~100 km)

Project undertaken by a consortium led by

49 Ricardo Energy & Environment
49
OHL & Power Cables - Session 2
Capacity Building to the
Charging Power vs MW Transfer Capability Bangladesh
Power Sector

Cable Data 220 kV 132 kV Unit

Conductor Size 1000 1200 mm2
Reactance X 0.119 0.11 ohms/km
Resistance R 0.027 0.028 ohms/km
Capacitance C 0.19 0.27 uF/km
Thermal capacity 925 910 Amps

Project undertaken by a consortium led by

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OHL & Power Cables - Session 2
Capacity Building to the
Cable Database Bangladesh
Power Sector

- Prepared for every single type of power cable circuit

- Typical parameters consist of:
o Transmission nominal voltage levels
o R1, X1, B1, R0 and X0 in per unit on system base
o Maximums ratings at typical installation condition

MVA rating for single core 132 kV cables Technical Data for Cables Per Unit on 100 MVA
Cross Cables in Ground Resistance Inductance Reactance
x Capacitance x Resistance x Susceptance
Cable Type Section Trefoil Formulation x x (ohm/km) x x x x
Conductor Crossbonded Both ends (dc) (ac) R X B
mm2 65 ºC 90 ºC 65 ºC 90 ºC 20 ºC 90 ºC µF/km mh/km pu/km pu/km pu/km
Cable-SC-132-CO-001 300 115 139 110 133 0.0601 0.0761 0.15 0.42 0.00044 0.00076 0.00821
Cable-SC-132-CO-002 400 131 158 123 149 0.0470 0.0620 0.18 0.40 0.00036 0.00072 0.00985
Cable-SC-132-CO-003 500 150 179 137 167 0.0366 0.0481 0.19 0.38 0.00028 0.00069 0.01040
Cable-SC-132-CO-004 630 169 203 151 185 0.0283 0.0390 0.21 0.37 0.00022 0.00067 0.01150
Cable-SC-132-CO-005 800 189 227 165 202 0.0221 0.0320 0.23 0.36 0.00018 0.00065 0.01259
Cable-SC-132-CO-006 1000 206 250 176 217 0.0176 0.0240 0.25 0.35 0.00014 0.00063 0.01368
Cable-SC-132-CO-007 1200 242 293 195 241 0.0151 0.0210 0.29 0.33 0.00012 0.00059 0.01587
Cable-SC-132-CO-008 1400 262 317 205 254 0.0132 0.0191 0.31 0.33 0.00011 0.00059 0.01697
Cable-SC-132-CO-009 1600 278 336 213 264 0.0113 0.0170 0.32 0.32 0.00010 0.00058 0.01752
Cable-SC-132-CO-010 2000 302 367 224 279 0.0090 0.0140 0.34 0.31 0.00008 0.00056 0.01861
Cable-SC-132-CO-011 2500 330 401 234 294 0.0072 0.0120 0.39 0.31 0.00007 0.00056 0.02135
Cable-SC-132-CO-012 3000 350 426 241 304 0.0060 0.0096 0.42 0.31 0.00006 0.00056 0.02299

Project undertaken by a consortium led by

51 Ricardo Energy & Environment
51
Power Transformers - Session 2
Capacity Building to the
Table of Contents Bangladesh
Power Sector

 Introduction of Network Components

 Overhead Lines
 Power Cables
 Power Transformers
 Case Studies

Project undertaken by a consortium led by

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52
Power Transformers - Session 3
Capacity Building to the
Transformer Types Bangladesh
Power Sector

 Based on number of phases and windings

− Single phase and three phase transformers
− Two winding and three winding transformers

 Based on winding structure

− Primary and secondary windings separated – normal transformer
− Primary and secondary windings sharing a common section – auto-transformers

 Based on application
− Generator transformers; i.e 253/15.8 kV
− Power distribution transformers; i.e 230/145 kV
− Interconnecting transformers; i.e 400/230 kV
− Phase-shifting transformers
− Earthing transformers
− Converter transformers

