21CSGuide Myanmar

a guide To becoming a
ST
c e n T u RY T e ac H e R
21 &mpkacwfumv? pGrf;&nfjynfU0
q&m? q&mr vrf;nTef
21 &mpkacwfumv? pGrf;&nfjynfU0 q&m? q&mr
yHyh ;kd ulnaD omtzGrUJ sm; ta&;tom;ESifh 'DZikd ;f tjyiftqiff

MAWLAMYINE
UNIVERSITY
www.unicef.org/myanmar www.pearson.com www.pointB.is
A GUIDE TO BECOMING A 21sT CENTURY TEACHER
Rochelle Ardesher Gregory Antos Naw Tha Ku Paul (Mie Mie)

Creative Director, Writer & Images Technical Director & Writer Senior Program Manager
Sonya Blazey Sein Sein Lin Denise Gershbein
Designer Illustrator Advisor
Htet Yin Tun Wint Hte Yin Yin
Facilitator Facilitator Facilitator
Aung Naing Soe Thu Thu Sandra Shum
Facilitator Senior Finance Manager Finance Director
Myo Ei Ei San May Thu Aung Thura Tun
Space Manager Translator Finance Assistant
1
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www.pointB.is/21CSGUIDE
Pearson; UNICEF UK including Amber pGr;f &nfrsm;udk ay;Edik &f ef &nf&, G x
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Izumi, Teona Aslanishvili, Yu Yu Aung; tvG,wf ul qufo, G Ef ikd yf gonf/ vdypf mrSm [email protected]
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UNICEF Global Innovation Center NonCommercial 4.0 International
including Tanya Accone, Stuart Campo;
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2 3
21 &mpkacwfumv? pGrf;&nfjynfU0 q&m? q&mr” POINTB/UNICEF/PEARsON/armfvNrdKifwuúodk vf 21 &mpkacwfumv? pGrf;&nfjynfU0 q&m? q&mr
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pdwf"mwfykHpHrsm; 23-61 pGrf;&nfrsm; 62-73 rdrdudk,fudk vdktyfcsuf q&m? q&mrrsm;twGuf oifUpmoifcef;xJodkh 21

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vkyaf zmfuikd zf ufrsm;ESifh pdwt f ajctae? oabmxm; (1)
ulnaD xmufyaUH y;olrsm; 1 pdww f nfjird rf ?I owdtm;aumif;jcif; 24-25 5Cs 66-67 &SmazGjcif; 74-99 ysdK;axmifjcif; 100-115 aygif;pyfjcif; 116-141
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pl;prf;odvpkd w d jf yif;jyvmatmif &nfreS ;f csuf wpfcx k m;&Sjd cif; 78-79 *spaf qm 124-127
vdtk yfonht f &mrsm; 10-11 avhusijhf cif; 34-37 pmoifcef; pDrcH efcY rJG I 108-109
olrwlprG ;f tm;ESifh pGr;f &nfrQa0jcif; 80-83 yghuif;avmhxf (Parking Lot) 128-129
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wefz;kd xm; todtrSwjf yKwwfatmif t&if;tjrpfrsm; 141
avhusijhf cif; 50-53
pdwt f ajctae? oabmxm; (6)
vufawGpU rf;oyfvyk af qmifjcif; 52-53
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pdwt f ajctae? oabmxm; (7)
pepfwpfcv k ;kH tm; jcKH ií
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4 5
ed'gef;tzGifh
FOREWORD
By: roChelle ardesher, Co-founder/dIreCTor, poInT B desIgn + TraInIng
þvrf;nTefpmtkyf (21sT CENTURY skIlls)wGif trSepf ifppf ausmif;om;? ausmif;olwpfa,muftaejzifh q&m?

oifcef;pm wpfckydkhcspOfumvü oifMum;ydkhcsay;aeolESifh q&mrrsm; oifMum;ydcYk say;aeaom oifcef;pmwpf&yfukd vH;k aphywfaph
oif,w l wfajrmufEikd &f efrmS razmfjyEdik af vmufatmif cufcEJ ikd yf gonf/
oif,lolrsm;wdkhESpfOD; ESpfzufpvHk;wdkhonf ydkhcsaeaom
2017 ckEpS w f iG f Point B Design + Training (Point B) onf
taMumif;t&mü tm&Hkpl;pdkufxm;NyD; Ekd;Mum;wufMuGrItjynfUjzifU atmufygar;cGe;f rsm;tm; UNICEF jrefrm? Pearson ? armfvNrKd if
tcsdwftqufrdpGm a&SqufEdkif&efvnf;aumif; oifMum;jcif; wuúov kd ?f ausmif;wGi;f ynma&;pepfEiS fh ausmif;jyify ynma&;pepf&dS
,Eå&m;\ t"dur@dKiftjzpf taxmuftyHU&aprnfU pHjyKzG,f&m ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;? q&m? q&mrrsm;wdEYk iS hf yl;aygif;í
pGrf;&nfrsm;? enf;pepfrsm;udk od&Sdap&efvnf;aumif; &SmazG pepfwpfcv k ;kH udk em;vnf&ef BuKd ;yrf;cJyh gonf/
vrf;nTefazmfjyxm;ygonf/”
ajymif;vJvmNy;D jzpfaom jrefrmhynma&;avmuü oifMum;ay;oleiS hf
oif,o l rl sm; ESpOf ;D eSpzf ufpvH;k oifcef;pmü pdw0f ifpm;rI tjynht
f 0
rdrt d awG;xJü pmoifcef;wpfcu k kd yHak z: MunhMf uygpd/Yk þpmoifcef; &Sv
d matmif? ydrk akd umif;rGeaf om oifMum;a&;pepfjzpfatmif uREyfk w f kdY
xJwiG f oifcef;pmydcYk say;ol q&m (odrYk [kw)f q&mr? oif,al eol rnhof uYkd nl ED ikd rf nfenf;/
oifwef;om;rsm;? oif,&l efae&m taetxm;? ydcYk say;aeaom
oifcef;pm taMumif;t&mponfjzifh pmoifcef;wpfc\ k ouf0if uREyfk w
f \ Ykd t"du&nfreS ;f csurf mS 21 &mpkEpS üf vli,frsm;b0&yfwnfr?I
vIy&f mS ;rI tjynh&f adS om yH&k yd u
f kd jrifa,mifMunhyf g/ pmoifcef;twGi;f wGif tvkyt f udik t
f cGit
hf vrf; yGivhf ef;Edik &f efEiS hf vlraI &;e,fy,ftoD;oD;ü
q&m (odrYk [kw)f q&mrESihf oif,al eolwynhrf sm;tMum;? wynhrf sm;ESihf atmifjriforl sm;jzpfEikd &f eftwGuf t&nftcsi;f aumif;rsm; wnfaqmuf
ydcYk saeaom oifcef;pmESit hf wl tcef;wGi;f &Sd oifaxmufurl sm; ay;Edik of nhf enf;vrf;rsm;udk &SmazGay;Edik &f efjzpfygonf/
tm;vH;k wdo Yk nf wpfenf;enf;jzifh tjyeftvSeq f ufo, G rf &I MdS uonf/
tcsed t f enf;i,f,í l pOf;pm;Munhyf g/ uREyfk w
f \
Ykd tawGt U MuKH t& vufawGoU jd rifvm&onfrmS “21&mpkynm
oifpepf”onf oifcef;pmydcYk say;aeol q&m(odrYk [kw)f q&mrrsm;?
• oifMum;ydcYk saeaomtaMumif;t&mü q&m (odrYk [kw)f q&mrESihf oif,al eolausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;ESihf jy|mef;oifcef;pmrsm;tMum;
wynhrf sm; tjynht f 0pdw0f ifpm;Ny;D wufMuv G matmif b,ft&mu tjyeftvSecf sw d q
f ufroI nf tvGet f a&;Mu;D ygonf/ ¤if;onf
zefw;D ovJ/ oifMum;a&;,Eå&m;\ t"dur@dKit f jzpf axmufyf aUH y;xm;ayonf/
• b,ftcsed rf mS q&meSiw hf ynhf tay;t,lwnhNf y;D ydcUk saeaom oif,rl pI epf/
oifcef;pm taMumif;t&mü trSew f u,f pdw0f ifpm;vmMuovJ/
• oif,w l o
hJ rl mS r&Srd jzpf&odS if&h x
dS w
fYkd hJ t&nftcsi;f aumif;awGua&m ,aeYacwf\ “21&mpkynm oifpepf” onf ajymif;vJw;kd wufaeaom
bmawGv/J ausmif;jyify ywf0ef;usix
f o
J w
Ykd ikd af tmif tawG;e,fcsUJ Ny;D qufpyf
pOf;pm;a0zeftajz&Smwwfonftxd avhusio hf ifMum;ay;Edik o
f nhf
6 7
21 &mpkacwfumv? pGrf;&nfjynfU0 q&m? q&mr” POINTB/UNICEF/PEARSON/armfvNrdKifwuúodk vf
pepfjzpfonf/ enf;ynmavmuESihf pD;yGm;a&;avmuwdüYk t&Sed t f [kef aemufxyf&o dS ifo h nhf t&nftcsi;f aumif;rSm “a0zefyikd ;f jcm;awG;awmjcif;
jyif;pGm w&pyfajymif;vJw;kd wufjcif;rsm;onf uREyfk w f u Ykd vkd nf;aumif;? pGr;f &nf” (Critical Thinking Skills) yifwnf;/ ¤if;onf tvGef
uREykf w f \Ykd oifMum;a&;pepfrsm;udv k nf;aumif; tvdu k o f ifh ajymif;vJ ta&;ygonhf t&nftcsi;f yifjzpfonf/ tb,faMumifq h akd omf
rGr;f rHwwf&ef pdeaf c:aeayNy/D odjYk zpfygí vQijf refpmG ajymif;vJ ajymif;vJw;kd wufaeaom 21 &mpkurÇmBu;D xJwiG f atmifjrifpmG
wd;k wufaeaom ,aeYurÇmBu;D wGif rdrw d u
Ykd ,kd wf ikd f rnho f Ykd jyKjyif &Siof efaexdik Ef ikd &f ef vdt
k yfaom tawG;tBuo H pf? enf;vrf;opfrsm;
ajymif;vJ,í l atmifjrifrt I oD;tyGirYf sm;udk qGw, f El ikd af tmif wDxiG Bf uqH Edik &f ef (Creative Thinking) twGuf ¤if;t&nftcsi;f onf
rdrw d \Ykd pGr;f &nfrsm;udk rnfojYkd ri§ w hf ifMurnfenf;/ 21 &mpkwiG f r&Srd jzpf ta&;ygvSygonf/ “21&mpk ynmoifpepf” twGuf
b0wdu k yf rJG sm;udk qifEaJT tmifjrif&ef ud, k pf rG ;f OmPfprG ;f xufjrufr&I adS om tvGerf sm;jym;us,jf yefaY om enf;pepfaumif;rsm;teuf “5Cs”
Edik if oH m;rsm;? vkyo f m;aumif;rsm;jzpf&ef rnfonhpf rG ;f &nfrsm; vkt d yf (Curiosity, Collaboration, Communication, Critical Thinking
oenf;/ atmifjrifonhf toufarG;0rf;ausmif; tvkyt f udik rf sKd ; &&Sd and Creative Thinking) ac: “t"du pGr;f &nfig;&yf” wdu Yk kd
vkyu f ikd Ef ikd &f eftwGuf rnfonht f &nftcsi;f rsm; vdt k yfaeygoenf;/ þvrf;nTepf mtkyw
f iG f tajccHr@dKiBf u;D ig;cktjzpf t"duypfrw S x f m;
azmfjyxm;ygonf/
21 &mpkEpS w f iG f b0twGu?f tvkyt f udik tf wGu?f ynm&J&ifh
yGv
J ,fwifah &;twGuf atmifyt JG vDvq D w G cf ;l Edik &f ef q&m? q&mrrsm;ESihf þvrf;nTepf mtkyo f nf prf;oyfvyk af qmifqJ yHMk urf;pmtkyjf zpfí
ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;twGuf taumif;qH;k ? tjrefq;kH avhvm toH;k jyKol q&m? q&mrrsm;ESifh ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm; yl;aygif;um
oif,o l ifoh nhf pepfrmS “21&mpk ynmoifpepf” yifjzpfonf/ qufvufzUHG NzKd ;wd;k wufatmif vkyaf qmifomG ;&ef arQmv f ifx
h m;ygonf/
eufe½J yI af xG;aom jyóemrsm;udk tvG,w f ul em;vnfajz&Si;f Edik &f ef?
¤if;wdx Yk rJ S Zmpfjrpfrsm;&SmEdik &f efeiS hf xda&mufv, G u f ol nhf enf;vrf;rsm;udk
toH;k csjy;D tajz&SmEdik af &;twGuf “21&mpk ynmoifpepf” \ yxrqH;k
&So
d ifoh nhf t&nftcsi;f rSm “t&m&mudpk ;l prf;odvjkd cif;” (Curiosity)
yifjzpfonf/ þt&nftcsi;f rsKd ; &Sv d matmif “yl;aygif;aqmif&u G w
f wfjcif;”
(Collaboration) [kac:aom t&if;cHpw d f &S&d ayrnf/ odrYk o S m
tzG0UJ iftoD;oD;\ ½Iaxmifrh sKd ;pHrk S tjrifrsKd ;pHu k &kd ,lEikd Nf y;D pl;prf;aeaom
taMumif;t&mtwGuf oJveG pf tajz tvG,w f uloEd ikd af yrnf/ xdo k Ykd
yl;aygif;aqmif&u G f Edik &f eftwGuf “qufqaH &;aumif;jcif;”
(Communication) [laom rdwA å v&S&d rnf/ þt&nftcsi;f onf
aumif;rGejf ynhpf akH om t,ltqaumif;rsm;udk tzG0UJ ifrsm;rS tvG,w f ul
tm;wufoa&myHyh ;kd Edik &f ef rsm;pGmtoH;k 0ifygonf/
8 9
þvrf;nTefpmtkyfudk toHk;jyK&efvdktyfonUft&mrsm;
WHAT YOU NEED TO USE THIS GUIDE
21 &mpkacwf pmoifcef;tcktwGuf vdktyfaom oifaxmufulypönf;rsm;pm&if;
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vdkovdk tvG,fwuljyifqifEdkifaom pmoifcef;

pm&GufvGwftcsyfBuD;rsm; (Newsprint/ Flip Chart) taetxm; (Flexible learning space)
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txd oifMum;ydaYk y;Edik pf rG ;f &So d l jzpfonf/ xdo k u Ykd Rr;f usiaf om q&m? ESpaf xmif;tm;& jzpf&jyefonf/ ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;taejzihf rnfrQ&o dS nhdkf tuJcwfjcif;? twef;om;wpfO;D pD (okrYd [kw)f wpfwef;vk;H aeNy;D ¤if;wkt Yd m;enf;csurf sm;ukd aumif;pGmjyKjyifEidk cf v hJ Qif (okrYd [kw)f
q&mrwpfO;D \ ydcYk scsurf sm;onf ¤if;\wynhrf sm; oifcef;pmavhvm&mü tcuftcJ tusyt f wnf;ESifh &ifqidk af wG&U aom rdryd cYdk scsuu f dk trSew f u,f odjrifwwfajrmufr&I ?dS r&Su d dk oufqidk f rdro d wfrw S xf m;onhf t&nftcsi;f pHEeI ;f (Performance Indicator)
ausmif;pmar;yGaJ tmifzt Ykd wGucf sn;f omr[kwb f ?J tcg? ¤if;twm;tqD;ukd azmufxu G Ef idk &f ef cGet f m;owård sm; &mar;cGe;f rsm;ar;í ppfaq;jcif; (pmar;jcif;)ESifh twef;om;wkid ;f ESifh uku d n f rD I &S?d r&Sd tuJcwfEidk pf rG ;f &Scd v
hJ Qif rsm;pGm tusK;d rsm;vmEkid f
ausmif;jyifyvkyif ef;cGiEf iS fh vlr0I ef;usif wdw Yk iG v f nf; xGuv f matmif teD;uyfysK;d axmifay;ol q&maumif;wpfO;D OD; r&Scd v hJ Qif trSeu f ,fem;vnfNy;D &v'faumif;? raumif;uko d Ed idk &f ef ¤if;wk\ Yd ygonf/ 21&mpkacwf q&m? q&mrrsm;onf rdrw d ynhrf sm; (okrYd [kw)f
toH;k jyKEikd &f efjzpfonf/ q&maumif;wynhrf sm;onf oifcef;pm\ vufajrm§ uftavQmah y;oGm;wwfayonf/ 21 &mpkacwf\ tvkyu f dk rarhravsmh rSww f rf;wifxm;jcif;wkYd jzpfonf/ wynhrf sm;\ twef;om;twGuf taumif;wumhtaumif;qk;H oifMum;a&;pepfrsm;
wu,ht f ESpo f m& (odrYk [kw)f t"duqdv k &kd if;u bmvJ? bmaMumihf tpGr;f xufonhf q&m? q&mrrsm;rSmrl rdrw d ynhrf sm;tm; pdeaf c:jcif; aeYpOf? tywfpOf umvwkv d yk if ef;pOfrsm; aqmif&u G Ef idk pf rG ;f ukd ¤if;wkYd jyKjyifzefw;D ay;Ekid zf Ydk tNrw
J rf; tuJcwfvrf;òTeEf idk pf rG ;f &So d rl sm; jzpfMu
'Dv, kd q l &wmvJ? oifcef;pmuay;aom todawGukd vIaYH qmftm;ay;rIrsm; jyKvyk af y;jy;D tajzrSe&f onftxd &ifqidk f tm;0efxyk 0f efy;dk rjzpfapyJ ykrH eS f ajymqkad 0zefaxmufjy jyKjyifEidk jf cif; ygonf/
b0Zmwfct kH rsKd ;rsKd ;rSm b,fvt kd oH;k cs ujyMurvJ... ponfjzihf ausmv f mT ;Ekid o
f nhf tpGr;f owård sm;? pdwu f ;l pdwof ef;rsm;&vmonht f xd (Informal Feedback) rsm;vnf; &So d ihyf gonf/ &vmonhaf umif;usK;d
rdro d if,v l u kd af om taMumif;t&mudk t&if;jyKNy;D ae&mtrsKd ;rsKd ;ü OD;aqmifvufwJG oifMum;vrf;nTeaf y;Ekid pf rG ;f &SMd uygonf/
toH;k cstjrwfxw k w f wfayonf/ 21 &mpkacwf? q&maumif;?
orm;aumif;rsm;onf rdr\ d wynhrf sm;tm;vH;k jy|mef;oifcef;pm\
t"dutqDtESprf sm;udk uRr;f usio f jd rifoif,cl iG &fh Ny;D ydik Ef ikd pf mG
toH;k csEikd af tmif zefw;D oifMum;ay;Edik pf rG ;f &S&d ygawmhrnf/
16 17
9 10 11
acwfay:enf;ynmrsm;? enf;pepfrsm; tokH;csrI aumif;usKd;jyKtpDtpOfrsm;ukd twlwuG yl;aygif;a&;qGJ qef;opfwDxGifrIrsm; (Innovation) xGufay:vm&ef ESihf
wkd;yGm;vmjcif; aqmif&Gufjcif;ESifU tjyeftvSefqef;ppfokH;oyfjcif; zefwD;EdkifpGrf; (Creativity) jrihfrm;vm&ef
21 &mpk pD;yGm;a&;avmuwGif t&Sed t f [kejf yif;pGm ajymif;vJw;dk wufaecsed f ,cifazmfjycJah om t&nftcsi;f rsm;ukd wpfNyKid ef ufyikd q f idk Ef idk &f ef q&m?
tavhtxaumif;rsm; avhusihfarG;jrLjcif;
wGif 21 &mpk ynma&;avmu (okrYd [kw)f pmoifcef;rsm;ESifh ausmif;rsm; q&mrwpfO;D BuK;d pm;&,l&ef cJ,Of;vSygonf/ wpfenf;qk&d aomf 21 &mpkacwfurÇmBu;D wGif pdeaf c:rIrsm;ESifh ajz&Si;f p&mjyóemrsm; taejzihf vlom;rsKd ;pdwt f jzpf pwifjzpfwnfcsed rf pS í ,aeYxw
d ikd af tmifyif
wGif acwfreD nf;ynmrsm;udk tok;H rcseikd vf Qif rjzpfawmhacs/ uREyfk w f \
Ydk uREyfk w
f t
Ydk aejzihf aumif;usK;d jyKtpDtpOfrsm; yl;aygif;a&;qGjJ cif;? jynhEf uS af eayonf/ ¤if;wdu Yk kd &ifqikd af jz&Si;f Edik af om qef;opfwD wDxiG zf efw;D rIrsm;udk r&yfrem;jyKvyk cf MhJ uygonf/
aeYpOfval erIb0 yHpk t
H qihq
f ihyf grusef ajymif;vJw;dk wufaeayNy/D txl; tjyeftvSef qef;ppfo;Hk oyfjcif;ESifh pOfqufrjywfavhvmjcif; tavhtx xGirf rI sm; xGuaf y:vmEdik &f efEiS fh zefw;D Edik pf rG ;f jrihrf m;vm&ef rsm;pGm
ojzihf ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;\ aeYpOfb0ukd avhvmMunhv f Qif rsm;ukd ausmif;wkid ;f üusio fh ;Hk Ekid af tmif rulnED idk cf v
hJ Qif 21 &mpk vdt k yfvmygonf/ xdv k tkd yfcsurf sm;jynhpf akH tmif wpfO;D wpfa,mufwnf; þodYk zefw;D rIrsm;udk jyKvyk af omtcg “Innovation” &S&d efvykd gonf/
tifwmeuf (Internet)? uGeyf sLwmESifh prwfzek ;f rsm;ukd vG,v f ihw f ul ynmoifpepf twGuf vkt d yfaom pGr;f &nfaumif;rsm;ukd q&m? q&mr “Innovation” qdo k nfrmS tawG;tMuH opfrsm;&&Sad tmif bufpkH
taumiftxnfazmfaqmif&u G af eí r&awmhay/ oufqikd &f mtzG0UJ ifrsm;
&,ltok;H jyKaeaMumif; awGjY rif&ygvdrrfh nf/ wpfO;D wnf; uk, d w f idk &f ,lyidk qf idk Ef idk &f ef tcufawGo U mG ;Ekid yf gonf/ tm;vH;k tjyeftvSef qufo, G af qmif&u G Mf uygrS jyóemrsm;udk yl;aygif;zefw;D aqmif&u G &f aom jzpfpOfjzpfygonf/ ¤if;jzpfpOfonf rdr\ d
ajz&Si;f ay;Edik of nhv f rf;prsm;? enf;vrf;aumif;rsm;udk awG&U EdS ikd af yrnf/ yifut kd pGr;f tpudk ydrk okd jd rifvmapNy;D owdw&m;vnf; ydrk ckd ikd jf rJ
21 &mpk acwfpmoifcef;rsm;wGif Hardware, oifMum;ykeH nf;vrf;ESifh okjYd zpfygí oufqidk &f mausmif;rsm;tm;vk;H pk&;Hk yl;aygif;aqmif&u G w f wf&ef vmaponf/ xdjYk yif ywf0ef;usiEf iS fh vdu k af vsmnDaxGr&I adS tmif
xdaYk Mumihf tzGt UJ pnf;rsm;? ausmif;rsm;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;pkrsm;
tok;H cspepfrsm; ponhu f @ok;H &yfü acwfreD nf;ynmukd tok;H csEidk rf I vkt d yfvmygonf/ Oyrm-¤if;vky&f yfonf ykcYd soihaf omoifcef;pmESifh ykcYd syHk aexdik Ef ikd af om t&nftcsi;f udk zGNYH zKd ;aponf/ urÇmw Y ;kd wufrt I wGuf
ponfwt Ykd Mum;wGif tjyeftvSef qufo, G yf ;l aygif; aqmif&u G wf wfaom
taetxm;rsK;d ukd awG&U ygonf/ xked nf;ynmonf wu,f tvkyf enf;vrf;tpDtpOfrsm;ukd ausmif;aygif;pkrH S q&m? q&mrrsm; tawGt U BuKH wDxiG pf rf;oyfrjI yK&ef aemufxyfvt kd yfaom t&nftcsi;f rsm;rSm -
tavhtxaumif;rsm;&S&d ef tvGet f a&;Bu;D vmygonf/
jzpfatmif atmifjrifapaom vufeufaumif;wpfcv k nf; jzpfzv Ydk ydk gonf/ rsK;d pkjH zihf aqG;aEG;a&;qGcJ iG &fh ojzihf t&nftcsi;f tedrt fh jrihu f mG [aeaom oufqikd &f mynm&yfü em;vnfwwfajrmufr&I jdS cif;? ESpYH yfuRr;f usijf cif;?
q&m? q&mrrsm; tok;H csaeaom oifMum;ykeH nf;vrf;rsm;ESifh ¤if;wk\ Yd wynhrf sm;twGuf rsm;pGmtusK;d rsm;ayvdrrfh nf/ q&m? q&mrrsm;taejzihf odjYk zpfygí zefw;D rIprG ;f &nfjrihrf m;vmatmif rnfov dYk yk af qmifMu oJveG pf rsm; &SmazGqufpyfEikd pf rG ;f &Sjd cif;? ydik ;f jcm;a0zefEikd pf rG ;f &Sjd cif;?
oifMum;a&;pepfudk vkt d yfovkad jymif;vJEidk rf S &ayrnf/ ausmif;pepf vnf; tjyeftvSef oif,al vhvmcGi&fh ayrnf/ q&m? q&mrrsm; yl;aygif; rnfenf;/ uREykf w f t
Ykd aejzihf tcuftcJrsm;udk &ifqikd af jz&Si;f Edik af om t"duvkyif ef;pOfrsm;udk csrw S Ef ikd jf cif;ESifh zefw;D Edik pf rG ;f &Sjd cif; ponfwYkd
rsm;ukd vktd yfovkad jymif;vJum enf;ynmrsm; aygif;pyftok;H jyKEidk &f ef aqmif&u G Mf uaom okawoeaqmif&u G cf surf sm;onfvnf;aumif;? enf;vrf;rsm;udk rnho Jhf x
Ykd w
k ,f Ml urnfenf;/ jyóemwpf&yf jzpfygonf/
taumif;qk;H taetxm;rsK;d jzpfatmif xde;f n§rd rG ;f rHay;&ygrnf/ þokYd ausmif;om; ausmif;olrsm;\ em;vnfEidk pf rG ;f ? tuk;d tum;rsm;&SmazGyEHk iS fh ay:aygufcv hJ Qif tajzrSe&f mS azG&o kH mruawmhb?J ¤if;jyóemudk tajcjyK
taumiftxnf azmfaqmif&u G rf t
I wGuf rsm;pGmtcsed , f &l rnfjzpfNy;D awGU &Scd surf sm;ukd apmihMf unho f &d EdS idk o
f nhf ya&m*surf sm;onfvnf;aumif; t&if;wnfí ydak umif;rnht f cGit fh vrf;opfrsm;udyk g xyfr&H mS azGwwf&ef tajzrSeo f m&Smyg[lí wGe;f tm;ay;wwfonhf ynma&;pepftm;enf;
oifMum;a&;pepfü acwfay:enf;ynmrsm;ukd rnfoaYdk ygif;pyf tok;H cs ausmif;om;? ausmif;olw\ Ydk aeYpOfb0wk;d wufr?I qkw, f wk rf rI sm;ukd uREykf w f t
Ykd aejzihf urÇmBu;D udk rnho Jhf &Ykd jI rifMurnfv/J þodYk awG;Munhf rIaMumihf uREykf w
f \Ykd yifut kd pGr;f tpaumif;rsm;udk owdrrlrMd uawmhay/
oifMum;Ekid af Mumif;ukd rdrw d ynhrf sm;rS jyefvnfoif,rl w S o f m;xm;&ygrnf/ tvG,w f ulo&d dS Ekid af tmif ulnED idk af yonf/ ausmif;aygif;pkrH S q&m? rdaomtcg tem*wfurÇmBu;D onf uREykf w f t
Ykd wGuf vrf;aysmuf ¤if;tpGr;f tprsm;udk xkw, f o l ;kH pG&J efvnf; owdr&Muawmhay/
enf;ynmwpf&yfonf q&maumif;? orm;aumif;wpfO;D ae&mü rnfonhf q&mrrsm;onf rdrad usmif;rS tjcm;ausmif;rsm;qDoYdk tjyeftvSef Ny;D qH;k oGm;p&mae&mrsKd ; r[kwaf wmhbJ wDxiG q f ef;opfrrI sm;ESifh ouf0if trSewf u,frmS uREykf w f v
Ykd o l m;rsm;tm;vH;k wGif zefw;D Edik pf rG ;f aumif;jcif;?
tcgrS tpm;xk;d 0ifa&mufí r&aomfvnf;? oifMum;rI oif,rl pI epfü oGm;a&mufvnfywfMuNy;D oifMum;a&;pepfrsm;ukd tcsed , f al pmihMf unhf vIy&f mS ;aeaom ae&mBu;D jzpfvmygawmhonf/ uREykf w f v Ykd o
l m;rsm; tawG;opftMuo H pfrsm;xkw, f w l wfjcif;? &v'faumif;atmif
¤if;ukd aygif;pyftok;H csvu dk af omtcg rxifrw S af om &v'faumif;rsm; avhvm&ygonf/ 21 &mpk ynma&;avmurS q&m? q&mrrsm;ESifh
ay:xGuv f mNy;D ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm; vkyif ef;cGio f 0Ykd ifa&mufaomtcg ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;tm;vk;H twlwuG yl;aygif;aqmif&u G w f wf
vufawGt U ok;H wnhNf y;D ? b0vrf;aMumif;ykrd eS o f mG ;aMumif;awG&U ygonf/ Mu&ef r&Srd jzpfvt dk yfvmygonf/
18 19
12
b0wpfavQmuf aumif;pGmoif,lwwfolrsm; jzpfatmif
oifMum;ay;jcif;
MuKd ;yrf;Edik jf cif;? enf;pepfrsm;aumif;jcif; - ponhf xufjrufaom &&S&d ef tm;wufoa&m yg0ifoifMum;jcif;? oif,jl cif;jyKMuonf/ acwftqufqufausmMf um;cJah om &lyaA'ynm&SiBf u;D tJvb f wf 21 &mpkacwf\ ynmoifpepfwiG f A[kow k tcsut f vufrsm;udk &,l
yifut kd pGr;f tprsm; &Syd gonf/ ¤if;wdo Yk nf wpfO;D csi;f pD tvdu
k af omf jyKvyk cf ahJ om okawoewpfc\ k tqdt k & wDxiG zf efw;D Edik pf rG ;f udk tdik ;f pwdik ;f (Albert Einstein) u ajymcJzh ;l onfrmS t&mwckwnf;udo k m rSwo f m;aomae&mESifh ¤if;udt k oH;k cs&mae&m[lí oD;oefaY e&m (od)Yk
vnf;aumif;? tzGt UJ pkvu
kd af omfvnf;aumif; awG;ac:aexdik f ta&;ay;aqmif&u G af eaom pmoifcef;wpfcw k iG f ausmif;om;? xyfcgxyfcgjyKvyk af omfvnf; rwlnaD om&v'ftrsKd ;rsKd ;udk arQmv
f ihjf cif;u yHpk rH sm;jzihf cJjG cm;oif,al ejcif;r&Sad wmhay/ ,cktcgü xdyk pkH EH pS rf sKd ;wdoYk nf
&Siof efEikd zf Ykd vdtk yfaomt&nftcsi;f rsm;udk wpfpwpfp wd;k yGm; ausmif;olrsm;onf tajzrSe&f mS jcif;xuf tajzaumif;wpfc&k &ef avhvmoif,rl &kS ;l oGyjf cif;[líjzpfygonf/ tqufrjywf qufE, G af ygif;pyfvmMuonf/ tb,haf Mumihq f akd omf
vmapEdik yf gonf/ &SmazGMuKd ;pm;&onhkdf ydrk o kd abmusMuNy;D rdrw d \Ykd odvpkd w
d jf yif;jyrI 21&mpk urÇmBu;D onf t,ltqrsm;? owif;tcsut f vufrsm;?
(Curiosity) udv k nf; wefz;kd xm;um oif,Ml uonf/ ausmif;om;? uREykf w f vYkd o l m;rsm;onf rdrw d aYkd ocsmrodao;aom tajctaersm;eSifh jzpf&yfrsm;? Zmwfvrf;rsm;? tjiif;yGm;zG,&f mrsm;? jyóemrsm;wdEYk iS fh
udpt
ö &yf&yfukd &Iaxmihaf ygif;pHrk S Munhjf rifwwfatmifoif,El ikd jf cif;onf ausmif;olrsm;onf ydrk &kd ;kd &Si;f vG,u f al om? toH;k wnhaf om? vSyaom? tajymif;tvJumvudk aMumufwwfaomobm0&Sad yonf/ odaYk omf jynhEf u S v f Qu H saeaom taetxm;rsKd ;jzpfaeonf/ ¤if;taetxm;onf
t,ltqopfrsm;? ajz&Si;f p&mjyóemrsm;ESifh ¤if;jyóemrsm;udk xl;jcm;qef;opfaom? [efcsun f aD om? wdusaom (odrYk [kw)f us,jf yefY 21&mpk&dS oif,o l wl pfO;D onf þtaMumufw&m;rsKd ;udk rnforYkd nfykH pD;yGm;a&;udprö sm;ESifh pufrv I yk if ef;rsm;wd\
Yk uGeyf sLwmydik ;f qdik &f m
ajz&Si;f Edik o
f nhef nf;vrf;rsm;udk &SmazGawG&U &dS ef ulnaD y;Edik yf gonf/ euf&iId ;f aom tajzrsKd ;ud&k Edik &f ef tqufrjywfBuKd ;pm;wwfzYkd oif,Ml u azmufxu G af usmv
f mT ;ypf&rnfukd aumif;pGmem;vnfonf/ 21&mpkacwf&dS vkyx f ;kH vkyef nf;tqihq f ih?f enf;vrf;rsm;? pepfrsm; toH;k csp&m
qef;opfwx D iG rf rI sm; xGuaf y:vm&efEiS fh zefw;D Edik pf rG ;f jrihrf m;vmatmif ygonf/ þuJo h aYkd om pmoifcef;rsKd ;wGif q&m? q&mrrsm;ESifh oif,o l o l nf raocsm? ra&&maom tajctaersm;udk oif,El ikd zf Ykd enf;vrf;rsm;ESifh azmfjrLvmrsm;udk vkyif ef;vsmxm;csurf sm;ESifh
tm;ay;ulnaD om tavhtxaMumihf q&m? q&mrrsm;ESifh ausmif;om;? ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;onf t,ltqrsm;udk xnho f iG ;f toH;k cs tcGit fh cgaumif;MuKH jy;D [lí oabmydu k Nf y;D wufMuaG om tm;rmeftjynhf udu k n f rD &I adS tmif vdt
k yfovdjk yKjyifrrG ;f rH&ef wGe;f tm;ay;aeonf/
ausmif;olrsm;wdo Yk nf tay:,HatmifjrifrrI sm;xuf rdrw d \ Ykd yifukd upm;wwf&efvnf; oif,&l ygonf/ ESifh &ifqikd af yonf/ wpfenf;qd&k jyefaomf 21 &mpkü ynmoif,l
t&nftcsi;f rsm;aMumihf ay:aygufvmrnhf ppfreS o f nhf atmifjrifrrI sm;udk olrsm;onf tqH;k xdojd rifem;vnf&ef cufcaJ eao;onhf jyóemrsm;udk 21 &mpkausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;ESifh q&m? q&mrrsm;onf rdrw d \
Ykd
xd;k azmuftajz&SmEdik &f ef ¤if;wd\ Yk wpfzufowftjrifrsm;? ,HMk unfcsuEf iS fh wd;k wufrrI sm;twGuf pOfqufrjywfBuKd ;yrf;aeygonf/ 21 &mpk&dS
xd;k xGi;f odjrifrrI sm;xJrS vSr;f xGut f ajz&SmEdik rf nhf enf;vrf;rsm;udk odjrif oifay;olrsm;ESifh oif,o l rl sm;wdo Yk nf tqufrjywf ouf0ifvyI &f mS ;
Edik Mf uonf/ oif,El ikd pf rG ;f &SMd uNy;D rdrw
d o Ykd if,w l wfajrmufxm;onhf t&mrsm;ESifh
oif,&l efypkH rH sm;udk jyKjyifrrG ;f rHEikd pf rG ;f vnf;&SMd uonf/ olw\ Ykd ydik Ef ikd f
xdaYk Mumihf 21 &mpkacwf&dS ynmonfwpfO;D onf b0wpfcv k ;kH aumif;pGm uRr;f usirf EI iS fh pl;prf;vdpk w d w f o
Ykd nf y#dyu©rsm;? tusyt f wnf;MuKH p&m
oif,w l wfow l pfa,mufjzpf&ef ta&;Bu;D vmNy;D jzpfaMumif; oabmayguf jzpf&yfrsm;ESifh tjiif;yGm;rIrsm;udk jyóemtjzpfr&IjrifawmhbJ
xm;oljzpfonf/ qdv k o
kd nfrmS 21&mpkü ynmoif,o l rl sm;onf tcGit fh vrf;aumif;rsm;tjzpf vufc, H MkH unfvmMujy;D taumif;jrif
todtjrifA[kow k jynfpo kH rl sm;tjzpfomruawmhbJ ydrk q kd ef;opf pdwrf sm; &Sio f efvmMuonf/ ay:aygufvmorQaom udpw ö ikd ;f onf
aumif;rGeaf om tawG;tjrifEiS t fh vkyrf sm;udk tqufrjywf&mS azGEikd &f ef oif,zl ?Ykd zefw;D zd?Yk &Sio f efz?Ykd yl;aygif;aqmif&u G zf EYkd iS fh tjyeftvSef
rdru d ,
kd uf kd tjynht
f 0,HMk unfcsu&f o dS rl sm; jzpfvmMuonf/ ulnw D wfzYkd tcGit fh vrf;opfrsm; jzpfvmMuygawmhonf/
20 21
þu@ü yg0ifonfrsm;rSm - sT
21 &mpkEiS u hf udk n
f rD nfh
pdw"f mwfypHk rH sm; (22-23)
pdwtf ajctae? oabmxm; (1)

