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    Exploring Earth and Space

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    Criselle Naive Macas
    The document provides a summary of Earth's formation and the development of methods to determine its age over time. It discusses key figures and their contributions: 1. Scientists from the 18th-19th centuries estimated Earth's age to be between 57-100 million years old based on rates of geological processes. 2. In the early 20th century, scientists like Rutherford and Boltwood began using radioactive dating techniques to more accurately determine the age of rocks and Earth itself. 3. Today, the widely accepted age of Earth is determined to be approximately 4.54 billion years based on uranium-lead isotope dating of meteorites by Patterson in 1956.

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    Exploring Earth and Space

    Uploaded by

    Criselle Naive Macas
    28 views24 pages
    The document provides a summary of Earth's formation and the development of methods to determine its age over time. It discusses key figures and their contributions: 1. Scientists from the 18th-19th centuries estimated Earth's age to be between 57-100 million years old based on rates of geological processes. 2. In the early 20th century, scientists like Rutherford and Boltwood began using radioactive dating techniques to more accurately determine the age of rocks and Earth itself. 3. Today, the widely accepted age of Earth is determined to be approximately 4.54 billion years based on uranium-lead isotope dating of meteorites by Patterson in 1956.

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    The document provides a summary of Earth's formation and the development of methods to determine its age over time. It discusses key figures and their contributions: 1. Scientists from the 18th-19th centuries estimated Earth's age to be between 57-100 million years old based on rates of geological processes. 2. In the early 20th century, scientists like Rutherford and Boltwood began using radioactive dating techniques to more accurately determine the age of rocks and Earth itself. 3. Today, the widely accepted age of Earth is determined to be approximately 4.54 billion years based on uranium-lead isotope dating of meteorites by Patterson in 1956.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    28 views24 pages

    Exploring Earth and Space

    Uploaded by

    Criselle Naive Macas
    The document provides a summary of Earth's formation and the development of methods to determine its age over time. It discusses key figures and their contributions: 1. Scientists from the 18th-19th centuries estimated Earth's age to be between 57-100 million years old based on rates of geological processes. 2. In the early 20th century, scientists like Rutherford and Boltwood began using radioactive dating techniques to more accurately determine the age of rocks and Earth itself. 3. Today, the widely accepted age of Earth is determined to be approximately 4.54 billion years based on uranium-lead isotope dating of meteorites by Patterson in 1956.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 24

    EXPLORING EARTH AND

    SPACE
    Sun forms Earth forms 5 billion years
    4.57 B years 4.54 billion years B.C.
    1862-William Thomson
    1830-Charles Lyell
    1778-Comte du Buffon (Physicist) calculated
    (Geologist)
    (French that Earth is approx.
    popularized the
    Naturalist)concluded 20 million year old
    concept that Earth are
    that Earth's age is using molten object
    changing, eroding, &
    approx. 57 T year old calculates the amount
    reforming
    of time
    1956- Today’s
    1899-1900 John Joly 1905- Ernest Rutherford & accepted age of Earth
    determines that the Bertrand Boltwood use
    radiomatic dating to is determined by C.C.
    oceans are about 80- Patterson using
    determine the age of rock
    100 million years old samples. This technique uranium-lead Isotope
    using rate of oceanic later be used to determine dating on several
    salt accumulation the age of Earth. meteorites
    VOLCANOLOGIST

    Father of geothermal energy He studied on history of extinct


    He was chief volcanologist at volcanoes.
    the Phil. Commission of He researched on volcanoes
    Volcanology led to volcanologist as new
    He is from Tiwi, Albay field in modern science
    Earth’s Interior
    (How do we
    know?)

    Kola Peninsula in
    South Africa’s
    Russia deepest well
    gold mine- 3 km
    12 km deep (20
    deep
    years to drill)
    EARTH’s LAYER

    Crust

    Mantl
    Core
    e
    PACIFIC RING OF FIRE

    South America
    Alaska
    Russia
    Japan New
    Zealand
    South East Asia

    There are
    1,900 active
    volcanoes most
    are
    Stratovolcanoe
    s
    SUBDUCTION- is a processing
    plate tectonics of the edge of
    one crustal plate descending
    below the edge of another
    Magma- semi molten rock
    (not totally liquid)
    Once the magma reaches the
    crust is called LAVA
    CRATER-opening at the top of
    the volcano
    OTHER ASSOCIATED VOLCANO
    LANDFORMS

     Caldera complex-- depression formed at the summit of


    shield volcanoes.
     Lava dome—mounds of lava formed after a volcanic
    eruption
     Submarine volcanoes—volcanoes on the ocean floor
     Glacial volcanoes—volcanoes that are overlain by glaciers
    (Alaskan volcano)
    HAZZARDS POSED BY ACTIVE
    VOLCANOES