Project undertaken by a consortium led by

53 Ricardo Energy & Environment
53
Power Transformers - Session 3
Capacity Building to the
Transformer Features Bangladesh
Power Sector

 Design Features HV LV
− Transformer Ratings
− Nominal winding voltages Two winding transformer

− Impedances
HV LV
− Winding connections
− Tap changer
Three winding transformer
− Insulation levels

 Operational Features TV

− Operational conditions
HV LV
− Voltage control
− Neutral earthing
Auto-three winding transformer
− Special control requirements
TV

Project undertaken by a consortium led by

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54
Power Transformers - Session 3
Capacity Building to the
Transformer Ratings and Nominal Voltages Bangladesh
Power Sector

 Transformer Ratings
− Typically three ratings; example 60/90/120 MVA
− First rating is natural cooling – ONAN
− Second rating is with one stage of fans – ONAF
− Last rating is with full fans – OFAF
− MVA rating of tertiary winding, normally 30%~50% of full transformer capacity;
example 90/90/30 MVA

 Nominal voltages
− 5% ~10% higher than the rated voltage at the HV side for a generator step up
transformer; example 440/20 kV 250 MVA; 253/15.8 kV 240 MVA
− 10% higher than the rated voltage at the LV side for a power transformer;
example 132/36.3 kV 60 MVA; 230/145 kV 120 MVA

Project undertaken by a consortium led by

55 Ricardo Energy & Environment
55
Power Transformers - Session 3
Capacity Building to the
Transformer Losses Bangladesh
Power Sector

 No-load loss (core loss, iron loss)

− power consumed to excite transformer core
− No current on the LV and TV windings if rated is applied at the HV winding

 Load loss (winding loss, copper loss)

− Losses proportional to the square of load current
− Ohmic losses or copper losses
− Winding eddy losses
− Stray losses (induced currents in clamps, tank, etc.)

Project undertaken by a consortium led by

56 Ricardo Energy & Environment
56
Power Transformers - Session 3
Capacity Building to the
Transformer Tap Changers Bangladesh
Power Sector

 Tap Change Types

− Off-circuit switch or de-energized tap changer with limited tap steps, such as +/-
2x2.5%, or +/- 5%
− On-load tap changer with tens of tap steps and tap step ranging from 1.25% to 1.67%.

 Generator Transformer Tap Changers

− On-load tap changer equipped normally at HV winding side of the transformer
− Regulating HV terminal voltage

 Power Transformer Tap Changers

− On-load tap changer normally equipped
− Tap changer being at HV or LV winding side depending on nominal voltage level
− Regulating LV terminal voltage

Project undertaken by a consortium led by

57 Ricardo Energy & Environment
57
Power Transformers - Session 3
Capacity Building to the
Transformer Winding Connections Bangladesh
Power Sector

 Winding Connection Types

− Star connection without neutral brought out; i.e Y or y connection
− Star connection with neutral brought out; i.e YN or yn connection
− Delta connection; i.e D or d connection
− Zigzag connection; i.e Z or z connection
A
A A A

B
B B B

C
C C
C

 Common Connection Types of Two Winding Transformers

− Combination of Yy, Yd, Dy, Dd, Yz, Zy with or without neutral brought out

 Common Connection Types of Three Winding Transformers

− Combination of Yyy, Ydy, Ddy, Ydz with or without neutral brought out

Project undertaken by a consortium led by

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58
Power Transformers - Session 3
Capacity Building to the
Winding Connection Types (1) Bangladesh
Power Sector

 Dyn Connection
− Provides no grounding to HV winding system
− Provides grounding to LV winding system
− Isolates ground current and V0
− -30º (+ n*120º) phase shift, such as Dyn1 or Dyn11

 YNd Connection
− Provides grounding to HV winding system
− Provides no grounding to LV Winding system
− Isolates ground current and V0
− -30º (+ n*120º) phase shift, such as YNd1 or YNd11

Project undertaken by a consortium led by

59 Ricardo Energy & Environment
59
Power Transformers - Session 3
Capacity Building to the
Winding Connection Types (2) Bangladesh
Power Sector