pdww
f nfjird rf ?I owdtm;aumif;jcif; (24-25)
pdwwf nfNird rf ?I owdtm;aumif;atmif
21 &mpk pdwfaeoabmxm;rsm;ESihf tavUtusifUrsm;
avhusijfh cif; (26-31)
pdwt
f ajctae? oabmxm; (2) q&m? q&mrrsm;ESifU ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;tMum; 21 &mpk pdwfaeoabmxm;rsm;udk
t&m&mudk pl;prf;odjrifvpkd w
d f (32-33)
t&m&m pl;prf;odjrifvpkd w
d f touf0ifvkyfaqmif awG;ac: jyKrlvmap&ef
tm;aumif;atmif avhusijhf cif; (34-37)
pdwtf ajctae? oabmxm; (3) xkdokdh pGrf;aqmif&nfjynfU pdwf"gwfykHpHopfrsm;u vkad om pdwx f m;ESifh a&&Snf a&Sq U ufoif,vl pdk wd f &Sio
f efymG ;rsm;
&Sio
f efBu;D xGm;aompdwf (38-39) urÇmBuD;tay:xm;&SdonfU uREkfyfwkdh\tjrifykHpHrsm;ESifU vmatmif vIaYH qmfEidk pf rG ;f ukd aqmifMuOf;ay;Ekid o f nf/ a'gufwm'Gucf f
(Dweck) \tqkt d & uREyfk w f \ Ydk tawGt U BuKaH Mumihf ay:aygufvmaom
&Sio
f efBu;D xGm;aom pdw"f mwfrsKd ;&atmif uREkfyfwkdh\ aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;ukd rnfokdh t&nftcsi;f rsm;onf uREyfk w f üYdk &Sad om pdw"f mwfypHk H (okrYd [kw)f uREyfk w
f Ydk
avhusijhf cif; (40-41)
ajymif;vJEkdifpGrf; &SdygovJ/” uk,d w
f idk t
f ay: tygt0if? tjcm;olrsm;ESifh urÇmaY &;&mtay:
pdwt f ajctae? oabmxm; (4) xm;&Std yfaom cH,cl surf sm;aMumihf jzpfygonf/
ud,
k cf si;f pm em;vnfpw d f (42-43) xdt k avhtusirfh sm;jzihf uREykf w f o Ykd nf 21 &mpk pGr;f &nfrsm;jzpfonhf
ud,
k cf si;f pm em;vnfpw d &f atmif Mindset: The New Psychology of Success (atmifjrifr\
I
taMumif;&if;rSe?f pdw"f gwfypHk t H &if;cH) [laompmtkyw f iG f ¤if;ukd odvpkd w fd jf yif;jyjcif;? a0zefyikd ;f jcm;Edik pf rG ;f &Sjd cif;? tawG;opftMuo H pf
arG;jrLavhusijhf cif; (44-47) zefw;D Edik pf rG ;f &Sjd cif;? tjyeftvSeq f ufo, G af jymqdjk cif;? yl;aygif;
a&;om;cJo h l Stanford wuúov dk pf wfd yf nmXmerS ya&mzufqm
um&k'd uG cf f (Carol Dweck) u azmfjyxm;onfrmS ]]ESp2f 0MumNyaD ygh&iS f aqmif&u G jf cif;rsm;udk touf0ifvmap&efEiS fh zGUH NzKd ;wd;k wufv f map&ef
pdwtf ajctae? oabmxm; (5) taxmuftulay;rnhf us,jf yefeY ufeaJ om pdwaf eoabmxm;rsm;udk
wefz;kd xm; qufqjH cif; (48-49) uRerf &JoU ak woeawGU &cdS sut f &uawmh rdr&d t UJ jrif? rdr&d pUJ w
d af epdw
f x f m;
(okrYd [kw)f pdw"f mwfypHk w H pfc[ k m rdrb d 0vrf;aMumif;OD;wnfcsuu f dk &&Syd ikd q
f ikd Ef ikd o
f nf/ uREykf f wdv Yk yk af qmifcahJ om okawoerS uREykf w f o
Ykd nf
wefz;kd xm; qufqw H wfaom 21 &mpkavhvmoif,rl EI iS fh oifMum;rIwt Ykd wGuf vdt k yfaom pdwaf e
pdw"f mwf&aSd tmif avhusijhf cif; (50-51) xda&mufpmG jyKjyifEidk pf rG ;f &Syd gowJ&h iS }f } [líjzpfygonf/
oabmxm;rsm; (7) ckjzpfonhf pdww f nfNird rf ?I owdtm;aumif;vmatmif
pdw"f mwfypHk rH sm;u uREyfk w f u
Ydk rÇmavmuESiyfh wfoufonhf em;vnfonhf jyKjcif;? pl;prf;odvpkd w d f jyif;jyjcif;? &Sio f efMu;D xGm;aompdw?f
pdwt
f ajctae? oabmxm; (6) ud, k cf si;f pmem;vnfpw d ?f wefz;kd xm;? todtrSwjf yKjcif;? vufawGU
ykpH ?H uREyfk w
f \Ydk tjrifEiS fh uREyfk w f v Ydk yk af qmifrrI sm;ukd jyKjyifyo Hk iG ;f onf/
vufawGpU rf;oyfaqmif&u G jf cif; (52-53) prf;oyfvyk af qmifjcif;? pepfwpfcv k ;kH tm; jcKH iíkH pOf;pm;awG;ac: jcif;rsm;udk
pdw"f mwfypHk o H nf toGiEf pS rf sK;d uGjJ ym;Ekid yf gonf/ ¤if;wkrYd mS usO;f ajrmif;
vufawGpU rf;oyfaqmif&u G wf wfatmif avhvmawG&U dS oif,cl &hJ onf/ atmufazmfjyygpmrsuef mS rsm;wGif ¤if;
ao;odrt f qk;d jrifpw d f "(Contraction)"ESifh us,af jymyGiv fh if;aom
avhusijhf cif; (54-57) pdwaf eoabmxm;rsm;udk &kyyf rkH sm;? erlemrsm;jzihjf yoí twlwuG
taumif;jrifpw d f "(Expansion)" [líjzpfonf/ tqk;d jrifpw d \ f
obm0onf uREyfk w f \Ydk pdw?f cE¨mESipfh w d 0f Od mOf ponfwüYdk wif;usy?f avhusiv fh yk af qmifEikd &f ef &d;k &Si;f aomenf;vrf;rsm;udk yHyh ;dk azmfjyxm;onf/
pdwtf ajctae? oabmxm; (7) pdwaf eoabmxm; wpfcck si;f pDonf 21 &mpkyjkH yif? t,ltqpum;rsm;?
ao;odrv f mum xGuaf ygufro hJ mG ;ovkd cHpm;csuu f akd y;Ny;D t&mtm;vk;H ukd
pepfwpfcvk ;kH tm; jcKH iíkH ar;cGe;f rsm; (odrYk [kw)f aMumfjimwpfcck si;f pDEiS fh wGv J su&f ídS ZihAf 'k 0¨ g'wGif
tysuo f abmaqmifí ½Ijrifvpdk w d af y:vmaponf/ a½Sq U ufroGm;vkd
pOf;pm;awG;ac: jcif; (58-59) toH;k jyKaom “eufepJ mG em;vnfoabmaygufjcif;” ESicfh sw d q f ufí
awmhbJ &yfwefv Y pdk wd af y:vmaponf/ taumif;jrifpw d \ f
pepfwpfcvk ;kH tm;jcKH ií
kH pOf;pm; ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;\ avhusirfh rI sm;\ wd;k wufrrI sm;udk
oabmobm0rSmrl ayghyg;wufMuaG om? yGiv fh if;vGwv f yfNy;D
awG;ac:wwfatmif avhusijhf cif; (60-61) qef;ppfEikd o f nf/
tjyKoabmaqmifvakd ompdwu f dk jzpfay:apum yl;aygif;aqmif&u G f
22 23
21 &mpkacwfumv? pGrf;&nfjynhf0 q&m? q&mr” POINTB/UNICEF/PEARsON/armfvNrdKifwuúodk vf
pdwftajctae? oabmxm; (1)
pdwfwnfNidrfrI? owdtm;aumif;jcif;
MINDFULNESS
tu,fí oifjrifwJUtjrifukd ajymif;EkdifvQif? ajymif;vJEkdifwJU

enf;vrf;ukdvnf; oifjrifEkdifygonf/
ckid rf mtm;aumif;wdusaom &nfreS ;f csuw f pfco k nf pdww f nfNird rf uI kd q&m? q&mrrsm;ESifh ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;onf owdorm"d
zefw;D Ekid pf rG ;f ESifh tcGit fh vrf;aumif;rsm;&SmEkid jf cif;[laom tpGr;f owård sm; tm;aumif;&ef avhusi&fh mwGif rdrt d wGi;f pdwo f @eftm; jyefjrifEidk af tmif
arG;jrLay;&m ppfreS af omae&maumif;wpfcyk if jzpfonf/ 21 &mpkacwf usijfh cif;? azmfxw
k jf cif;? xk;d xGi;f odjrifEidk af tmif BuK;d pm;jcif;ESifh
q&m? q&mrrsm;onf rdr\ d b0tdrrf uf (okrYd [kw)f b0&nfreS ;f csuu f dk oihaf wmfaom aqmif&u G cf surf sm;jzihf pwifEidk yf gonf/ þokjYd zihf
&Si;f vif;jywfom;pGmjrifwwfNy;D taumiftxnfazmf&ef enf;vrf;rsm; rdro
d if,&l mü wjznf;jznf; owdw&m;uyfvmNy;D tm&kpH ;l pku d rf I
&S&d eftwGuf owdNraJ tmif? orm"dtm;aumif;atmif avhusiMfh uonf/ tm;aumif;vmygonf/
xko d Ydk avhusijfh cif;onf oif,jl cif;jzpfpOfrsm;ukd ouf0ifvyI &f mS ;atmif
wGe;f tm;ay;Ekid o f nhf vkt d yfonhpf rG ;f tm;? &nf&, G cf suEf iS fh cH,cl surf sm;ukd owdw&m;aumif;atmif pwifavhusi&fh mwGif yxrOD;qk;H taejzihf
aumif;rGejf ynhpf aHk ponf/ 21 &mpkacwf oif,al &;pepfudk rnfonht f &mudk rdrt d m&kpH u dk af eonfukd pwifowdxm;Munhyf g/ oif
avhvmMunhaf omf q&m? q&mrrsm;? ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;ESifh owdxm;aaomtm&ko H nf oiht f m; rnfocYkd pH m;&atmifjyKaeonf
jy|mef;oif&;dk nTe;f wrf;wkt Yd Mum; tjyeftvSef qufpyfoufa&mufyo Hk nf qkod nfvnf; tao;pdwjf rifEidk af tmif BuK;d pm;yg/ oihcf E¨muk, d Ef iS fh
wpfO;D csi;f pDu rdru d , dk w f idk \ f &nfreS ;f csuu f dk odjrifem;vnfrEI iS fh touf½yI u Hk dk tm&kpH udk x f m;yg/ oihcf E¨muk, d x f rJ mS jzpfysuaf eonht f &m
tm;vk;H ESifh oufqidk o f nhf vkyif ef;&nfreS ;f csuu f dk yl;aygif;zefw;D rI eSifh qihuf cJ pH m;csurf sm;udk owdxm;Munhyf g/ b,ftcsed rf mS aysm&f iT rf ?I
ponhw f Ydk tay:ü tajcpku d jf zpfay:vmaMumif; awG&U ayonf/ aMumuf&HG U r?I pdwv f yI &f mS ;rI? pdwyf surf ?I a'gopdwEf iS fh 0rf;enf;pdwf ponhf
vG,u f pl mG qk&d aomf bmaMumiho f if,jl cif;onf ta&;Bu;D ovJ (WHY pdwcf pH m;csuaf wG ay:aygufvmygovJ/ pdwcf pH m;csurf sm;qdo k nfrmS
learning matters?) qdo k nhf eufeufeeJ eJ m;vnfjcif;onf t"du vlwidk ;f wGi&f wdS wfonhf oabmjzpfonf/ þonfrmS vnf; obm0w&m;
&nfreS ;f csujf zpfonf/ 'Doifcef;pm&Sw d hJ b,ftcsuu f dk rdrd ausmif;om;? yifjzpfonf/ odaYk omf ¤if;wdo Yk nf oiht f m; trSew f u,frxde;f csKyef ikd af y/
ausmif;olrsm; trSew f u,f oif,o l iho
f vJ/ ausmif;ol?
owdtm;aumif;atmif ykrd adk vhusiv fh mEkid af vav? uREyfk w
f \
Ydk twGi;f pdwf
ausmif;om;rsm;onf ¤if;wkYd avhvmoif,cl o hJ nhf t&mrsm;tm; rdrw d \ Ydk
ESifh tjyifvufawGb U 0wGijf zpfay:aeonhf tjzpftysurf sm;ukd ykrd dk
vlr0I ef;usi?f tvkycf iG ef iS fh b0jzpf&yfrsm;wGif rnfoYkd
xde;f csKyEf idk af vav jzpfygonf/ xko d Ydk owdtm;aumif;vmvQif
jyefvnftok;H csEidk pf rG ;f &So d vJ/ þoifcef;pm xJwiG f rdr\ d ausmif;om;?
pdww f nfNird rf &I vmNy;D rdru d , dk w
f idk Ef iS fh tjcm;olw\ Ydk ta&;udprö sm;ukd
ausmif;olrsm;twGuf ta&;Bu;D onhf pdw"f mwfypHk t H opf (okrYd [kw)f
ykrd odk wduyf aqmif&u G Ef idk jf cif;? wpfO;D ay:wpfO;D u½kPmw&m;tjynhjf zihf
txl;oD;oefyY pHk H wpfrsK;d rsK;d ygEkid o f vm;/ 'Doifcef;pm aqmif&u G cf surf mS
wkjYH yefEidk jf cif;ponhf aumif;usK;d rsm; &&Sv d mygonf/
rdrad usmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;ukd rnfonh&f v'frsK;d &apcsio f vJ/
24 25
pdwfwnfNidrfrI? owdtm;aumif;atmif avUusifUjcif;

PRACTICING MINDFULNESS
q&m? q&mrrsm; (okdYr[kwf) ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;ESifhtwlwlaqmif&Guf&ef avhusifhcef; (5) ck avhusifhcef; (1)

wdufqdwfNidrfoufoGm;csdef? wdwfqdwfNidrfouf
oGm;ykHukd pl;pkdufem;axmifNyD; orm"dtm;aumif;
t"duem;vnfxm;&eftcsuf (Essential Understanding) atmifavhusifhjcif; (lIsTEN FOR sIlENCE)
rdrdwkdh\ twGif;pdwfwGif ay:aygufvmonfUtawG;rsm;? pdwfcHpm;rIrsm;? tm&kHcHpm;rIrsm;?
yg0ifavhusio hf l tzGo UJ m;rsm;(wynhrf sm;)ukd ¤if;wk\ Yd ckw
H iG f oufaomifh vkyfaqmifcJhaom avhusifhcef;rsm;udk
tavUtxrsm;ESifU tawGYtBuKHrsm;onf jyifyvufawGYavmu&Sd tjzpftysufrsm;ESifU oufomxkid cf idk ;f Ny;D aemuf ¤if;wk\ Yd rsuv f ;Hk rsm;ukd rSwd x
f m;ckid ;f Ny;D pdwuf dk
jyefvnfoHk;oyf&ef ar;cGef;rsm;
Nird o
f ufpmG xm;&Szd aYdk jymyg/ (¤if;wkt Yd m; rdrw d oYkd nf aumif;uifjyifxw J iG f
rnfokdhtjyeftvSef oufa&mufoGm;EdkifaMumif; tm&kHpl;pkdufxm;jcif;/ a&muf&adS eouJo h Ykd pdwu f vkd w
G v
f yfaeovkd cHpm;Munhcf idk ;f Ekid yf gonf/) (REFlECTIVE QUEsTIONs)
rdepftenf;i,fMumaomf a&Sq U ufvyk af qmifz, G &f mrsm;ukd qufvuf acgif;avmif;oH aysmufu,G o f mG ;onhf tcsed u
f mvtwdtusudk
oif,l&jcif; &nf&G,fcsuf òefMum;rnf/ yg0ifavhusiahf eolrsm;tm; ]]q&mu ok;H Burd w f w
d d oifwo Ykd wdxm;rdyg ovm;/
(lEARNING OBJECTIVE)
acgif;avmif;wD;r,f/ wD;vku d wf thJ csed w
f idk ;f ukd aocsmowdxm;
em;axmifaeyg/ wjznf;jznf;eJY acgif;avmif;oH&yfomG ;vdrf rhf ,f/ acgif;avmif;oHudk tm&kpH udk ef m;axmifaepOf oift
h m&kv
H o
JG mG ;atmif
rdru
d ,dk w f idk üf aomfvnf;aumif;? rdru d siv f nfaexkid &f m0ef;usiüf tJ'v D dk acgif;avmif;oH&yfwefo
Y mG ;wJh wduswt hJ csed f tcku
d t f wefu Y dk (tm&kwH pfcsuf vGwof mG ;csed )f bmtawG;awG 0ifvmovJ/
vnf;aumif;? toif;tzGrUJ sm;ukd OD;aqmif&müvnf;aumif;? ykrd o
dk wduyfem;axmifyg/ aemufxyf toHrMum;&awmhwt hJ cg
acgif;aqmifaumif;wpfO;D \ t&nftcsi;f rsm;&S&d ef vkt d yfygonf/ vufuadk jrm§ ufjyMuyg}} [k &Si;f jyefòefMum;yg/ acgif;avmif;oH &yfwefo Y mG ;csed rf mS oif&h pUJ w
d t
f ajctae b,fv&dk adS evJ/
¤if;wkrYd mS uk, d w
f idk o
f jd rif em;vnfEidk pf rG ;f vsijf refjrifrh m;jcif;? vIy&f mS ;wufMuaG eygovm;/ (okrYd [kw)f Nird ;f csr;f aeygovm;/
tavhtxaumif;rsm;ESifh rSeu f efaom ,kMH unfcsu&f jdS cif; ponfwYdk xko
d Ydk &Si;f jyNy;D aemuf acgif;avmif;ukd p wD;yg/ vku d yf gavhusiahf eolrsm; tJ't
D csed tf cku
d tf wefrY mS oifu h , dk x
f rJ mS b,fvcdk pH m;vm&ovJ/
jzpfygonf/ xkaYd Mumifh ¤if;t&nftcsi;f aumif;rsm;ukd odjrifem;vnf acgif;avmif;oHrMum;awmhí vufajrm§ ufjyonht f xdapmifyh g/
jyKusiEhf idk zf Ydk ulnaD vhusiahf y;&ef &nf&, G yf gonf/ acgif;avmif;ukd (4) Burd f (odrYk [kw)f (5) Burd w f ;D yg/ ta&S wU iG f þuJo h Ydk tavhtxrsK;d ukd rdryd wf0ef;usi&f dS wpfaeYwmumv
wD;vku d af om acgif;avmif;\yJw h iforH sm; uG,af ysmufomG ;onftxd qlnoH rH sm;Mum; tok;H csavhusiMhf uzkYd wynhrf sm;tm; wku d wf eG ;f yg/
(10) puúeYf (okrYd [kw)f (15) puúeaYf vmufapmifNh y;D rS aemufxyf wpfenf;tm;jzifq h adk omf qlno H rH sm;aemufu,
G rf S wdwq f wd Nf ird o
f ufru
I dk
wpfBurd f qufw;D yg/ em;axmifNy;D pdww f nfNird rf &I mS wwfatmif avhusichf idk ;f yg/
26 27
avhusifhcef; (2) avhusifhcef; (3)

vIyf&Sm;oGm;vmaeaom vltrsm;oGm;&mvrf;rBuD; pum;vHk;wpfvHk; (ONE WORD)
(ROADWAY)
yg0ifavhusio hf rl sm;tm; ¤if;wd\ Yk ukvm;xdik rf sm;wGif oufaomifh vkyfaqmifcJhaom avhusifhcef;rsm;udk
oufom xdik af eapNy;D rsuv f ;kH rsm;udk rdw
S x f m;cdik ;f yg/ xdaYk emuf
yg0ifavhusio hf rl sm;ukd ¤if;wkx Yd idk cf rHk sm;wGif oufaomifo h ufom
cyfjyif;jyif;? cyfav;av;rQi;f Ny;D (3) Murd f touf&cI ikd ;f yg/ wpfMurd f
jyefvnfoHk;oyf&ef ar;cGef;rsm;
xkid cf idk ;f vku
d Nf y;D rsuv f ;Hk rsm;ukd rSw d x f m;ckid ;f yg/ þavhusichf ef;rsK;d ukd (REFlECTIVE QUEsTIONs)
&Ivukd w
f ikd ;f &Ivu kd w
f ikd ;f wGif yg0ifavhusio hf rl sm;tm; ¤if;wd\ Yk
oifwef;jyify&Sd tjcm;rnfonhaf e&mürqkd ¤if;wkv Yd yI &f mS ; usiv
f nf&m
pdww f if;usyrf rI sm; ydak vsmu h svmjy;D vm;? ydNk y;D &Si;f vif;ayghyg;vmNyv D m; [k
ae&m0ef;usif (okrYd [kw)f vrf;oGm;vrf;vmrsm;? jzwfoef;oGm;vm
ar;aeyg/ pum;vH;k wpfv;kH &Gwq f o
kd MH um;wdik ;f rnfonhtf awG;rsKd ;rsm;? rnfonhf
olrsm;ukd apmifMh unhEf idk af omae&mwGif vkyaf qmifEikd af Mumif;ajymjyyg/
aphaqmfrrI sKd ;? rnfonhf tm&Hck pH m;rIrsKd ;? rnfonhyf &kH yd rf sKd ; (odrYk [kw)f
¤if;wdtYk m; ]]q&m acgif;avmif;oH;k Burd w f ;D vdu k w f t hJ cgrSm pum;vH;k rnfonhcf pH m;csurf sKd ; ay:aygufvmygoenf;/
yg0ifavhusio hf tl zGo
UJ m;\ rsuv f ;Hk ukrd wdS x
f m;ckid ;f Ny;D ¤if;wkpYd w
d rf sm;
wpfpu k kd &Gwjf yvdrrhf ,f/ wpfv;kH ajymNy;D wdik ;f cPem;r,f/ oifw&Ykd UJ
Nird o
f ufat;csr;f pGmxm;zk?Yd oufaomifo h ufomaezkYd ajymyg/ xkaYd emuf
tvkyu f awmh q&mpum;vH;k wpfv;kH ajymvdu k w f ikd ;f rSm? oifw&Ykd pUJ w
d x
f J b,ft&mu oifu h akd &Sq
U ufawG;zdYk ulncD o
hJ vJ/ b,ftcsed rf mS
]]q&m acgif;avmif; (3) Burd w f ;D wJt h cg vrf;rBu;D wpfc&k UJ
bmawGay:vmovJqw kd mudk owdxm;aezdyYk /J q&mu pum;vH;k oift
h m&Hu
k uyfNiod mG ;vJ/
yko
H @mefudk tm;vk;H &JU pdwx f rJ mS jrifa,mifMunhyf g/ Ny;D awmh oifwYdk
wpfv;kH Ny;D wpfv;kH &Gwo f mG ;Ny;D csed rf mS oifwv Ykd nf; pdwx f rJ mS
uk, d wf idk f tJ'h v D rf;rBu;D ay:rSm vrf;avQmufae&if; t&mtm;vH;k u
ay:vmorQawGukd vdu k o f wdxm;aeyg/ 'Davhusichf ef;tNy;D rSm b,ftm&Hw k pfcrk mS rS uyfjiad ejcif;r&Sb
d J txufygpdwjf zpfpOfrsm;udk
ud, k qf v D maew,fvYdk xyfrjH rifa,mifMunhMf uyg}} [kajymyg/
q&mu acgif;avmif;udk wpfBurd w f ;D vdu
k yf gr,f/}} [lí nTeMf um;yg/ b,fv&kd jI rifEikd rf vJ/
aemufxyf aqmif&u G rf w I pf&yfurkd pwifrD wdwq f w d pf mG cPem;yg/
wpfzef ]]tJ'v D dk toufreS rf eS &f &I if; tawG;yk&H yd x f rJ mS vrf;rBu;D ukd
wzef pdwx f aJ y:vmorQ pmvH;k udk ajymNy;D aemuf (10-20) puúeYf orm"dtm;aumif;atmif avhusijhf cif;onf uREykf w
f \
Ykd aeYpOfb0udk
apmifMh unhaf epOfrmS oifw&Ydk UJ tawG;awG? aphaqmfwu dk wf eG ;f rIawG?
avmuf cP&yfem;yg/ acgif;avmif;oH;k Murd w f ;D vdu k yf g/ xdaYk emuf b,fvukd n
l aD y;Edik rf vJ/
pdwt
f m&kaH wGeYJ cHpm;csuaf wG tm&kpH u dk Ef idk af o;&Jv
U m; qdw k mvnf;
pmvH;k topfwpfv;kH udk xyfajymyg/ (3-5) rdepftMumrQ xdo k Ykd xyfcg
owdxm;Munhyf g/ uk, d Mf unhaf ewJt
h &mawG uk, d t hf em;yked ;D uyf
xyfcgjyKyg/ þavhusichf ef;onf yg0ifavhusio hf rl sm;tm; rdru d ,kd uf kd ,HMk unf
vmwJt h cg olwu Ydk t
dk m&Hrk xm;bJ ud, k af wGeb YJ mrSrqdik o f vkd olw&Ydk UJ
toGm;tvmuko d m qufMunhaf eyg/ Ny;D awmh vrf;rBu;D wpfavQmuf tm;ud;k rI tjynht f 0&apaom enf;vrf;aumif;wpf&yfyif jzpfygonf/
bmawGxyfqif;vmOD;rvJqw dk mukd qufvufapmifMh unhyf g}} [k tb,fah Mumifq h akd omf ¤if;pdwt f pOfrsKd ;&atmifukd avhusix hf m;olonf
yg0ifavhusiohf rl sm;ukd atmufygar;cGe;f rsm; ar;jref;Munhyf g/
rdrpd w
d x
f 0J ifvmorQ tjcm;tm&Hrk sm;udk uyfNiw d UkH jyefrrI &Sb d J
tao;pdwf jrifa,mifvmatmif quf&iS ;f yg/ • vrf;rBu;D ay:u tjzpftysuaf wGudk Munh&f o Hk mMunhaf eNy;D
rdrd trSew f u,f pl;pdu k v
f yk af qmifaeaomudpu ö kd pGpJ jJG rjJ rJ
¤if;tjzpftysuaf wGtay: vku d yf gcHpm;rIr&Sad tmifBuK;d pm;csed rf mS tBuHjyKcsuf (TIP)
qifjcifEikd af omaMumifh jzpfygonf/
Ny;D aemuf yg0ifavhusio hf rl sm;ukd avhusichf ef;Ny;D vQif rdrad cgif;avmif; b,foal wG tcufBuKo H vJ/
wpfBurd wf ;D rnfjzpfaMumif; owday;yg/ avhusichf ef;\ tqk;H owf • vrf;rBu;D ay:u tjzpftysuaf wGudk vku d yf gcHpm;rdawmh aeYpOfo;kH yHrk eS pf um;vH;k rsm;udk toH;k jyKyg/ &Hzef&cH gwGif
umvwGif avhusichf ef;umvwpfavQmuf ay:vmaom tawG;rsm;? bmjzpfomG ;ovJ/ yHrk eS rf [kwaf om? Mum;jzwfpum;vH;k rsm; (Oyrm-ukvm;tky?f
aphaqmfwu dk wf eG ;f rIrsm;? pdwcf pH m;rIrsm;ESihf cHpm;csurf sm;ESihf tm&kH • vrf;rBu;D ay:u tjzpftysuaf wGudk vku d yf gcHpm;jcif;r&Sb
d J ESyaf cs;? ESmacgif;arG;? pkb;l ? puwfw)kd udk vQyw f pfjywf
cHpm;rIrsm;taMumif; qufvufaqG;aEG;&ygrnf/ b,fvedk nf;eJY vspv f sL&Ixm;Ekid yf govJ/ xnho f iG ;f &Gwq
f jkd yNy;D ¤if;wdt
Yk m; trsKd ;rsKd ;pOf;pm;cdik ;f yg/
28 29
avhusifhcef; (4) avhusifhcef; (5)

