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    L2 - Operational Amplifiers

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    Hanan Shayibo
    The document discusses operational amplifiers (op-amps), including: 1) An op-amp is a high-gain differential amplifier that can perform mathematical operations like addition, subtraction, integration, and differentiation. It has very high input impedance and low output impedance. 2) An ideal op-amp has infinite gain and bandwidth, zero input offset voltage and current, and infinite common-mode rejection ratio, though practical op-amps have limitations. 3) Op-amps can be used as inverting or non-inverting amplifiers, with different closed-loop gain formulas depending on the configuration. They also have various applications like summing, integrating, differentiating, and acting as buffers.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    L2 - Operational Amplifiers

    Uploaded by

    Hanan Shayibo
    21 views22 pages
    The document discusses operational amplifiers (op-amps), including: 1) An op-amp is a high-gain differential amplifier that can perform mathematical operations like addition, subtraction, integration, and differentiation. It has very high input impedance and low output impedance. 2) An ideal op-amp has infinite gain and bandwidth, zero input offset voltage and current, and infinite common-mode rejection ratio, though practical op-amps have limitations. 3) Op-amps can be used as inverting or non-inverting amplifiers, with different closed-loop gain formulas depending on the configuration. They also have various applications like summing, integrating, differentiating, and acting as buffers.

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    L2_Operational Amplifiers

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    The document discusses operational amplifiers (op-amps), including: 1) An op-amp is a high-gain differential amplifier that can perform mathematical operations like addition, subtraction, integration, and differentiation. It has very high input impedance and low output impedance. 2) An ideal op-amp has infinite gain and bandwidth, zero input offset voltage and current, and infinite common-mode rejection ratio, though practical op-amps have limitations. 3) Op-amps can be used as inverting or non-inverting amplifiers, with different closed-loop gain formulas depending on the configuration. They also have various applications like summing, integrating, differentiating, and acting as buffers.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    21 views22 pages

    L2 - Operational Amplifiers

    Uploaded by

    Hanan Shayibo
    The document discusses operational amplifiers (op-amps), including: 1) An op-amp is a high-gain differential amplifier that can perform mathematical operations like addition, subtraction, integration, and differentiation. It has very high input impedance and low output impedance. 2) An ideal op-amp has infinite gain and bandwidth, zero input offset voltage and current, and infinite common-mode rejection ratio, though practical op-amps have limitations. 3) Op-amps can be used as inverting or non-inverting amplifiers, with different closed-loop gain formulas depending on the configuration. They also have various applications like summing, integrating, differentiating, and acting as buffers.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 22

    Applied Electronics II

    Lecture -2

    Operational Amplifiers (Op-Amps)


    Basic Op-Amp
    Operational amplifier (op-amp) is a very high gain differential amplifier with a high input
    impedance (ideally open ckt) and low output impedance (less than 100 W).

    +
    Push-pull
    Differential Voltage
    amplifier
    Vin amplifier amplifier(s) Vout
    output
    – input stage gain stage
    stage

    2
    Why operational?
    An op-amp is an active circuit element designed to perform
    mathematical operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication,
    division, differentiation, and integration.
    i.e. op-amp can sum signals, amplify a signal, integrate it, or
    differentiate it.
    The ability of the op-amp to perform these mathematical operations is
    the reason why it is called an operational amplifier.

    3
    Characteristics of ideal op-amp
    An ideal operational amplifier has the following characteristics:
    • Infinite open-loop gain G = vout / 'vin
    • Infinite input impedances
    • Zero output impedance
    • Infinite gain for the differential input signal
    • Zero gain for the common-mode input signal
    • Infinite Common-mode rejection ratio (CMRR)
    • Infinite bandwidth
    • Practical op-amps have characteristics that often can be
    • Zero input offset voltage treated as ideal for certain situations, but can never
    actually attain ideal characteristics.
    • Zero noise • In addition to finite gain, bandwidth, and input
    impedance, they have other limitations.
    4
    Op-Amp Gain
    Op-Amps have a very high gain. They can be connected open-loop or
    closed-loop.

    • Open-loop refers to a configuration where there is no feedback


    from output back to the input. In the open-loop configuration the
    gain can exceed 10,000.