 YNyn0 Connection
− Provides grounding to both HV and LV winding systems
− Passes through between the HV and LV systems
− Provides no ground source itself
− Does not isolate zero sequence current
− No phase shift

 YNynd Connection
− Provides ground source to both HV and LV winding
systems
− Tertiary winding may not even have terminals, rated
approx. 30% of full MVA
− No phase shift between HV and LV windings
− Tertiary winding may not be used

Project undertaken by a consortium led by

60 Ricardo Energy & Environment
60
Power Transformers - Session 3
Capacity Building to the
Basic Transformer Bangladesh
Power Sector

Φm

i0

VHV NHV NLV VLV Load

•
 Key items  Key variables
− Transformer core − Magnetizing current
− Primary winding or HV winding − Leakage inductance of the two windings
− Secondary winding or LV winding − Mutual inductance between the windings
− Number of turns in the two windings − Core losses (no-load losses)
− Ratio of the turns between the two − Conductor losses (load losses)
windings

Project undertaken by a consortium led by

61 Ricardo Energy & Environment
61
Power Transformers - Session 3
Capacity Building to the
2W Transformer Equivalent Circuit Bangladesh
Power Sector

RHV XHV NHV:NLV RLV XLV

 Key Parameters
RM XM
− Resistance and reactance in the
primary winding
Equivalent circuit of a real two winding transformer − Resistance and reactance in the
secondary winding
RT XT RT XT − Resistance and reactance in the
core
− Number of turns in the primary
VHV g b VLV VHV VLV and secondary windings
− Winding capacity
− Winding nominal voltages
(a) (b)
Simplified equivalent circuit of the transformer in per unit

Project undertaken by a consortium led by

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Power Transformers - Session 3
Capacity Building to the
3W Transformer Equivalent Circuit Bangladesh
Power Sector

R’LV X’LV

 Key Parameters
R’TV X’TV
RHV XHV NHV:NLV:NTV
− Resistance and reactance in
VLV
between HV and LV windings
VTV
VHV RM XM
− Resistance and reactance in
between HV and TV windings
− Resistance and reactance in
Equivalent circuit of a real three winding transformer
between LV and TV windings
RLV XLV
− Resistance and reactance in each
winding
RHV XHV RTV XTV − Resistance and reactance in the
VLV
core
VHV RM XM VTV − Number of turns in each winding
− Winding capacity in MVA

Simplified equivalent circuit of three winding − Winding nominal voltage in kV

transformer in per unit
Project undertaken by a consortium led by
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63
Power Transformers - Session 3
Capacity Building to the
Transformer Impedance Bangladesh
Power Sector

 Positive sequence impedance Highest voltage for transformers (kV)

MVA 12 36 145 245 420
− Positive sequence resistance and reactance 1 4.75 5.00
2 5.50 6.00
− Depending upon design of the transformer 2.5 6.50 7.00
3.15 7.00 7.50
− On-site test determination 6.3 7.50 8.00
8 8.50 9.00
− Typical transformer impedance range 10 9.00 9.00 10.00
12.5 10.00 10.00 10.00
20 10.00 11.00 13.00
30 11.00 12.00 13.00
 Zero sequence impedance 45 11.00 12.00 14.00
60 12.00 12.50 15.00 16.00
− Zero sequence resistance and reactance 90 16.00 17.50
120 17.50 20.00
− Depending upon design of the transformer 180 19.00 22.00
240 20.00 22.00
− Depending upon winding connection
− On-site test determination

Project undertaken by a consortium led by

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64
Power Transformers - Session 3
Capacity Building to the
Transformer Impedance Determination (1) Bangladesh
Power Sector
PSC
Amps ISC

VSC
LV Winding
(Impedance Volts HV LV Short
Voltage) Circuit

 Positive sequence impedance determination for 1 phase transformer

− Make a solid short circuit at the LV winding side
− Apply a voltage at the HV winding side until the current flowing through the HV
winding reaches to the rated current , i.e ISC in kA
− Measure the short circuit voltage at the HV winding side, i.e VSC in kV
− Measure copper losses of the transformer, i.e ISC in kW
− Calculate positive sequence resistance and impedance voltage
PSC V SC V SCV N
RT  ( Ohm ) ZT   100 % ZT  (Ohm ) XT  ( Z T2  RT2 ) (Ohm )
1000  I SC
2
VN SN