vdk&if;tcsufomajymyg (JUsT THE FACTs) oifwkdYpdwfxJ&Sd oD;oefYae&mav;wpfck
(A sPECIAl PlACE IN YOUR MIND)
yg0ifavhusio hf rl sm;tm; vd&k if;tcsut f vufrsm;udo k m azmfjy vkyfaqmifcJhaom avhusifhcef;rsm;udk
ajymqdak pNy;D wpfpw kH pf&mudk o&kyaf zmfajymjycdik ;f yg?/ ]]BuKcH zhJ ;l aom jyefvnfoHk;oyf&ef ar;cGef;rsm; yg0ifavhusio hf rl sm;tm; rsupf rd w
S x f m;ckid ;f Ny;D ¤if;wk\
Yd pdwuf dk
tjzpftysuw f pfcrk S vk&d if;tcsuf (JUST THE FACTS) uko d m
(REFlECTIVE QUEsTIONs) Nird o
f ufpmG xm;apum ok;H Burd w f idk w
f ikd f touf00&SLckid ;f vku d yf g/
xkwEf w
k af umuf,l wwf&efoif,jl cif;}}
vd&k if;tcsuo f majymyg (JUST THE FACTS) ¤if;wkt Yd m; nTeMf um;&efrmS ]]oifwo Ydk nf oifwEYdk pS af ,muf oabmuswhJ
odorQudk omajymckid ;f yg/
rsm;jzihf qufo, G af jymqko
d nht
f cg tifrwefvyS wJh ae&mav;wpfcrk mS xkid af ew,fvYdk pdwu f ;l ,Ofvu
dk yf g/
wyftyfjriforQuo dk m ajymckid ;f yg/
rnho hJf cYkd pH m;&oenf;/ th'J aD e&mu oift h m&kuH dk trSew f u,fzrf;pm;xm;Edik w f hJ
tykt
d vkrd &Sd uGuw f ad jymckid ;f yg/
ae&mrsK;d ayghaemf/ oifw&Ydk UJ pdwu f ;l rSm ay:aygufvmwJah e&mav;u
bm tcufawGoU vJ/ b,fvydk pHk v H /J aocsmjrifa,mifatmifMunhyf g/ Ny;D awmh b,ft&mawGu
vkt
d yfaomypön;f rsm;ukd pm;yGaJ y:odYk wifvu dk yf g/ (t&nfwpfcyk gaom
bmu vG,uf o
l vJ/ oift h m&ku
H dk zrf;pm;xm;ovJ/ b,ft&mu oifph w d Ef v
S ;Hk ukd
zefcuG w
f pfv;Hk ? yef;wpfyiG ?hf &I;zdeyfwpfzuf? ykw;D vk;H av;rsm;?
vk;H 0 at;csr;f oGm;apvJqw dk mukd aoaocsmcsmMunhaf eyg/ q&m
iSuaf ysmoD;wpfv;Hk ? tp&So d nfjzif)h yg0ifavhusio hf rl sm;tm; ¤if;wk\
Yd
bmxifjrif,q l csurf sK;d ukd uREyfk w
f Ydk armif;wD;vku d cf sed rf mS ? tm;vk;H rsuv f ;Hk jyefziG Mhf uyg/}} [lí jzpfonf/
o&kyaf y: Ekid pf rG ;f ukt
d ok;H csapNy;D pm;yGaJ y: &Sd ypön;f rsm;taMumif;ukd
wpfBurd vf Qiw f pfcpk o D m o&kyaf zmfcidk ;f yg/ tNrw J rf;jyKvyk rf od vJ/ ypön;f awG (okrYd [kw)f
udpaö wGudk t&Sw d idk ;f (yifuo dk bm0twkid ;f ) (3-5) rdepfavmufMumaomf armif;wD;Ny;D yg0ifavhusio hf rl sm;tm;
Munhaf ecsed rf mS ud, k x hf ifjrif,q l csuaf wGu rsuvf ;Hk jyefziG chf idk ;f vku
d yf g/ rsupf rd w
Sd pf w
d u
f ;l ,Ofaecsed üf jrifa,mif
tu,fí yg0ifavhusio hf rl sm;onf ¤if;wk\
Yd tawG;rsm;? xifjrif
b,fvadk zmuf0ifvmMuovJ/ cJo
h rQudk jyefajym&ef ¤if;wkt Yd m; awmif;qkyd g/
,lqcsurf sm; (okrYd [kw)f tykad qmif;o&kyaf zmfjy ajymqkrd rI sm;yg
xnhaf jymrdvmvQif vk&d if; (JUST THE FACTS) uko d m
owdtm;aumif;apwJh 'Dvpdk w d af vhusichf ef;rsK;d ukd xdaYk emuf vlwpfO;D [m olpY w d x
f rJ mS at;csr;f wJh oD;oefaY e&mav;wpfck
jyefajymckid ;f yg/
uREyfk w
f Ydk b,fvt
dk ok;H csovJ/ zefw;D wwf&ef xkad e&muvmwJ*h ,ufonf xko d \l aeYpOfval erIb0ukd
rnfou Ydk n
l o
D ufa&mufEidk af Mumif; aqG;aEG;yg/
30 31
odvkdpdwfjyif;jyjcif; (okdYr[kwf)
t&m&mudk pl;prf;odjrifvdkpdwf
CURIOSITY
“odvp
dk w
d jf yif;jyjcif;”
okrYd [kwf “t&m&mudk pl;prf;odjrifvjkd cif;” onf pdw”f (Beginner's Mind) [kac:onf/ tb,faMumifq h adk omf ¤if;onf
vlom;wk\ Yd yifut
dk ajccHpw d "f mwfypHk rH sm;teuf wpfct
k ygt0ifjzpfonf/ urÇmBu;D ukd yxrOD;qk;H jrifz;l oluo hJ Ydk &Ijrifo;Hk oyf&aomaMumifjh zpfonf/
uav;i,frsm;ü ¤if;pdw"f gwfypHk rH sK;d trsm;qk;H &Swd wfMuonf/ uav;i,f ppfreS af om yifuo dk &kyuf dk tao;pdwjf rifEidk &f eftwGuf BuKw d ifreS ;f q
rsm;\ tjrifü urÇmavmuBu;D onf yxrqk;H jrifz;l olrsm;uJo h Ydk awG;ac:rIrsm;? xkw d pfzufowftjrifrsm;? xifjrif,q l csurf sm;ukd
tqef;wMu,fjzpfaeNy;D ? xku d rÇmavmuBu;D taMumif;ukd yGiyhf iG v hf if;vif; z,f&mS ;ypf&rnf/ urÇmBu;D ukd t&Su d t dk &St
d wkid ;f jrifEidk af tmif tajzrSef
odcsiaf omaMumifh ¤if;wkpYd wd x f wJ iG f awG;p&m? ar;p&mrsm;ESihf tNrJ odNy;D om;awGudk oif,al ejcif;xuf? rodao;wmawGudk pl;prf;
jynhEf u
S af e&m,lxm;Muonf/ &SmazGjcif;u ykrd t
dk usK;d rsm;ygonf/
uHq;dk onf[í k yif qd&k awmhrnf/ tzk;d weftusK;d rsm;vSaom pl;prf;vkpd w d f “odvp
dk w
d jf yif;jyrI”onf 21 &mpkynma&;pepf\ yifrtoufaoG;aMumyif
wko
Yd nf uREyfk w f BYdk u;D jyif;vmonfEiS t hf rQ wpfjznf;jznf; ikyv f QK;d uG,f jzpfonf/ q&m? q&mrrsm;onf rdrw d ynhrf sm;\ odvpdk wd ?f pl;prf;vkpd w d f
aysmufuek o f nf/ oif,al eaompepf tm;enf;rIaMumifyh ifjzpfygonf/ Ek;d Mum;vmatmif vIaYH qmfay;Ekid o f rl sm;jzpfatmif rdrud ,dk uf dk jyKjyifBuK;d yrf;
20 &mpkumv&Sd ausmif;rsm;ESihf tvkycf iG af e&mrsm;wGif tajzrSef Mu&rnf/ rdrw d ynhrf sm;\ pl;prf;vkpd w d f xufoefvmatmif ¤if;wkt Yd m;
wpfcw k nf;om xGuo f nf[o l nhf vGrJ mS ;aeaom ,kMH unfcsurf sK;d ukd ar;cGe;f rsm;ar;jcif;? eufepJ mG a0zefyidk ;f jcm;awG;ac:apjcif;? vufawGaU qmif
qkyu f idk of if,w l wfatmif avhusiahf y;cJo h nf/ wynhrf sm;taejzifh &Guaf pjcif;ponhf vIy&f mS ;rIrsm;ukd aqmif&u G af y;&rnf/ okrYd oS mvQif
odvo dk nfuakd r;cGirhf &bJ ar;orQavmufuo dk m owfrw S x
f m;aom ¤if;wk\ Yd vlaerI0ef;usiw f iG f BuKaH wG&rnht f cuftcJrsm;? pdeaf c:rIrsm;ukd
pnf;urf;csurf sm;ESit hf nD vku d ef majzqk&d onf/ orkid ;f wpfavQmuf tawG;tjrifopf? enf;vrf;opfrsm;jzifh ajz&Si;f Ekid pf rG ;f &Sv d mMuayrnf/
vQr;f vQr;f awmuf ausmMf um;cJah om pGeOYf ;D wDxiG o f rl sm;onf pnf;urf;
uREyfk wf oYdk nf rdrw d \Ydk ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;ukd ar;cGe;f rsm;
owfrw S cf suEf iS n
hf aD om tajzrSex f w k ,
f al ompepfudk zDqefNy;D rdrw d \Ydk
ajzqkw d wfatmifomoifaf vh&dS Muonf/ okaYd omf ausmif;om;^
xufoefaom pl;prf;vkpd w d \
f ap&mtwkid ;f taumif;qk;H pOf;pm;tajz&Sm
ausmif;olaygif; rnfrQavmufar;cGe;f jyefar;wwf&ef oifay;vku d yf g
wDxiG zf efw;D Ekid cf MhJ uonf/
oenf;/ 21 &mpkacwf&dS q&m? q&mrrsm;onf rdrw d ynhrf sm;tm;
odvpdk wd jf yif;jyjcif; (odrYk [kw)f t&m&mudpk ;l prf;odjrifvpdk w d of nf ar;cGe;f rsm;ajzqkw d wfatmif oifay;ae&kEH iS hf rNy;D awmhay/
“bmaMumifv h ?J b,fvv dk EJ iS hf bmvJ” [lí ar;cGe;f rsm; ar;jref; xkwd ynhrf sm;tm; olw\ Ydk b0ESiS hf pyfvsO;f ywfoufonhf ar;cGe;f rsm;
tajz&Smjcif;yif jzpfonf/ pl;prf;vkpd w d of nf rodao;aomt&mrsm;? ar;wwf&efEiS hf olw\ Ydk ar;cGe;f rsm;twGuf uk, d wf idk t
f ajz&SmwwfMu&ef
ulnaD y;zkv Yd nf; vktd yfvmygonf/ 21 &mpkynmoifpepf ouf0if
[if;cyfZGef;onf [if;\t&omukdrod/ (okdhr[kwf) tem*wfvQKUd 0u
jznhpf u
S cf surf sm;ukd pkpH rf;&SmazGvpdk w
G af y;&ef BuK;d pm;jcif;vnf;jzpfonf/ odvpdk w
d jf zpfNy;D vkt d yfcf surf sm;ukd
d jf yif;jyvmrIaMumifh vIy&f mS ;vmatmif ta&;Bu;D qk;H jzpfaom wpfcw k nf;aomenf;vrf;rSm
ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;? wynhrf sm;ü odvpdk w d ?f pl;prf;vkpd w
d f
odolazmfpm;? rodolausmfoGm;/ jzpf&yfwpfcEk iS yhf wfoufí rdrw d &m;aoqkyu f idk x f m;aom tawG;tjrif
a[mif;ukd pGecYf mG Ny;D tjrifopfjzifh &Iaxmifah ygif;pkrH S odcsijf rifcsiaf r;csif xufoefvmatmif tavhtusiv hf yk af y;jcif;? tm;ay;vIaYH qmfay;jcif;
vmonf/ þuJo h aYdk om pdw"f mwfypkH u H dk ZifA'k 0¨ g'wGif “pwifoif,o l \l wdu
Yk kd aqmif&u G &f ef jzpfygonf/
32 33
t&m&mudk pl;prf;odjrifvdkpdwf
tm;aumif;atmif avhusifhjcif;
PRACTICING CURIOSITY
'DrSmuawmU tajzyJaygU/ tJ'gqdk 'DtajztwGuf ar;cGef;u bmjzpfEdkifrvJ/
t"duem;vnfxm;&eftcsuf (Essential Understanding)

oif,lrIrsm;tp? ar;jref;jcif;u [k qdkMuygonf/ xdkhaMumifU oifMum;a&;pepfwpfckwGif b,fvdkvkyfMurvJ (HOW)
odvkdpdwf? pl;prf;vdkpdwfrsm; Edk;Mum;jrifUrm;vmatmif vHI haqmfavUusifUay;Edkifjcif;onf rdrw d ynhrf sm;taejzihf odvpkd wd jf yif;jyatmif? pl;prf;vdpk wd jf rihrf m;atmif
[líjzpfonf/ ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;taejzihf twef;xJ&dS
twef;azmfrsm;a&Sw U iG f &Su&f HG o
U rd if ,frrI jzpfbJ ,HMk unfcsut
f jynhjf zihf
taumif;qHk;? txda&mufqHk; enf;vrf;yifr[kwfygvm;/ ar;cGe;f rsm; toH;k csar;jref;wwfatmif rdrw d Ykd q&m? q&mrrsm;taejzihf
ar;cGe;f rsm;ar;Edik af tmif az;rulnyD g/
yxrOD;qH;k yHpk jH yoifMum;ay;&ef vdyk gonf/ jy|mef;oifcef;pmyg
taMumif;t&mrsm;ESiyfh wfoufNy;D tajccHoabmw&m;rsm;? t,ltqrsm; þodaYk qmif&u G &f ef “'DrmS uawmh tajzaygh/ 'gqd&k if tJ'h t
D ajztwGuf
ESiyfh wfoufNy;D odvpkd wd rf sm; ay:aygufE;kd xvmonht f xd tcsed , f l ar;cGe;f u bmjzpfEikd yf govJ” [kar;jref;í pwifyg/ wenf;tm;jzihf
oif,l&jcif;&nf&G,fcsuf (lEARNING OBJECTIVE)
aqmif&u G yf g/ rnfonht f aMumif;t&mtwGuu f rkd qdk q&m? q&mrrsm; tajzudOk ;D pGmjyjy;D rS twef;om;? twef;olrsm;tm; ar;cGe;f
cGihfjyKcsdef emrnfausmf eu©w&f yl aA' (Astrophysicist) ynm&Sif ae;'D*&ufqw D ikd q
f if (Neil de Grasse toH;k csEikd af om ar;cGe;f rsm;rSm - jyefar;cdik ;f jcif; jzpfonf/ aemufxyftoH;k jyKEikd af om ar;cGe;f rSm
(10-20) rdepf “'Dtajz&zdt Yk wGuf ar;Edik w f ahJ r;cGe;f u bmvJ” [líjzpfonf/
Tyson) u uREy kf &f ,
UJ MkH unfcsuw
f pfcuk awmh odvpkd w d jf yif;jyrI (odrYk [kw)f pl;prf;vdpk w
d jf rihrf m;rI[m “uREy
kf f odcsiaf erdw,f/ bmaMumih…f ……”
BuHKEdkifonhfcufcJrI b,ft&mudrk qdk pdwt f m;xufoefz?Ykd atmifjrifzYkd Mum&Snaf y;Edik wf hJ a&SaU jy;wrefawmfyg[k
vG,f&mrS cufoGm;Edkifonf/ (toHk;jyKaom qdck yhJ gonf/ “uREy
kf w
f Ykd taejzihf b,fv…kd …….” Oyrmrsm; (EXAMPlEs)
ar;cGef;taetxm;udkvdkufí)
“tu,fí………. bmjzpfvmEdik o
f vJ” [lí ponfjzihf toH;k csEikd yf gonf/ tu,fí tajzonf tjyma&mifjzpfvQif ar;cGe;f rSmbmjzpfrnfenf;/
taxmuftuljyKypönf;rsm; þaqmif&u G rf jI zihf uREykf w f o
Ykd nf ar;cGe;f rsm;udo k m tcsed jf ynhaf r;jref;oifMum;aeaom tpOftvm
pm&Guf? cJwHrsm;? rmhum (Markers) a[mif;rS azmufxu G Nf y;D ar;orQukd tcsed jf ynhaf jzay;Edik af om q&m? q&mrrsm;jzpfzYkd oifcef;pmydcYk scsed rf sm;wGif oifcef;pmtopf? taMumif;t&mopfrsm;udk tu,fí tajzonf ar;cGe;f ar;jcif;jzpfvQif ar;cGe;f rSmbmjzpfrnfenf;/
rsm;? puúLvGwftcsyfBuD; (Newsprint/ BuKd ;pm;&awmhrnf/ xdt k cg ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;taejzihv f nf; q&m? q&mrrsm;ar;orQukd (10) rdepfpm? (15) rdepfpmrQpD cGí J &Si;f jyNy;D wdik ;f ? rdrt
d wef;om;?
Flip Chart) odkYr[kwf A4 pm&Guf
twef;olrsm; ud, k wf ikd f avhvmoH;k oyfEikd &f ef (2) rdepf? (3) rdepfcefY oiht f aejzihf jzpfEikd zf , G &f m tajzrSew f pfcxk ufyEkd ikd af om ar;cGe;f rsKd ;
'dik cf H ajzae&aomtjzpfrS azmufxu G í f rdrwd uYkd ,
kd w
f ikd f odvpdk w d jf yif;jyaeaom taMumif;t&mrsm;
tcsed af y;yg/ ¤if;wdt Yk m; ar;cGe;f rsm;ar;cGijfh yKyg/ rdro d ifMum;aeaom (Open Question) udk rdrt d wef;om;? twef;olrsm;tm; ar;apcsif
21 &mpkacwftwGuf tjynhft0 &Scd v
hJ Qif rsKd oyfrxm;awmhbJ ud, k wf ikd af r;cGe;f rsm; wnfaqmufar;jref;olrsm;jzpfatmif ajymif;vJ
vdktyfaom pGrf;&nfrsm; oifcef;pmESifh qufpyfr&I adS om vufawGu U rÇmrS (jy|mef;jyify vdrrfh nf/ xdaYk emuf ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;taejzihf tajzrSef
BuKd ;pm;&awmhrnf/ qdv k o kd nfrmS rdrw d ynhaf r;cGe;f rsm;tm; ar;cGe;f rsm;ar;&ef wdu k w f eG ;f ay;Ny;D
21Cs Focus taMumif;t&mrsm;rS) Oyrmrsm; &SmazGajymqdck ikd ;f yg/ wpfcx k uf ydEk ikd af omar;cGe;f rsKd ; (Open Question) ESifh tajzrSew f pfco k m
odvpkd w fd rf sm;? pl;prf;vdpk w d rf sm; rikyv f QKd ;oGm;atmif vHaUI qmfay;&ygrnf/ ¤if;onf 5Cs \
odvdkpdwfjyif;jyjcif;? &Sad om ar;cGe;f rsKd ; (Closed Question)rsKd ; ponhf ar;cGe;f yHpk rH sm;ygEkid o f nhf
&SifoefMuD;xGm;aompdwf&Sdjcif;? usepf rG ;f &nfrsm; (a0zefyikd ;f jcm;Edik pf rG ;f &Sjd cif;? tawG;opftMuo H pfrsm; zefw;D Edik pf rG ;f &Sjd cif;? yl;aygif; oifcef;pmyg rnfonht f aMumif;t&m? rnfonhu f @udk rnfonhf taMumif;t&mudk a&G;cs,o f ifMum;yg/ xdak r;cGe;f rsm;onf uREykf w f Ykd
ydkif;jcm;a0zefEdkifpGrf;&Sdjcif;? aqmif&u G jf cif;? tjyeftvSef qufo, G af &;aumif;rGejf cif;) udk OD;wnfomG ;apaom taumif;qH;k twef;om;? twef;olu pdw0f ifpm;rI? pdwt f m;xufoefr&I adS eovJqkd aeYpOfywf0ef;usiw f iG f tvG,w f ul awGU jrifMum;odEikd o f nhf ar;cGe;f rsm;udk
tawG;opftMuHopfrsm; zefwD;EdkifpGrf; vrf;pjzpfonf/ xdaYk Mumihf uREykf w f \ Ykd wynhrf sm;tm; ¤if;wd\ Yk b0wpfavQmuf pOfqufrjywf onhv kdf nf; pHpk rf;yg/ ¤if;wdYk pdw0f ifpm;wwfonhf t&mrsm;rSm &ufyf
&Sdjcif;? tjyeftvSef qufoG,fa&;aumif; toH;k csyg/ Oyrm “ae0ifqnf;qmcsed t f vSukd apmihMf unhcf pH m;zdaYk wmh
oif,w l wforl sm;jzpfatmif uREykf w f t Ykd aejzihf rnfonfwu Ykd kd oifMum;ay;edik Mf uygovJ xdak r;cGe;f udk *Dwvm;? abmvH;k vm;? tmumotaMumif;vm;? c&D;oGm;vkyif ef;vm;
rGefjcif;? yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufjcif;/ wDxGif q&mwdYk oabmusMuw,f” 'gqd&k if ae0ifqnf;qmcsed u f b,fvkd
zefwD;EdkifpGrf;&Sdjcif;/ ajzEdik &f ef aemufxyf qihyf mG ;ar;oihaf om ar;cGe;f rSm- “rdrw d ynhrf sm;taejzihf odvakd omudpw ö ikd ;f (odrYk [kw)f zuf&iS u f @vm; ponfjzihf owdxm;tuJcwfyg/ Oyrm- aqmif&u f vJ/ b,fvjkd zpfay:vmovJ/ oihaf usmif;om;? ausmif;ol
G o
twGuf ar;cGe;f rsm; toH;k csar;jref;wwfatmif uREykf w f Ykd q&m? q&mrrsm; taejzihf rnfuo hJ Ykd xdt
k aetxm;twGuf rdrt d oH;k csEikd af om ar;cGe;f rSm “'DypkH u
H vlawGukd rsm;udk ar;cGe;f rsm;wnfaqmufwwfatmif oifMum;Edik &f ef
oifMum;MurvJ/” bmaMumihf 'DavmufauseyfomG ;apvJqw kd m uREykf o
f cd siaf ew,f” atmufazmfjyyg ar;cGe;f trsKd ;tpm;rsm;udk avhvmyg/
34 35
tajzu 'DrmS &Sad eaomf ,ckar;cGe;f u bmjzpfrvJ/
ar;cGef;yHkpHrsm; (TYPEs OF QUEsTIONs) wdusaomtajzrSefwpfckwnf;om&Sdaom ar;cGef;yHkpH • “oifbmudk qdkvdkcsifygovJ….” pdwful;pdwfoef;rsm;udk vufawGUurÇm&Sd aeYpOfb0jzpf
aumif;rGefxda&mufaom ar;cGef;rsm;onf “b ajcmufvHk;” jzihf tpjyKMu (ClOsED QUEsTIONs) • “uREfkyfudk xyfajymjyyg….” &yfrsm;? tawGUtBuHKrsm;ESihf qufpyftoHk;jyKwwf&ef
onf/ ¤if;wdkYrSm - “b,folvJ? bmvJ? b,fae&mvJ? b,ftcsdefvJ? oifcef;pmwpfcu k kd oifMum;ydcYk saepOfwiG f q&m? q&mronf • “…. ywfoufí oifb,fvdkcHpm;&ovJ” axmufulay;onhf ar;cGef;yHkpH
bmaMumihfvJ? b,fvdkvJ” [líjzpfonf/ rdrw
d ynhrf sm; em;vnfrI &S?d r&SEd iS fh tm&Hpk ;l pdu
k rf I &S?d r&Sd ponfwu
Ykd kd (IMAGINATIVE QUEsTIONs)
• “bmaMumihfvJ….”
oihftwef;xJwGif rnfonhfar;cGef;yHkpHrsm;udk rMumcPtoHk;jyKrdygovJ/ tuJcwfEikd &f ef oD;oeft Y csut f vufwpfcw k nf;ay: ürlwnfí Closed
Questions rsm; ar;wwfygonf/ ¤if;uddk wdusaom tajzwpfck
þar;cGef;trsdK;tpm;onf ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm; aeYpOfb0tawGU
q&m? q&mrwpfOD;taejzihf rdrdpmoifcef;xJwGif 21 &mpkacwf tMuHKrsm;ESihf rdrdusifvnf&m0ef;usifü ezl;awGU 'l;awGU MuHKzl;?
oif,ljcif;yHkpHpepf tavhtusihfjzpfzdkY (,Ofyg;zdkY) toHk;csoifMum;&rnf wnf;udok m ypfrw S xf m;vdck siaf omtcg? wynhrf sm;\ pGjJ rrJ ?I ZGeJ yJukd
awGU zl;xm;onhf taMumif;t&mudk oif,laeonhftaMumif;t&mrsm;ESihf
jzpfovdk rdrdwynhfrsm;udkvnf; ar;cGef;yHkpHrsdK;pHkudk toHk;jyKoif,lMuzdkY ppfaq;vdak omtcgrsm;ü toH;k jyK&ygonf/ erdwfjyar;cGef;yHkpH (lEADING QUEsTIONs)
qufpyfawG;ac: EdkifpGrf; xufjrufatmif ulnDEdkifonf/ xdkYtjyif
wdkufwGef;ay;? ajrawmifajr§mufay;&ygrnf/ toH;k csEikd af om erlemjyar;cGe;f rsm;rSm- ausmif;om;? ausmif;olwdkY\ em;vnfrIpGrf;&nf ydkrdkjrihfrm;vmapNyD;
wpfpHkwpfOD;\ xifjrif,lqcsufwpf&yf rSef? rrSef tuJjzwfEdkif&ef
• “'gudk oabmusovm; (odrYk [kw)f [d[
k mvm;/” ¤if;ar;cGef;yHkpHrsdK;udk toHk;cs&ygonf/ txl;ojzihf rdrdar;vdkufaom tem*wf&v'frsm;udk rSef;qwwfvmaponf/ oufa&mufaeaom
ar;cGef;xJwGif rdrdvdkcsifaeaomtajzrsdK;\ oJvGefpudk wpfzufom; tcsdef? ae&mESihf jzpf&yftaetxm;wdkYudk qef;ppfNyD; rdrd&ifqdkifae&aom
tajzwpfckxuf ydkoGm;Edkifaom ar;cGef;yHkpHrsm; • “tajzrSeu
f bmjzpfygovJ/” vG,fulpGm &dyfrdod&Sdatmif t&dyfta,mifjy? oJvGefpxnhfNyD; jyóemrsm;twGuf jzpfEdkifacs&Sdaomtajzrsm;udk vG,ful&Sif;vif;pGm
(OPEN QUEsTIONs) ar;&ygonf/ odjrifoGm;aponf/
• “'DyjkH yif? Zmwfvrf;udk b,foal &;wmvJ/”
ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;xHrS owif;tcsut f vuf taMumif;t&mrsm; Oyrmjy ar;cGef;tcsdKUrSm - erlemjyKEdkifaom ar;cGef;tcsdKU rSm -
ESifh ¤if;wd\ Yk tawGt U MuKH rsm;udk pkpnf;&,lEikd &f ef Open Questions ukd • “uREfkyf 'Dvrf;udk oabmusygw,f/ oifa&m rMudKufbl;vm;/” • “awG;Munhfyg….”
toH;k csar;jref;oihyf gonf/ ¤if;twGut f ajzonf wpfcx k ufyo kd mG ; ydkrdkcdkifvHkwdusaom tajzrSefrsdK;&atmif
Edik of nf/ ¤if;onf ,kw&då adS om (usKd ;aMumif; qDavsmrf &I adS om) • “olUrdefYcGef;u b,fvdktajctae qdk;aewmvJ/” • “tu,fí …... bmjzpf? bmvkyf…. ovJ/”
t,ltqrsm;ESifh vrf;aMumif;rsm;ay:vmapaMumif; vrf;pzGiafh y;Edik o f nf
xyfqihfar;aomyHkpH (PROBING QUEsTIONs)
• “reufjzef oif rkefY[if;cg;csufpm;rSm r[kwfvm;/”
omru twef;om;wd\ Yk tcsi;f csi;f tjyeftvSef qufo, G af qG;aEG; ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;xHrS ydkítEkpdwfaom? ydkrdk&Sif;vif;
Edik pf rG ;f udv
k nf; wd;k wufapEdik o f nf/ xdo k aYkd omar;cGe;f yHpk t
H wGuf erlemjy vG,fulaomtajzrSefrsm; &&SdEdkifap&efESihf t"dyÜm,faumufvGJjcif;?
ar;cGe;f rsm;rSm…. tawG;acsmfoGm;jcif;rsm; rjzpfav&atmif umuG,fEdkif&ef Probing
owdjyK&ef ; *&kwpdkufodxm;&onfrSm erdwfjyar;cGef;yHkpHudk oif\
Question udk toHk;cs&ygonf/ aemufxyf qihfyGm;ar;cGef;rsm;udk
• “oif………. wJh tcsed t
f aMumif;udk uREykf t
f m; ajymjyyg/” oifcef;pmwGif rsm;rsm;oHk;vQif oif\wynhfrsm;? ausmif;om;?
wnfaqmufEdkif&ef ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm; a&SU OD;pGmajzESihfxm;aom
ausmif;olrsm;\ pOf;pm;awG;ac:rIpGrf;&nf jrihfwufEdkifrIr&SdawmhbJ
• “Zmwfvrf;u b,fvjkd zpfomG ;Edik rf vJ tu,fí……….” tajzrsm;udk jyefvnfajc&maumuf toHk;cs&ygonf/
qkwf,kwfoGm;apvdrhfrnf/
• “bmawGjzpfvmEdi
k rf vJ tu,fí……….”
36 37
&SifoefBuD;xGm;aompdwf (okdhr[kwf)
tjyKoabmaqmifaompdwf
GROWTH
pwifoif,lol\pdwfxJwGif jzpfEkdifaom tcGifUtvrf;aumif;awG trsm;BuD;&SdEkdifygw,f/
uRrf;usifykdifEkdifol&UpJ dwfxJrSmawmU tcGifUtvrf;aumif;awGu tenf;tusOf;ygbJ/
þvrf;nTepf mtkyt f wGuf okawoersm;jyKvyk pf OfumvwGif qm&mpDtdk xku d o hJ aYdk omvlrsm;onf atmifjrifru I rdk &rcsi;f &SmBuBH uK;d pm;&Sio f ef
(Sarah C. Oh) Former Head of Strategy and Social Impact ESifh aernht f pm;? uHay;oavmuf okrYd [kwf bk&m;ay;oavmufyJ
uREyfk w
f Ydk awGq U aHk r;jref;cGi&fh cJyh gonf/ qm&m\tjrifrmS zefw;D &mtoif; ,lawmhr,f[k oabmyku d Nf y;D rBuK;d pm;awmhbJ &yfwefaY eMuonf/
ESifh ¤if;\aqmif&u G cf surf sm; atmifjrifr&I atmif t"duwGe;f tm;ay;Ekid f 'Gucf \ f okawoet& ¤if;wdo Yk nf tvGev f rJG mS ;aeaom vky&f yfrsm;
cJah om pdw"f gwfypHk rH mS tjyKoabmaqmif &Sio f efBu;D yGm;vkad om jzpfMuonf/ Bu;D yGm;vkpd w d f (Growth Mindset) &So d o
l nf rdrd
pdw"f mwfypHk H (Growth Mindset) yifjzpfygonf/ qm&mqkcd o hJ nfrmS t&nftcsi;f rsm; wk;d wuf&mwk;d wufaMumif;rsm;ukd pl;pku d pf NJG rpJ mG
Growth Mindset ukd uRer f wkYd &k;H tzGJ o
Y m;awGrmS pwifavhusiafh y;wJh tywfwukwf &SmazGBuK;d pm;Muonf/ xko d wl o Ydk nf OD;aESmufEiS yfh ifudk
tcg vlawG&UJ jyóem ajz&Si;f wJyh pHk eH UJ toif;tzGt UJ vkud f vIy&f mS ; t&nftcsi;f aumif;? raumif;ukd odyt f m&krH xm;awmhbJ ZGEJ iS 0fh &D , d ukd
aqmif&u G w f ehJ nf;vrf;ykpH aH wG[m tifrwefajymif;vJumG jcm;oGm;onf ykrd tdk av;xm;onf/ xkpd w d rf sK;d onf Bu;D rm;aomatmifjrifru I dk &,lEidk &f ef
txd *,uf&u dk Ef idk af Mumif; uRerf csucf si;f owdjyKrw d ,f&iS ”f [lí twGuf rnfonht f cuftcJrsK;d ukrd t S rIrxm;awmhbJ enf;vrf;aumif;rsm;
jzpfonf/ &SmazGoif,v l adk om pdw"f mwfrsKd ;ESifh usq;Hk vJusomG ;aomfvnf; tjref
tm;opfavmif;Ny;D emvefxEl idk af om pdw"f gwfrsK;d jzpfonf/ orkid ;f
”Growth Mindset”onf omrmeft,ltqwpf&yfjzpfNy;D ¤if;ukd wpfavQmuf jzpf&yftrsm;pkrmS vnf; þt&nftcsi;f rsm;aMumihf pGr;f aqmif wpf0u dk u
f dk rMumcPavQmufomG ;Ny;D vlaygif;pk?H tzGt UJ pnf;aygif;pkeH YJ tvm;wl tjcm;jzpf&yfawGvnf; trsm;Bu;D &Syd gao;w,f&iS [
f k
urÇmausmf Stanford wuúov dk rf S pdwyf nm&Sif um&k'd u G f (Carol atmify0JG ifaMumif; oufaojyEkid cf o hJ nf/ ausmif;q&m? q&mrrsm;? awGqaHk qG;aEG;&jcif;jzpfygw,f/ olru olweYdk aYJ wGzU BYdk uK;d pm;wJt h cgrSm qm&mu ajymjycJzh ;l ygonf/
Dweck) u Achievement and Success (Ny;D ajrmufatmifjrifatmif tzGJ t Y pnf;rsm;rS oifwef;q&m? q&mrrsm;? rdwaf qGrsm;ESifh rdbrsm; rvmEkid b f ;l ? rtm;ao;bl;qkw d hJ pdwyf supf &mtajzrsK;d yJjyef&w,f/
BuK;d yrf;jcif; ESiafh tmify)JG tay: okawoevkyaf omtcg awG&U cdS jhJ cif; taejzihf uav;i,fwpfO;D onf Fixed Mindset twGi;f ydwrf &d yfwefY 'geJY uRerf &JU vkyaf zmfuidk zf ufuvnf; tvGepf w d yf suNf y;D pdw"f gwfus Growth Mindset onf pD;yGm;a&;? ynma&;? tm;upm; ponfjzihf
jzpfonf/ ¤if; okawoeonf q,fpEk pS af ygif;rsm;pGm tcsed , f cl o hJ nf/ aevQif ¤if;tm;qGx k Nf y;D Growth Mindset jzpfvmatmif ulnD
J w vmw,faygh/ 'gayrJh olr Growth Mindset ukd avhusiNfh y;D wJt h cgrSm e,fy,ftoD;oD;wküYd pGr;f aqmif&nfjrihrf m;aom pdwt f m;xufoefrI
Growth Mindset ESifh Fixed Mindset (tysuo f abmaqmif avhusiafh y;&ygrnf/ pdwrf ysuaf wmhbJ ajymif;vJaewJt h aetwm;twkid ;f tvku d o f ihf rsm;ESifh &v'faumif;rsm;ukd zefw;D wnfaqmufay;Ekid af Mumif; qm&m
&yfwefv Y adk ompdw)f wko Yd nf rsm;pGmuGmjcm;oGm;aMumif; 'Gucf u f awG&U cdS hJ enf;vrf;&SmNy;D tvkyaf tmifjrifzYdk pGr;f aqmifEidk cf w hJ ,fvYdk olru uRerf ukd ajymjyaom Zmwfvrf;rsm;u oufaojyEkid yf gonf/ Growth Mindset
ygonf/ Fixed Mindset qko d nf rSm tcsKaUd omolrsm;onf rdr\ d qm&mtkd \tqkt
(Sarah Oh) d & uRerf wk&Yd zUJ efw;D &mtzGrYJ mS Growth vmajymygw,f/ Growth Mindset u olrukd ykrd t dk jrifyiG afh pNy;D onf vlom;rsm;tMum; qufqaH &; ykrd adk umif;rGeaf csmarGU aponf/
OmPf&nfOmPfaoG;ESifh yifut dk &nftcsi;f rsm;onf uHtusK;d ay; Mindset ukd pwifusio fh ;Hk Ny;D aemuf ,cifu Fixed Mindset &Scd zhJ ;l ol pdeaf c:rIawGudk oif,pl &menf;vrf;awGtjzpf ajymif;vJc, H vl u dk Nf y;D tb,faMumihq f adk omf wDxiG qf ef;opfrrI sm; zefw;D Ekid &f ef twlwuG
oavmufom &Ekid o f nf[k wpfv, JG MHk unfrNd y;D xyfrBH uK;d pm;vkpd w d f tzGo
UJ m;wpfa,muf olr&Jt U awGtBuKu H dk uRerf tm; vmajymjyygw,f/ tjcm;olawG eJY vufawGU yl;aygif;aqmif&u G Ef idk zf Ydk enf;vrf;opfawG yl;aygif;aqmif&u G Mf uaomtcg tawG;tjrifrsm;? enf;pepfrsm;ukd
r&Sad wmhaom pdw"f mwfypHk rH sK;d ukd qkv d ydk gonf/ olr \tvkyrf mS zefw;D &mtzGt UJ wGuf tzG0UJ ifopfpak qmif;zkYd &efuek f &SmawGUapcJw h ,f/ 'gu uRerf BuKaH wGU cJ&h wJh jzpf&yfwpfcyk &J ydS gao;w,f/ yGivfh if;pGm tjyeftvSezf vS,Mf uzk?Yd oif,Ml uzktYd wGuf Growth
Growth Mindset ukd vufcu H sio fh ;Hk cJv
h Ydk aumif;usK;d csr;f om&cJw h hJ Mindset u rsm;pGm taxmuftuljyKtm;ay;aomaMumihf jzpfygonf/
38 39
&SifoefBuD;xGm;aom
pdwf"mwfrsdK;&atmif avUusifUjcif;
PRACTICING A GROWTH MINDSET
ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;ESihf q&m? q&mrrsm;twGuf tpufudk;puf ajz&Sif;&efpdefac:rI

