10

Op Amps
Nilsson
Chapter 05
EE 188
Electrical Engineering I

1
 5. Op Amps
1. Amplification
2. Op Amp Terminals
3. Terminal Voltage and Currents
4. Useful Circuits
1. Inverting-Amplifier
2. Summing-Amplifier
3. Noninverting-Amplifier
4. Difference-Amplifier

2
 Measuring Strain

Bending of material causes tiny

change in resistance of strain
gauge (DR, + or -)
4 strain gauges  small change
in voltage  amplified by op
amp circuit

http://www.doitpoms.ac.uk/tlplib/mechanical-testing/images/strain-gauge-full.jpg
http://www.sensorland.com/Images/HowPic44-Strain%20Gauge.gif
3
 Amplification (#1)
voltage

A
Goal: amplification = increase a signal
time
attenuation = decrease a signal
buffer = keep the signal the same
voltage

voltage input port output port

B

time
amplifier
time

voltage

C
Match outputs to amplification, attenuation
time
or buffer

4
 Voltage Transfer Characteristic 1 (#2)

A = "gain" = increase in signal

 
𝒗𝒐
𝑨=
𝒗 𝒑 − 𝒗𝒏

A = 10,000 vo

Plot vo vs. vp – vn:

0 mV, 1 mV, 2 mV, 3 mV,
vp - vn
-1 mV, -2 mV, -3 mV

5
 Voltage Transfer Characteristic 2 (#2)

vo is limited:
cannot go above V+ or below V-

V+ = 20 V, V- = -20 V vo

How does the plot change?

vp - vn

6
 Operational Amplifiers
(#3) A

• Good for amplification!

• Ideal op amp model (simple)
– zero input current
– input voltages are the same B
• Easy to analyze
• Four basic amplifiers
– Noninverting (1 input) C
– Inverting (1 input)
– Summing
– Difference

What is similar about all the circuits? D

Match the name to the schematic.

7
 Terminal Names (#4)
Match terminal names to the
symbol and to the package:
• inverting input (pin 2)
• noninverting input (pin 3)
• positive power supply (pin 7)
• negative power supply (pin 4)
• output (pin 6)

8 7 6 5

pin 1

pin 1
http://s3.amazonaws.com/magoo/ABAAAA7awAC-1.png 1 2 3 4
http://www.mindkits.co.nz/images/products/sparkfun/09456-01-435.jpg
8
http://www.gooddealchina.com/upimage/images/2011012276839905.JPG
 Op Amp Schematic
Don't freak out!

Op amp details will be studied more in EE 280 and EE 380.

http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/vol_3/chpt_8/14.html
9
 Op Amp Chip and Package

100 mm

human hair = 100 mm

http://www.kuhmann.com/Kuhmann/MS48%204%20quads%20of%20a%204136-4202-4212%20Op%20Amp.jpg
http://www.palomartechnologies.com/Portals/60069/images/WireBonding_BallBumping-resized-600.png 10
 5. Op Amps
1. Amplification
2. Op Amp Terminals
3. Terminal Voltage and Currents
4. Useful Circuits
1. Inverting-Amplifier
2. Summing-Amplifier
3. Noninverting-Amplifier
4. Difference-Amplifier
5. Exam 2 Review

11
 Terminal Voltages and Currents (#5)

Match the name to the symbol:

A. current into the noninverting input
B. inverting input voltage
C. output current
D. negative supply current
E. noninverting input voltage
F. output voltage
G. positive supply voltage
H. current into the inverting input
I. negative supply voltage
J. positive supply current

12
 Ideal Op Amp Model 1

A=∞
which means that
vp = v n Golden Rule #1
since   𝒗𝒐
𝑨=
𝒗 𝒑 − 𝒗𝒏

ip = in = 0 A Golden Rule #2

13
 Ideal Op Amp Model 2
Other issues:

vo
• limited by V+ and V-
• determined by resistors in the
circuit (none shown here)

io can be anything, positive or negative

Don't worry about ic+ and ic-

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Good Stopping Point!