Project undertaken by a consortium led by

65 Ricardo Energy & Environment
65
Power Transformers - Session 3
Capacity Building to the
Transformer Impedance Determination (2) Bangladesh
Power Sector

 Positive sequence impedance determination for a three phase

transformer

Project undertaken by a consortium led by

66 Ricardo Energy & Environment
66
Power Transformers - Session 3
Capacity Building to the
Transformer Impedance Determination (3) Bangladesh
Power Sector

 Zero sequence impedance determination: A

− Apply to winding connection types Ynd or Ynyn

transformer C

− Build the zero sequence path if it is a Ynyn

connection transformer B

− Connect the ABC three phase together at the HV Amps Volts Ynd Connection
winding side I0
V0
− Apply a voltage at the HV winding side V0
A a
− Measure the total current flowing throwing HV
windings I0
C b
− Calculate zero sequence impedance as follows:
3V 0
Z0  ( Ohm ) R 0  R T ( Ohm ) B c
I0
Amps Volts
− X0 ( Z  R ) ( Ohm )
2
0
2
0 Ynyn Connection
I0
V0

Project undertaken by a consortium led by

67 Ricardo Energy & Environment
67
Power Transformers - Session 3
Capacity Building to the
2W Transformer Parameter Calculation Bangladesh
Power Sector

 Impedance Calculation  Example


Grid Transformers:
V N2 P
 T R  2
 ( Ohm )
 ST 1000

Items Values
V N2 V %
 TZ   k ( Ohm ) Capacity (MVA): 90.000
 S 100
T
Rated Volatge at Primary Winding Side (kV): 132.00
 X  sqrt ( Z 2  R 2 ) ( Ohm )
 T T T Rated Volatge at Secondary Winding Side (kV): 33.00

No-Load Losses (kW) 32.0
Load Losses @ 75C (kW) 284.0
ST : Transformer capacity in MVA
Total Losses (kW) 316.0
VN: Nominal voltage at HV winding side in kV Impedance Voltage @ 75C (%) 9.46

ΔP: Transformer load losses in kW Impedance Calculation:

System MVA Base: 100
Uk%: Short circuit impedance in percentage Zbase (ohm@132kV side): 174.24
RT: Transformer resistance in Ohms RT (ohm@132kV side): 0.61097
RT (pu): 0.00351
ZT: Transformer impedance in Ohms ZT (ohm@132kV side): 18.3146
ZT (pu): 0.10511
RT: Transformer reactance in Ohms XT (ohm): 18.30437
XT (pu): 0.10505
X/R Ratio 29.9764

Project undertaken by a consortium led by

68 Ricardo Energy & Environment
68
Power Transformers - Session 3
Capacity Building to the
3W Transformer Parameter Calculation (1) Bangladesh
Power Sector

 Representation of a three winding transformer

HV LV HV LV HV LV

TV TV TV

 Transformer Impedance between HV-LV, HV-TV and LV-TV windings

 2
V HV P  2
V HV PHV TV  V LV2  PLV  TV V HV 2

 HV  LV
R  2
 HV  LV (Ohm )  HV TV
R  2
 (Ohm )  LV  TV
R  2
 ( 2
) (Ohm )
 S HV 1000  S 1000 S 1000 V
TV  TV LV
  

2 2 2 2
V HV V % V HV V % V LV V k LV  TV % V HV
 Z HV  LV   kHV  LV (Ohm )  Z HV TV   kHV TV (Ohm )  Z LV  TV   ( 2 ) (Ohm )
 S HV 100  S TV 100  S TV 100 V LV
X  sqrt ( Z HV X X
 LV  R HV  LV ) (Ohm )  sqrt ( Z HV  TV  R HV  TV ) (Ohm )  sqrt ( Z LV  TV  R LV  TV ) ( Ohm )
2 2 2 2 2 2
 HV  LV  HV TV  LV  TV
  