&SifoefBuD;yGm;vdkaom pdwf"mwfyHkpHonf pl;pl;pdkufpdkuf (OD;vnfrokef) aqmif&Gufwwfaom
ZGJ? vHkhv? 0D&d,tm;jzifU vlwpfOD;\ OmPf&nfOmPfaoG;? pGrf;&nfrsm;? tavhtxrsm;ESihf
Mum;jrifokwwdkh wdk;yGm;zGHY jzdK;atmif vrf;jyay;EdkifaMumif; odjrifem;vnfEdkif&ef/
cGihfjyKcsdef oif,l&jcif; &nf&G,fcsuf (LEARNING OBJECTIVE)

(5-10) rdepf
21 &mpkacwfwGif aumif;pGmoif,lNyD; aumif;pGmatmifjrifBuD;yGm;MuzdkY uREfkyfwdkY\tjrifESihf t&nf
MuHKEdkifonhfcufcJrI tcsif;awGudk uREfkyfwdkY\yifudkpdwfxJ&Sd pHjyKzG,f&mrsm;? xifjrif,lqcsufrsm;ESihf pdwf"mwfyHkpHwdkYu
odyfrvG,fyg/ rnhfJhodkYvTrf;rdk;csKyfudkifEdkifaMumif; od&Sdem;vnfMu&ef/
taxmuftuljyKypönf;rsm;
b,fvdkaqmif&GufMurvJ (HOW)
vkyfaqmifcJhaom avhusihfcef;rsm;udk jyefvnfoHk;oyf&ef
tpufudk;pufyg pm&Gufwpf&GufESihf cJwH
(odkY) abmvfyifwpfacsmif; ar;cGef;rsm; (REFLECTIVE QUESTIONS)
nmbufwGifazmfjyxm;aom yHkwGifjrif&ouJhodkY tpufudk;pufygaom yHkpHwpfckudk pm&Gufwpf&Guf
21 &mpkacwftwGuf tjynhft0 ay:wGif qGJom;yg/ xdktpufudk;pufvHk;udk (5) rdepftwGif; qufvkdufyg/ odkYaomf oifonf jyóemajz&Sif;&ef bmawGudk vkyfcJhygovJ/
vdktyfaom pGrf;&nfrsm; atmufazmfjyyg tvGefvG,fulaom pnf;urf;owfrSwfcsuf (2) &yfudkawmh vdkufem&vdrhfrnf/
21Cs Focus jyóemajz&Sif;&ef vrf;paysmufoGm;Edkifavmufatmif
&SifoefMuD;xGm;aompdwf&Sdjcif;? 1/ rsOf;aMumif; (4) aMumif;xuf ydkrqGJ&yg/ b,fxifjrif,lqcsufawGu oihfudk vrf;acsmfoGm;apovJ/
vufawGUprf;oyftajz&Smwwfjcif;?
wefzdk;xm;wwfjcif;? odvdkpdwfjyif;jyjcif;? 2/ toHk;jyKqGJom;aeaom cJwHudk (pwifcsdefrS NyD;qHk;csdefxd) rcGmawmhbJ
tjyeftvSef qufoG,fa&;aumif;rGefjcif;? xifjrif,lqcsufrsm;onf uREfkyfwdkYtajzqD ra&mufEdkifatmif (odkY)
NyD;onhftxd qGJom;yg/ a0;uGmatmif b,fvdk [efYwm;aESmihf,SufEdkifvJ/
yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufjcif;? a0zefydkif;jcm;Edkif
pGrf;&Sdjcif;/ rsOf;rsm;udk jzwfausmfqGJom;xm;&rnf/ pmoifcef;twGif; vkyfaqmifcsufjzpfcJhvQif ausmifom;^
ausmif;olrsm;udk wpfzGJUvQif (3) OD;uspDxm;í tzGJUi,frsm;zGJUvdkufNyD; twlwuG yl;aygif;aqmif&Guf txifrSm;wpfckaMumihf jyóemajz&Sif;zdkY vrf;paysmufoGm;wJhtjzpfrsdK;
Muyg/ tm;vHk;tqifoihfjzpfvQif Timer (vkyfaqmifrIwpfcktwGuf cGihfjyKcsdefjynhfvQif tcsufjy aemufxyf Oyrmwpfckudk ay;Edkifygovm;/
ay;Edkifaom tcsdefrSwfpufi,f) udk zGihfí pwifEdkifygjyD/ uREfkyfwdkY&JUaeYpOfb0rS awGU MuHK&onhf xifjrif,lqcsufrsm;udk b,fvdk
z,f&Sm;&Sif;EdkifMurvJ/
40 41
21 &mpkacwfumv? pGrf;&nfjynhf0 q&m? q&mr” POINTB/UNICEF/PEARsON/armfvNrdKifwuúodk vf 21 &mpkacwfumv? pGrf;&nfjynfU0 q&m? q&mr
(1) rSefuefaom&IaxmihfrS &Ijrifjcif;

(PERsPECTIVE-TAkING)
pdwftajctae? oabmxm; (4) tjcm;olwpfOD;\tjrifukd t&Sdukdt&Sdtwkdif;? trSeftwkdif;
udk,fcsif;pm em;vnfpdwf em;vnfodjrifjcif;/
E M PAT H Y (2) a0zefqkH;jzwfrIrjyKjcif; (NON-JUDGMENT)
tjcm;olwpfOD;\cHpm;csufukd pGufzufqkH;jzwfay;jcif;r&SdbJ em;vnfpdwf

tjynhfjzihf em;axmifay;jcif;/
oifukd,fwkdifMum;odvkdufwJU pum;awGu oihfukdajymif;vJEkdifpGrf;
r&SdcJhvQif? oif[m trSefwu,fem;axmifaewm r[kwfygbl;” (3) tjcm;olwpfOD;\cHpm;csufudkodjrif
oabmaygufjcif; (RECOGNIzING EMOTION)
tjcm;wlwpfOD;\cHpm;csufukd em;vnfjcif;/
tjcm;olwpfO;D &JU tjzpfreS u f dk pdw0f ifpm;rIonf arwÅmw&m; ykpH w H pfrsK;d uReaf wmfausmif;om;awGtwGuf wpfcgrSxnhrf awG;cJzh ;l bl;/ oifwef;
yifjzpfonf/ uREyfk w f \
Ykd em;vnfpmempdwo f nf tjcm;olrsm;\tjzpfreS f wufNy;D wJt
h cgrSm oifMum;a&;rSm olwt Ydk wGuf pmempdwaf v;eJY
ukd Mum;od&eftwGuf vrf;zGiafh y;onf/ tjzpfreS u f dk em;axmifciG &fh jcif; awG;Munhrf ad wmh olwt Ydk wGuf trSew f u,fvt dk yfwmawGudk uReaf wmf
onf rdrw d aYdk vQmufoiho f nhv f rf;ukd tvsiS t
f jref a&G;cs,af &Sq
U ufEidk &f ef em;vnfvmcJw h ,f/ Ny;D awmh ausmif;om;wpfO;D pD&UJ taetxm;ukv d nf; (4) ajymqkdqufqHa&;aumif;rGefajyjypfjcif;
rsm;pGmulnED idk af yonf/ tuJcwfEidk cf w hJ ,fAsm/ tckawmh uReaf wmho f ifcef;pm tpDtpOfvnf; (COMMUNICATION)
trsm;Bu;D ajymif;vJcyhJ gNy/D bmaMumihv f qJ adk wmh uReaf wmhw
f ynhaf wG
okawoeawG&U cdS sut f & em;vnfpmempdwo f nf u&kPmw&m;\ xkdol\cHpm;csufrsm;ukd em;vnfpdwfjzihf aumif;pGmajymqkdqufqHEkdifjcif;/
bmawGvyk af qmif&rvJqw dk meJY olwaYdk wG bmoif,&l rvJqw dk mukd
a&aomufjrpf (ok)Yd tajccHvt dk yfcsujf zpfonf/ pmempdw&f v dS mvQif
uReaf wmf ykNd y;D tm&kpH u dk rf v d mvkaYd ygh/ ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;vnf; ykrd dk ba&mif;awG&U cdS o hJ nfrmS pmempdwjf rihrf m;atmif avhusijfh cif;onf
tjcm;olwpfO;D &JU ae&mrSm0ifa&mufcpH m;wwfvmonf/ xkpd mempdwrf S
wufMupG mG yg0ifoifMum;Ny;D uReaf wmfeyYJ Ndk y;D tay;t,lwnhv f mwJh tjcm;olwpfO;D &ifziG pfh &mae&maumif;wpfcu k dk xde;f odr;f ay;&m
u&kPmw&m;ESifh owdw&m;onfvnf; qihu f jJ zpfay:vmonf/
twGuf uReaf wmhaf usmif;om;rsm;&JU oif,al &;jzpfpOf[m tcsw d q
f uf a&mufonf [líjzpfonf/ ba&mif;u nTejf yoifMum;ay;cJo h nfrmS
u&kPmw&m;onf pmempdw\ f wGe;f tm;aMumihf ay:vmonf/ ppfreS af om
rdvmNy;D trsm;Bu;D ajymif;vJcyhJ gw,f [k ajymjycJzh ;l ygonf/ pmempdwo f nf a&G;cs,rf w I pfcjk zpfNy;D ¤if;a&G;cs,rf o I nf pGepYf m;a&G;cs,rf I
u&kPmw&m;\ obm0onf pGev Yf w
T tf epfemcHjcif;r[kwyf g/ ¤if;onf
wpfcjk zpfonf/ tb,faMumihq f adk omf wpfpw Hk pfO;D ESifh tqifajypGm
ESpOf ;D ESpzf uftusK;d rsm;apaom aumif;jrwfaompdwjf zpfonf/ Houston Graduate College of Social Work rS okawoeynm&Sif
a&Sq U ufvrS ;f Ekid &f eftwGuf rdru d ,dk w f idk v
f nf; xko d \l pdwcf pH m;csurf sK;d ukd
ya&mzufqm b&ifeb D a&mif; Brene Brown \tqdt k & pmempdwf
Design Thinking for 21st Century Learning [kac:aom 0ifa&mufcpH m;Ekid pf rG ;f &Sad omaMumihyf ifjzpfonf/ uREyfk w f o Ydk nf
(Empathy) ESifh u&kPmpdwf (Sympathy) wkt Yd Mum; uGmjcm;csurf mS
(6) ywfwm umvMumaom oifwef;wpfcu k dk armfvNrKid w f uúov dk üf tcuftcJrsm; BuKaH wG&U vQif ¤if;tcuft f cJrsm;ukd tjrwfxw k Nf y;D
pmempdwo f nf vlr0I ef;usiw f iG f tjyeftvSecf sw d q f ufrad tmif
uREyfk wf Ydk zGiv fh pS pf OfwiG f rGejf ynfe,f? armfvNrKid Nf rKUd rS English Access ykad umif;atmifBuK;d pm;onf/ tqk;d xJrt S aumif;xkw, f jl cif;yif jzpfonf/
wGe;f tm;ay;Ekid Nf y;D u&kPmpdwrf mS awmh tquftoG,jf ywfatmif
Microscholarship Program rS vufaxmufq&m armifrif;cefE Y iS fh okaYd omf uREyfk w f \ Ydk wkYH jyefajz&Si;f rIonfvnf; tqifrajy
wGe;f tm;ay;Ekid o f nf/ ba&mif;onf xdv, G &f v
S , G af om pdw?f owå?d
uREyfk wf Ydk awGU qcHk MhJ uonf/ xko d ifwef;wGif em;vnfpmempdwf jzpfwwfjyefonf/ trSew f u,f tqifajyapEkid o f nht f &mrSm
ppfreS jf cif;ESifh &Su&f jHG cif;wkYd tay: vGecf ahJ omq,fEpS w f mumvwpfavQmuf
jrihrf m;atmif avhusiNfh y;D aemuf q&mrif;cefo Y nf olaY usmif;om;rsm;tm; connection ac: tcsw d t f qufro d mG ;jcif;yif jzpfygonf/ rif;ceYf
okawoe jyKco hJ nf/ xkpd OfwiG f olronf emruse;f olrsm;ESit fh oufBu;D
oifMum;&mwGif oloif,cl ahJ omenf;vrf;ukd tok;H csco hJ nf/ uJo h aYdk om q&mrsm;onf rdrw d ynhrf sm;tm; ud, k cf si;f pmem;vnf
&G,t f rdk sm;ukd jyKpak pmihaf &Smufol xa&Zm 0ku d Zf rf ef; (Theresa
q&mrif;cefu Y odwt hJ wkid ;f ayghAsm? tvsiw f ek ;f uqkv d Qif uReaf wmf ay;onhpf w d jf zihf oifMum;ay;Ekid f aomaMumihf ¤if;wd\ Yk oif,al &;ü ydrk kd
Wiseman) rS pmempdw\ f toGit f jyifav;&yfudk odc&hJ onf/ ¤if;wkrYd mS
pmroifrD tpDtpOfqw JG t
hJ cg uReaf wmf bmvkyzf v Ydk odk vJ? uReaf wmf tqifajyvmaMumif; awGU Mu&ayonf/
-
bmoifzv Ydk o
dk vJqw dk mukyd J awG;rdcw hJ ,f/
42 43
udk,fcsif;pm em;vnfpdwf&atmif
arG;jrLavhusifhjcif;
PRACTICING EMPATHY
ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;ESihf q&m? q&mrrsm;twGuf avhusihfp&mtpDtpOf (3)rsdK;
t"duem;vnfxm;&eftcsuf (Essential Understanding) avhusihfcef; (1) oifykef;wpfckay:wGif Empathy tjyeftvSefar;jref;aqG;aEG;yg

21 &mpk\ oif,la&;pepfwGif yifrtcsuftcsmae&mtjzpf ta&;BuD;onf/ ausmif;om;? ESihf Sympathy qdkaom a0g[m&ESpfvHk;a&;vdkufyg/ (DIsCUss AND REFlECT)
awG;yg Sympathy xufudk Empathy u ydkrdkxda&mufaom pdwf"mwfyHkpH

ausmif;olrsm;? q&m^ q&mrrsm;wdkh\ tjrifcHpm;csufrsm;ESifU tawGYtMuHKrsm;udk eufeufeJeJ (THINk)
jzpfaMumif; ¤if;wdkY\uGJjym;jcm;em;yHkudk twef;om;rsm;ESihf aqG;aEG;yg/
“Empathy” ESihf “Sympathy” [laom a0g[m&rsm;\t"dyÜm,fudk
em;vnfpmemodjrifEdkifrS 21 &mpkacwf\ bufpHkpGrf;&nfrsm;udk tpGrf;xufatmif zefwD;EdkifpGrf; yg0ifavhusihfolrsm;tm; tcsdeftenf;i,fay;í awG;cdkif;vdkufyg/
twef;xJüaomfvnf;aumif;? ya&m*sufüaomfvnf;aumif;
Empathyudk rnfodkYtoHk;csEdkifaMumif;vnf; ar;jref;aqG;aEG;yg/
&Sdayrnf/ xdka0g[m&ESpfcktMum; uGmjcm;csufrsm;udk ¤if;wdkY\rSwfpkpmtkyfü
csa&;cdkif;vdkufyg/ NyD;aemuf yg0ifavhusihfolrsm;\ vufawGUb0ü
MuHKawGUcJh&aom tjzpftysufrsm;rS Empathy ESihf Sympathy wdkY
oif,l&jcif; &nf&G,fcsuf (lEARNING OBJECTIVE)
jzpfay:apEdkifcJhonhf Oyrmrsm;udk wpfOD;csif;pD ajymcdkif;yg/
avhusihfcef; (2) Empathy udk o&kyfazmfaom
cGihfjyKcsdef
avhusihfcef;wpfckpDtwGuf 15 rdepf *&kwpdkufem;axmifay;jcif;tygt0if em;vnfpmempdwf jynhf0atmifavhusihfjcif;? em;vnfpmem AD'D,dk zGihfjyjcif;
pdwf (Empathy) ESihf oem;u&kPmpdwf (Sympathy) wdkYtMum; cGJjcm;em&ef avhusihfay;jcif;/ wGJyg (PAIR)
txufyg The RSA rS pDpOfwifqufaom YouTube AD'D,dkrSwpfqihf
MuHKEdkifonhfcufcJrI
r&Sdyg-vG,fulygonf/ 3-5rdepfcefYMumNyD;aemuf yg0ifavhusihfolrsm;tm; oihfawmf&m aqG;aEG; [lpwefbGJU MudKaumvdyf (Houston Graduate College) rS Social
b,fvdkoif,lMurvJ (HOW)
azmfwpfOD;pD &SmapNyD; ¤if;wdkYa&;rSwfxm;onfrsm;udk tjyeftvSef Work qdkif&m okawoeya&mzufqmb&ifeDba&mif; (Brene Brown,
rvdktyfyg/ atmufygavhusihfzG,f&mrsm;udk twGJpOfvdkufaomfvnf;aumif;? wpfckcsif;pDtvdkufaomf aqG;aEG;cdkif;yg/ todtjrifrsm;zvS,fEdkif&ef? vdktyfonfrsm;udk a research professor at the University of Houston) u
vnf;aumif; rnfonhfoifcef;pm (odkY) taMumif;t&mürqdk xnhfoGif;toHk;csEdkifygonf/ jznhfpGufEdkif&ef ¤if;wdkYtm; 3-5 rdepfcefY tcsdefay;yg/ Empathy ESihf Sympathy tMum; uGmjcm;csufudk uGufuGufuGif;uGif;
21 &mpkacwftwGuf tjynhf t0 &Sif;jyaqG;aEG;xm;onhf 0ifa&mufMunhf&IEdkifygonf/
vdktyfaom pGrf;&nfrsm; rQa0yg (sHARE)
21Cs Focus https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1evwgu369Jw
owdcdkifjrJatmifjyKjcif;? wpfzef twef;om;tm;vHk;tm; ¤if;wdkY\a&;om;csufrsm;udk rQa0aqG;aEG;
&SifoefMuD;xGm;aompdwf&Sdjcif;? cdkif;yg/ Empathy (odkY) Sympathy ESihf ywfoufonhf t,ltq ¤if;AD'D,dkudk Munhf&IapNyD;aemuf ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;ESihf
em;vnfpmempdwf&Sdjcif;? aqG;aEG;yg/ ¤if;onf t*Fvdyfpmwef;xdk;AD'D,dkjzpfojzihf txl;ojzihf
wefzdk;xm;wwfjcif;? vufawGU
wpfckudk rnfolrqdk xkwfazmfajymjyEdkifaMumif; awmif;qdkyg/
yg0ifavhusihfolrsm;u ¤if;wdkY\t,ltqrsm;udk xkwfazmfajymqdkpOf t*FvdyfpmuRrf;usifaom (ESL ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;)
aqmif&Gufwwfjcif;? odvdkpdwfjyif;jyjcif;?
tjyeftvSef qufoG,fa&;aumif;rGefjcif;? oufqdkif&m oifaxmufulq&m^q&mru oifykef;ay:wGif a&;cs ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;ESihf ydkrdkoihfavsmfygonf/ þtpDtpOfudk
twlwuG yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufjcif;? xm;ay;yg/ oifaxmufulq&mrsm;onf twef;&Sd ausmif;om;^ OD;aqmifolq&m? q&mr rsm;taejzihf vdktyfaomtcsufrsm;udk
a0zefydkif;jcm;EdkifpGrf;&Sdjcif;? tawG;opf &Sif;jyaqG;aEG;Edkif&ef AD'D,dkudk tcgtm;avsmfpGm rMumcP &yfem;
tMuHopf zefwD;EdkifpGrf;&Sdjcif;/ ausmif;olrsm;tm;vHk; yg0ifatmifMudK;pm;&rnf/ txl;ojzihf ¤if;wdkY\
t,ltqrsm;udkxajym&ef &Suf&GHUaemufwGefYaeolrsm;udk tm;ay;jyD; aqG;aEG;Edkifygonf/ tvGefESpfoufzG,f&maumif;aom? tusdK;rsm;aom
xajymEdkifatmif az;rulnDay;&rnf/ AD'D,dkjzpfygonf/
44 45
vkyfaqmifcJhaomavhusihfcef;rsm;udk jyefvnfoHk;oyf&efar;cGef;rsm;
avhusihfcef; (3) owduyfí em;axmifjcif; (REFlECTIVE QUEsTIONs)
¤if;onf yg0ifavhusifolrsm;tm;vHk; pmempdwf? em;vnfpdwftjynhfjzihf ajymolae&mrSmae&awmh b,fvdkcHpm;cJh&ygovJ/
wpfyg;olajympum;udk owduyfem;axmifjcif;jzpfonf/ xdkYtjyif
¤if;onf tjyeftvSef pum;qdkaepOfumvü rdrdwdkYpdwftpOfudk ydkrdk wpfjcm;olwpfOD;ajymwmudk em;axmifaeoltjzpf b,fvdkcHpm;chJ&ygovJ/
owdxm;rdvmatmif rsm;pGmtaxmuftuljyKonf/ aeYpOf ajymqdk
olôlr trSefwu,f em;axmifae&JUvm;qdkwm b,fvdkodcJh&ygovJ/
qufqHa&;udpörsm;ü rdrd\pdwftavhtx? pdwfjzpfpOfudk ydkrdk
owdxm;rdvmaomtcg? ¤if;pdwfaepdwfxm;udk ydkrdkaumif;rGefatmif ¤if;taetxm;rsdK;udk azmfjyEdkifwJh olôlr&JU udk,f? EIwftrlt&mawGu bmawGvJ/
jyKjyifajymif;vJEdkifpGrf;&Sdvmayonf/ þtavhtxonf rnfrQtusdK;rsm;
oGm;apEdkifaMumif; atmufwGifavhvmMunhfyg/ em;axmifaeolae&mrSm aeaomtcg rdrdudk,fawGU tjzpftysufawGudk tjcm;oltm;
ajymjycsifwJh pdwfay:aygufcJhvm;/
rdrdESihfudkufnDrnhfwGJzuf (Partner) wpfOD;udk&Smyg/ ¤if;ESihf tvSnhfus
pum;ajymyg/ yxrvl pum;ajymaeonfudk jzwfrajymapbJ tMuHay;csifpdwfrsdK; ay:vmao;ovm;/
(3) rdepfcefY ajymcGihfay;yg/ tu,fí oifajym&aom tvSnhfjzpfvQif
(3) rdepfcefY pum;ajymae&efom jzpfygonf/ ajymaeonhf wpfpHkwpfOD;ajymwmudk em;axmifay;aepOfrSm bmcHpm;csufrsdK; ay:vmovJ/
taMumif;t&monf ta&;rBuD;yg/ rnfonhftaMumif;t&myJjzpfjzpf
pdwfygvufyg ajymaezdkY om ta&;BuD;ygonf/ ajymcsdef (3) rdepf[k ajymoltjzpfESihf em;axmifaeoltjzpf ESpfckrSm b,f[mu ydkvG,fulovJ/ bmaMumihfvJ/
owfrSwfxm;aomfvnf;?
(3) rdepfrjynhfrD rdrdajymaeaomtaMumif;t&m NyD;qHk;oGm;yguvnf; bmaMumihfem;vnfpmempdwf[m ta&;MuD;ygovJ/ uREfkyfwdkY&JU oif,lavhvmrI? tvkyf
&yfEdkifygonf/ tu,fí oihfrSm ajymp&mrusefawmhvQif aemufwpfcg udpöESihf b0udpöawGrSm em;vnfpmempdwfudk b,fvdktoHk;csMurvJ/”
ajymp&may:vmonftxd wdwfqdwfpGmaeEdkifygonf/ em;axmifol
uawmh pdwfyg0ifpm;pGm em;axmifay;ae&Hkomjzpfygonf/ em;axmif
aeolu 0ifajymcGihfr&Sdyg/
3rdepfjynhfoGm;vQif q&m^q&mr (odkY) oifaxmufulq&m^
q&mrrsm;u acgif;avmif;wD; tcsufay;ygrnf/ xdktcg ajymolu
em;axmifoltjzpfvnf;aumif;? em;axmifolu ajymoltjzpf
vnf;aumif; jyefvnfo&kyfaqmifNyD; oufqdkif&m q&m^q&mrrsm;u
tcsdeftrSwftom; jyefpay;ygrnf/
46 47
wefzkd;xm; qufqHjcif;
A P P R E C I AT I O N
vlwpfO;D pDü &Sad omuGjJ ym;jcm;em;aom t&nftcsi;f rsm;ukd todtrSwf Appreciation &So d ql &mwpfO;D onf rdrw
d ynhrf sm;\ aemufcb H 0
jyKjcif;? vufcaH y;jcif;ESifh cspw f wfjcif;onf wefz;dk xm;qufqjH cif; orkid ;f rsm;? 4if;wefz;dk xm;wwfaomt&mrsm;? tjrifrsm;? t&nftcsi;f rsm;?
(Appreciation) yifjzpfonf/ q&m^q&mrwpfO;D onf rdrw d ynhw f pfO;D xk;d xGi;f odjrifrrI sm;? tm;omcsurf sm;? vkyyf u
Hk idk yf rHk sm;ESifh aemufq;Hk
csi;f pDü wefz;dk xm;wwfaom pdw"f gwfrsK;d &atmif avhusiafh y;aomtcg? ¤if;wk\ Yd uHMur®mrsm;txdyg wefz;dk xm;vufcaH y;Ny;D taumif;qk;H
¤if;wkw Yd pfO;D pD\ yifu"dk gwfcH (ok)Yd yifut kd &nftcsi;f rsm; ay:xGuv f m&ef jzpfatmif zefw;D Ekid pf rG ;f &Sv
d monf/
vrf;&Si;f ay;jcif;yifjzpfonf/ xkv d yk &f yfaMumihf oif,jl cif;ü tjynht f 0
tdE, d´ vlrsK;d *k&Bk u;D qGmrdy&mZfeefy'f (Swami Prajnanpad) u
pdw0f ifpm;vmMuNy;D ouf0ifvyI &f mS ;aponf/ Appreciation onf
oifMum;ay;cJzh ;l onfrmS wjcm;olwpfa,mufukd rdrrd rS [kww f m[k
Growth Mindset ESiv fh nf; wpfenf;wpfzHk qufpyfaeao;onf/
vk;H 0jrifwwfvmvQif wpfpw d wf pf0rf;wnf; tvkyv f yk Ef idk zf eYdk nf;ukd
Bu;D yGm;vkpd w f Ydk Growth Mindset &So
d o d l uav;wpfa,mufonf
oabmayguf odjrifvmygr,f/ b,fou l rS ykrd omygbl;/ vlwpfO;D pDrmS
pdeaf c:rIut dk av;xm;Ny;D jyóemajz&Si;f Ekid zf Ydk pdwt f m;wufMuv G ,G o f nf/
rwlnw D hJ yifut dk &nftcsi;f aumif;awG&w dS ,f/ 'gukd wefz;kd xm; jrwfE;dk
a&Sq U ufw;dk BuK;d pm;onf/ pdeaf c:rIrS azgufxu G Ef idk of nhef nf;vrf;ukd
wwf&r,f[í l jzpfonf/ 21 &mpkacwf q&m? q&mrrsm;onf rdrd
uk, d wf idk pf rf;oyfojd rifvo dk nf/ Fixed Mindset &So d l uav;
wynhrf sm;\ rwlnaD om t&nftcsi;f aumif;rsm;ukd ¤if;wkt Yd csi;f csi;f
wpfa,mufonf pdeaf c:rIrsm;aMumihf tvG,w f ul aemufweG o Yf mG ;Ny;D
ta&;w,lwefz;dk xm;wwfNy;D zvS,í f twl,OS w f t JG ok;H cswwfatmif
trSm;vkyrf rd mS ukyd J pk;d &drNf y;D &yfwefaY evko d nf/ xku d av;rsK;d onf
todtrSwjf yK vkyaf qmifciG afh y;onf/ avhusio fh ifMum;ay;onf/
rnfov Ydk yk af qmif&rnfukd rodawmhbJ trsm;u txiftjrifao;vmNy;D
þokaYd qmif&u G jf cif;tm;jzihf rdrwd ynhrf sm;onf ¤if;wkt Yd wef;azmfrsm;\
vl&mroGi;f awmhacs/
uGjJ ym;jcm;em;aom uRr;f usirf rI sm;? tm;omcsurf sm;? oif,al omykpH rH sm;?
tar&duefuAsmpmqk&d iS f a0ghw0f pS w f rif (Walt Whitman) \ vlBuKu d f tawGt U BuKrH sm;? t,ltqrsm;ESifh em;vnfEidk pf rG ;f wku Yd dk avhvmodjrifciG fh
rsm;aom tqkw d pfcrk mS Contain Multitudes (uREyfk &f ifxrJ mS vlaygif;pkH &oGm;aomaMumihf twlwuG qufo, G yf ;l aygif;aqmif&u G rf rI sm;ESifh
&Sw
d ,f (ok)Yd uREyfk t f m;vk;H ukd wefz;dk xm;wwfygw,f) [líjzpfonf/ usio fh m;&vmMuonf/ 21 &mpkoif,jl cif;pepfwiG f Appreciation onf
vlaygif;pk[ H qk x dk m;onfrmS wpfO;D csi;f pDü&Sad om rwlnaD om t&nftcsi;f r&Srd jzpf ta&;ygayonf/ tb,faMumihq f adk omf ,aeYacwfjyóem
rsm;udk qkv d ydk gonf/ q&m^q&mrwpfO;D onf rdr\ d yifu,
dk t
f odrsm;ESifh rsm;onf tvGe½f yI af xG;eufev J aS omaMumihf ¤if;wku Yd x dk ad &mufpmG
t&nftcsi;f rsm;ukt d ok;H csNy;D wynhrf sm;ukd atmifjrifpmG az;roifMum; ajz&Si;f Ekid &f eftwGuf ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;taejzihf vlrsK;d ? bmom?
“vlwkdfif;ukd wefzkd;xm;aus;Zl;wifyg”
ay;Ekid af omtcg rdru d , dk u
f ,
dk MHk unfrw
I ;dk vmNy;D wynhrf sm;tm;vk;H \ bmompum;? usm;^r? ,Ofaus;rI? rcGjJ cm;awmhbJ vlraI &; pD;yGm;a&;
t&nftcsi;f tvku d f vufco H ifMum;ay;Ekid pf rG ;f jrihv
f monf/ u@aygif;pkt H ygt0if e,fy,ftoD;oD;rSvrl sm;ESifh yl;aygif;aqmif&u G f
wwf&ef vkt d yfvmaomaMumihyf ifjzpfygonf/
48 49
ay:aygufvmaom csnfuGef,ufMuD;onf tzGJU0iftcsif;csif;Mum; tESpfcsKyf (WRAP-UP)

tjyeftvSefqufoG,fyHk? rdrdwdkY pGrf;aqmifay;Edkifaom yHUydk;rI?
wefzdk;xm; qufqHwwfaom ,HkMunfzG,f&mtcsufESihf wpfOD;tay:wpfOD;xm;tyfaom arwÅmw&m;
wdkYudk udk,fpm;jyKazmfjyaeygonf/ þcsnfuGef,ufudk tqHk;owfcsdefwGif
yg0ifavhusihfolrsm;tm; þvkyfaqmifcsufESihfywfowfNyD; ¤if;wdkY
rnhfodkYawGU MuHKcHpm;&aMumif; jyefvnfar;jref; aqG;aEG;wifjycdkif;yg/
atmufygar;cGef;yHkpHrsm;udktoHk;csí twlwuG jyefvnfoHk;oyf
pdwf"mwf&Sdatmif avhusifhjcif; uwfaMu;jzihf jzwfcsvdkufyg/ þtjzpfonf vufawGUtjrifwGif
tquftoG,fjywfoGm;aomfvnf;? rjrifEdkifaomMudK;rsm;u uREfkyfwdkY aqG;aEG;Muyg/
PRACTICING APPRECIATION
tMum; ydkrdkcdkifrmaomtquftoG,frsm;? aeSmifMudK;rsm;jzihf tzGJU0ifwpfOD;csif;pD\ t&nftcsif;udk tjyeftvSefwefzdk;xm;Mujcif;ESihf
csnfaESmifxm;ovdk cHpm;&aMumif; udk,fpm;jyKaeygonf/ ywfoufí uGJjym;csufrsm;ESihf wlnDrIrsm;u bmawGvJ/
rwlnDaomb0ay;tajctaeawGrSm &Sifoefae&wJhvlawGqDrSm uREfkyfwdkY

wefzdk;xm;p&mvnf; trsdK;rsdK;&Sdygw,f/ ¤if;wdkY[m bmawGrsm;jzpfMu
ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;ESihf q&m? q&mrrsm;wdkYtwGuf appreciation uGef,ufyHkpHtm;avUusifUjcif; ovJ/ Oyrm-aqmif&GufrIwpfckwGif vlwpfOD;tm; csD;rGrf;p&mwpfck
ay:vmEdkifouJhodkY aemufxyfaqmif&GufrIwpfckwGifvnf; tjcm;
csD;rGrf;p&mwpfck ay:vmEdkifao;onf/ þ Appreciation
t"duem;vnfxm;&eftcsuf (Essential Understanding) uGef,ufBuD;rsm;onf bmudkudk,fpm;jyK t"dyÜm,faqmifygoenf;/
tzGJYtpnf;wpfck? toif;wpfoif; (odkhr[kwf) twef;wpfwef;&Sd tzGJY0ifrsm;tm;vHk;wdkhonf þuGef,ufMuD;udk uREfkyfwdkY rnhfodkY a&SUquftoHk;csMurnfenf;/

