Artificial Intelligence

UNIT –I
Dept of CSE
Shri Vishnu Engineering College for Women Bhimavaram

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 Outline
1. Introduction, history, intelligent systems
2. Foundations of AI, applications,
3. Tic-tac-toe game playing,
4. Development of AI languages, current trends
in AI.
5. General problem solving,
6. Characteristics of problem.

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 Introduction
• Artificial Intelligence is an approach to make a
computer, a robot, or a product to think how
smart human think. ... And finally this study
outputs intelligent software systems.
• The aim of AI is to improve computer
functions which are related to human
knowledge, for example, reasoning, learning,
and problem-solving.

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 History of AI
• The beginnings of modern AI can be traced to classical
philosophers' attempts to describe human thinking as a
symbolic system. But the field of AI wasn't formally founded
until 1956, at a conference at Dartmouth College, in Hanover,
New Hampshire, where the term "artificial intelligence" was
coined.
• MIT cognitive scientist Marvin Minsky and others who attended
the conference were extremely optimistic about AI's future.
"Within a generation [...] the problem of creating 'artificial
intelligence' will substantially be solved," Minsky is quoted as
saying in the book "AI: The Tumultuous Search for Artificial
Intelligence" (Basic Books, 1994).

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 Intelligent systems
• Reactive Machines.
• Limited Memory.
• Theory of Mind.
• Self-aware.
• Artificial Narrow Intelligence (ANI)
• Artificial General Intelligence (AGI)
• Artificial Superintelligence (ASI)

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 FOUNDATIONS OF AI
• Artificial intelligence is a science and technology based on
disciplines such as Computer Science, Biology, Psychology,
Linguistics, Mathematics, and Engineering. A major thrust
of AI is in the development of computer functions associated
with human intelligence, such as reasoning, learning, and
problem solving.
• Few technologies have captured the human imagination like
artificial intelligence. Stories of intelligent robots and artificial
beings have pervaded our myths and legends since antiquity,
sparking both excitement and fear as our ancestors considered
the existence of autonomous machines. 

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 APPLICATIONS of AI
1. AI in Astronomy
Artificial Intelligence can be very useful to solve complex universe problems. AI technology can be helpful for
understanding the universe such as how it works, origin, etc.
2. AI in Healthcare
In the last, five to ten years, AI becoming more advantageous for the healthcare industry and going to have a
significant impact on this industry.Healthcare Industries are applying AI to make a better and faster diagnosis
than humans. AI can help doctors with diagnoses and can inform when patients are worsening so that
medical help can reach to the patient before hospitalization.
3. AI in Gaming
AI can be used for gaming purpose. The AI machines can play strategic games like chess, where the machine
needs to think of a large number of possible places.
4. AI in Finance
AI and finance industries are the best matches for each other. The finance industry is implementing automation,
chatbot, adaptive intelligence, algorithm trading, and machine learning into financial processes.
5. AI in Data Security
The security of data is crucial for every company and cyber-attacks are growing very rapidly in the digital world.
AI can be used to make your data more safe and secure. Some examples such as AEG bot, AI2 Platform,are
used to determine software bug and cyber-attacks in a better way.

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 APPLICATIONS of AI
6. AI in Social Media
Social Media sites such as Facebook, Twitter, and Snapchat contain billions of user profiles, which need to be stored and
managed in a very efficient way. AI can organize and manage massive amounts of data. AI can analyze lots of data to identify
the latest trends, hashtag, and requirement of different users.
7. AI in Travel & Transport
AI is becoming highly demanding for travel industries. AI is capable of doing various travel related works such as from making
travel arrangement to suggesting the hotels, flights, and best routes to the customers. Travel industries are using AI-powered
chatbots which can make human-like interaction with customers for better and fast response.
8. AI in Automotive Industry
Some Automotive industries are using AI to provide virtual assistant to their user for better performance. Such as Tesla has
introduced TeslaBot, an intelligent virtual assistant.
Various Industries are currently working for developing self-driven cars which can make your journey more safe and secure.
9. AI in Robotics:
Artificial Intelligence has a remarkable role in Robotics. Usually, general robots are programmed such that they can perform
some repetitive task, but with the help of AI, we can create intelligent robots which can perform tasks with their own
experiences without pre-programmed.
Humanoid Robots are best examples for AI in robotics, recently the intelligent Humanoid robot named as Erica and Sophia has
been developed which can talk and behave like humans.
10. AI in Entertainment
We are currently using some AI based applications in our daily life with some entertainment services such as Netflix or Amazon.
With the help of ML/AI algorithms, these services show the recommendations for programs or shows.