Project undertaken by a consortium led by

69 Ricardo Energy & Environment
69
Power Transformers - Session 3
Capacity Building to the
3W Transformer Parameter Calculation (2) Bangladesh
Power Sector

 Transformer Impedance calculations for HV, LV and TV windings

 1  1
 RHV  2 ( RHV  LV  RHV TV  RLV TV ) (Ohm)  X HV  2 ( X HV  LV  X HV TV  X LV TV ) (Ohm)
 
 1  1
 RLV  ( RHV  LV  RLV TV  RHV TV ) (Ohm)  X LV  ( X HV  LV  X LV TV  X HV TV ) (Ohm)
 2  2
 1  1
 RTV  2 ( RHV TV  RLV TV  RHV  LV ) (Ohm)  X TV  2 ( X HV TV  X LV TV  X HV  LV ) (Ohm)

− SHV , SLV , STV , capacity of HV, LV and TV windings in MVA

− ΔP HV-LV , ΔP HV-TV , ΔP LV-TV , load losses between windings at the rated winding capacity
− VHV and VLV , nominal voltages at HV and LV winding sides in kV
− RHV-LV , RHV-TV , RLV-TV , resistance between windings seen at the HV side
− XHV-LV , XHV-TV , XLV-TV , reactance between windings seen at the HV side
− ZHV-LV , ZHV-TV , ZLV-TV , impedance between windings seen at the HV side
− RHV , RLV, RTV , resistance for HV, LV and TV winding
− XHV , XLV, XTV , reactance for HV, LV and TV winding

Project undertaken by a consortium led by

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Power Transformers - Session 3
Capacity Building to the
Three Winding Transformer Example Bangladesh
Power Sector

Transformer Test Data Transformer Data Calculations

Three winding transformer example ohms (%) (per unit)
Impedance Calculations
@275kV side on 160MVA on 100MVA
Items Values HV-LV Windings RHV-LV: 1.41 0.30 0.00186
Rated HV Winding Capacity (MVA) 160 HV-LV Windings ZHV-LV: 86.50 18.30 0.11438
Rated LV Winding Capacity (MVA) 160
HV-LV Windings XHV-LV: 86.48 18.30 0.11436
Rated TV Winding Capacity (MVA) 75
HV-TV Windings RHV-TV: 3.66 0.77 0.00484
Rated HV Winding Voltage (kV) 275 HV-TV Windings ZHV-TV: 79.46 16.81 0.10507
Rated LV Winding Voltage (kV) 132 HV-TV Windings XHV-TV: 79.37 16.79 0.10496
Rated TV Winding Voltage (kV) 33 LV-TV Windings RLV-TV: 3.82 0.81 0.00505
LV-TV Windings ZLV-TV: 78.75 16.66 0.10413
No-load losses (kW) 38.5
HV-LV load losses @160 MVA (kW) 476.0 LV-TV Windings XLV-TV: 78.66 16.64 0.10401
HV-LV Short circuit impedance @160 MVA (%) 18.3 HV Winding RHV: 0.62 0.13 0.00082
HV-TV load losses @75 MVA (kW) 272 LV Winding RLV : 0.78 0.17 0.00104
HV-TV Short circuit impedance @75 MVA (%) 7.88 TV Winding RTV : 3.03 0.64 0.00401
LV-TV load losses @75 MVA (kW) 284
HV Winding XHV : 43.60 9.22 0.05765
LV-TV Short circuit impedance @75 MVA (%) 7.81
LV Winding XLV : 42.89 9.07 0.05671
TV Winding XTV : 35.77 7.57 0.04730
HV Winding ZHV : 43.60 9.23 0.05766
LV Winding ZLV : 42.89 9.07 0.05672
TV Winding XTV : 35.90 7.60 0.04747

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Power Transformers - Session 3
Capacity Building to the
Transformer Zero Sequence Parameter Bangladesh
Power Sector

 Zero sequence current path is associated with

− Any grounded neutral point in transformer terminals
− Winding connection of the transformer