15
 5. Op Amps
1. Amplification
2. Op Amp Terminals
3. Terminal Voltage and Currents
4. Useful Circuits
1. Inverting-Amplifier
2. Summing-Amplifier
3. Noninverting-Amplifier
4. Difference-Amplifier

16
 Solving Op Amp Circuits

General strategy:

A. Apply ideal op amp model (ip = in = 0 A, vp = vn)

B. Write KCL at noninverting input node to find vp (= vn)

C. Solve for current through input resistor(s)

D. Write KCL at inverting input node - solve for current through feedback resistor

E. Solve for voltage across feedback resistor (Ohm's Law)

F. Solve for output voltage (KVL)

G. Solve for output current (KCL)

17
(#8) Inverting Amplifier 3

Resistor between output and the inverting input

terminal provides "negative feedback"

A. Which resistor provides negative feedback?

B. Ideal op amp model says vp = vn. Label this on the schematic with "+ 0 V –"
between the appropriate terminals.
C. Ideal op amp model says ip = in = 0 A. Label these two currents on the
schematic.
D. Write KCL at the inverting input terminal.
E. Use Ohm's Law in the KCL equation and solve for vo.

F. What is vo if vb = 0 V and va = 1 V?

G. What is vo if vb = 2 V and va = 1 V?
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 (#9) Inverting Amplifier 4
vp (non-inverting)
A. What is vp?

B. Apply ideal op amp model (ip = in = 0 A, vp = vn) vp

C. Find I2kW
vn
D. Write KCL at inverting input node: I2kW and I5kW
E. Find the current and voltage of feedback resistor (5
kW)
F. Find the output voltage

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 (#9 cont…) Inverting Amplifier 5
(non-inverting)

A. What is the output current, Io (coming out of the op amp)?

B. A 2 kW load resistor is connected between the output and
ground. Solve for the new output current.

vp

vn

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 (#10) Standard Inverting Amplifier
  𝑹𝒇
𝒗 𝒐 =− 𝒗 𝒔
𝑹𝒔
  𝒗𝒐 𝑹𝒇
𝑮𝒂𝒊𝒏= =−
𝒗𝒔 𝑹𝒔

A. What is vo if

vs = -0.2 V

Rf = 30 kW

Rs = 5 kW
B. What is the gain?

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 (#11) Inverting Amplifier Design
  𝑹𝒇
𝒗 𝒐 =− 𝒗 𝒔
𝑹𝒔
  𝒗𝒐 𝑹𝒇
𝑮𝒂𝒊𝒏= =−
𝒗𝒔 𝑹𝒔

What are Rf and Rs for gain of -5.0?

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 5. Op Amps
1. Amplification
2. Op Amp Terminals
3. Terminal Voltage and Currents
4. Useful Circuits
1. Inverting-Amplifier
2. Summing-Amplifier
3. Noninverting-Amplifier
4. Difference-Amplifier

23
 (#12) Summing Amplifier Introduction

audio mixer: adding waveforms (sounds) from different channels (vocals,

instruments) together before sending the combined signal to a recorder

thermometer: measuring temperature, add a negative offset to make the

display read "0" at the freezing point

Describe this circuit:

A. How many inputs?
B. What are the input signals?
C. Which is the feedback resistor?

http://www.ecircuitcenter.com/circuits/opsum/opsum.htm 24
 (#13) Summing-Amplifier Example 1

Find vo and io if va = 2 V, vb = 0.5 V, vc = -1 V, Rf = 20 kW and Ra = Rb = Rc = 10 kW.

A. Apply ideal op amp model (ip = in = 0 A, vp = vn)

B. Write KCL at input nodes
C. Find current and voltage of feedback resistor
D. Find output voltage
E. A 2 kW load resistor is
connected between the
output and ground.
Solve for output current
(into the op amp)

http://www.ecircuitcenter.com/circuits/opsum/opsum.htm
25
 (#14) Summing-Amplifier Example 2

Find vo and io.

A. Apply ideal op amp model (ip = in = 0 A, vp = vn)

B. Write KCL at input nodes
C. Find current and voltage of feedback resistor
D. Find the output voltage
E. Find the output current

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 (#15) Standard Summing Amplifier

General,
  weighted average:
𝑹𝒇 𝑹𝒇 𝑹𝒇
Find vo and io if va = 2 V, vb = 0.5 V, vc = -1 V,
𝒗 𝒐 =−
(
𝑹𝒂
𝒗𝒂 + 𝒗𝒃 + 𝒗𝒄
𝑹𝒃 𝑹𝒄 )
Rf = 20 kW and Ra = Rb = Rc = 10 kW.
Ra  = Rb = Rc:
𝑹𝒇
𝒗 𝒐 =− ( 𝒗 𝒂 +𝒗 𝒃 +𝒗 𝒄 )
𝑹𝒂
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 5. Op Amps
1. Amplification
2. Op Amp Terminals
3. Terminal Voltage and Currents
4. Useful Circuits
1. Inverting-Amplifier
2. Summing-Amplifier
3. Noninverting-Amplifier
4. Difference-Amplifier