21 &mpkacwf\pGrf;&nfrsm;ü tygt0ifjzpfaom yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufjcif;
jzpfwnf&myHkpH rwlnDMuaom t&nftcsif;rsm;udk tjyeftvSef todtrSwfjyK vufcH? ESihf tjyeftvSef qufoG,fa&;aumif;rGefjcif; [laom t&nftcsif;rsm;
ESpfoufwefzdk;xm;wwf&ef ulnDay;jcif;jzpfonf/ zGHU jzdK;atmif þuGef,ufMuD;u b,fvdktaxmuftyHhay;EdkifovJ/
cGihfjyKcsdef vkyfief;cGifüvnf;aumif;? ynm&yfwpfckudk oif,lpOfumvüvnf;aumif; awGUqHkcJh&olrsm;ü rdrdwdkY

(10-15) rdepf (tzGJU0ifta&twGuf wefzdk;xm;pHjyKp&mrsm;udk tjcm;olrsm;tm; jyefvnfajymjyrQa0wwf&ef/ tMujH yKcsurf sm; (TIP)
tenf;trsm;tvdkuf) q&m? q&mrwpfO;D taejzihf rdrw d ynfrh sm; rMumao;rDu
MuHKEdkifonhfcufcJrI jyKvyk cf zhJ ;l onfh aqmif&u G cf surf sm;ESiyfh wfoufí ¤if;wdu Yk ,
kd w
f ikd f
cufcJrIr&Sdyg/ vG,fulygvdrhfrnf/
b,fvdkoif,lMurvJ (HOW)
tav;*&kjyKrw S o f m;wwf&ef wdu k wf eG ;f ay;zdv
Yk ykd gonf/
taxmuftuljyKypönf;rsm; qdvk okd nfrmS tjyifyef;tay:,H&yk 0f w¬Kypön;f rsm;udk trsKd ;trnf?
tyfcsnfvHk; (odkY) odk;arG;csnfvHk; csnfvHk;wpfvHk;udk toHk;csí rdrdwdkYtzGJUom;rsm;tMum;ü Appreciation uGef,uftdrfwpfckudk t&nftaoG; cGjJ cm;aernft h pm; (Oyrm igrif;&JU t0wftpm;udk
jyKvkyfyg/ tzGJU0ifrsm;tm;vHk; puf0dkif;yHktwdkif;&yfaeMuyg (odkYr[kwf) ¤if;wdkYtm; olwdkYESpfouf&mü MuKd uw f ,f) rdrw d Ykd pGr;f aqmifco hJ nfjh zpfpOfrsm;\ tESpo f m&rsm;udk
21 &mpkacwftwGuf tjynhf &yfaecdkif;yg/ yxrOD;qHk;taejzihf tzGJUom;wpfOD;onf csnfvHk;\tpudkudkifxm;jyD; ¤if;csnfvHk;udk wefz;kd xm;wwfzYkd tm;ay;avhusiahf y;&ef vdo k nf/
t0vdktyfaompGrf;&nfrsm; tzGJUxJ&Sdtjcm;olwpfOD;xHodkY ypfay;vdkufyg/ xdktcg vufcH&&SdolESihfywfoufí rdrd
21Cs Focus
&SifoefMuD;xGm;aompdwf&Sdjcif;? wefzdk;xm;aom csD;rGrf;vdkaomt&mwpfckckudk csnfpudkifxm;oluajymjyyg/ csnfpudkifxm;ol
em;vnfpmempdwf&Sdjcif;? tjcm;olwdkY\ yxrvlu csnfvHk;udkifxm;ol 'kwd,vl\ csD;rGrf;xdkYfaomyifudkp&dkufrsm;? pHjyKtyfaom
jzpfwnfrIudk wefzdk;xm;wwfjcif;? t&nftcsif;rsm;? vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;? jyKrlyHkrsm; (odkYr[kwf) atmifjrifrIrsm; ponfwdkYudk
a0zefydkif;jcm;EdkifpGrf;&Sdjcif;? odvdkpdwf ajymjyEdkifygonf/ jyD;aemuf csnfpudkifxm;ol yxrvlajymjyD;oGm;vQif csnfvHk;udkifxm;olu ¤if;udk
jyif;jyjcif;? tjyeftvSef qufoG,f
a&;aumif;rGefjcif;? yl;aygif;aqmif tzGJUtwGif;&Sd aemufwpfa,mufxHodkY xyfrHypfay;vkdufyg/ xdkYaemuf csnfvHk;vufcHvdkufol\
&Gufwwfjcif;/ csD;rGrf;xdkufaom taMumif;t&mrsm;udk csnfvHk;ypfay;vdkufolu ajymjyyg/ þvkyfaqmifcsuf
twdkif; vlpuf0dkif;twGif; yg0ifoltm;vHk; vkyfaqmifoGm;yg/ csnfvHk;ypf&mwGif rdrdESpfouf&m
vltm;vnf; ypfay;Edkifygonf/
50 51
vufawGYprf;oyfaqmif&Gufjcif;
E X P E R I M E N TAT I O N
a&mufwJUae&muae pwifyg/ &SdwmawGeJh &atmifzefwD;yg/
tpGrf;&Sdoa&GY BuKd;yrf;vkyfaqmifyg/
,aeYwiG f tvkyt f ukid f ae&maumif;wpfcu k &dk &Szd ?Ydk ¤if;ukw d nfNraJ tmif 20 &mpkacwfwGif q&m? q&mrrsm;onf ukefonfyGJpm;rsm; uJhokdUusihfMuH
qufvufxed ;f odr;f xm;zkYd ta&;Bu;D qk;H rSm oifb,favmufox d m;ovJ Muonf/ þonfudk Knowledge brokers [k wifpm;Muonf/
qkod nft h csuf r[kwaf wmhay/ ¤if;xufta&;Bu;D onfuawmh qkdvkdonfrSm q&m? q&mrrsm;onf rdrdt"duypfrSwfxm; oifMum;
oifox d m;wJt h &mawGeYJ bmawGvyk Ef idk o f vJqo dk nht f csuf jzpfvmonf/ ay;aeaom bmom&yfESihfpyfqkdifonhf A[kokwrsm;ukd vkdufvHpkaqmif; oifNyD;xm;orQukd jyefvnfawG;awmqifjcifwwfap&efESihf xyfrH q&m? q&mrrsm;ukd,fwkdifonfvnf; q&mrsm;tvkyftrIaqmif
The Knowing-Doing Gap (odxm;wmwpfrsK;d - vkyr f ad ewmwpfrsK;d ) okdavSmifxm;NyD;aemuf vkdtyfvmcsdefü ¤if;wkdYukd rdrdausmif;om;rsm;tm; BuKd;pm;csifpdwfjzpfvmap&ef vrf;prsm;zGihfay;onf/ taumif;qkH; tzGJYrsm; zGJUpnf;NyD; oif&kd;nTefwrf;ykHpHjyKvkyfjcif;? tawGUtBuKHrsm;
[laom pmtkyu f adk &;om;cJo h l [m;Awf Business School rS vTJajymif;rQa0ay;&onf/ enf;ynmESihf owif;tcsuftvuf&,lrIrsm; q&morm;rsm;onf rdrdwynhfrsm; aumif;pGmoif,lEkdifpGrf;&Sdap&ef rQa0jcif;? oifMum;a&;pepfrsm;tm; tqihfjrihfaqmif&Gufjcif;ESihf
*suzf &Dzufzg (Jeffrey Pfeffer) ESif h a&mbwfI qGuw f ef (Robert I. Sutton) tvsiftjref wkd;wufxGef;um;aeaom 21 &mpkacwfwGif q&m? q&mr vkdtyfaomenf;vrf;rsm;? vkyfief;aqmifwmrsm;ESihfywfoufNyD; tquf oifMum;aeaom ykHpHrsm;ukd tjyeftvSef xifjrifcsufrsm;ay;jcif;?
wko
Yd nf ¤if;wk\ Yd pmtkyw f iG f azmfjyxm;onfrmS rdro fd jd rifwwfajrmuf wpfOD;\tcef;u@onf A[kokwyGJpm;rsm;b0rSonf oifaxmuful rjywf vufawGUprf;oyfaqmif&GufMu&onf/ xkdYjyif rdrdwynhfrsm; tm;enf;csufrsm;ukd axmufjyjcif; ponfwkdYukdaqmif&GufEkdifonf/
xm;aom A[kow k rsm;ukd ¤if;wkEYd iS u fh udk n f o D nhaf e&mrSm uGuw f d q&mrsm;? vrf;nTefolrsm;? vIHYaqmfolrsm;? zefwD;olrsm;ESihf oif,ljcif;ü odjrifxm;aom A[kokwrsm;ukd ¤if;wkdY\vufawGUurÉmESihf qufpyf
tok;H csNy;D pdeaf c:rIawGudk &ifqidk w f wfzv Ydk ydk gonf/ [lí azmfjyxm;onf/ a&SUaqmifvrf;jyrsm; jzpfvmMuonf/ þenf;tm;jzihf A[kokwrsm;ukd tokH;jyKwwfMu&efvnf; ulnDay;Muonf/ uRrf;usifyg;eyfaom wpfcgwpf&H oif,la&;pepfrsm;ü xifoavmuf &v'faumif;rsm;
xkpd ma&;olrsm;\ tqkt d & rSwOf mPftm; awG;awmp&mrsm; tpm;xk;d &m tokH;csEkdifaomtcg oif,la&;u@ü taumif;qkH;jzpfvmMuonf/ q&morm;rsm;onf rdrdwynhfrsm; tzGJUtpkvkduf oif,la&;pepfESihf r&Ekdifjcif;vnf; jzpfwwfonf/ okdYaomf þokdYjzpfvmvQif q&maumif;
tjzpf rMumcP vkyaf qmifaf vh&o dS nf/ vlom;wko Yd nf rdrw d Ydk vufawGUprf;oyfaqmif&Gufjcif;r&Sdaompepfonf ykdrkdcufcJNyD; aumif;usKd; rdrd\oifMum;a&;pepf ukdufnDrI&Sd? r&Sd xdef;n§doifMum;EkdifpGrf;&Sdí rsm;onf ausmif;om;ôlrsm;ESihf tjcm;q&mrsm; þtrSm;ukdjrifjyD;
vkyaf qmifavh&adS om jyKz, G u f pd rö sm;ukd wul;wurawG;awmhbJ oufa&mufrIenf;vSonf/ tb,faMumihfqkdaomf ¤if;onf trSefwu,f ¤if;wkdY\vkdtyfcsufrsm;? xifjrifcsufrsm;ukdvnf; tjyeftvSefar;jref;NyD; trSefjyifEkdif&efESihf t&IH;xJrS tvsiftjref jyefvnf tm;,ljyD;
tvkt d avsmuf vkyaf qmifEidk pf rG ;f &SMd uonf/ rdrw d rYdk BuKzH ;l ao;aom vufawGUprf;oyfrIpepfü tajcjyKoifMum;jcif;r&SdaomaMumihfyifjzpfonf jznhfpGufjyifqifEkdifpGrf;&SdMuonf/ jrJjrHcdkifrmpGm&yfwnfum atmifjrifrI&atmif a&SUquf vSrf;Ekdif&ef
jyóemtopfrsm;ESifh &ifqidk &f vQiaf wmifrS ¤if;wku Yd adk jz&Si;f Ekid rf nhf ulnDyHUykd;ay;Muonf/
vufawGUprf;oyfaqmif&Gufwwfaom pdwf"gwfykHpHonf q&m^q&mr q&m? q&mrrsm;onf rdrdwynhfrsm; vufawGUprf;oyf&SmazGrIrsm;
tm;uk;d avmufz, G ef nf;vrf;rsm;ukd ,cifBuKcH zhJ ;l aomjzpf&yfrsm; rlvZpfjrpf jyKEkdif&ef tcsdefae&m vkdtyfrI&Sdyguvnf; tvkdufoihf zefwD;ay;EkdifpGrf;
rsm;ESihf ausmif;om;ausmif;olrsm; jyKzG,fudpörsm; a&SUqufwkd;BuKd;pm;
aocsmrodaomfvnf; Mum;zl;em;0&Sad om "avhx;Hk wrf;rsm;? Zmwfvrf; &SdNyD; pmoifcef;twGif;üomru ¤if;jyifyüyg vufawGUaqmif&Gufwwf
aqmif&Guf&ef b,ft&mu trSefwu,f tvkyfjzpf? rjzpf odap&ef?
tjzpftysurf sm;rS rMumcP xkwEf w k t f ok;H cswwfMuonf/ onhf tavhtxaumif;rsKd;&Sdatmif wnfaqmufavhusihfay;Ekdifonf/
52 53
vufawGYprf;oyfaqmif&Gufwwfatmif avUusifUjcif;
PRACTICING
E X P E R I M E N TAT I O N
puúLypfcsjcif;
BuD;rm;us,fjyefhí tjyeftvSefqufpyfrI&Sdaom ta&;udpörsm;udkajz&Sif;Edkif&ef acgif;aqmif
tkyfpkrsm;? vlrI0ef;usiftzGJYtpnf;rsm;rS tzGJY0ifrsm;? q&m^q&mrrsm;ESiUf ausmif;om;^
ausmif;olrsm;taejzihf xda&mufaomvufawGY avUvmprf;oyfrIrsm;ESiUf yl;aygif;
aqmif&GufrIrsm;&SdrSom jyóemajz&Sif;&ef enf;vrf;aumif;rsm;udk azmfxkwfEdkifayrnf/
cGihfjyKcsdef
oif,l&jcif; &nf&G,fcsuf
(30) rdepf (lEARNING OBJECTIVE)
MuHKEdkifonhfcufcJrI ao;i,fusOf;ajrmif;aom ypfrSwftwGif;odkY puúLyHkpHwpfckckudk
tv,ftvwf
0ifatmifypfxnhfedkif&ef toif;tzGJUtvdkuf aqmif&Guf&ef/
ayMudK;? axmihfjzwf 9 vufreD;yg; twdkif;twm&Sdaom Murf;jyifay:&Sd
ypfrSwfwpfck (¤if;ypfrSwfudk pm&Gufwpfckay:wGif qGJom;í Murf;jyifay:odkY
wdyfjzihfuyfívnf; zefwD;Edkifygonf/) wpfzGJUvQif 3 &Guf? 4 &Guftxd
toHk;jyKEdkifavmufonftxd ta&twGuf &Sdaom A4 pm&GuftvGwfrsm;?
&rSwfrsm;rSwfom;&ef oifykef;MuD;rsm; (rif&nfoHk;^ ajrjzLoHk;)? rmhum
(Markers) rsm;? tumtuG,fwdyfrsm; (Masking Tape)- tu,fí
tvG,fwulr&EdkifcJhvQifvnf; tqifajyygonf/ tay:rS
puúL&kyfypfcscsdefwGif toHk;jyK &efMudK;rQif odkYr[kwf MudK;p/
21 &mpkacwftwGuf tjynhf t0vdktyfaompGrf;&nfrsm;

21Cs Focus
&SifoefMuD;xGm;aompdwf&Sdjcif;? vufawGUavhvmprf;oyfrI
aqmif&Gufwwfjcif;? wefzdk;xm;jcif;? odvdkpdwfjyif;jyjcif;?
tjyeftvSefqufoG,fa&;aumif;rGefjcif;? ydkif;jcm;a0zefEdkifpGrf;&Sdjcif;?
tawG;opf tMuHopf zefwD;Edkifjcif;/
54 55
puúLypfcsjcif;aqmif&GufrIudk qufvufaqmif&Gufp&mrsm;rSm - b,fvdkvkyfMurvJ (HOW) aemufxyfyHkpHajymif; upm;Edkifaomenf;

jyifqifjcif; (PREPARATION) (8) aytjrihf (odkYr[kwf) ¤if;xufydkaom tjrihfwpfae&mrS ypfcsp&m (VARIATIONs)
avSum;wpfck (odkYr[kwf) cdkifcHhaom ukvm;xdkifwpfvHk;udk puúLp puúLyHkpHrsm;udk A4 pm&Gufwpf&GufudktoHk;jyK&ef tcsdeftenf;i,ftwGif; tvSnhfusypfcsjyD; upm;aernhftpm; ypfrSwfudkxd&ef tcsdefudkMudK;pm;pOf
oufqdkif&mtzGJUrsm; rdrdwdkY\zefwD;rIav;rsm; (puúLudk tqifajyovdk ypfcsolrsm;twGuf toihf&Smxm;ay;yg/ tzGJUtvdkuf &rSwf
acgufxm;aomyHkpHrsm;) udk aumif;pGmypfcsEdkifonhfae&mwpfckudk eH&Hrsm; oifzefwD;&ygvdrhfrnf/ ypfcsvdkufaomt&monf Murf;jyifay: &Sd ypfrSwf tcsdefudk tuefYtowfjyKxm;ay;&ef vdkygonf/ þodkY upm;enf;udk
pm&if;pm&Gufudk xdyfydkif;wpfavQmuf 1?2?3 ponfjzihfvnf;aumif;? ae&mwGif tjynhft0&Sdae&ayrnf/ owfrSwfcsufESihftnDyif oifypfcs tenf;i,f pnf;urf;ajymif;ay;jcif;onf udpöwpfckraqmif&GufrD
ESihfa0;aombufrSm &Smxm;yg/ (8) ayrQtjrihfae&mudk rsufESmMuufqDrS ywfvnfwpf0dkuf 1?2?3 ponfjzihfvnf;aumif; atmufwGif
wdyf (odkYr[kwf) MudK;rQifpcsívnf;aumif; (odkYr[kwf) [kdbufonfbuf EdkifcJhvQif (puúLponf ypfrSwfae&mwnhfwnhf xdjyD;aeaomtaetxm; tcsdefwdktwGif; tpDtpOfcsrSwfEdkifjcif;\ aumif;usdK;wefzdk;udk
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eH&HESpfcktMum;wGif MudK;wef;ívnf;aumif; trSwftom;jyKyg/ a&GUvsm; csdwfqGJxm;yg/ vdkufaomt&monf ypfrSwfESihf 1 vufrpDvGJoGm;wdkif;? oifwdkYtzGJUonf rpwifrD ydkrdkaumif; rGefaom'DZdkif;rsm; zefwD;EdkifcJhvQif &v'faumif;rnf
vnf; &rSwf (1) rSwfpD avsmhoGm;ayvdrhfrnf/ jzpfaMumif; ajymif;vJvdkufaomupm;enf;[efu oufaojyaeayonf/
pm&GufudkjyKjyifzefwD;vdkufaom 'DZdkif;onf tcsdK;ruscJhvQif ypfrSwf
oifonf (3) MudrfypfcGihf&Sdygonf/ ypfcsp&mrsm;udk oifjyifqifpOfumv
wnhfwnhfay:odkY ¤if;usa&mufzdkY&ef cJ,Of;ayvdrhfrnf (tu,fí
twGuf (5) rdepftcsdef&rnfjzpfjyD; tzGJUi,fwpfckpDonf yxrwpfcsD
oifwdkYtzGJUonf tjcm;tzGJUrsm;xuf ydkíypfcsEdkifcJhvQifawmifrS)/
twGuf aqmif&GufzG,f&mrsm;udk tvSnhfusjyKvkyfaevdrhfrnf/
tu,fí toif;wpfoif;onf ¤if;wdkY zefwD;aom puúL'DZdkif;yHkpHonf
1 2 3
oifjyifqifrI ydkrdkjynhfpHkpGmzefwD;zdkY aemufxyf (5)rdepf &Edkifayao;onf/
ROUND TEAM TEAM TEAM xdkYaemuf 'kwd,tcsD puúLpypfcsjcif;udk aqmif&Gufyg/ ¤if;onf
aumif;rGeftcsdK;usjyD; ypfcsvdkufaomyHkpH rSefuefcJhvQif tMudrfwdkif;
ypfrSwfxd tEdkif&ayrnf/
wlnDaomjzpfpOf (odkYr[kwf) aemufqHk;tcsD^tMudrfvnf; jzpfEdkifygonf/
tzGJUi,fwpfzGJUpDonf ypfcsp&mzefwD;&ef A4 wpf&GufpD &ygvdrhfrnf/
1
tcrf;tem;yGJrsm;rSmuJhodkY puúLpi,frsm; wpfjydKifwnf;ypfcs&onf jyefvnfaqG;aEG;oHk;oyfp&m ar;cGef;rsm;
r[kwfbJ wcgypfcsvQif puúLyHkpHwpfckudkom ypfcs&aomaMumihf
oihfcGJwrf; puúLudk tukeftpif toHk;jyKp&mrvdkyg/ odkYaomf (REFlECTIVE QUEsTIONs)
ypfcsp&mpuúLyHkpHudk ajymif;vJjyifqifvdkvQifawmh aemufxyf A4 oifonf oif\toif;tzGJUESihftwl rnfodkYaumif;pGmaqmif&GufEdkifcJhyg
pm&Guftopfwpf&Gufudk awmif;,lEdkifygonf/ ovJ/
oihftzGJUi,fxJ&Sd wpfpHkwpfOD;u oifzefwD;xm;aom puúLyHkpHudk ypfcsae oifjrifvdkufaom tcsdKUaomyHkpHrsm;onf bmawGvJ/
ayvdrhfrnf/ xdkpuúLypönf;onf (8) aytjrihfxuf owfrSwfxm;aomae
2
&mwnhfwnhfwGif &Sdae&rSmjzpfjyD; rnfonhftultnDrQrygbJ w[kefxdk; puúLudk wpfckcsif;pDypfcsae&mrS oifbmawGavhvmvdkuf&ovJ/
usvm&ayrnf/ oif\avhvmoif,lrIudk b,fvdktoHk;jyKcJhovJ/
toif;wpfckESihfwpfck b,fvdkoufa&mufrI&SdovJ/
þaqmif&Gufcsuf (upm;enf;) onf oihftwef;twGuf rnfonhf
t"dyÜm,fudkaqmifygovJ/
þaqmif&GufcsufrSm 21 &mpkacwf pGrf;&nfrsm;rS b,fpGrf;&nfudk oifwdkY
3 toHk;cscJhygovJ/
56 57
pepfwpfckvHk;tm; jcHKiHkí pOf;pm;awG;ac: jcif;

SYSTEMS THINKING
rdrdjyKvkyfxm;wJhvkyf&yfwkdif;rSm &v'fawG&Sdw,f/
ukd,fjyKaomuHyJhwifoH ukd,hfxHjyefvmonf/
'Geef wJvmrD';kd pf (Donatella Meadows) onf tar&duef obm0 ywfoufaeaom t*Fg&yfrsm;jzihzf pYJG nf;xm;onf/ tu,fí oifonf
taumif;qk;H enf;vrf;rSm wpfO;D csi;f pDro S nf
ywf0ef;usiq f idk &f m a&SaU qmifoyd yHÜ nm&Sijf zpf&o Hk mru olronf pma&; xkt
d "dygÜ ,fowfrw
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tzGt YJ pktvku d f todpw d u
f , dk pf jD zihf tm;xkwf
q&mrESifh q&mrwpfO;D vnf; jzpfao;onf/ olr\ Thinking In yg0ifaeaMumif; awG&U ayrnf/ ¤if;wkrYd mS yg0ifaomu@rsm;?
aqmif&u G &f ayrnf/ q&m? q&mrrsm;onf rdrw d \
Ydk
Systems pmtkyw f iG af zmfjyxm;onfrmS uREw fk aYdk exkid &f m urÇmavmu tjyeftvSef qufo, G rf rI sm;ESifh vkyif ef;aqmif&u G cf suf &nf&,
G cf surf sm;
wynhrf sm; wpfO;D csi;f pDtvku d af omfvnf;aumif;?
Bu;D onf ,cifumvuxuf rsm;pGm&Iyaf xG;aeNy;D tjyeftvSef trDjS yK [líjzpfonf/
tzGt UJ pktvku d af omfvnf;aumif; atmifjrifpmG
qufE, G af e&onht f jzpfEiS fh ykrd v
dk sijf refpmG wk;d wufajymif;vJvmaom
Systems Thinking onf rdrt d awG;tjrifypHk u H dk pepfuspmG ajymif;vJ pDraH qmif&u G Ef idk &f eftwGuf ynmoif,al epOf
aMumihf tawG;tjrifypHk rH sm; ykí d rsm;jym;jynhpf v Hk mavav? ykad umif;av
awG;awmvku d jf cif;yifjzpfonf/ 21 &mpk acwfoif,jl cif;pepfwiG f umvwpfavQmufv;kH wGif oif,al &;vkyif ef;pOfudk
avyifjzpfygonf/ Systems Thinking onf rdrw d t
Ydk ok;H csaeonhf pepf
q&m^q&mrwpfO;D onf rdrt d ygt0if? ausmif;om;ôlrsm;ESifh oif&;dk jyefvnfqef;ppfNy;D ? tm;enf;csurf sm;udk &SmazG
rsm;tm;vk;H xJrS tm;enf;csurf sm;ukd jyefvnfqef;ppfjyKjyifNy;D ykad umif;
nTe;f wrf;wkyYd g0ifaom oif,al &;pepfudk aumif;pGmpDraH qmif&u G Ef idk &f ef jyifqifjcif;tm;jzihf ulneD idk yf gonf/
atmiftok;H csEidk pf rG ;f &Sad tmif todtjrifus,af ponf/ xkt Yd jyif
t"dutm&kpH u dk xf m;onf/ xkt d cg q&m^ q&mrwpfO;D \wm0efrmS
ausmif;rsm;wGif Systems Thinking ukd tok;H csjcif;
• pepfwpfcpk üD yg0ifaomtpdwt f ykid ;f (u@)rsm;ukd oabmayguf oif,al &;pepfü yg0ifaomtcef;u@rsm; (tpdwt f ykid ;f rsm;) tMum;
tm;jzihf &&Sv d maom aumif;usK;d csr;f omrsm;teuf
em;vnfEidk &f eftwGuf vdt
k yfaeaomt&nftcsi;f rsm; xufjruf tcsw d tf qufrrd ?d [efcsun f n D D a&Sw U ;dk aqmif&u G Ef idk &f ef pDraH qmif&u G f
aumif;usKd ;csr;f omwpfrsKd ;rSm pGr;f &nfjynhf
vmap&ef ay;jcif;yifjzpfonf/ Oyrmqk&d aomf pmoifcef;wpfct k wGi;f aeYpOfoif
Ekid if o H m;aumif;rsm; (Systems Citizens)
,la&;pepfwiG f tjyeftvSef qufo, G af &;ykpH rH sm;rSm ausmif;om;?
• tpdwt f ykid ;f rsm;tMum; tjyeftvSef qufo,
G cf sed q
f ufaeyku
H dk ay:aygufvmjcif;yifjzpfonf/ rufqmcsL;quf
ausmif;olrsm;tcsi;f csi;f Mum; qufo, G rf ?I oufqidk &f m q&m? q&mr
jrifawGv
U map&ef enf;ynmwuúov dk rf S a*sazmf&ufpwm; (Jay
ESifh ¤if;\wynhrf sm;tMum;qufo, G rf ?I ausmif;om;ôlrsm;ESifh twef;
Forrester) onf System Dynamics ukd
• tem*wfwiG jf zpfay:vmEkid o
f nhf ykpH rH sm;ESiyfh wfoufNy;D oihaf wmf wpfcv k ;Hk tMum;qufo, G rf ?I ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;\ yifu, dk f
wnfaxmifojl zpfonf/ ¤if;\tqkt d & Systems
aomar;cGe;f rsm; (Oyrm -what if) ukad r;jref;Ekid &f efEiS fh t&nftcsi;f ESiv fh u
dk zf ufonhf oifcef;pmjznhpf u G jf yifqifrrI sm;? pmoif
Citizens qko d nfrmS ½Iyaf xG;aeaom urÇmjh yóem
csed ?f pmoifcef;? oif,&l mwGif ykrd t dk yfpyfaomykpH rH sK;d ukd ajymif;vJ&&S&d ef
• pepfrsm;ukd vkt d yfovkd jyefvnfypHk cH sjyKjyifaomtcg ykrd t
dk pGr;f rsm;ukd &ifqidk zf Ydk ykrd akd umif;rGeaf om pGr;f &nfEiS fh
oif&;dk nTe;f wrf;ESifh oufqidk &f moif,o l rl sm;tMum;qufpyfrI ponfwYdk
xufjy;D qef;opfonhpf epfrsm; jzpfatmifzefw;D Ekid Nf y;D &J0jHh ywfom;rI pdwt f m;xufoefr&I adS om Ekid if o H m;aumif;rsm;ukd
yg0ifygonf/
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tu,fí tjyeftvSeq f ufpyfyrHk sm;ukd jrif&efcufcaJ omf vkyif ef;aqmif Thinking pdwf "gwfyp Hk rH sK;d ukd avhusiEfh idk o
f ql &m?
pepfwpfcok nf orm&k;d usenf;vrf;a[mif;awGEiS o fh m vnfywfaeí q&mrrsm;ESifh ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;onf
&Gucf surf sm; (okrYd [kw)f &nfreS ;f csurf sm;ukd jrifwwf&efvnf; ykrd cdk ufcJ
rjzpfawmhay/ pepfwpfco k nf &nfreS ;f csuw
f pfcu
k dk Ny;D ajrmuf tem*wf pdeaf c:rIrsm;ukd &ifqidk af usmv f mT ;Ekid zf Ydk
oGm;ayonf/ q&m^q&mrESifh ¤if;ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;
atmifjrifpmG pGr;f aqmifEidk &f eftwGuf tjyeftvSef qufpyf ykrd akd umif;rGepf mG jyifqifEidk pf rG ;f &Sv d mMuayonf/
wlnaD om &nfreS ;f csuyf ef;wkid uf dk ta&mufvrS ;f Ekid &f eftwGuf
58 59
pepfwpfckvHk;tm; jcHKiHkí yg0ifavhusihfoltzGJUom;rsm;ukd tcef;ae&m tESHYü MuHKovdkaecdkif;jyD; vkyfaqmifcJhaom avhusihfcef;rsm;udk jyefvnfoHk;oyf