 Zero sequence equivalent circuit

− Depending on winding connection type

 Zero sequence impedance data

− Sourced from transformer test report
− Calculation of zero sequence impedance in per unit
− Estimation of zero sequence impedance R0=R1, X0=0.90X1

Project undertaken by a consortium led by

72 Ricardo Energy & Environment
72
Power Transformers - Session 3
Capacity Building to the
Transformer XR Ratio Bangladesh
Power Sector

 Known Transformer
Parameters
− Nominal voltages
− MVA capacity
− Impedance voltage (Vk%)

 What could be the XR ratio

of the transformer?
− IEEE Std. 242 recommended
X/R ratio data for transformers
with various MVA ratings

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73
Power Transformers - Session 3
Capacity Building to the
Transformer Parameter in Per Unit System Bangladesh
Power Sector

 Transformer MVA based parameters

− Transformer MVA rating
− Nominal voltages at HV, LV and TV windings
− Transformer impedance in % based on full MVA ratings or in Ohms seen at HV side

 System based transmission parameters

− Specified system MVA base, for example 100 MVA
− Specified base voltages for HV, LV and TV windings
− Calculated parameters in per unit on system base capacity
0.01  MVAbase  R (%)
R ( pu )  2
VBase
Transformer MVA Z Sys _ Base  (ohm )
MVABase VHV VLV VTV
Z ( pu ) 
0.01  MVAbase  Z (%) Tk1  , Tk 2  , Tk 3 
R (ohm ) X (ohm ) VHVBase VLVBase VTVBase
Transformer MVA R ( pu )  , X ( pu ) 
Z Sys _ Base (ohm ) Z Sys _ Base (ohm )
X ( pu )  Z 2 ( pu )  R 2 ( pu )
Transformer tap
Trx Impedance in % Trx Impedance Ohm position in per unit

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Power Transformers - Session 3
Capacity Building to the
Modelling of Power Transformers Bangladesh
Power Sector

 Factors need to be considered

Tk:1
− Two winding or three winding transformer HV ZT
LV
− Transformer MVA ratings including winding MVA
rating
− Impedance in per unit on transformer MVA base
or in per unit converted on system MVA base
− Winding connection for zero sequence path
ZT
− Off-nominal tap position and tap range HV TK
LV
− Regulation options and settings
ZT ZT
o Voltage control and settings (1  TK ) TK (TK  1)

o Power flow control and settings

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Power Transformers - Session 3
Capacity Building to the
Transformer Off-nominal Positions Bangladesh
Power Sector

 Off-nominal voltage at the HV side

Tk1:1 1:Tk2
− ZT calculated based on specified base voltage HV
ZT
LV

− Adding an ideal transformer on the HV side

with off-nominal tap position Tk1 Tk1 
VHV
Tk 2 
VLV
VHVBase VLV Base

 Off-nominal voltage at the LV side LV

− ZT calculated based on specified base voltage 1:Tk2

− Adding an ideal transformer on the LV side VLV

Tk 2 
with off-nominal tap position Tk2 VLV  Base

Tk1:1 ZLV
ZHV
HV
 Off-nominal voltage at the TV side
ZTV
− ZHV ZLV and ZTV calculated based on specified Tk1 
VHV
VHV Base VTV
Tk 3 
base voltages VTV Base

− Adding an ideal transformer on the TV side 1:Tk3

with off-nominal tap position Tk3 TV

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Power Transformers - Session 3
Capacity Building to the
Transformer Insulation Levels Bangladesh
Power Sector

Ability to withstand transient overvoltage is given by BIL

- Basic Impulse Level
- 1.2 x 50 µs double-exponential waveform

Other wave withstands are factors times BIL

- BSL – Basic Switching Level, 250 x 2500 µs waveform, 0.83*BIL
- CWW – Chopped Wave Withstand, 1.2 x 50 µs waveform chopped in 3 µs, 1.1*BIL

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Power Transformers - Session 3
Capacity Building to the
Typical Transformer BILs Bangladesh
Power Sector

Line Voltage (kV) Basic Insulation Levels

400 850, 1050, 1175

230 650, 750, 850, 950

132 550, 650, 750

33 170, 200

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Power Transformers - Session 3
Capacity Building to the
Transformer Specification Bangladesh
Power Sector

