Lesson 2 Operational Amplifiers
Lesson 2 Operational Amplifiers
Lesson 2 Operational Amplifiers
MIXED SIGNAL
SENSORS
LESSON 2
OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS
The Ideal Op-Amp
The ideal op-amp has characteristics that simplify analysis
of op-amp circuits. Ideally, op-amps have infinite voltage
gain, infinite bandwidth, and infinite input impedance. In
addition, the ideal op-amp has zero output impedance.
+
Operational Amplifiers
+
8
1 1
8 8 20
1 1 –V
DIP DIP SMT SMT
The Practical Op-Amp
Practical op-amps have characteristics that often can be
treated as ideal for certain situations, but can never actually
attain ideal characteristics. In addition to finite gain,
bandwidth, and input impedance, they have other limitations.
+
Block Diagram
Internally, the typical op-amp has a differential input, a
voltage amplifier, and a push-pull output. Recall from the
discussion in Section 6-7 of the text that the differential
amplifier amplifies the difference in the two inputs.
+
Push-pull
Differential Voltage
amplifier
Vin amplifier amplifier(s) Vout
output
– input stage gain stage
stage
Signal modes
The input signal can be applied to an op-amp in differential-
mode or in common-mode. V in
Vout
Differential-mode signals are +
Differential signals
Signal modes
The input signal can be applied to an op-amp in differential-
mode or in common-mode. V in
–
Common-mode signals are
Vout
applied to both sides with the
+
same phase on both.
Vin
Usually, common-mode –
signals are from unwanted Vout
sources, and affect both +
inputs in the same way. The Vin
result is that they are Common-mode
essentially cancelled at the signals
output.
Common-Mode Rejection Ratio
The ability of an amplifier to amplify differential signals and
reject common-mode signals is called the common-mode
rejection ratio (CMRR).
Aol
CMRR is defined as CMRR
Acm
where Aol is the open-loop differential-gain
and Acm is the common-mode gain.
Aol
CMRR can also be expressed in decibels as CMRR 20 log
A
cm
Common-Mode Rejection Ratio
Aol
CMRR 20 log
A
cm
200, 000
20 log 90 dB
6.3
(The minimum specified CMRR is 70 dB.)
Voltage and Current Parameters
ZIN(d)
ZIN(d) : The differential input impedance
is the total resistance between the inputs
+
–
ZIN(cm) : The common-mode input
ZIN(cm)
impedance is the resistance between
each input and ground +
0 t
Vout 12 V 12 V
Slew Rate
t 4.0 μs –12
–13
4.0 m s
= 6 V/ms
Negative Feedback
Negative feedback is the process of returning a portion of
the output signal to the input with a phase angle that opposes
the input signal.
The advantage of negative
feedback is that precise values Vin +
Vout
of amplifier gain can be set. In
Vf –
addition, bandwidth and input
Internal inversion makes Vf
and output impedances can be 180° out of phase with Vin.
controlled. Negative
feedback
circuit
Noninverting Amplifier
A noninverting amplifier is a configuration in which the
signal is on the noninverting input and a portion of the
output is returned to the inverting input.
Feedback forces Vf to be equal
+
to Vin, hence Vin is across Ri. Vout
With basic algebra, you can Vin –
Rf
show that the closed-loop gain Vf Feedback
of the noninverting amplifier is circuit
Rf Ri
Acl (NI) 1
Ri
Noninverting Amplifier
A noninverting amplifier is a configuration in which the
signal is on the noninverting input and a portion of the
output is returned to the inverting input.
Feedback forces Vf to be equal
+
to Vin, hence Vin is across Ri. Vout
With basic algebra, you can Vin –
Rf
show that the closed-loop gain Vf Feedback
of the noninverting amplifier is circuit
Rf Ri
Acl (NI) 1
Ri
Noninverting Amplifier
0 V (virtual ground)
Inverting Amplifier
Rf 82 kW
Acl (I)
Ri Ri
–
82 k 3.3 kW
Vout
3.3 k Vin +
= -24.8
Noninverting amplifier:
Z in (NI) 1 Aol B Zin Generally, assumed to be ∞
Z out
Z out (NI) Generally, assumed to be 0
1 Aol B
Inverting amplifier:
Z in (I) Ri Generally, assumed to be Ri
Z out
Z out (I) Generally, assumed to be 0
1 Aol B
Note that the output impedance has the same form for both amplifiers.
Bias Current Compensation
Ri
– –
Vout Vout
Ri + Vin +
Rc = Ri || Rf Rc = Ri || Rf
Vin
Noninverting Inverting
amplifier amplifier
Bandwidth Limitations
Many op-amps have a roll off rate determined by a single
low-pass RC circuit, giving a constant -20 dB/decade down
to unity gain.
Aol (dB)
Op-amps with this 106
Midrange
100
characteristic are
called compensated 75
op-amps. The blue –20 dB/decade roll-off
open-loop frequency
characteristic (Bode 25
Unity-gain frequency (f T)
Critical frequency
plot) for the op-amp.
0 f (Hz)
1 10 100 1k 10k 100k 1M
Bandwidth Limitations
Many op-amps have a roll off rate determined by a single
low-pass RC circuit, giving a constant -20 dB/decade down
to unity gain.
Aol (dB)
Op-amps with this 106
Midrange
100
characteristic are
called compensated 75
op-amps. The blue –20 dB/decade roll-off
open-loop frequency
characteristic (Bode 25
Unity-gain frequency (f T)
Critical frequency
plot) for the op-amp.
0 f (Hz)
1 10 100 1k 10k 100k 1M
Bandwidth Limitations
Many
The op-amps
equation, have
Acl f(cl) = Aolafc(ol)
rollshows
off ratethat the determined
product of by the again single
low-pass
and bandwidth RC are
circuit, giving
constant. a constant -20
The gain-bandwidth dB/decade
product is also down
to unity
equal to thegain.
unity gain frequency. That is fT = Acl fc(cl), where fT is
the unity-gain bandwidth. A (dB) ol
100
characteristic are Vin +
The
called fT compensated
for a 741C op amp is 1 MHz.
75 741C Vout
What
op-amps. is the BW
The blue
cl for the amplifier? –
–20 dB/decade roll-off
Rf
line represents the 50 82 kW
open-loop R frequency 82 k
Acl (NI) 1 f 1 25.8
characteristic Ri (Bode 3.3 k 25 Ri
Unity-gain frequency (f )
Critical frequency 3.3 kW T
Acl 25.8
Selected Key Terms
Operational A type of amplifier that has very high voltage
amplifier gain, very high input impedance, very low
output impedance and good rejection of
common-mode signals.
–
Vin
Vout
+
Quiz
b. 100 mV Vout
Vf – Rf
c. 1.0 V 10 kW
d. 11 V Ri
1.0 kW
Quiz
10 kW
b. 100 mV Ri
–
c. 1.0 V 1.0 kW
Vout
Vin +
d. 10 V
Quiz
b. Rf Ri
–
c. Ri||Rf Vout
+
d. Ri + Rf Vin
Rc
Quiz