pOf;pm;awG;ac:wwfatmif avhusifhjcif; pwifyg/ puf0dkif;ydkif;o@ef 0dkif;&yfaejcif; rjzpfap&yg (puf0dkif;yHk
tpDtpOf jzihf&yfaeMuvQif upm;yGJ tvsiftjrefjyD;oGm;atmif
zefwD;aeovdkjzpfrSmpdk;onf)/ rnfolrqdk “wpf” [kpatmfjyD;aemuf
&efar;cGef;rsm; (REFlECTIVE QUEsTIONs)
þupm;yGJwGif uREfkyfwdkY MudK;MudK;pm;pm;&,laeaom yef;wdkifonfbmvJ/
PRACTICING SYSTEMS THINKING tjcm;wpfOD;OD;uvnf; “ESpf” [k cyfwdk;wdk;? cyfjrefjref toHxGuf
vmvdrhfrnf/ xdkYaemuf “oHk;”? “av;” jyD;aemuf “ig;” [lí
puf0dkif;yHkpH&yfjyD; a&wGufrIrjyKrDu tb,faMumihf ratmifjrifcJh
ygoenf;/
a&wGufoHrsm; cyfjrefjref? cyfoGufoGufay:vmygrnf/ tu,fí
eHygwfwpfckwnf;udk ESpfa,mufwpfjydKifeuf a&wGufrdoGm; vQifawmh pmoifcef;twGif; owfrSwfxm;aom tvkyfwm0efrsm; jyD;ajrmufatmif
tzGJUwpfzGJUvHk;u a&wGufjcif;udkjyefp&ef “okn” odkY jyefoGm;&rnf/ jrifatmifaqmif&GufzdkY MudK;pm;jcif;ESihfywfoufjyD; þupm;enf;u oihfudk
udef;*Pef;a&wGufjcif; aqmif&Gufcsuf bmawGajymjyygovJ/
CounT off aCTIVITy for sTudenTs and T eaChers eHygwf (20) odkYa&muf&ef (2) rdepfrS (3) rdepfMum MudK;pm;a&wGufjyD;
aemufwGif eHygwf (20) odkY a&muf&ef cufcJvSayonf/ xdkYaemuf uREfkyfwdkYteD;w0dkufwGif&Sdaom pepfrsm;\ rwlnDaomu@rsm;tMum;
tzGJUom;rsm;udk puf0dkif;yHkpH0dkif;cdkif;vdkufjyD; jyefvnfa&wGufcdkif;yg/ tzGJU qufpyfrIrsm;ESihf ydkrdkMuD;rm;aomtoGifudk jrifwwf&ef uREfkyfwdkY\
t"duem;vnfxm;&eftcsuf (Essential Understanding) trsm;pkonfvnf; a&wGufjcif; ydkrdkvG,fulap&ef puf0dkif;yHkpHtwdkif; ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;tm; b,fvdkulnDoihfygovJ/
pwif0dkif; wfavQmufaeMuonfudk awGU&ygvdrhfrnf/
System Thinking qdkonfrSm rdrdwdkhyxrtoHk;csvdkufaom enf;pepfwpfckonf pmoifcef;pepfwpfckwGif ta&;MuD;qHk;tpdwftydkif;rsm;? t*Fg&yfrsm;ESihf
¤if;wdkYtMum; qufpyfrIrsm;u rnfonhft&mawGvJ/ þupm;enf;rS
atmifjrifrItwGuf aESmihfaES;p&mjzpfaecJhvQif aemufxyftoHk;wnUfrnUfenf;vrf;rsm; uREfkyfwdkY\avhvmawGU&Sdcsufrsm;? oif,lp&mrsm;udk uREfkyfwdkY\udk,fwdkif
oif,la&;pepfrSm b,fvdktoHk;csEdkifygovJ/
&SmMuHawG;awmjcif;udk qdkvdkygonf/
cGihfjyKcsdef
(15-20) rdepf
vkyfief;&nfrSef;csufyef;wkdifrsm;qDodkY ta&mufvSrf;EdkifzdkY (odkYr[kwf) vkyfief;aqmifwmrsm;
jyD;ajrmufatmifjrif&ef MudK;yrf;EdkifzdkY uREfkyfwdkY\pGrf;&nfrsm;? t&nftcsif;rsm;udk xda&mufyHUydk;
MuHKEdkifonhfcufcJrI ay;Edkifaomt&mrSm toHk;wnhfrnhfpepfwpfckudk enf;rSefvrf;rSef a&G;cs,fwwf&efESihf
trSefwu,fcufcJygrnf/
¤if;pepftwGif;&Sd tpdwftydkif;rsm;udk wpfjydKifeuf tcsdwftqufrdatmif aqmif&Gufwwfjcif;yif
taxmuftuljyKypönf;rsm; jzpfonf/ þaqmif&Gufcsufonf rSefuefaompepfwpfck\pGrf;yum;udk vufawGUodjrifaponf/
rvdktyfyg/
21 &mpkacwftwGuf tjynhf
t0vdktyfaompGrf;&nfrsm; b,fvdkvkyfMurvJ (HOW)
21Cs Focus
orm"dtm;aumif;jcif;? tay:,Htjrifrsm;onf vSnhfpm;wwfonf/ vG,fra,mifESihf cufwwfonf/ þupm;enf;
&SifoefMuD;xGm;aompdwf&Sdjcif;? onfvnf; tjriftm;jzihf tvGefvG,ful[ef&Sdonf/ odkYaomf vufawGUwGifrl tvGefcufvSygonf/
pepfwcktm; jcHKiHkoHk;oyfjcif;
odvdkpdwfjyif;jyjcif;? tjyeftvSef þtjzpfu uREfkyfwdkYtm; ay;vdkufaomtod (odkYr[kwf) oifcef;pmrSm “omrmef&dk;&Sif;aomudpö
qufoG,fa&;aumif;rGefjcif;? wpfckudkyif tzGJUtvdkuf taumiftxnfazmfaqmif&Gufaomtcg tpDtpOfrusjcif;? vufawGU
yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufjcif;? a0zefydkif;jcm;EdkifpGrf; yl;aygif;aqmif&GufrIr&Sdjcif;? tjyeftvSefqufoG,frIuif;rJhjcif; ponhftm;enf;csufrsm;aMumihf
&Sdjcif;? tawG;opf tMuHopfrsm; rsm;pGmcufcJMuefYMumrIrsm; MuHK&wwfaMumif;” yifjzpfygonf/
zefwD;Edkifjcif;/
ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;udk puf0dkif;yHkpHtaetxm;jzihf rufwyf&yfaeapyg/ xdkaemuf
4if;wdkYtm; tv,fA[dkodkY avQmufvmapí ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;tm; rsufeSmrl&mae&m
trsdK;rsdK;jzihf rsufESmrlapum nDnmrIr&SdbJ &IyfaxG;aomtaetxm; jyKvkyfyg/ xdkYaemuf
4if;wdkYtm; 1 rS 20 txd rnfolrS rnfonhfeHygwfajymrnhfdk csdwfqufndSEIdif;jcif; odkYr[kwf
BudKwifjyifqifjcif;r&SdapyJ rnfonhfudk,ftrlt&m? EIwftrlt&mudkrQ cGihfrjyKyg/
60 61
21 &mpkacwfumv? pGrf;&nfjynhf0 q&m? q&mr” POINTB/UNICEF/PEARsON/armfvNrdKifwuúodk vf 21 &mpkacwfumv? pGrf;&nfjynhf0 q&m? q&mr
sT
pGrf;aqmif&nfjr§ihf&mpkopf
CENTURY SKILLS
5Cs ac: pGrf;&nfig;&yfudk &Sif;vif;wifjyjcif;ESihf ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;?
q&m? q&mrrsm;twGuf aqmif&GufzG,f&mpm&if;rsm;udk rQa0ay;jcif;
21 &mpkacwfonf uREfkyfwdkYvlom;rsm;taejzihf t&m&mudk ajymif;vJ jrihfrm;onhf vlom;rsm;tjzpfudk &&SdEdkifayonf/
wdk;wufatmif jyKjyifzefwD;aepOfumvwGif t"du tcsdeftcg
wenf;qdk&aom rnfolrqdk þpGrf;&nfig;&yfudk avhvmoif,lavhusihf
aumif;MuD;yif jzpfygonf/ tjyeftvSef aygif;ul; qufoG,faeaom
jyD;aemuf tpGrf;tprsm; jynhf0xufjrufvmaomaMumihf rdrd\wdk;wuf&m
vlUtrsdK;tEG,fMuD;wpfcktjzpf &Sifoef Edk;xvmEdkif&ef r,HkEdkifavmufzG,f
wdk;wufaMumif;om ruawmhbJ? rdrd&Sifoefaexdkif&m vlrI0ef;usif
tcGihftcgaumif;rsm;onf uREfkyfwdkYta&SU ü tqifoihfapmihfMudK
wdk;wufrIrsm;? vkyfief;cGifü atmifjrifrIrsm;? aemufxyfoif,l&ef
aeayonf/ xdktcGihfta&;rsm;udk rvGwfwrf; qkyfudkifEdkif&ef
tqifoihf taetxm;rsm;? rdom;pkpDrHudef;rsm;udk atmifjrifpGm
tajccHusaom t"dupGrf;&nfig;&yfudk tjynhft0 odjrifydkifqdkifzdkY
taumiftxnf azmfaqmifEdkifaom tjzpfrsm;udk MuHaqmif&,l
r&Sdrjzpf vdktyfvmygonf/ 21 &mpkwGif atmifjrifrI o&zludk aqmifMunf;
Edkifayonf/
ay;Edkifaom pGrf;&nfig;&yfudk “5Cs of 21st Century Skills” [kac:
ygonf/ ¤if;wdkYrSm-odvdkpdwfjyif;jyjcif; (Curiosity)? tawG;opftMuHopf xdkYaMumihf þpGrf;&nfrsm;onf ,ckwGifrS bmaMumihfta&;ygvm&oenf;/
zefwD;EdkifpGrf;&Sdjcif; (Creativity)? a0zefydkif;jcm; EdkifpGrf;&Sdjcif; (Critical
Forbes (urÇmhrD'D,mukrÜPD) u azmfjyxm;onfrSm vGefchJaom
Thinking) ESihf yl;aygif; aqmif&Gufjcif; (Collaboration)
ESpfESpfwmumv (2013-2015) twGi;f wGiyf if a'wm (Data) ac:
tjyeftvSefqufoG,fajymqdkjcif; (Communication) wdkY jzpfygonf/ xdk
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70 71
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72 73
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74 75
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f rf;waeaom t&mrsm;rS *kPt f qift h wef;? ajrawmifajrmS ufay;vdí k vm;/
aiGaMu;? todtrSwjf yKae&may;cH&jcif;? jrwfE;kd av;pm;cH&jcif;? trsm;
ud;k uG,f qnf;uyfc&H ol? cspjf cif;arwÅm (odrYk [kw)f rdom;pktwGuf jznf;jznf;rSerf eS tf oufquf&aI eyg/ pdwx f bJ mawGaJU y:vmonfjzpfygap
0ifaiGponfjzifh xl;axGrsm;jym;aewwfygonf/ þtay:,H tdyrf uf a0zefo;kH oyfjcif; r&Sb d J 'Dtwdik ;f vTwx
f m;vdu k yf g/ pdwxf aJ y:vmorQukd
at;csrf;wdwfqdwfaom ae&mwpfckudk &Smyg/ oifU&JYvkyfaqmifrIudk (odrYk [kw)f qE´rsm;rSm odyrf qd;k vSaomfvnf; rdrt d wGi;f pdwu
f kd trSef tvdu k o f ifMh unhaf evdu
k yf g/ oiftqifoihf jzpfjy;D qdv k Qif rsupf jd yef
tjynfUt0yHUHydk;ay;Edkifaom oufaomifUoufomtaetxm;jzifU xdkifyg/ wu,fowduyfjy;D apmifMh unht f uJcwfEikd af omtcgwGif ydrk pkd pfreS af om zGivfh ukd yf g/ aemufxyfrsuEf mS ay:wGif oihpf w d xf J ay:vmorQawG a&;cs
&nf&, G cf suf (odrYk [kw)f qEúkd &SmazGawG&U EdS ikd yf gonf/ vduk yf g/ rdr\ d b0&nfreS ;f csuuf kd owfrw S jf cif;jzpfonf/
rdr\ d tjzpfcsiq f ;kH qEúkd awGU jyqD vkd Qif cPem;aeyg/ &Iyaf xG;ae
(w&m;xdkifaomyHkpHuJUodkh) ausmudk
aom tawG;rQirf sm;? qE´rsm; tMum;rS rdrq d E´tppftrSef vH;k 0
oifMum;a&;u@twGuf
rwfrwfxm;yg/ vufz0g;rsm;udk xyfjyD;
wifyv’ifacG xkdifaeaom aygiftv,frSm
uGu J jJG ym;jym;jzpfatmif pDppfyg/ rSeo f nf rSm;onf a0zefjcif;rjyKbJ oiftjzpfcsiq f ;kH qEÉiS fh
pdwx f aJ y:vmaom t&mrsm;udo k m toufyrkH eS &f &I if; apmihMf unhaf eyg/
xm;jyD; jznf;nif;jiifompGm touf&Iyg/ oifonf tay:,HqE´rsm; tm;vH;k udk vTwcf sjy;D rdr\ d ppfreS af om tjrifq
h ;kH &nfreS ;f csuu
f bmvJ/
ydrk jkd rifrh m;aom pdw&f if;rSe?f qE´trSeu f kd tm&Hck rH jd y;D vm;/
jzpfEikd zf ,
G &f mrsm;rSm oif q&m^q&mrwpfO;D vkycf o hJ nfrmS rdrad exdik f oift
h vkyt f udik Ef iS fh ywfoufí oiftrSew f u,ftaumiftxnf
oif\ touf&IaeyHkudkom owduyfxm;yg/ &Sio f ef&m 0ef;usiu f kd tvkyt f auR;jyKví dk vkycf o hJ nfvm;/ azmfvakd om wdus&iS ;f vif;onht f yd rf uf(odrYk [kw)f &nfreS ;f csuuf kd
odrYk [kwf ud, k wf ikd of if,cl sipf w d &f jdS y;D ud,
k w f ikd jf yKjyifajymif;vJvkd í awGo
U nht f xd þtavhtusiu fh kd qufvyk yf gonf/ wpfywfMumvQif
q&m^q&mrtjzpf &yfwnfcw hJ mvm;/ odrYk [kwf vli,fv&l , G rf sm; vnf; MumEdik yf gonf/ vlwpfO;D pD\b0tdyrf ufrsm;rSm rwlnb D J uGjJ ym;
tjrifus,af tmif? tcGit fh vrf; topfawG vrf;zGiafh y;zdYk ulnD Muygonf/ pmoifcef;xJüomru pmoifcef;jyify oih&f aUJ eYpOfb0
vdí k 'Dtvkyrf sKd ;a&G;cs,cf w hJ mvm;/ odrYk [kwf b0awGukd jriS w hf if aqmif&u G rf rI sm;wGif oif&h &UJ nfreS ;f csuf raysmufysuaf tmifxed ;f odr;f yg/
76 77
uREfkyfonf bmaMumifhoif,ljcif;udk
&nfrSef;csufyef;wdkifwpfckudk csrSwfjcif; oabmusESpfjcdKuf&wmvJ/
uREfkyfonf bmaMumihf oifMum;a&;
SETTING AN INTENTION tvkyfudk jrwfEdk;ESpfoufovJ/
oif\ oifMum;a&;twGuf &nfrSef;csufyef;wdkifwpfck &SmazG&ef

jyóemwpf&yfudk udkifwG,fajz&Sif;aomtcgüvnf;aumif;? toif;tzGJ hwpfckck zGJ ph nf;aom
tcgwGifvnf;aumif;? taumiftxnfazmfaqmifp&m vkyfief;pOfrsm;twGuf tpDtpOfrsm;
csrSwfaomtcgüvnf;aumif;? wdusjywfom;aom OD;wnfcsufyef;wdkifudk csrSwfjyD; 21 &mpkacwfrSm &Sifoef&rnhfb0? jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf ynma&;onf
¤if;yef;wdkif\ vrf;aMumif;twdkif; avQmufvSrf;ygrS atmifjrifNyD;ajrmufygonf/ tvkyftudkif? vlrI0ef;usifrsm;twGuf bmaMumifhta&;MuD;ovJ/
uREfkyf&JUwynhfawGudk bmawGjyifqif
oif,l&jcif; &nf&G,fcsuf (lEARNING OBJECTIVE) xm;ay;zdkY vdktyfaejyDvJ/
cGihfjyKcsdef
(45) rdepf q&m^q&mrwpfO;D onf rdru d ,kd wf idk \
f vkyif ef;&nfreS ;f csuyf ef;wdik u
f kd twdtvif; odjrif&,l
MuHKEdkifonhfcufcJrI wwf&efvykd gonf/ q&m^q&mrwpfO;D taejzifh &nfreS ;f csuyf ef;wdik cf srw S jf cif;onf rdr\ d oifMum;
tv,ftvwf a&;tvkyf ydrk dk jynhpf x
kH ad &mufEikd &f ef qef;opfaumif;rGeaf om enf;vrf;rsm;udk tjrw J ap &SmMuH txufygar;cGe;f rsm;twGuf tMuw d t
f e,f uREfkyf&nfrSef;csuf
taxmuftuljyKypönf;rsm; zefw;D jy;D rdro
d ifMum;a&;ydik ;f udk pOfqufrjywfrrG ;f rHzefw;D Edik &f ef rsm;pGm wGe;f tm;ay;ygonf/ tajz&Smjy;D aemuf # (2) ESifh # (3) udk
uREfkyf&nfrSef;csufacgif;pOfyg vufurf; txl;ojzifh jyif;jyxufoef aomqE´? jrifrh m;aom &nfreS ;f csu&f o dS l q&m^q&mrwpfO;D onf qufMunhyf g/ Diagram wpfcv k ;kH udk
pmapmif? puúLvGwftcsyfBuD; (news- “21 &mpkacwf oif,a l &;? oifMum;a&;pepf”qDoYkd tm;rmeftjynhjf zifh wpf[ek x f ;kd csw
D ufEikd f oifjznhpf u
G jf y;D aemuf pmrsuEf mS atmufajc
print/flipchart)? rmhum(Markers)rsm;?
cJwHrsm;? abmvfyifrsm;/
ygonf/ bufrmS ae&mvGwu f kd oH;k í oif&h nfreS ;f csuf
tdyrf ufwpfcv k ;kH udk uGuu f u G u
f iG ;f uGi;f
21 &mpkacwftwGuf tjynhf b,fvdkoif,lMurvJ (HOW) jrifomatmif &d;k &Si;f pGm a&;om;azmfjyyg/
t0vdktyfaompGrf;&nfrsm;
21Cs Focus
orm"dtm;aumif;atmif avhusifhjcif;? pmrsuEf mS (76)ESifh (77)wGif azmfjyxm;aom “todw&m;tjynhjf zifo
h ifMum;Edik &f efavhusijhf cif;”
&SifoefMuD;xGm;aompdwf&Sdjcif;? (Cultivating a Mindful Teaching Intention) vkyaf qmifru I kd avhvmtoH;k jyKí pwifyg/
wefzdk;xm;wwfjcif;? vufawGUprf;oyf
aqmif&Gufjcif;? toHk;wnhfaom pepfwcktm;
jcHKiHkoHk;oyfjcif; odvdkpdwfjyif;jyjcif;?
xdo
k Ykd pwifavhusijhf y;D aemuf Venn Diagram ygaom Handout (vufurf;pmapmif)\
tjyeftvSefqufoG,fa&;aumif;rGefjcif;? nmbuf rS vrf;nTecf surf sm;udk toH;k csí oiftm&Hpk u kd f tajz&Sm&rnhf ar;cGe;f rsm;udk pwif
a0zefydkif;jcm;EdkifpGrf; &Sdjcif; tajz&Smyg/ # (1) uREykf o f nf bmaMumifo
h if,jl cif;udk oabmusEpS jf cKd u&f wmvJ/
wDxGifzefwD;EdkifpGrf;&Sdjcif;/ # (2) uREy kf o
f nf bmaMumihf oifMum;a&;tvkyu f kd jrwfE;kd ESpo
f ufovJ/
78 79
21 &mpkacwfpGrf;&nfrsm;
xl;uJjrifUrm;aom pGrf;&nfESifU uRrf;usifrIrsm; xl;uJjrifhrm;aom pGrf;&nfESihf uRrf;usifrIrsm;
SUPERPOWER & SKILLSHARE source: FroG’s coLLecTIVe AcTIoN TooLKIT
tqifh (1)
xl;uJjrifUrm;aom pGrf;&nfESifUuRrf;usifrIrsm;udk ae&mwustoHk;wnfUatmifaqmif&Gufjcif; yg0ifavhusio fh rl sm;tm; Handout rsm; a0ay;vdu k yf g/ xkaYd emuf
¤if;wdw Yk pfO;D pDtm; a&;cdik ;f &efrmS - ¤if;wduYk ,
kd wf ikd tf m; ac:apcsiaf om
emrnf? ¤if;wdu Yk ,kd w
f ikd u
f rdru
d ,kd u
f kd tm;rvdt k m;r&jzpfjy;D ydrk wkd ;kd wuf
t"duem;vnfxm;&eftcsuf (Essential Understanding) jynhpf akH pvdak om uRr;f usirf rI sm;ESifh yifupkd rG ;f &nfrsm; ponfwjYkd zpfonf/
rdrdwynUfwpfOD;pD (odkhr[kwf) vlwpfOD;pDü &Sdaeaom trsm;xuf xl;uJaomyifudkpGrf;&nf tqifh (2)
(odkhr[kwf) uRrf;usifrIudk &SmazGazmfxkwfajrawmifajr§mufay;jyD;? oif,ljcif;jzpfpOfü tqifh (1) yg azmfjycsurf sm;twdik ;f vkyaf qmifjy;D vQif yg0ifavhusihf
olrsm; tm; ¤if;wdw f ikd af om Superpower ac:
Yk pfO;D pDü ydik q
aemufxyfvdktyfaom t&nftcsif;rsm;udk tuJjzwfay;jcif;onf xdkwynfUrsm;udk,fwkdif xl;uJprG ;f &nf (odrYk [kw)f ¤if;wdüYk &So d nhf tvGet f pGr;f xufvo S nhf
¤if;wdkht&nftcsif;udk jyefvnfodjriftuJcwfrdoGm;í yl;aygif;aqmif&GufzG,f&mudpörsm;ü t&nftcsi;f udk csa&;cdik ;f vdu k yf g/ wpfenf;qd&k aomf Superpower
onf oif*P k , f xl u kd o
f nhf yg&rDx;l jcm;rI wpf&yfyif jzpfygonf/
tH0ifcGifustpGrf;jycGifUudk &&Sdaponf/ “tu,fí oifonf wu,fv h pl rG ;f aumif;Mu;D wpfO;D jzpfcahJ omf? oih&f UJ
pGr;f yum; (odrYk [kw)f tpGr;f u bmawGrsm; jzpfEikd rf vJ”[k pdwu f ;l ,Of vkyfaqmifcJhaom avhusifhcef;rsm;udk jyefvnf
oif,l&jcif;&nf&G,fcsuf (lEARNING OBJECTIVE) p&mar;cGe;f wpfcu k akd r;jref;Munhyf g/ yg0ifavhusio hf l wpfO;D pDtm;
ud,k w f ikd üf &Sad om xl;jcm;aomtpGr;f udk azmfjyEdik o f nhf yHw k pfcuk kd oHk;oyf&ef ar;cGef;rsm; (REFlECTIVE QUEsTIONs)
cGihfjyKcsdef
(45) rdepf rdrwd \
Ykd yifut kd &nftcsi;f udk ydrk o kd jd rifem;vnfvmjy;D toH;k cswwf&ef - qdv k o
kd nfrmS oihrf mS ay;xm;aom Handout \ vGwaf eaomae&mwGif qGo J m;zefw;D cdik ;f yg/ oifaxmufuq l &mrsm;onf avhusirfh t
I jy;D owfcsed u f mvü
MuHKEdkifonhfcufcJrI rnfonht f &nftcsi;f rsKd ;? ydik q f ikd x
f m;ovJ? rnfonht f &nftcsi;f rsKd ;udk ydrk akd umif;rGew
f ;kd wufatmif tqH;k owfaqG;aEG;p&m (Wraps-Up) tjzpf toH;k cs&ef
MuaH qmifcsiyf govJEiS fh oif\ h trsm;xufx;l uJ jrihrf m;wJh yifupkd rG ;f &nf ac: xl;uJprG ;f &nf tqifh (3) ar;cGe;f rsm;rSm (tajctaeay;vQif aqmif&u G &f ef) -
vG,fulygonf/
(Superpower) ponfwu Ykd kd oifu, kd w
f ikd f em;vnfwwf&ef vdyk gonf/
taxmuftuljyKypönf;rsm; (yg0ifavhusio hf t
l zGo UJ m;wpfO;D pDu tqih(f 2)ygtwkid ;f aqmif&u G jf y;D pD; bmaMumihu kd &f UJ Superpower udk ud,
f , k w
f ikd o
f x
d m;&ef ta&;Mu;D
Skill Share ESihfywfoufonhf aomf) tu,fí oifonf tpktzGt UJ vdu k ?f toif;tvdu k f aqmif&u G f
vufurf;pmapmif (Handouts)? b,fvdkoif,lMurvJ (HOW) ygovJ/
aeonf&adS omf oiht f zG0UJ ifwpfO;D pDtm; rdrt d zGt
UJ wGuf toH;k wnhrf nhf
puúLvGwftcsyfMuD; (Newsprint/Flip
Chart)? rmhum(Markers)rsm;? cJwHrsm;? &nfreS ;f csuw
f pfcu k kd jy;D ajrmufatmifjrifatmif pGr;f aqmifEikd o f nhf yifut kd &nftcsi;f ESifh uRr;f usirf rI sm;udk uk, d t
fh zGt
UJ wGuf wd;k wufaumif;rGeaf pvdo k nhf yl;aygif;aqmif&uG rf q
I o kd nfrmS tb,fenf;/ uREykf w f &Ykd UJ t&nf
abmvfyifrsm;/
Superpower onf rdru d ,kd w
f ikd üf ude;f atmif;jzpfwnfaeaMumif; ud, k w f ikd o
f jd rifjcif;onfvnf; t&nftcsi;f rsm;ESifh wpfO;D csi;f pD pGr;f &nfx;l rsm;udk xkwaf zmfajymqdck ikd ;f yg/ tcsi;f rsm;? uRr;f usirf rI sm;udk rQa0toH;k csjcif;onf yl;aygif;
rsm;pGm tusKd ;xl;apygonf/ ¤if;yifut kd odaMumifh ud, k u hf ,
kd uf kd ,HMk unfrt I jynht f 0&Svd mNy;D jy;D aemuftzGw UJ pfzpUJG tD m; “toif;emrnf” udk flipchart ay:wGif aqmif&u G af omudprö sm;udk b,fvakd umif;usKd ;jzpfxeG ;f apvJ/
21 &mpkacwftwGuf tjynhf rnfonht f cuftcJrsKd ;udrk qdk tm;ravsm?h aemufrwGeb Yf J pGr;f tm;tjynhjf zihf &ifqikd Ef ikd af yonf/ a&;cdik ;f jy;D toif;0ifwpfO;D pD\ yifuu kd Rr;f usirf rI sm; ESifh ydrk akd umif;rGef
t0vdktyfaompGrf;&nfrsm;
tzGtUJ pnf;tvdu k f yl;aygif;aqmif&u G af om udp&ö yfrsm;üvnf;? tzGt UJ 0ifrsm;\ xl;jcm;aom apvdo k nhf t&nftcsi;f rsm;udk ¤if;pm&Guaf y:&Sd toif;emrnfatmufwiG f rdryd rkd w
kd ;kd wufjynhpf akH pvdo
k nhf t&nftcsi;f rsm;udk ud, k w
f ikd &f mS azG
21Cs Focus wef;pDa&;cscikd ;f yg/
odvdkpdwf jyif;jyjcif;? tjyeftvSef yifut kd &nftcsi;f rsm;tvdu k f tvkyw f m0efrsm;udk cGaJ 0tyfEiS ;f Edik o
f jzifh tH0ifciG u f sjzpfjy;D owfrw S Ef ikd jf cif;onf bmaMumihyf ;l aygif;vkyaf qmifrt
I wGuf ta&;yg
qufoG,fa&; aumif;rGefjcif;? vkyif ef;&nfreS ;f csurf sm;udk atmifjrifxad &mufpmG taumiftxnfazmfaqmifEikd af yonf/ ygovJ/
yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufwwfjcif;? wDxGifMuHq tqifh (4)
zefwD;EdkifpGrf;&Sdjcif; toif;tzGwUJ pfcpk wifzpUJG nf;aqmif&u
G rf w
I iG f þvky&f yfonf
tu,fí tcsed &f onf&adS omf tcef;twGi;f &Sd yg0ifavhusio hf l wpfO;D pD\
qGo
J m;xm;aom yHrk sm;ESifh ¤if;wd\ Yk Superpower rsm;udk twef;om; bmaMumift
h a&;ygovJ/
tcsi;f csi;f rQa0zvS,cf ikd ;f vku
d yf g/
80 81
uRrf;usifrIrsm;
uREfkyf\ xl;uJjrifUrm;aom pGrf;&nf SKILLSHARE:
s K I l l s I h aV e sKIlls I need
MY SUPERPOWER IS:
( d r aW yo u r s u p e r p oW e r )
82 83
Classroom Canvas wGif wnfaqmufp&mtuGuf (9) ck (Building vkyfaqmifcJhaom avhusifhcef;rsm;udk jyefvnf

Blocks) yg0ifxnho
f iG ;f xm;ygonf/ atmufazmfjyygtpDtpOftwdik ;f oHk;oyf&ef ar;cGef;rsm; (refleCTIVe QuesTIons)
pmoifcef;pepfwckvHk;\yHkjyum;csyf þoifaxmufuyl pön;f udk toH;k csapvdyk gonf/
oihf oif,rl pI epfjyum;csyw f iG f tm;omcsu?f tm;enf;csu?f
CLASSROOM CANVAS*
(1) oif,rl jI zpfajrmuf&eftwGuw
f efz;kd jznfph u
G rf I tcGithf vrf;ESifh jcrd ;f ajcmufru
I kd cGjJ crf;pdwjf zmjyaompepf (SWOT
Analysis) udk toH;k jyKMunhy f g/ þvkyaf qmifcsuu f kd atmufyg
(2) ausmif;om;âusmif;ol trsKd ;tpm;rsm;? ar;cGe;f rsm;tm; jyefvnfo;kH oyfjcif;jzihf vkyaf qmifEikd yf gonf/
(3) oif,pl &m0ef;usi?f oifonf rnfonhaf e&mwGif tm;omcsurf sm;&So d enf;/
oif\ avUvmoifMum;a&;tcef;twGif;&Sd ypönf;tpdwftydkif;rsm;udk em;vnfwwfap&ef oifonf rnfonhaf e&mwGif tm;enf;csurf sm;&So d enf;/
(4) oif,&l efae&m?
oifth &nftaoG;rsm;udk jriS w hf ifEikd &f eftwGuf rnfonhaf e&mwGif
(5) oifMum;a&;taxmuftyH?U tcGit hf vrf;&So
d enf;/
t"duem;vnfxm;&eftcsuf (Essential Understanding) (6) bmom&yf ESifh taMumif;t&mrsm;?
oifah tmifjrifrt I wGuf jcrd ;f ajcmufrI wpfpw kH pf&m &Sad eygovm;/
wynfUrsm;? ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;\ yifudkodpdwf? qifjcifEdkifpGrf;? pdwful;pdwfoef;rsm;ESifU (7) oifMum;a&; enf;vrf;rsm;?