- Transformer Type - No load losses (kW)

- MVA (each winding if 3-winding - Load losses @MVA and 75 °C (kW)
transformer) - BIL for each winding
- Nominal voltage kV - Special service conditions
- Off-load taps (typ. ± 2 x 2.5%) o Altitude > 1000 m

- OLTC o Temps (> 40°C, < -20 °C)

o Step-up operation
o Which winding
o Step size (typical 5/8%) - Bushing requirements

o Number of steps (typ. ± 16) - Cooling method

- Impedance requirements - Monitoring equipment

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Power Transformers - Session 3
Capacity Building to the
Typical Transformer Data Sheet Bangladesh
Power Sector

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Power Transformers - Session 3
Capacity Building to the
Transformer Zero Sequence Circuit (1) Bangladesh
Power Sector

No earthing source and no zero sequence path

Yy
between HV and LV windings

Zero sequence path on HV winding with

YNy
impedance ZM0

Zero sequence path on LV winding with

Yyn
impedance ZM0

Zero sequence path on both HV and LV

YNyn
windings with impedance ZM0

No earthing source and no zero sequence path

Dy
between HV and LV windings

Earthing source on LV winding with

Dyn
impedance Z0

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Power Transformers - Session 3
Capacity Building to the
Transformer Zero Sequence Circuit (2) Bangladesh
Power Sector

No earthing source and no zero sequence path

Yd
between HV and LV windings

Earthing source on HV winding with impedance

YNd
Z0

No earthing source and no zero sequence path

Dd
between HV and LV windings
Z’L0

YNyn
Zero sequence path between HV and LV
windings with impedance ZM0

Yz No earthing source and no zero sequence path

between HV and LV windings

Zero sequence path on HV winding with

YNz
impedance ZM0

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Power Transformers - Session 3
Capacity Building to the
Transformer Zero Sequence Circuit (3) Bangladesh
Power Sector

Yzn
Zero sequence path on LV winding with
impedance ZM0

Zero sequence path between HV and LV windings

YNzn
with impedance ZM0

No zero sequence path on both HV and LV

Zy
windings

Zero sequence path on HV winding with

ZNy
impedance ZM0

Zero sequence path on LV winding with

Zyn
impedance ZM0

Zero sequence path on both HV and LV

ZNyn
windings with impedance ZM0

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Power Transformers - Session 3
Capacity Building to the
Transformer Zero Sequence Circuit (4) Bangladesh
Power Sector

No earthing source, but with zero sequence

YNynyn
path between HV, LV and TV windings and
additional impedance ZM0 to earth

No earthing source and no zero sequence path

Ydy between HV, LV and TV windings

Earthing source with zero sequence path

Ydyn
between LV and TV windings

YNdyn
Earthing source with zero sequence path
between HV, LV and TV windings

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Case Studies - Session 4
Capacity Building to the
Table of Contents Bangladesh
Power Sector

 Introduction of Network Components

 Overhead Lines
 Power Cables
 Power Transformers
 Case Studies

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Case Studies - Session 4
Capacity Building to the
Case - Modelling of an OHL Circuit Bangladesh
Power Sector

 A 230 kV OHL transmission circuit has the

Items Values
following electrical data (on 100 MVA base): Nominal Volatge (kV): 230
Conductor Size (mm2): 300
− R1 = 0.108 ohm, X1=0.4196 ohm/km, C1 =
Maximum Current Rating (AMPs) 800.00
0.00867µF/km, AC Resistance (ohm/km) 0.108
Reactance: (ohm/km) 0.4196
− R0 = 0.3379 ohm, X0=1.2508 ohm/km,
Phase Capacitance (microF/km) 0.0087
− Maximum rating of 330 MVA Zero Sequence Resistance (ohm/km) R0 0.338
Zero Sequence Reactance (ohm/km) X0 1.251

R1 X1 Impedance and MVA Rating Calculation:

System MVA Base: 100
Z1 Equivalent Zbase (ohm): 529
Circuit B1/2 B1/2 Maximum MVA Rating 318.70
Length of the cable 50.00
R1 (pu): 0.010208
X1 (pu): 0.039660
R0 X0
B1 (pu): 0.072043
Z0 Equivalent Z0 (pu): 0.122461
R0 (pu): 0.031938
Circuit B0/2 B0/2
X0 (pu): 0.002364
B0 (pu): 0.072043

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Case Studies - Session 4
Capacity Building to the
Case - Modelling of a Cable Circuit Bangladesh
Power Sector

 Given the 132 kV cable specification, Items

Nominal Volatge (kV):
Values
132
calculate the electrical data of a 10 km Cable Type: BS6622 Three Core
Cable Size (mm2): 500
cable circuit: Conductor Type: Copper
Maximum Current Rating (AMPs) 530.00
Configuration of laying Trefoil with screen bonded both ends
AC Resistance (@90C) (ohm/km) 0.069
Reactance: (ohm/km) 0.1220
R1 X1 Phase Capacitance (microF/km) 0.197
Zero Sequence Resistance (ohm/km) R0 0.291
Z1 Equivalent Zero Sequence Reactance (ohm/km) X0 0.272

Circuit B1/2 B1/2

Impedance and MVA Rating Calculation:
System MVA Base: 100
Zbase (ohm): 174.24
Maximum MVA Rating 121.17
R0 X0 Length of the cable 10.00
R1 (pu): 0.003960
Z0 Equivalent X1 (pu): 0.007002
B1 (pu): 0.107836
Circuit B0/2 B0/2
Z0 (pu): 0.022871
R0 (pu): 0.016711
X0 (pu): 0.015614
B0 (pu): 0.107836

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Case Studies - Session 4
Capacity Building to the
Case - Modelling of a 2W Transformer (1) Bangladesh
Power Sector

 Given the test results of a 132/33 kV power transformer, calculate its

electrical data

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Case Studies - Session 4
Capacity Building to the
Case - Modelling of a 2W Transformer (2) Bangladesh
Power Sector

Grid Transformers: Values

Capacity (MVA): 90.000
A Primary Volatge (kV): 132.00
A Secondary Volatge (kV): 33.00
Tappings @ HV side: +/-9x1.67%
B Vector Group: Ynd
B
No-Load Losses (kW) 31.998
Impedance Losses @ 75C (kW) 284.023
Total Losses (kW) 316.021
C
C Positive Sequence Impedance Voltage @ 75C (%) 9.46
Zero Sequence Impedance Voltage @ 75C (%) 8.72
(Winding Connection) Impedance Calculation:
System MVA Base: 100
Zbase (ohm): 174.2400
RT (ohm): 0.61097
RT (pu): 0.00351
XT (ohm): 18.3146
XT (pu): 0.10511
X0 (Ohm) 16.87418
X/R Ratio 29.9764
R0 (pu) 0.00351
X0 (pu) 0.09684

(Zero Sequence Equivalent Tap Position Calculation:

Circuit) Tk 1.00000
Tkmax 1.15000
Tkmin 0.85000

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Case Studies - Session 4
Capacity Building to the
Case - Modelling of a 3W Transformer Bangladesh
Power Sector

Three winding transformer example

Items Values Units

Rated HV Winding Capacity 530 MVA
Rated LV Winding Capacity 530 MVA
Rated TV Winding Capacity 177 MVA
Rated HV Winding Voltage 400 kV
Rated LV Winding Voltage 132 kV
Rated TV Winding Voltage 13 kV
Rated HV Winding Current 0.76 kA
Rated LV Winding Current 2.32 kA
Rated LV Winding Current 7.85 kA

Test Results
HV winding is in short circuit
Pk21 1551.2 kW
Ik21 2.3181 kA
Uk21 46.225 kV
Tertiary winding is in short circuit
Pk13 451.4 kW
Ik13 0.2555 kA
Uk13 80.188 kV
Tertiary winding is in short circuit
Pk23 400 kW
Ik23 0.774 kA
Uk23 9.105 kV

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 Capacity Building to the
Bangladesh
Power Sector

End of Module A

Thank You !

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