28
 3
(#16) Amplifier Comparison
vo

vp - vn
Match name, schematic, and voltage
transfer characteristic.
vo
A. Inverting amplifier 4
B. Noninverting amplifier
vp - vn

1 2

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 (#17) Noninverting Amplifier Example 1

Find vo if vg = 1 V, Rf = 10 kW , Rg = 10 kW, and Rs = 2 kW.

A. Apply ideal op amp model (ip = in = 0 A, vp = vn)

B. Write KCL at input nodes
C. Find current and voltage of feedback resistor
D. Find the output voltage

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 (#18) Noninverting Amplifier Example 2

Find vo using KCL at the input nodes.

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 (#19) Noninverting Amplifier Example 3

Find vo using superposition.

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 (#20) Tricky Inputs vp

A. Find vp if vb = 2 V.

B. Find vp if vb = 2 V. vp

vp

C. Find vp.
0.1 mA
10 kW

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 (#21) Op Amp 1

Use the ideal op amp model to find vo and io.

1 kW

- vo

+ io
2 kW
3 mA

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 (#22) Standard Noninverting Amplifier
 

 
𝒗𝒐 𝑹𝒇
𝑮𝒂𝒊𝒏= = 𝟏+
𝒗𝒈 𝑹𝒔 ( )
A. Find vo if vg = 1 V, Rf = 10 kW , Rg is for stability and
Rg = 10 kW, and Rs = 2 kW. does not affect the
B. What is the gain? value of vo.

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 (#23) Voltage Follower

Rf = 0 W

A. What is vo for these

values of vi? Pick two.

1V
2V
0V
-1 V
-2 V
B. Describe the operation of
this circuit.
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 5. Op Amps
1. Amplification
2. Op Amp Terminals
3. Terminal Voltage and Currents
4. Useful Circuits
1. Inverting-Amplifier
2. Summing-Amplifier
3. Noninverting-Amplifier
4. Difference-Amplifier

37
 Tricky Inputs
C. Find vp. vp

0.1 mA
10 kW
A. Find vp if vb = 2 V.
vp

B. Find vp if vb = 2 V. vp

38
 (#24) Difference Amplifier Example 1

Find vo if va = 1 V and vb = 2 V.

A. Apply ideal op amp model (ip = in = 0 A, vp = vn)

B. Write KCL at input nodes
C. Find current and voltage of feedback resistor
D. Find the output voltage

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 (#25) Special Case Difference Amplifier
Special case:
𝑹𝒂 𝑹𝒄
 
=
𝑹 𝒃 𝑹𝒅
then
  − 𝑹𝒃
𝒗𝒐= (𝒗𝒂 − 𝒗𝒃 )
𝑹𝒂

Find vo if

A. va = 1 V and vb = 2 V

B. va = -1 V and vb = 1 V

C. va = 0.5 V and vb = -0.5 V

40
 Summary 1

General strategy to solve op amp circuits:

A. Apply ideal op amp model (ip = in = 0 A, vp = vn)

B. Write KCL at noninverting input node to find vp (= vn)

C. Solve for current through input resistor(s)

D. Write KCL at inverting input node - solve for current through feedback resistor

E. Solve for voltage across feedback resistor (Ohm's Law)

F. Solve for output voltage (KVL)

G. Solve for output current (KCL)

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 Summary 2
Standard cases:
inverting, noninverting
summing, difference

vn

vp

A. What type of amplifier is this?

B. What happens to voltages vn and vp if DR is positive?

42
 (#33) Op Amp 1

Use the ideal op amp model to find vo and io.

1 kW

- vo

+ io
2 kW
3 mA

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 (#34) Op Amp 2

V1 = -1 V, V2 = -3 V

Use the ideal op amp model to find vo and io.

10 kW io
V2
+ vo

-
2 kW
4 kW

1 kW

V1

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 (#35) Op Amp 3

Find vo and io (into the op amp).

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