oihf oif,rl pI epfjyum;csyüf rnfonht f &monf ta&;Mu;D ?
ta&;ygqH;k jzpfoenf;/
pmoifcef;twGif; tqufrjywf vkyfaqmifaeaom t&mrsm;tm; aygif;pyfí pmoifcef;ESifU avhvmoif,rl t I wGuf rnfonht f &monf pGr;f &nfrsm;?
(8) tcsed ^f tcsed pf m&if;?
wefz;kd xm;rIrsm;udk trsm;qH;k jznhpf u G &f rnfenf;/
trSefwu,f qufpyfaeaomt&mESifU ¤if;ESifUquffpyfrIr&Sd[k xif&aomt&mrsm;Mum; avhvmoif,rl w I iG f &&Sad om pGr;f &nfrsm;? wefz;kd xm;rIrsm;udk
(9) oif&;kd nTe;f wrf; jy|mef;p&mrsm;/
tqufrjywf vIyf&Sm;aqmif&GufrIwpfckudk qdkvdkygonf/ wd;k jriS &hf eftwGuf rnfonhef nf;AsL;[mrsm;udk toH;k jyKEikd o f enf;/
Classroom Canvas udk oifwpfO;D wnf;u aomfvnf;aumif;?
oif\wynhrf sm;âusmif;om;âusmif;olrsm;ESifh twlaomfvnf;aumif; tu,fí oifh oif,rl pI epfwiG ;f &Sd ae&mwpfcck t k m; ajymif;vJ
oif,l&jcif; &nf&G,fcsuf (lEARNING OBJECTIVE) (odrYk [kw)f tjcm;q&m^q&mrtzGEUJ iS fh aomfvnf;aumif; jyKvyk Ef ikd f vdu
k rf nfqykd gu tjcm;aom pmoifcef; tpdwt f ykid ;f rsm;tm;
cGihfjyKcsdef ygonf/ tu,fí þoifaxmufuyl pön;f udk tzGw UJ pfct k wGi;f rnfoYkd tusKd ;oufa&mufrI &SEd ikd rf nfenf;/ Oyrmtm;jzifh oif\
(60) rdepf rdrw
d Ykd oif,rl jI yKaeonhf pmoifcef;twGi;f &Sd rwlnaD omtpdwt f ydik ;f rsm;udk t"dymÜ ,fazmfaqmifNy;D toH;k csaeonf&adS omf ¤if;udk Mu;D rm;aom puúLcsyMf u;D wpfcak y:odYk ausmif;om;? ausmif;olypkH ?H trsKd ;tpm;udk ajymif;vJvu kd v f Qif
qufpyfprD EH ikd &f ef enf;vrf;rsm;udk em;vnfryI rkd &kd &SEd ikd &f ef jzpfygonf/ oiht f aejzihf Mu;D rm;aom ajymif;a&Tt U oH;k cs&ef tMujH yKcsiyf gonf/ odrYk o S m tzGEUJ iS fh yl;aygif; avhvmoif,&l efae&m odrYk [kwf oifMum;jcif;pepfuo hJ aYkd om
tv,ftvwf um;csyMf u;D udk yxrOD;qH;k t&ifMunhx f m;zdaYk wmh vdt k yfygvdrrhf nf/ aqmif&u G jf cif;? t,ltqtawG;tMurH sm; tjyeftvSezf vS,jf cif;wdu Yk kd tjcm;pmoifcef;&Iaxmifth jriftm; rnho hJf Ykd ajymif;vJEikd rf nfenf;/
ydrk v
kd ,
G uf pl mG aqmif&u G Ef ikd af yrnf/ tu,fí þaqmif&u G rf u
I kd oif\
wpfOD;csif;pDtm; a0ay;&efum;csyf b,fvdkoif,lMurvJ (HOW) wynhrf sm;âusmif;om;âusmif;olrsm; ESifh twlwuG jyKvyk af eonf
(odkYr[kwf) uw¬LpuúLjym; (odkYr[kwf) jzpfaomf twef;om;rsm;udk tzGiUJ ,frsm;zGí UJ ¤if;wdw Yk pfzpUJG t
D m; pm&Guf
puúLvGwf tcsyfMuD; (Newsprint/ (Classroom Canvas) onf ausmif; (odrYk [kw)f ausmif;jyifyrS q&m^q&mrrsm;udk ulnED ikd &f ef tvGwt f csyBf u;D rsm;udk a0iSay;vdu k yf g/ odrYk o S m ¤if;tay:wGif
Canvas Handouts) ta&mifygaom Point B rS zefw;D xm;aom oifaxmufuyl pön;f wpfrsKd ;vnf;jzpfonf/ ¤if;onf ajymif;vJaeonhf Classroom Canvas udk tvG,w f ul qGo J m;Edik af yrnf/ pOf;pm;p&m
uwfjym;rsm;? rmhum(Marker)rsm;?
cJwHrsm;? abmvfyifrsm;/
ywf0ef;usi&f dS pmoifcef;udk vkt d yfovdk rGr;f rHajymif;vJEikd zf Ykd enf;vrf;opfrsm; &SmMuaH omtcg rsm; tvG,w f ulay:vmEdik zf Ykd vrf;p&Edik &f ef ta&mifyg uwfjym;i,frsm;
rsm;pGm taxmuftuljzpfapygonf/ q&m^q&mrrsm;twGuf jrefrmEdik if &H dS jyKjyifajymif;vJrI jzpfpOf toH;k csay;a0 toH;k csapí ¤if;wdt Yk ,ltqrsm;udk xnh0f ifciG &hf &ef
rsm;ESifh ydrk u
kd u
kd n
f aD om pmoiftaetxm;ESifh udu k n f aD om ¤if;wd\ Yk pmoifcef;udk rGr;f rHjyifqif&ef zefw;D ay;yg/
21 &mpkacwftwGuf tjynhf
t0vdktyfaompGrf;&nfrsm; tMurf;zsi;f vsmxm;aomyHpk H (odrYk [kw)f pmoifcef;tMurf;xnfypkH o H pf (Framework) wpfck
21Cs Focus vdtk yfvmygonf/ ¤if;udk tvG,w f ul&,lEikd &f ef Point B rS Classroom Canvas udk yHpk cH s
odvdkpdwf jyif;jyjcif;? tjyeftvSef jyKvyk af y;jy;D q&m^q&mrrsm; tvG,w f ul a0zefyikd ;f jcm;tpDtpOfqEJG ikd &f ef ulncD yhJ gonf/
qufoG,fa&;aumif;rGefjcif;?
yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufjcif;? a0zef
ydkif;jcm;EkdifpGrf;&Sdjcif;? wDxGifMuHq
zefwD;EdkifpGrf;&Sdjcif;/
84 85
M Y C L A S S R O O M C A N VA S
oifwef;^twef;\ trnf
ausmif;om;trsKd ;tpm; bmom&yfeiS t
hf aMumif;t&mrsm; oif,rl jI zpfajrmuf&eftwGuw
f efz;kd jznfph u
G rf I oif,&l efae&m oif,rl 0I ef;usif
rdr&d pUJ moifcef;xJrmS &Sw
d YJ rdr&d pUJ moifcef;xJrmS b,fbmom&yfukd þpmoifcef;u bmYaMumift h a&;ygovJ / rdr&d pUJ moifcef;u b,fvakd e&mrsKd ;? b,fvykd pkH rH sKd ;vJ/ rdr&d pUJ moifcef;u b,fvykd wf0ef;usit
f aetxm;rsKd ;rSm&Sad eovJ
ausmif;om;awGu b,fvakd usmif;om; t"duxm;jy;D oifMum;avhvmovJ/ þpmoifcef;rSm rdr&d UJ ausmif;ol? oifMum;rIenf;vrf;awGukd toH;k jyKeikd o f vJ/ (ausmif;trsKd ;tpm;? vlaerI0ef;usi?f aus;vuf^NrKd U jy?
ausmif;oltrsKd ;tpm;awGv/J olw&Ykd UJ ausmif;om;rsm;u rnfonfw h efz;kd xm;rIawG? qufpyfaomtaMumif;t&mrsm;? pD;yGm;a&;tajctae? ,Ofaus;rI?
aemufct H aMumif;t&mawG? pGr;f &nfawGeYJ todynmA[kow k awGukd bmoma&;? vlrsKd ;? yx0D0iftaetxm; pojzif)h
vdtk yfcsuaf wG? aexdik jf yKryI akH wG? &&Sed ikd rf vJ/
bmompum;awGua&m b,fvrkd sKd ;vJ/
oifMum;rIenf;vrf;rsm; oifMum;a&; taxmuftyHh

rdrpd moifcef;xJrmS b,fvv
kd yI &f mS ;rIeYJ rdrrd mS tjcm;rnfonfh oifMum;a&;
oifMum;rIenf;vrf;awGukd toH;k jyKeikd o f vJ/ taxmuftyHahH wG&o dS vJ/
tcsed ?f tcsed Zf ,m; oif&;kd jyXmef;t&if;tjrpfrsm;

b,ftcsed rf mS twef;povJ? wpfywfrmS b,fEpS Mf urd f twef;&Sv
d /J twef;csed w
f pfcsed ef w
UJ pfcsed Mf um;rSm b,favmufMumovJ/ pmoifcef;rSmrdrt
d aeeJU rnfonfh oif&;kd nTe;f wrf;awG? jyXmef;pmtkyef rUJ 'D ,
D mowif;tcsut
f vufawGukd toH;k jyKaeovJ
86 87
source: PoINT B DesIGN + TrAINING / ADAPTeD FroM BusINess MoDeL cANVAs
uREfkyf\ oif,la&;pepf MY LEARNING SYSTEM
pnf;0dik ;f yHw
k pfcpk t
D wGuf tajz&Smp&m? awG;MupH &mrsm; vrl 0I e;f usif
oif,ljcif;pepf csa&;zdYk ta&mifyg uwfjym;i,frsm;udk tzGo
a0iSxm;ay;yg/ aqmif&u G yf rkH sm;rSm -
UJ m;rsm;tm;
LEARNING SYSTEM (1) “uREykf wf \

Ykd oif,al &;pepfu@wpfcpk w
D iG f
(pmoifcef;? ausmif;? vlr0I ef;usi)f rnfonhf ukeMf urf;
ausmi;f
(odrYk [kw)f avhvmp&m t&if;tjrpf &Syd govJ” [laom
ar;cGe;f twGuf tajzrsm;? t,ltqrsm;udk a&;om;&ef
oif\ avhvmoif,lrIpepfudk ajryHkqGJ&ef tjyma&mifuwfjym; rsm;udk toH;k csyg/ pmoicf e;f
(2) “uREykf w
f Ykd oif,al &;pepf\ u@wpfcpk t D wGuf
nTeMf um;rIay;Edik &f ef (odrYk [kw)f tultnD ay;Edik &f ef
t"duem;vnfxm;&eftcsuf (Essential Understanding) MoZmtmPm&So d l (pmoifcef;? ausmif;? vlr0I ef;usi)f
tjzpf rnfou Yl kd odxm;ygovJ/” [laom ar;cGe;f
oif,ljcif;pepfwpfckonf pmoifcef;wpfckü tpjyKonf/ pmoifcef;wpfckonf twGuf t,ltqrsm;? tajzrsm;rSwo f m;&ef
ausmif;wpfausmif;wGif wnf&Sdonf/ wpfzef ausmif;wpfausmif;onf t0ga&mifuwfjym;rsm;udk toH;k csyg/
vlae0ef;usifwpfcktwGif;ü jzpfwnfygonf/ (3) “uREykf w

f Ykd oif,al &;pepf&dS u@wpfcpk w D iG f
&ifqikd &f onhf (pmoifcef;? ausmif;? vlr0I ef;usi)f
tMu;D rm;qH;k pdeaf c:rI 3-5 &yfukd azmfjyyg/” qdak om
ar;cGe;f twGuf oifw\ Ykd tajzrsm;udk a&;rSw&f ef
oif,l&jcif; &nf&G,fcsuf (LEARNING OBJECTIVE) teDa&mifuwfjym;rsm;udk toH;k csyg/
cGihfjyKcsdef
(60) rdepf oif,jl cif;pepfwpfctk wGi;f &Sd yg0ifywfoufaeaom vlrsm;? oif,pl &mt&if;tjrpfrsm;? (4) “uREykf wf Ykd oif,al &;pepf&dS u@wpfcpk w D iG f
MuHKEdkifonhfcufcJrI tcGit
hf vrf;rsm;? pdeaf c:rIrsm;wdYk ydrk ekd m;vnfoabmaygufvmap&ef &Edik o
f nhf (pmoifcef;? ausmif;? vlr0I ef;usi)f
tv,ftvwf tMu;D rm;qH;k tcGit fh vrf; (3) ck (odrYk [kw)f 5ckukd
taxmuftuljyKypönf;rsm; b,fvdkoif,lMurvJ (HOW) azmfjyyg/” [laom ar;cGe;f twGuf tajzxkwx f m;onhf
uREfkyf\ oif,la&;pepfacgif;pOfyg vuf ,lqcsurf sm; csa&;&ef tpdr;f a&mifuwfjym;rsm;udk
urf; pmapmif (My Learning System oifonf þvkyaf qmifcsuu f kd tjcm;q&m^q&mrrsm; (od)Yk yg0ifavhusio hf t
l zGo UJ m;rsm;ESifh toH;k jyKyg/ vkyaf qmifcahJ om avhusichf ef;rsm;udk jyefvnf
Handout)odkYr[kwf oif,ljcif;pepfjyKvkyf twlwuG vkyaf qmifEidk yf gonf/ tu,fí vlta&twGurf sm;aevQif 3-5 a,mufygaom
zefwD;jcif; acgif;pOfyg owif;pmcsyft&G,f&Sd
tzGiUJ ,frsm; zGv kd yf g/ Flip Chart ac: pm&GuBf u;D wpfct
UJ u k ay:wGif A[dw
k t
l 0dik ;f Bu;D (3)ck yHu k kd
oH;k oyf&efar;cGe;f rsm; (REFlECTIVE QUEsTIONs)
puúLcsyfMuD;? a&mifpHkuwfjym;rsm;? rmhumrsm;
(Markers)? cJwHrsm;? abmvfyifrsm;/ qGí
J nmbufwiG f jyxm;ouJo h Ykd t0dik ;f wpfcu
k kd emrnfwpfcw
k yfyg/
þoif,al &;pepftajcjyum;csyo f nf yg0ifavhusio
hf t l zGo
UJ m;rsm;\
21 &mpkacwftwGuf tjynhf twGi;f bufpnf;0dik ;f udk “pmoifcef;” [k trnfay;í pwifyg/ pnf;0dik ;f wpfcpk t D wGuf oif,al &;tawGt
U MuKH ydrk w
kd ;kd wufvmap&ef rnfuo hJ Ykd
t0vdktyfaompGrf;&nfrsm; taxmuftuljyKoenf;/
21Cs Focus 7-10 rdepfcefY tcsed ,f El ikd yf gonf/ xdaYk emuf twGi;f pnf;0dik ;f rSonf tv,fpnf;0dik ;f ?
&SifoefMuD;xGm;aompdwf&Sdjcif;? wefzdk;xm; ¤if;rSonf tjyifpnf;0dik ;f odYk a&T U í aqmif&u G yf g/
wwfjcif;? vufawGUprf;oyfaqmif&Gufwwfjcif;? aemuf (3) vMumvQif rnfonhv f yI &f mS ;aqmif&u
G rf I ESpcf ?k
pepfwcktm; jcHKiHkoHk;oyfjcif; oH;k ckavmufukd uREykf w
f Ykd trSew
f u,f jzpfapcsiyf govJ/
odvkdpdwfjyif;jyjcif;? tjyeftvSefqufqHa&; bmaMumifv h /J b,fvakd Mumifv h /J
aumif;rGefjcif;? yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufjcif;?
a0zefydkif;jcm; EdkifpGrf;&Sdjcif;? wDxGifMuHq
zefwD;EdkifpGrf;&Sdjcif;/ xdo
k jYkd zpfymG ;atmif uREykf w
f Ykd bmvkyx
f m;&ef vdt
k yfygoenf;/
88 89
olwpfyg;tm; pmemem;vnfEdkif&ef twGif;ususavUvmjcif; pmoifcef;wpfck\ouf0ifvIyf&Sm;rIudk ajc&mcHapmifUMunfUjcif; (SHADOW A CLASSROOM)
IMMERSION “oifa
h usmif;&Sd
ausmif;om;âusmif;ol (odrYk [kw)f rdrw
taetxm;wGif cPwm0ifa&mufcpH m;Munhv
d ynhw f pfO;D ae&m
f Qif b,fvjkd zpfaernfenf;/”
bmud&k mS azG&rSmvJ...
• bmvJ (What) - ausmif;om;âusmif;olrsm; bmvkyaf e
MuovJ/ q&m^q&mr bmvkyaf eygovJ/ bmu
þaqmif&u G rf rI sKd ;udk tjcm;q&m^q&mrrsm;ESiv fh nf; yl;aygif;aqmif&u G f
oifph ;l prf;vdpk w
d u
f kd zswu
f eJ Ed;I qGvukd w
f mvJ/
wynfUrsm;\ avUvmoif,laerItawGYtMuHKay:wGif pmemem;vnfEdkifap&ef Edik yf gonf/ þvufawGpU rf;oyfcsurf sKd ;udk pdwt f m;xufoefpmG 0ifa&muf
• b,fvv kd J (How) - olwYkd b,fvadk qmif&u G af eMuvJ/
qifEEJT ikd af om q&m^q&mrwpfO;D OD;(odrYk [kw)f q&m^q&mrwpfzu UJG &kd mS yg/
xl;xl;jcm;jcm;tjyKtrIrsm;? t&m0w¬Krsm; wpfcck &k o dS vm;/
tcsed t f wdik ;f twmwpfct k xd tjcm;q&m^q&mrwpfO;D pmoifaeonf
• bmaMumifv h J (Why) - olwb Ykd maMumif'h v
D v
kd yk af qmifaeMuwmvJ/
udk tao;pdwt f uJcwfciG &fh Edik rf nhf pmoifcef;wpfcuk kd a&G;cs,qf ;kH jzwfyg/
• 21 &mpkacwfprG ;f &nfrsm; (21st Century) ESifh yifrpGr;f &nfig;&yf
t"duem;vnfxm;&eftcsuf (Essential Understanding) xdok aYkd vhvmpl;prf; (Shadowing) vky&f rnhaf eYwiG f twef;om;rsm; (5Cs)- pmoifcef;xJrmS 21 &mpkacwf pGr;f &nfrsm;xJrS bmawGukd
em;vnfpmemrI&Sdjcif;onf 21 &mpkoif,ljcif;pepf\ yifrtoufaoG;aMumjzpfonf/ pmoifcef;xJoYkd 0ifa&mufyrkH S tpjyKavhvmEkid &f ef xdt k wef;odYk toH;k csaewmvJ/ ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;onf yifrpGr;f &nf
tenf;i,fMuKd a&mufEiS afh e&ef MuKd ;pm;yg/ nmbuf&dS abmifcwfxm; ig;&yf (5Cs) xJu bmuRr;f usirf I (od)Yk pGr;f &nfukd toH;k cs
Immersion onf ausmif;om;âusmif;olrsm;? q&m^q&mrrsm;wdkh bmawGudk odjrifcHpm; aomtuGux f wJ iG f wef;pDazmfjyxm;onht f wdik ;f aqmif&u
G Ef ikd &f ef aewmvJ/ Ny;D awmh b,fvt kd oH;k csaewmvJ/
&So
d rQtm&Hrk sm;udk tpGr;f ukef toH;k csp;l pdu
k xf m;yg/
awGY BuHKcJU&ovJqdkonfudk twGif;ususem;vnfoabmaygufEdkif&ef ¤if;wdkhae&modkY
0ifa&mufcHpm;MunfUjcif; jzpfonf/ odY krSomvQif 21 &mpkacwf\ bufpHkpGrf;&nfzGH hNzdK;rIrsm;
tvm;tvmaumif;ayrnf/ em;vnfpmempdwfjrifUrm;atmif ausmif;om;âusmif;olwpfOD;tm; tao;pdwf
awGYqHkar;jref;jcif; (INTERVIEW A STUDENT FOR EMPATHY)
cGihfjyKcsdef uREykf \
f emrnfrmS jzpfNy;D uREykf u
f oihu f kd rdepf qd&k if tJ'tD jzpftysuw
f pfcak vmufajymjyEdik yf govm;/ bmaMumifh
q&m^q&mrwpfOt D aejzihf rdr\
d wynhrf sm;oif,&l m ywf0ef;usit f aetxm; (qdv k o
kd nfrmS
(60) rdepf
pmoifcef;? ausmif;? aetdr?f vlr0I ef;usi)f ESifh ¤if;wdt
Yk aejzihf MuKH awGtU ajctaersm;udk ydrk ekd m;vnf (20) avmuf ar;jref;aqG;aEG;p&m&Syd gw,f/ taMumif;t&if;uawmh 'Dvjkd zpf&wmvJ/
MuHKEdkifonhfcufcJrI oabmaygufr&I adS p&ef/ (vkyif ef;cGiw
f iG )f tjynhtf 0tm&Hk pl;pdu k af qmif&u G jf cif; (Immersion) jrefrmhval erIpepfxrJ mS aumif;pGm&Siof efatmifjrifzYkd ydrk w kd ;kd wufvmatmif
tv,ftvwf onf rdrad usmif;om;âusmif;olrsm; (odrYk [kw)f wynhrf sm;\ tusyt f wnf;rsm;udk tao;pdwf jyifqifay;Edik rf nhf enf;vrf;aumif;rsm;udk em;vnfzYkd MuKd ;pm;aevdyYk g/ b,ftcsed rf mS oif,&l wm tm;&auseyfw,f? tqifajyw,fvYdk
taxmuftuljyKypönf;rsm; pmemrdNy;D oif,al &;pepftwGi;f tjyeftvSeq f ufpyfrrI sm;jzihf &SmazG&efEiS fh tawGt U MuKH ydrk sm;vm tu,fí uREykf o f nf oifuh kd awGq
U akH r;jref;vQif tqifajyygrnfvm;/ cHpm;&vJ/ bmaMumihv f /J
yg0ifavhusifholrsm;tm; a0ay;p&m ap&ef cdik v
f w
kH u
d saom enf;vrf;&SmazG&efvrf;prsm;udk jrifomaponf/
um;csyfrsm; (odkYr[kwf) Flipchart ac: uREykf t
f aeeJU 'Dvakd vhvmawG&cdS surf sm;udk uREykf w f Ykd ausmif;&Sd q&m^ b,ftcsed ^f b,fae&m^ b,fvekd nf;vrf;eJY oif oif,al vhvmaewJh
puúLt&GufBuD;rsm;? ta&mifyguwfjym;rsm;? q&mrrsm;udv k nf; ajymjyygOD;rnf/ odrYk o S mvQif 21 &mpkacwf taMumif;t&m[m - vufawGu U rÇmeJY tcsw
d t
f qufro
d mG ;ovJ/ Ny;D awmh
cJwHrsm;? abmvfyifrsm;/ b,fvdkoif,lMurvJ (HOW) oifMum;a&;ESifh oif,al &;pepfrsm;udk ydrk t kd qihjf rihaf tmif uREykf w
f Ykd b,ftcsed rf mS tquftpyfjywfomG ;vJ/
21 &mpkacwftwGuf tjynhft0 Immersion udk tao;pdwa f vhvmpl;prf;rIEiS fh twGi;f ususawGq U akH r;jref;jcif;rsm; jyKvyk jf cif;jzifh twlwuG yl;aygif;aqmif&u G Ef ikd yf gvdrrhf nf/ oifa&mtqifajyyghrvm;/
vdktyfaom pGrf;&nfrsm; oif&h t
UJ em*wfrmS atmifjrifBu;D yGm;zdt
Yk wGuf oift h aejzifh b,fprG ;f &nfrsKd ;?
avhusiEhf ikd yf gonf/ tao;pdwaf vhvmpl;prf;Edik &f ef Beginner’s Mind (pwifoif,o l \
l
21Cs Focus oif&h ZUJ mwfvrf;uyJ pvdu
k &f atmifaemf/ uREykf u
f kd oift
h aMumif; b,fuRr;f usirf rI sKd ;u oiht
f wGuf ta&;Bu;D qH;k jzpfygovJ/
pdwx f m;rsKd ;)udk toH;k csí rdrpd moifcef;twGi;f (odrYk [kw)f ausmif;twGi;f rnfonht f a&;udprö sm;
odvdkpdwf jyif;jyjcif;? tjyeftvSef tenf;i,f ajymjyapvdyk gw,f/
qufoG,fa&;aumif;rGefjcif;? yl;aygif; trSew f u,f jzpfay:aeonfukd pl;prf;qifjcifNy;D avhusiEhf ikd yf gonf/ 21 &mpkEpS f tjrifukd tJ't D &nftcsi;f awGukd b,ftcsed rf mS ? b,fvekd nf;eJU avhvmoif,l
aqmif&Gufjcif;? ydkif;jcm;a0zefEdkifpGrf;&Sdjcif;? toH;k csí yl;aygif;aqmif&u G jf cif;ESifh tjyeftvSeq f ufqaH &; aumif;rGejf cif; ponhf 21 &mpk cJyh govJ/
wDxGifMuHq zefwD;EdkifpGrf;&Sdjcif;/ uREykf w
f Ykd ausmif;u ausmif;om;wpfa,muftaejzifh oif
pGr;f &nfrsm;yg0ifaom t*Fg&yfrsKd ; rdrt d wef;wGif trSew f u,f&o dS vm;qdo k nfukd pwif&mS azG
BuKH awGU cJ&h wmav;awGukd ajymjyEdik rf nfvm;/ b,fvckd pH m;&ygovJ/
Edik yf gonf/ rdrw d ynhrf sm;\ tawGt U BuKH rsm;? oabmxm;rsm;? b0tdyrf ufrsm;? vdt k yfcsurf sm;udk uREykf wf aYkd usmif;rSm&Sw
d hJ q&m^q&mrawGeYJ refae*smrsm;ESifh ywfoufNy;D
em;vnfzBYkd uKd ;pm;Ny;D Empathy jrihrf m;atmif avhusiEhf ikd &f ef ¤if;wynhrf sm;ESifh tao;pdwf oif,rl t
I ydik ;f rSm oifbmudk oabmtwGq
U ;kH vJ/ bmxl;jcm;vJ/ oifrh mS tjcm;t,ltqawG (odrYk [kw)f a0zeftMujH yKcsiw f mrsKd ;a&m &Syd g
awGq U akH r;jref;jcif;rsm; jyKvyk &f ayrnf/twGi;f bufpnf;0dik ;f udk “pmoifcef;”[k trnfay;ípwifyg/ ovm;/
pnf;0dik ;f wpfcpk t D wGuf 7-10 rdepfcefY tcsed , f El ikd yf gonf/ xdaYk emuf twGi;f pnf;0dik ;f rSonf twef;xJrmS oiftqifrajywm? pd;k &dr&f wm? Ni;D aiGw
U mrsKd ;jzpfczhJ ;l w,f
tv,fpnf;0dik ;f ? ¤if;rSonf tjyifpnf;0dik ;f odaYk &TU í aqmif&u G yf g/
90 91
avhvmpl;prf;rIrsm;
olwpfyg;tm; udk,fcsif;pmem;vnf&ef twGif;ususavhvmjcif;qdkif&mrSwfpkrsm;

IMMERSION NOTES
atmufazmfjyygae&mwGif tifwmAsL;ESihf tao;pdwfavhvmpl;prf;rI rSwfpkrsm;udk a&;yg/
“---------------------
“
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“---------------------
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pdw0f ifpm;zG,f tcuftcJrsm; tcGit

hf vrf;rsm; tjyeftvSef tMuOH mPfrsm; eufepJ mG oabmayguf
aumif;aom pum;pkrsm; qufpyfrrI sm; em;vnfjcif;
tifwmAsL;rSwfpkrsm;
92 93
okawoetcsuftvufrsm;wGif t"dyÜm,f&SmazGjcif; oif\ okawoejyK oif,jl cif;tjzpfukd tcGit fh vrf;aumif;rsm;tjzpfoYkd aemufq;kH taejzifh oifah usmif;&Sd ausmif;om;âusmif;olrsm; oif,rl I
FINDING MEANING
ajymif;vJ&,l&ef þ Worksheet (ajzqd&k rnhf ar;cGe;f rsm;ESit fh wl tawGt U MuKH &ifu h suw
f ;kd wufap&ef bmtcGit hf a&;rsKd ;? bmt,ltqrsKd ;udk
ajz&ef ae&mvGwyf g &du k Ef ydS xf m;ay;aompm&Gu)f udk toH;k csyg/ oif&mS awGo U mG ;ygovJ/ oif,al &;pepfukd 21 &mpk pGr;f &nfrsm;odYk OD;wnf
oifavhvmpl;prf;cJah om pmoifcef;tajctaersm;ESifh ausmif;om;^ ajymif;vJEikd &f ef rnfonht f ao;pm; aqmif&u G rf rI sKd ; (wEdik w
f ydik f
IN RESEARCH DATA ausmif;olrsm;ESifh jyKvyk cf ahJ om awGq

tcsurf sm;udk pwifa&;csvu
onf rnfonht
U akH r;jref;cef;rS ta&;Bu;D qH;k
kd yf g/ xdak emuf þavhvmoif,cl o
f "dymÜ ,faqmifoenf;[k awG;yg/ oifavhvmoif,l
hJ nfrsm;
aqmif&u G rf )I udk wm0ef,al qmif&u G cf siyf govJ/
cJo
h nfrsm;rS odomaom xl;jcm;rI wpfpw kH pf&mudk awGyU govm;/
tcGifUtvrf;rsm;udk &Smwwfap&ef

ausmif;om;âusmif;olrsm;tm; tao;pdwfavUvmqufoG,faqmif&Gufjcif;onf oif,la&;pepfü
oif,al vhvmcJah omt&mrsm; tjyeftvSef qufpyfrI tcGit
hf vrf;
21 &mpkpGrf;&nfrsm;aygif;pyftoHk;cs&eftwGuf aumif;usdK;jzpfxGef;aponfU enf;vrf;jzpfygonf/ lEARNINGs INTERPRETATION OPPORTUNITY
oifah usmif;&Sd ausmif;om;^ bmaMumihf þuJo h Ykd jzpfysuaf e&ygovJ/ avhvmoif,&l mwGif wd;k wufajymif;vJ
ausmif;olrsm;udk teD;uyfapmihMf unhf þavhvmoif,cl o hJ nfrsm;onf Edik af om enf;vrf;rsm; odrYk [kwf
avhvmjcif;tjzpfEiS fh ¤if;wdEYk iS afh wGU rnfonfukd qdv k o kd nf[k oifxif ygovJ? tMuOH mPftopfrsm; oifrh mS &So d vm;/
oif,l&jcif;&nf&G,fcsuf (lEARNING OBJECTIVE) qHak r;jref;cJo
h nhf tjzpfrsm;xJrS oif? oif,jl cif;pepfukd ydrk kd
cGihfjyKcsdef oifbmawGukd avhvmoif,cl yhJ govJ/ wd;k wufaumif;rGeaf ponhf bmtMuo H pf?
(60) rdepf Immersion Practice (vkyif ef;cGit
f wGi;f qufpyf&mtjzpftysurf sm;udk - ud, k wf ikd t
f ao;pdwf bmenf;vrf;awGrsm; oifrh mS &Syd govJ/
MuHKEdkifonhfcufcJrI pl;prf;avhvmjcif;tavhtx) aqmif&u G Nf y;D pD;Ny;D aemuf uREykf w f Ykd avhvmod&cdS &hJ aom awG&U cdS surf sm;
tv,ftvwf udk jyefvnfo;kH oyf&ef - (qdv k o
kd nfrmS pmempdwjf zpfxeG ;f &ef ausmif;om;âusmif;olwpfO;D tm;
awGq U akH r;jref;rSwo f m;jcif;ESifh pmoifcef;wpfc\ k ouf0ifvyI &f mS ;rIukd apmifMh unht f uJcwfjcif;)?
avhvmawG&U cdS surf sm;udk jyefawG;Edik zf ?Ykd avhvmawG&U cdS surf sm;tay: uREykf w f \Ykd xifjrifcsurf sm;udk
tao;pdwfavhvmpl;prf;rIavhvm&ef
oifaxmufulypönf; (Observation
&&Szd EYkd iS fh ausmif; (odrYk [kw
k )f vlr0I ef;usiw f iG f yg0ifavhusio hf rl sm; tawGt
U BuKH &ifu h su&f ef
Practice Tool)? rmhumrsm;(Markers)? tcGit fh vrf;aumif;awG &SmazGawG&U zdS t Ykd wGuf tcsed t f wdik ;f twmwpfck vdt k yfygonf/
cJwHrsm;ESihf abmvfyifrsm;/
21 &mpkacwftwGuf tjynhft0 b,fvdkoif,lMurvJ (HOW)
vdktyfaom pGrf;&nfrsm;
21Cs Focus pmrsuEf mS \ nmbufaxmif&h dS òefMum;csurf sm;udk vdu k ef myg/ rnfonht f &mrsm; avhvmrSwo
f m;
&SifoefMuD;xGm;aompdwf&Sdjcif;? cJo
h nfrsm;udk jyefawG;&ef rdr\d Immersion Notes udk jyefzwfyg/ xdaYk Mumifv h nf;yJ Immersion
wefzdk;xm;wwfjcif;? vufawGUprf;oyfrI Practice udk usio hf ;kH pOfumvü jrifawGo U rQ? Mum;odorQwu Ykd kd twdtus? taotcsm a&;rSwf
vkyfaqmifwwfjcif;? pepfwcktm;
jcHKiHkoHk;oyfjcif;odvdkpdwfjyif;jyjcif;? xm;&ef ta&;Bu;D vSygonf/ odrYk o S mvQif qufvufaqmif&u G af om oif\ okawoeqdik &f m
ydkif;jcm;a0efEdkifpGrf;&Sdjcif;? tawG;opf tcsut f vufrsm; &SmazGEikd &f ef ydrk v
kd ,
G u
f al yvdrrhf nf/
wDxGifMuHq zefwD;EdkifpGrf;&Sdjcif;?
tjyeftvSefqufqHa&; aumif;rGefjcif;/
source: sTANForD D.schooL (shADowAsTuDeNT.orG)