     Blast-hot burst of trapped gases into the atmosphere


     Dome growth-lava that grows inside the crater, ,called cryptodome, grows outside the volcano
    is called exodome
     Gases-h20, H2S, SO2,HCl,HF,H2,CO2,N2,CH4,Ar and He
     Lahar- mudflow or flow of volcanic debris
     Lava flow-molten rocks that move down the slope of volcanic vents
     Pyroclastic flow- glowing hot material (pyro-fire), (clast-broken)—Greek words
     Pyroclastic surges-volcanic materials(gases, ash, rock fragments, water extruded above the
    ground)
     Tephra falls-combination of pumice, scoria (basalt), thick rock fragments and crystals with
    tephra particles
     Tsunami- sea waves because of underwater earthquake or volcanic eruption
    TYPES OF VOLCANIC ERUPTION
    ENERGY FROM VOLCANOES

     Geothermal energy is a source of low cost, clean, available, and renewable


    energy.
     Engineers collect the hot water and convert it to steam to power turbines and
    generate electricity
     Philippines ranks second in the production of geothermal energy, providing
    27% of total electrical output of the country.
     Geothermal plants (Negros Oriental, Leyte, Mindanao, Laguna, Albay,
    Sorsogon and Cotabato )
    BASIC PARTS OF VOLCANO

    Fissure
    Conduit

    Vent

    Crater
    Flank
    Magma Chamber
    or Reservoir
    Major types of volcanoes

     List of Active Volcanoes


    Mindanao ---Musuan (Bukidnon),Parker, Ragang, Matumtum( Cotabato), Leonard
    Kniaseff(Davao del Norte), Makaturing (Lanao del Sur), Buddajo (Sulu), Hibok-hibok
    (Camiguin)
    Visayas—Kanlaon( Negros Oriental, Cabalian (Southern Leyte)
    Luzon—Babuyan Claro, Camiguin de Babuyanes(Cagayan),Iraya(Batanes),Iriga
    (Camarines Sur,Mayon (Albay)Pinatubo(Pampanga, Tarlac, Zambales),Taal(Batangas),
    Smith( Babuyan group of Islands
    Solar System-Olympus Mons in Mars (largest volcano)
    Earth’s Moon, Jupiter’s moon lo, Saturn’s moon Enceladus and Neptune’s satellite Triton
    1. Stratovolcano

    Examples:
    The most dangerous type of 1. Mayon volcano( perfect cone)
    volcano 2. Mt. Pinatubo in Luzon
    Formed by highly and viscous 3. Mt. Kilimangaro in Africa
    on thick slow moving lava 4. Mauna Loa in Hawaii (highest volcano in
    Also called composite cone Earth
    volcano 5. Mt. Vesurius in Italy
    2. PARTS OF SHIELD VOLCANO

    -It is formed by loose and fluid


    lava that flows over each other Examples:
    -usually low and broad 1 Paricutin (Mexican corn field) Feb.
    -resembling a warrior’s armored 20,1943, within weeks 5 story building, 1
    shield year 336 meters…1952 stopped
    -lava just flows and runs down 2. Mojave volcano California
    the side of the crater increasing 3. Cerro Negro Nicaragua
    the size of the volcano 4. Mount Fox Queensland australia
    3. Parts of cinder cone

    Also known as SCORIA


    CONE Examples:
    1. Mojave volcano in California
    2. Cerro Negro in Nicaragua
    3. Mount Fox in Queensland ,
    Australia
    Morphology of volcanoes

    CLASSIFICATION OF VOLCANOES
    1. MORPHOLOGY
    1.1 cinder cone (scoria cone)
    1.2 composite (stratovolcano)
    1.3 shield
    2. ACTIVITY
    2.1 Active (erupted last 10,000 years)
    2.2 Inactive/Dormant (no activity last 10,000 years)
    2.3 Extinct ( no records of activity)
    TYPES OF ERUPTION

    TYPES OF ERUPTION
    1. Hawaiian
    2. Strombolian
    3. Volcanian
    4. Plinian
    COMPOSITION OF VOLCANIC ERUPTION
    5. Water vapor 5. hydrogen fluoride
    6. Carbon dioxide 6. hydrogen sulfide
    7. Hydrogen gas 7. sulfur dioxide
    8. Hydrogen chloride
    Disaster Preparedness-Volcanic
    Eruptions

    Before During
    --Pack safely protective equipment
    --Pack bottles of potable water, portable radio and batteries --Heed government orders
    --If you live near, secure a map --Help neighbors who need special
    assistance
    --Have a family escape plan .-Wear protective gear
    --Tune in to the radio for advisories and
    warnings
    - --Avoid inhaling volcanic dust
    --Close house during ash falls
    --Stay indoors
    --If you drive out, drive slow
    What is earthquake?
    Unexpected movement
    How earthquake occur?
    Ring of fire

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