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TIC-TAC-TOE GAME PLAYING

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 TIC-TAC-TOE GAME PLAYING
• The game is played on a grid that's 3 squares
by 3 squares.
• You are X, your friend (or the computer in this
case) is O. Players take turns putting their
marks in empty squares.
• The first player to get 3 of her marks in a row
(up, down, across, or diagonally) is the winner.
• When all 9 squares are full, the game is over.

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 DEVELOPMENT OF AI LANGUAGES
1. Python
Python is considered to be in the first place in the list of all
AI development languages due to the simplicity.
2. R
R is one of the most effective language and environment for
analyzing and manipulating the data for statistical purposes.
3. Lisp
Lisp is one of the oldest and the most suited languages for
the development in AI. It was invented by John McCarthy,
the father of Artificial Intelligence in 1958. It has the
capability of processing the symbolic information effectively.

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 CURRENT TRENDS IN AI
• Deep learning: Deep learning is an Artificial Intelligence form,
which develops algorithms called artificial neural networks
working by modeling the human brain function and structure.
• Facial Recognition: Despite having a great deal of negative
press recently, facial recognition technology is regarded as
the Artificial Intelligence future due to its immense
popularity. 
• Privacy and policy: The introduction of GDPR became the
talk of the town in 2018. And, 2020 seems to experience
further privacy and policy conversations. It’s important for
privacy protection and sincere access to data privacy.

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 STATE-SPACE SEARCH
• AI problem can be solved it must be
represented as a state space. The state space is
then searched to find a solution to the problem.
• A state space essentially consists of a set of
nodes representing each state of the problem,
arcs between nodes representing the legal
moves from one state to another, an initial state
and a goal state. Each state space takes the
form of a tree or a graph.
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 CONTROL STRATEGIES
• Control Strategy in Artificial Intelligence scenario is a
technique or strategy, tells us about which rule has to be
applied next while searching for the solution of
a problem within problem space.
1. Depth First Search
2. Depth First Search with Iterative Deepening Breadth First
Search
3. Best First Search
4. Hill Climbing
5. Branch and Bound Techniques
6. A* Algorithm

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 CHARACTERISTICS OF PROBLEM
• Identify the issues. Be clear about what the
problem is. ...
• Understand everyone's interests. ...
• List the possible solutions (options) ...
• Evaluate the options. ...
• Select an option or options. ...
• Document the agreement(s). ...
• Agree on contingencies, monitoring, and
evaluation.
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 References
1. Schalkoff, R. J. (1990). Artificial intelligence: an engineering approach (pp.
529-533). New York: McGraw-Hill.
2. Tanimoto, S. L. (1987). The elements of artificial intelligence: an introduction
using LISP (pp. 10-70). New York, NY, USA: Computer Science Press.
3. Rolston, D. W. (1988). Principles of artificial intelligence and expert systems
development (pp. 169-178). New York: McGraw-Hill.
4. Singh, M. P. (1994). Multiagent Systems: A Theoretical Framework for
Intention as Know-How and Communications Lecture Notes in Artificial
Intelligence. vol, 799.
5. Barrat, J. (2013). Our final invention: Artificial intelligence and the end of the
human era. Macmillan.
6. Jackson, P. C. (2019). Introduction to artificial intelligence. Courier Dover
Publications.

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