    • Closed-loop configuration reduces the gain. In order to control the


    gain of an op-amp it must have feedback. This feedback is a
    negative feedback. A negative feedback reduces the gain and
    improves many characteristics of the op-amp.

    5 5
    Inverting/Noninverting Op-Amps
    Inverting Amplifier Noninverting Amplifier
     Rf Rf
    Vo  V1 Vo  (1  )V1
    R1 R1

    6 6
    Inverting Amplifier
    • An inverting amplifier is a configuration in which the noninverting
    input is grounded and the signal is applied through a resistor to the
    inverting input.
    • Feedback forces the inputs to be nearly Rf
    identical; hence the inverting input is very
    close to 0 V. The closed-loop gain of the Ri
    inverting amplifier is –
    Vout
    Rf Vin +
    Acl (I)  
    Ri
    virtual ground
    Noninverting Amplifier
    • A noninverting amplifier is a configuration in which the signal is on the
    noninverting input and a portion of the output is returned to the inverting
    input.
    +
    • Feedback forces Vf to be equal to Vin, hence Vin Vout
    is across Ri. With basic algebra, you can show Vin –
    Rf
    that the closed-loop gain of the noninverting Vf Feedback
    circuit
    amplifier is: Ri

    Rf
    Acl (NI)  1 
    Ri
    Impedance Parameters
    –

    • ZIN(d) : The differential input impedance is ZIN(d)

    the total resistance between the inputs


    +

    –
    • ZIN(cm) : The common-mode input
    impedance is the resistance between each ZIN(cm)

    input and ground +

    • Zout: The output impedance is the resistance –


    Zout
    viewed from the output of the circuit.
    +
    Impedance Values
    Noninverting amplifier:
    Z in (NI)  1  Aol B  Z in Generally, assumed to be ∞
    Z out = – Attenuation of the
    Z out (NI)  Generally, assumed to be 0
    1  Aol B  feedback circuit

    Inverting amplifier:
    Z in (I)  Ri Generally, assumed to be Ri
    Z out
    Z out (I)  Generally, assumed to be 0
    1  Aol B 
    Voltage and Current Parameters
    • VO(p-p): The maximum output voltage swing is determined by the op-amp and the
    power supply voltages

    • VOS: The input offset voltage is the differential dc voltage required between the inputs
    to force the output to zero volts

    • IBIAS: The input bias current is the average of the I1  I 2


    I BIAS 
    two dc currents required to bias the differential 2
    amplifier

    • IOS: The input offset current is the difference


    I OS  I1  I 2
    between the two dc bias currents
    Frequency Parameters
    Aol (dB)
    Midrange
    106
    100

    • Gain-Bandwidth: Because of the


    75
    internal compensation circuitry included –20 dB/decade roll-off

    in an op-amp, the voltage gain drops off 50

    as frequency increases.
    25
    Unity-gain frequency (fT)
    Critical frequency

    0 f (Hz)
    1 10 100 1k 10k 100k 1M

    • Slew Rate (SR): is the maximum rate at which an op-amp can change output without
    distortion.
    ΔVo
    SR  (in V/s)
    Δt

    12
    Op-amp Applications: Voltage-follower (Buffer)

    • A special case of the noninverting amplifier is when Rf =0 and Ri = ∞.


    This forms a voltage follower or unity gain buffer with a gain of 1.

    Vin +
    • The input impedance of the voltage follower is very Vout
    high, producing an excellent circuit for isolating one – Rf
    82 kW
    circuit from another, which avoids "loading" effects.
    Ri
    3.3 kW
    Op-amp Applications: Summing Amplifier

    • A summing amplifier is an op-amp circuit that combines several inputs


    and produces an output which is the weighted sum of the inputs.
    Op-amp Applications: Integrator
    • An integrator is an op-amp circuit whose output is proportional to the
    integral of the input signal.
    Op-amp Applications: Differentiator
    • A differentiator is an op-amp circuit whose output is proportional to
    the rate of change of the input signal.
    Reading Assignments
    • Other Applications of Op-amps: Comparator, Logarithmic
    amplifiers…
    • Active Filter Circuits:
    • Low-pass filter
    • High-pass filter
    • Band-pass filter
    Proof: Acl(NI)
    Proof: Acl(I)
    Proof: Zin(NI)
    Proof: Zout(NI)
    Proof: Z(I)

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