94 95
21&mpkpGrf;&nfrsm; usGrf;usifrSkrsm;tajcjyZ,m;
21ST CENTURY SKILLS MATRIX
21 &mpkacwf avhvmoif,la&;tpGrf;tprsm;udk b,fvdkem;vnfxm;ovJ/

oifUpmoifcef;rSm b,fvdkoHk;aeovJ/
5Cs (pGr;f &nfig;&yf) wpfcpk tD wGuf (odvpkd w d jf yif;jyjcif;? a0zefyikd ;f jcm; tu,fí oifonf Skills Matrix udk owif;pmcsyt f &G,pf uúLay:ü
t"duem;vnfxm;&eftcsuf (Essential Understanding) Edik pf rG ;f &Sjd cif;? tawG;opf tBuo H pfrsm; zefw;D jcif;? yl;aygif;aqmif&u G f vlta&twGuf cyfrsm;rsm;jzihf jyKvyk af evQif tajzrsm;udk ta&mifyg
rMumcPqdkovdkyif q&m^q&mrwpfOD;onf 21 &mpkpGrf;&nfrsm;? uRrf;usifrIrsm;udk ¤if;\ jcif;ESifh tjyeftvSeq f ufo, G af &;aumif;rGejf cif;) Yk awG;tjrifukd Matrix ay: ü
uwfjym;wpfcpk üD csa&;ckid ;f Ny;D ¤if;wdt
atmufazmfjyygar;cGe;f rsm;twGuf tajz&SmNy;D jznhpf u G af y;yg/ ¤if;wdrYk mS - azmfjycdik ;f yg/
pmoifcef;wGif bufpHktoHk;csavUusifUay;aeaomtjzpfrsm;vnf; &Sdygonf/ þtjzpfrsm;udk
(1) 21 &mpkacwftwGuf vdt k yfaompGr;f &nfrsm;teufwpfc)k vkyfaqmifcJhaom avhusifhcef;rsm;udk jyefvnf
azmfxkwfjyD; 21 &mpkacwf oif,lrI tawGYtMuHKaumif; ydkrdkwdk;wufaumif;rGefaponhf ¤if;onfbmvJ/ ¤if;pGr;f &nf\t"dymÜ ,fukd oifwwfEidk o f rQ oHk;oyf&ef ar;cGef;rsm; (REFlECTION)
cdkifrmonfU tajccHaumif;rsm;tjzpf pwiftoHk;csa&SYqufvSrf;Edkif&ef jzpfonf/ enf;vrf;rsm;jzifh (oift
h jrifjzih)f wduspmG zGiq
fh o
kd wfrw
S af y;yg/
xdk Matrix udk tNy;D owf aqmif&u G Nf y;D csed w
f iG f atmufazmfjyyg
(2) ¤if;onf bmaMumift h a&;ygovJ/ xdpk rG ;f &nfrsm;onf yg0if ar;cGe;f rsm;udk tzG0UJ ifwpfO;D pDEiS fh aqG;aEG;yg/ ¤if;wdrYk mS -
avhusio hf rl sm;udk tem*wfü rnfoYkd tusKd ;jyKun l ED ikd pf rG ;f &Syd u
kH kd
cGihfjyKcsdef
azmfjyyg/ ¤if;wdo Yk nf pGr;f &nfûRr;f usirf I wpf&yfpu D kd ¤if;wd\ Yk • oifph moifcef;rSm 21 &mpkacwf pGr;f &nfûRr;f usirf u
I kd
(60) rdepf q&m^q&mrrsm;taejzifh 21 &mpkprG ;f &nfrsm;udk rnfrQo&d x dS m;aMumif; pmoifcef;ü rnfrQ toH;k cs tvkycf iG ?f b0ESiv fh rl 0I ef;usirf sm;wGif b,fvt kd oH;k csMurvJ/ toH;k csaeaomtjzpfukd ydrk w
kd ;kd wufatmif b,fvv kd yk rf vJ/
xm;aMumif; ¤if;wdu Yk , kd w f ikd f jyefvnftuJjzwff odjrifEikd zf Ykd ulnED ikd &f ef jzpfygonf/ 21 &mpk Skills
Matrix Tool onf 21 &mpkacwf pGr;f &nfrsm;ûRr;f usir f rI sm;teuf q&m^q&mrsm;taejzihf (3) oifMum;a&;enf;pepfrsm; / / yg0ifavhusio hf tl zGo
UJ m;rsm;udk • ,cktcgrSm oifawG&U &dS wJh ¤if;wdEYk iS fh ywfoufonhf tm;omcsuf
tv,ftvwf
rnfonhpf rG ;f &nhkdf ydrk w kd ;kd wufaumif;rGeaf tmif ajrawmifajrmS ufay;edik zf Ykd pOf;pm;a&G;cs,Ef ikd &f ef taxmuftyhjH yKEikd o f nhf oifMum;a&; pepfrsm;? enf;vrf;tm;vH;k rsm;ESifh tm;enf;csuf (od)Yk cRw,
f iG ;f csurf sm;udk azmfjyyg/
taxmuftuljyKypönf;rsm; nTejf yay;Edik af om pHEeI ;f jy ayMuKd ;yif jzpfonf/ odrYk o S m q&m^q&mrrsm;\ yifupkd rG ;f &nfrsm;ESifh udk a&;csvu kd yf g/ q&m^q&mrrsm;taejzihf xyfrt H oH;k csEikd af om
tao;pdwfavhvmpl;prf;rI avhusihf&ef Tool?
tjyKtrlypkH rH sm; oabmxm;rsm;udk (toH;k wnhrf nfqykd gu) ¤if; • pmoifcef;twGi;f wGif yg0ifavhusio hf ^l wynhrf sm;u 5Cs udk
rmhumrsm;(Markers)? cJwHrsm;? tm;jznhaf vhusix hf m;aom pGr;f &nfrsm; yl;aygif;Ny;D 21 &mpkacwf pGr;f &nfrsm;udk tvsit f jref
pGr;f &nfwpfcpk oD Ykd xyfraH ygif;xnhaf vhusiyhf g/ toH;k csoif,al evQif ydrk jkd ynhpf rkH &I adS tmif oifb,fvu kd n
l ED ikd rf vJ/
abmvfyifrsm;/ tjynht f 0 toH;k csciG &fh &Sad yrnf/
21 &mpkacwftwGuf tjynhft0 • oifO;D wnfcsux f m; avQmufvrS ;f &mvrf;rSm twm;tqD;jzpfapwJh
vdktyfaom pGrf;&nfrsm; b,fvdkoif,lMurvJ (HOW) (4) ausmif;om;âusmif;olrsm; ¤if;wd\ Yk uRr;f usirf u
I kd wpfpw
kH pf&mrsm; &Syd govm;/
21Cs Focus tpGr;f jyyH/k / yg0ifavhusio hf rl sm;onf ¤if;wd\ Yk
odvdkpdwfjyif;jyjcif;? ydkif;jcm;a0zefEdkifpGrf;&Sdjcif;? þ Matrix Tool udk oif\ oif,rl pI epfrS q&m^ q&mrrsm;ESifh yg0ifavhusio fh rl sm; tm;vH;k uRr;f usiyf ikd Ef ikd rf u
I kd toH;k csjyaomf ¤if;wdt Yk oH;k jyKaom • 21 &mpk oif,rl u I kd ydrk w
kd ;kd wufaponhf twef;wGi;f ? ausmif;wGi;f
wDxGifMuHq zefwD;EdkifpGrf;&Sdjcif;? jyKvyk Ef ikd Mf uygonf/ tu,fí vlta&twGurf sm;aevQif 3-5 OD;pDygaom tzGiUJ ,frsm; zGí UJ enf;vrf;rsm;udk &SmazGazmfxw k yf g/ þjzpf&yfonf rcufyg/ oif&h UJ vIy&f mS ;aqmif&uG rf I 2-3ckukd azmfjf yyg/
yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufjcif;? orm"dtm;aumif;
atmif avhusifhjcif;? atmifjrifMuD;yGm;vdk
wpfzpUJG t D m; “C” (pGr;f &nfwpfcpk u D kd ud,k pf m;jyKaom pmvH;k tp) wpfcak y;yg/ owif;pmcsyBf u;D yg0ifavhusio fh w l pfO;D u tavhtvmjyK avhusiafh eaom
pdwf&Sdjcif;? em;vnfpmempdwf&Sdjcif;? yHpk pH m&Guf tvGwaf y:wGif 21st Century Skills Matrix udk qGo J m;&ef wdu
k w
f eG ;f yg/ tu,fí pGr;f &nfukd oifb,fvo dk Ed ikd rf vJ/ Performance Indicator
vufawGUprf;oyfaqmif&Gufwwfjcif;? ydrk Bkd u;D rm;aom pm&Gut f csyBf u;D udk vdck siyf gvQif ¤if;pm&Gucf syBf u;D rsm;udk 4-6&Gut f xd wdwjf zifh qdok nfrmS tb,fenf;/ (vkyaf qmifrrI sm;udk tuJjzwf&ef
pepfwcktm; jcHKiHkoHk;oyfjcif; uyfí toH;k jyKEikd yf gonf/ tu,fí þvkyaf qmifru I kd oifwpfO;D wnf; jyKvyk o f nf &Sad omf? toH;k csaom pHcsed pf n H eT ;f )
a0iSxm;ay;aom Handout pmrsuef mS rsm;udk toH;k jyKEikd yf gonf/
96 97
sT
C E N T U R Y pGrf;&nfrsm;^ uRrf;usifrIrsm; tajcjy Z,m;^ Z,m;uGuf 21 &mpkacwfumv? pGrf;&nfjynfU0 q&m? q&mr
21 &mpk pGrf;&nf ¤if;pGrf;&nfrSm tb,fenf;/ ¤if;onf bmaMumihfta&;ygovJ/ oifMum;a&;enf;pepfrsm; ausmif;om;âusmif;olrsm; ¤if;wdkY\uRrf;usifrIudk azmfjyyHk
¤if;pGr;f &nf\ t"dymÜ ,fukd oifwwfEikd o f rQ yg0ifavhusio fh rl sm;\ tem*wfü rnfoYkd tusKd ;jyK ulnD q&m? q&mrtaejzifh yg0ifavhusio hf t l zGo UJ m;rsm;udk taxmuftyHjh yKEikd o
f nfh oifMum;a&; yg0ifavhusio hf rl sm;onf ¤if;wd\Yk uRr;f usiyf ikd Ef ikd rf u
I kd toH;k csjyaomf ¤if;wdt
Yk oH;k jyKaom
enf;vrf;rsm;jzifh wduspmG zGiq
fh o
kd wfrf w
S af y;yg/ Edik pf rG ;f &Syd u
kH kd azmfjyí ¤if;wdYk tvkycf iG ?f b0eSifh vlr0I ef;usif enf;pepfrsm;? enf;vrf;rsm;? tjyKtrlypkH rH sm;? oabmxm;rsm;udk a&;csyg/ enf;vrf;rsm;udk &SmazGazmfxw k yf g/ vkyaf qmifrrI sm;udk tuJjzwf&ef toH;k csaom EdiI ;f ,SOpf &m
rsm;wGif xdpk rG ;f &nfrsm;udk rnfuo hJ Ykd toH;k csMurnfenf;/ pHcsed pf n
H eT ;f rsm;rSm tb,fenf;/
t&m&mudk pl;prf;odjrifvdkpdwf&Sdjcif;
wDxGifMuHq zefwD;EdkifpGrf;&Sdjcif;
a0zefydkif;jcm;EdkifpGrf;&Sdjcif;
yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufjcif;
tjyeftvSefqufoG,fa&;om;
ajymqdkjcif;
98 source: PoINT B DesIGN + TrAINING
99
sT
q&m^q&mrrsm;twGuf pGrf;&nfrsm;ûRrf;usifrIrsm;
wnfaqmufay;jcif;
SKILLS-BUILDING FOR TEACHERS
þtcef;u@wGi?f q&m^q&mrrsm;taejzihf ¤if;wd\ Yk pmoifcef;wGif 21 þu@wGif q&m^q&mrrsm;avhvmrSwo f m;&rnfrsm;rSm -
&mpkacwfprG ;f &nfrsm;udk avhusio hf ifMum;ay;aepOf r&Srd jzpfvt kd yf aom (1) pmoifcef;twGi;f pDrcH efcY aJG qmif&u G rf I jzpfpOf
pGrf;&nfrsm;^ tajccHord wS zf ,
G &f mrsm;? uRr;f usirf rI sm;^ pGr;f &nfrsm;udk azmfjy
(2) tawGt Y BuKH rsm;udk tajccHaom oif,al &;jzpf&yf,Eå,m; jzpfpOf
uRrf;usifrIrsm; aqG;aEG;xm;ygonf/
(3) ar;cGe;f xkww f wf&efenf;pepfrsm; jzpfpOf
wnfaqmufay;jcif; uREykf wf t Ykd aejzifh q&m^q&mrrsm;ESifh yg0ifavhusio
pGr;f &nfwnfaqmufavhusirfh rI sm;udk yxrOD;qH;k yGOJ ;D xGuf
fh rl sm;taejzihf þodYk (4) yl;aygif;aqmif&u G of if,jl cif; jzpfpOf
awGU BuKH &jcif;jzpfojzifh ydrk t kd qifacsmvG,u f al p&ef aysm&f iT zf ,G &f m

vufawGv U yI &f mS ;rIrsm; (Fun Activities)udyk g vdt k yfovdk tenf;i,f
xnho f iG ;f aqmif&u G af pygonf/ (odrYk o
S m ¤if;wd\
Yk aysm&f iT zf ,
G &f m
tawGt U BuKH aumif;rsm;udk jyefvnfaqG;aEG; trSw&f zG,jf zpfaeapygrnf/)
100 101
21 &mpkacwfumv? pGrf;&nfjynhf0 q&m? q&mr” POINTB/UNICEF/PEARsON/armfvNrdKifwuúodk vf 21 &mpkacwfumv? pGrf;&nfjynhf0 q&m? q&mr
21 &mpkacwftwGuf
pGrf;&nfxufjrufonUf q&m?
q&mrrsm; jzpf&ef
aqmif&Guf&rnfUtcef;u@ (8) &yf
21 &mpkacwftwGuf pGrf;&nfxufjrufonfU q&m? q&mrwpfOD;jzpf&ef

qdkonfrSm rnfonfUudk qdkvdkaeygoenf;/ tcef;u@ (1) tcef;u@ (2)
txufygar;cGe;f twGuf vd&k if;tajzrSm q&m? q&mrwpfO;D onf rdrw d ynhw f pfO;D csi;f pD\ q&m? q&mrwpfOD;onf tm;ay;vrf;jyulnDol (FACIlITATOR) q&m? q&mrwpfOD;onf taMumif;t&mrsm;udkwifjyaqG;aEG;ol
tajctaersm;udk ESEYH pYHS yfpyfojd rifNy;D xdw
k ynhrf sm;\ tajccHtvdu
k f bmudo k ifrnf? wpfOD;taejzifUvnf; aqmif&GufEdkifpGrf; &Sd&rnf/ (PREsENTER) wpfOD;taejzifUvnf; aqmif&Gufwwf&rnf/
b,fvo kd ifrnf ponhf oifp&mESifh oif&efenf;vrf;udk a&G;cs,q f ;kH jzwfEikd pf rG ;f &Sv
d Qif
xkd q&m? q&mronf pGr;f &nfxufjrufaom q&m? q&mrwpfO;D jzpfygonf/ 21 &mpkacwf q&m? q&mrwpfO;D taejzifh vrf;òefow l pfO;D vnf; 21 &mpk q&m? q&mrwpfOo D nf owif;tcsut f vufrsm;udk
jzpf&ygonf/ qdv k o
kd nfrmS q&m? q&mrwpfO;D onf rdrw d ynhrf sm;\ rdrw d ynhrf sm;tm; xda&mufpmG jzefaY 0ay;Edik &f ef enf;vrf;trsKd ;rsKd ;udk
xdtk jzpfukd ydrk t kd ao;pdwu f spmG avhvmvdv k Qif rdrad usmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;ü 5Cs oif,al &;jzpfpOfwiG f ,lqcsu?f pdwu f ;l rsm;udk ud,
k w
f ikd o f &kyrf eS f cGjJ cm;jy;D odjrifoabmayguf toH;k csEikd pf rG ;f &Syd gonf/ oifcef;pmrsm; ydcYk sjcif;?
pGr;f &nfrsm; zGUH NzKd ;atmif vIaYH qmfay;Edik af om q&m? q&mrrsm;\ vkyaf qmifEikd pf rG ;f udk oif,El ikd pf rG ;f &Sad tmif ulnaD y;ívnf;aumif;? ¤if;wd\ Yk ud, k yf ikd f ar;cGe;f rsm; toH;k jyKjcif;? owif;tcsut f vufrsm;udk enf;aygif;pHo k ;kH í
tuJcwfjcif;jzifh odEikd yf gonf/ (pmrsuEf mS 64-65 wGif Munhyf g/) ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;ü t,ltqrsm;? pdwu f ;l rsm; xkw,
f w
l wf&efvnf;aumif;? tjyeftvSef yHak zmfay;jcif;? 5Cs ESifh oifcef;pmyg enf;pepfrsm;udk txl;*&kjyK
21 &mpkacwf\ bufppkH rG ;f &nfrsm; zGUH NzKd ;wd;k wufatmif q&m? q&mrrsm;taejzihf aqG;aEG;cef;rsm;? vufawGpU rf;oyfrrI sm;rS wpfqifh ud, k w f ikd f rSwo f m; rSwo f m;jcif;jzifh q&m? q&mrwpfO;D taejzihf rdrw d ynhrf sm;ü
txl;oD;oefY wm0ef,al qmif&u G pf &m tcef;u@ (8) rsKd ;&Syd gonf/ q&m? q&mrwpfO;D \ oif,El ikd &f efvnf;aumif; vrf;òefun l aD y;&ygrnf/ xdjYk yifxufjrufaom pl;prf;vdpk w
d rf sm; &ifo
h efvmNy;D ? ud,
k w f ikd f pdwtf m;xufoefvmatmif
pGr;f aqmif&nfukd ¤if; (8) rsKd ;tm; vdu k ef maqmif&u G Ef ikd pf rG ;f jzihf tuJjzwfEikd yf gonf/ q&m? q&mrwpfO;D onf rdrt d wef; taetxm;udk pOfqufrjywf 21 &mpkacwf pmoifcef;taetxm;ESifh udu k nf aD tmif BuKd ;yrf;&ygonf/
tuJcwfNy;D oifah wmfovdk enf;pepfrsm; ajymif;vJtoH;k csoifMum;
ay;&rnf/
102 103
21 &mpkacwfumv? pGrf;&nfjynfU0 q&m? q&mr” POINTB/UNICEF/PEARsON/armfvNrdKifwuúodk vf 21 &mpkacwfumv? pGrf;&nfjynhf0 q&m? q&mr
tcef;u@ (3) tcef;u@ (4) tcef;u@ (5) tcef;u@ (6)

q&m? q&mrwpfOD;onf vlyk*¾dKvfwpfOD; taejzifU q&m? q&mrwpfOD;onf b0wpfavQmufoif,lolwpfOD; q&m? q&mrrsm;onf pGrf;&nfwnfaqmufolrsm;tjzpfvnf; q&m? q&mrrsm;onf 0g&ifhynm&Sifrsm;tjzpfvnf;
rdrdwynfUrsm;tm; qufoG,faqmif&Guf&rnf/ tjzpfvnf; cH,lwwf&ao;onf/ &yfwnfMuonf/ aqmif&GufMujyefonf/
rdro
d nf tvky&f iS rf [kwo f vd?k tdrx
f ed ;f wpfO;D vnf; r[kwyf g/ q&m? q&m? q&mrwpfO;D onf 21 &mpkacwf\ txl;pGr;f &nfrsm;udk toH;k csNy;D 0g&ifyh nm&Siw f pfO;D onf em&Dpufrsm;\ apcdik ;f rItwdik ;f tcsed jf ynhf
q&mrwpfO;D onf wpfpw kH pfcu
k kd rodvQiaf omfvnf;aumif;? trSm;jyKrd ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;\ oif,rl t I ay: taumif;qH;k
A[kow k rsm;udk &,l? toH;k csciG &hf atmif tcGit hf vrf;rsm; zefw;D Muonf/ tvkyrf vkyMf uyg/ ol? olronf rdrw d Ykd arQmrf eS ;f xm;onh&f v'frsm;twkidk ;f
vQiaf omfvnf; &d;k om;pGm 0efcw H wf&ygonf/ tusKd ;oufa&mufro I nf q&m? q&mrrsm;ud, k wf ikd f ¤if;wdo
Yk ifMum;rI\
21 &mpkacwfq&mwpfO;D onf rdrw d ynhrf sm;\ yifupkd w d af epdwx f m;rsm;? jynhrf aD tmif &nfreS ;f csuxf m; aqmif&u G Mf uonf/ uRr;f usiyf nm&Sif
oif,o l rl sm; jyefjzpfaomtcgüvnf;aumif; ¤if;wd\ Yk wynhrf sm;
cH,cl surf sm;ESifh tavhtxrsm;udk owdxm;tuJcwfaeNy;D ¤if;wdu Yk kd rsm;onf tjcm;uRr;f usiyf nm&Sirf sm;ESifh yl;aygif;Ny;D ¤if;wd\ Yk
onfvnf; ¤if;wd\ Yk q&mrsm; (qdv k o
kd nfrmS wynhrf sm;udk tuJcwfNy;D
ydrk akd umif;rGef jynhpf akH tmif jznhq
f nf;aqmif&u G af y;Edik jf cif;onf pGr;f aqmif&nfrsm;udk atmifjrifw;kd yGm;atmif aqmif&u G Mf uonf/
rdrod o
d if?h odxo fYkd nfrsm;udk avhvmrSwo f m;jcif;) jzpfomG ;aomtcgüvnf;
xdw k ynhrf sm;twGuf ppfreS af omoif,rl u I kd aqmifMunf;ay;jcif;yif uRr;f usiyf nm&Sirf sm; &Edik o
f rQtcGit
hf vrf; (ao;i,fenf;yg;aom
ay:aygufvmavh&ydS gonf/ 21 &mpkacwf q&mwpfO;D onf 21 &mpk
jzpfonf tcGit hf vrf;yif jzpfaeapumrl)udk toH;k csNy;D jyóemrsm;tMum;
acwfoif,o l wl pfO;D tjzpf &mEIe;f jynhf &yfwnfaeonf/ wpfenf;
xGuaf y: ydwaf eaomtjzpfrS azmufxu G af usm;f vTm;Edik Mf uonf/
qd&k aomf ol? olrud, k w f nf 5Cs tm;vH;k wd\
f ikd o Yk erlemjyyHpk H (Model)
wnfaqmufMuNy;D wynhrf sm;ESit fh wl avhvmoif,Ml ujyefonf/
104 105
tcef;u@ (7) tcef;u@ (8)

q&m? q&mrrsm;onf rdrdwynfUrsm;twGuf teD;uyfjyKpk q&m? q&mrrsm;onf wynfUrsm;twGuf wDxGifzefwD;oltjzpf
MuD;Muyfolrsm;tjzpfvnf; aqmif&GufMuonf/ aqmif&GufMuygonf/
21 &mpkacwfq&m? q&mrwpfO;D onf rdrw d ynht
f m; rnfrQyifrsm;jym;aom q&mtwwfoifvrf;nTepf mtkyrf sm; xkwv f yk f ausmif;olrsm;ESifh csw d q f w d f aqmif&u G o
f nf/ þenf;vrf;jzihf q&m? q&mr
tvm;tvmaumif;aom oif,o l rl sm;? vlom;rsm;? Edik if o
H m;rsm;? apumrl? rnfrQyif rsm;jym;aom pGr;f &nfrsm;ESifh vkyaf qmifrrI sm; azmfjy rsm;onf avhvmoif,rl I oifMum;rIuw kd ;kd wufEikd &f ef? vkyaf qmifrrI sm;?
tem*wfuRr;f usiyf nm&Sirf sm;? acgif;aqmifaumif;rsm;tjzpf &Si;f vif;apumrl avhvmoif,rl [ I o
l nf q&m? q&mrESifh ausmif;om;? tzGv UJ u kd f aqG;aEG;rIrsm;? ya&m*suif ,frsm;udk zefw;D Edik &f efenf;vrf;rsm;udk
jyKpyk sKd ;axmifay;Edik &f ef teD;uyfBu;D Muyf ay;Muonf/ 21 &mpkacwfwiG f ausmif;oltMum; csw d q f ufrEI iS fh tjyeftvSeaf jymqdk vkyaf qmifro I m tpOfrjywf&mS azGí ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;\ avhvmoif,rl I vkyif ef;pOf
rdrwd ynhrf sm;taejzihf atmifjrifrrI sm;udk tjynht f 0 &,lyikd q f idk Ef ikd &f ef tajccHusta&;Bu;D vSonf/ q&m? q&mrrsm;onf wynhrf sm;twGuf ESifh csw d q f ufonf/ wDxiG zf efw;D Edik af om q&m? q&mr rsm;onf ¤if;wd\ Yk
b0wpfavQmuf pOfqufoif,o l rl sm; jzpfatmif jyifqifyo kH iG ;f ay;Muonf/ wDxiG zf efw;D oltjzpf vkyaf qmifjcif;onf ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;udk yifuekd m;vnfojd rifru I tkd oH;k jyKum oifcef;pmwpfck (odrYk [kw)f vkyaf qmifrI
q&m? q&mrwpfO;D onf rdrd wynhrf sm;\ pdw"f mwfypkH rH sm;? A[kow k rsm;? pmoifcef;ESifh tjyifavmuMu;D tm; csw d qf ufay;Edik o f nhf taMumif;t&m wpfcw k iG f “avhvmoifMum;Edik af om tcsed ”f rsm;udk &SmazGqx JG w
k f toH;k csonf/
pGr;f &nfrsm;? uRr;f usirf rI sm;ESifh tavhtxrsm;udk 21 &mpkacwf opf? t&m0w¬Ktopfrsm;? vkyaf qmifrt I opfrsm;ESifh awG;ac:vkyaf qmif
urÇmBu;D ESiu fh u
kd n
f rD &I adS tmif ysKd ;axmif avhusiahf y;Muonf/ Edik &f ef tcGit fh vrf;rsm; zefw;D ay;onf/ wDxiG zf efw;D Edik af om q&m? þuJo h Ykd jyKvyk jf cif;jzihf wDxiG zf efw;D Edik af om q&m? q&mrrsm;onf rnfonhf
q&mrrsm;onf ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;udk jyifyurÇmMu;D omru tcsed o f nf ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;twGuf ¤if;wd\ Yk BuKd ;pm;tm;xkwrf I
¤if;wdu Yk , kd w
f ikd t
f m;vnf; &SmazGavhvmEdik &f ef ulnaD y;onf/ q&m? twGuf cs;D rGr;f oifo h nht f csed ?f ¤if;wkt
Yd m; tenf;i,f eufepJ mG awG;ac:&ef
q&mrrsm;onf ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;\ av;eufaomtrSew f &m;? pdeaf c:oiho f nht f csed ?f ¤if;wdt Yk m; tzGv UJ u
kd f (odrYk [kw)f wpfO;D csi;f pD
awG;ac:,lqcsurf sm;? ,HMk unfrrI sm;? oDt&kd rD sm;ESifh cefrY eS ;f csut f awG; pdeaf c:rIrsm;tMum; qufvufvyk Mf u&ef wm0efvo JT ifch sed f (odrYk [kw)f
tac:,lqcsurf sm;udk avhvm qef;ppfjcif;ESifh uREyfk w f Ykd xifjrif tzGt UJ wGi;f 0ifa&mufum ulnaD y;oihcf sed w f u
dYk kd em;vnfEikd o f nhf pGr;f &nfrsmudk
,lqxm;onhf trSew f &m;rsmudk ar;cGe;f xkwjf cif;wdw Yk iG f yg0if zGUH NzKd ;wd;k wufaponf/
aqmif&u G af y;onf/ q&m? q&mrrsm;onf ¤if;uJo h Ykd ulnaD qmif&u G f
&mwGiv f nf; vufawGv U yk af qmif oif,rl eI nf;rsm; toH;k jyKí ausmif;om;?
106 107
pmoifcef;twGif;pDrHaqmif&GufrI “tu,fí uREykf rf mS oif,rl rI sm;ESifh vIy&f mS ;ouf0ifaeaom pmoifcef; wpfc&k cdS v
hJ Qi.f ..” aqmif&u
G cf suf
CL ASSRO OM M ANAGEM ENT oif,&l jcif; &nf&, G cf suf (LEARNING OBJECTIVE) - q&m^q&mrrsm; odtyfaom pmoifcef;pDrcH efcY rJG q
pnf;rsO;f pnf;urf;rsm; xkwaf zmfEikd &f efEiS fh yg0if avhusio fh rl sm;? wynhrf sm;ü&St
I ikd &f m tajccH
d yfaom trltusirhf sm; xkwaf zmf&ef/
þaqmif&u G cf suu
f kd q&m^q&mrrsm; ud, k wf ikd yf g0ifaomtzGUJ (odrYk [kw)f yg0ifavhusio hf rl sm; jyKvyk Ef ikd af yonf/
21 &mpkacwfoif,lrIpepfESifU udkufnDaomtaetxm;udk pDrHjcif; tajccHpnf;rsOf;rsm;rSm -

tydik ;f (1) &nf&,
G cf suf (PART 1 OBJECTIVE) tydik ;f (2) &nf&,
G cf suf (PART 2 OBJECTIVE)
(1) q&m^q&mrrsm;taejzihf ... pmoifcef;twGi;f oif,rl jI yKpOfumvü wynhrf sm;taejzihf pmoifcef;twGi;f oif,al epOfumvü q&m^q&mrrsm; toH;k jyKaom
usiafh qmif&rnht
f jyKtusirfh sm; azmfxw
k o
f wfrw
S af y;&ef/ enf;AsL[mrsm;ESifh jyKral qmif&u
G f yHrk sm;udk avhvmrSwo
f m;&ef/
rdrw
d \
Ykd ausmif;om;âusmif;olrsm;\ taetxm;udk tao;pdwo f jd rifaejy;D pmoifcef; taetxm;? pmoifcef;
tajctae0ef;usiu f kd vdt
k yfvQif vdt
k yfovdk rGr;f rHjyifqifay;&ygrnf/ b,fvakd qmif&u
G Mf urvJ (HOW) b,fvv
dk yk Mf urvJ (HOW)
(2) yg0ifavhusio
hf rl sm;âusmif;om;âusmif;olrsm;^wynhrf sm;taejzifh ... aqG;aEG;ajzqdMk uyg/ ar;cGe;f rSm - “tu,fí uREykf w f rYkd mS oif,rl rI sm;ESifh xdt
k zGrUJ sm;twGi;f rSmyif aqG;aEG;ajzqdMk u&ef 'kw,
d ar;cGe;f rSm -
vIy&f mS ;ouf0ifaeaom pmoifcef;wpfc&k cdS v
hJ Qif yg0ifoif,al eolrsm;
bmvkyaf ernf[k oifxifygoenf;/” “tu,fí uREykf w f rYkd mS oif,rl rI sm;ESifh vIy&f mS ;ouf0ifaeaom
wpfO;D tay:wpfO;D üvnf;aumif;? oif,rl rI sm;üvnf;aumif; tjyeftvSeaf v;pm;rI? tav;xm;rIrsm;&S&d rnfjzpfjy;D ?
pmoifcef;wpfc&k cdS rhJ nfqv kd Qif ¤if;pmoifcef;xJrmS q&m^q&mr
tcsi;f csi;f ,HMk unftm;xm;&aom taetxm;rsKd ;&S&d ygrnf/ oif,al eolrsm;^wynhrf sm;udk 4-6OD;yg0ifaom tzGiUJ ,frsm;cGí J bmvkyaf evdrrhf nfenf;/”
pmoifcef;twGi;f oif,pl Ofumvü ¤if;wd\ Yk jyKrv
l yI &f mS ;yHrk sm;udk
avhvmrSwo f m;yg/ oif,al eMuaom wynhrf sm;udk 4-6OD;yg0ifaom tzGiUJ ,frsm;zGí UJ
oifcef;pmwpfcyk cYkd saeaom q&m^q&mr\ tjyKtrlukd avhvm
qdvk o kd nfrmS - yg0ifoif,o l t l csi;f csi;f tMum;? q&m^q&mrESifh rSwo f m;yg/ þtjyKtrlrsm;rSm q&m^q&mru ¤if;\wynhrf sm;tay:
yg0ifoif,al eoltMum;ESifh yg0ifoif,o l pl &mrsm;tMum; tjyeftvSef jyKrq
l ufqyH EkH iS fh òefMum;csurf sm;ay;aeyHw
k u
Ykd kd qdv
k ykd gonf/
jyKryl ?kH wHjYk yefy?kH oufa&mufyw
kH uYkd kd tm&Hpk ;l pdu
k af vhvmrSwo
f m;&ef
jzpfonf/
awG&U cdS surf sm;udk tzGt

UJ vduk wf ifjyMu&ef twef;twGi;f aqG;aEG;yg/
xdaYk emuf tydik ;f (2) odYk a&Sq
U uf aqmif&u G yf g/
vkyaf qmifcahJ om avhusichf ef;rsm;udk

jyefvnfo;kH oyf&efar;cGe;f rsm; (REFlECTION)
• rnforl qdk 0ifa&mufoif,El ikd o f nhf taetxm;?
0ef;usit f ajctaersKd ;udk zefw;D &mü rnfonht
f csuof nf
ta&;Bu;D qH;k jzpfygonf/
• þuJo h aYkd om taetxm;rsKd ;&atmif uREykf w f Ykd b,fvzdk efw;D MurvJ/
• 21 &mpkacwfrmS oif,rl jI yK&ef taumif;qH;k ywf0ef;usif
taetxm;udk &&Szd Ykd q&m^q&mrrsm;ESifh avhvmoif,o l rl sm;^
wynhrf sm;\ tcef;u@onf^wm0efonf bmjzpfygovJ/
108 109
EXPERIENTIAl lEARNING CYClE aqmif&u
G cf suf
tESpcf sKyo
f ;kH oyfcsuf oif,&l jcif; &nf&, G cf suf (LEARNING OBJECTIVE) - tawGt U MuKH rsm;udk
The Experiential learning Cycleonf jyefajymif;awG;awm? avhvmaumufEw k jf y;D vufawGaU qmif&u
G rf üI
t&G,af &muforl sm;om oif,rl jI yKEikd af om jyefvnftoH;k csEikd pf rG ;f &Sad tmif avhusijhf cif;/
tawGYtBuHKrsm;udk tajccHaom pHjyKypkH H (Model) wpfcjk zpfonf/ ¤if;udk
pwifawG&U dS toH;k csjycJo
h rl mS tzGt UJ pnf;qdik &f m
oif,la&;jzpf&yf,Eå,m; tjyKtrlrsm;tm; avhvmjcif; (Organizational

Behaviour) udk avhvmol ya&mzufqm b,fvv kd yk Mf urvJ (HOW)
T HE E XPE R I EN TIAL
a';Apfataumhbf (David A. kolb) yif trSewf u,f vkyaf qmifczhJ ;l aom aqmif&u G cf suw
f pfck - Oyrmtm; jzifq
h &kd aomf
jzpfonf/ ¤if;wGif jzpfpOfuv kd u
kd í
f tqih(f 4) tjcm;tzGw UJ pfcu
k kd &SL;zdeyfMuKd ;csnef nf; oifMum;ay;ae &onf[k rdru d ,
kd uf rkd rd d
qifyh g0ifygonf/ ¤if;wdrYk mS jyefvnfjrifa,mifMunhyf g/
L E AR N I NG CYCLE 1/ cdik v
tawGt
f w
kH u
d saomtawGt U BuKH - tcsKd aU om
U MuKH rsm;? tjzpftysurf sm;? ta&;udprö sm; oifvufawGU aqmif&u G pf &mrSm vufawGoU &kyjf y&ef wGzJ ufwpfO;D \ tultnDjzihf
(odrYk [kw)f jzpfymG ;rIrsm;rS pwifoif,jl cif;/ &SL;zdeyfMuKd ; csnef nf;udk tMurf;zsi;f o&kyaf qmif&ef jzpfonf/ tjcm;tzGw UJ pfO;D tm;
wifqufjyojcif; rjyKrD (Experiential Learning Cycle) udk toH;k csyg/
vufawGaY qmif&u
G jf cif;tm;jzifU oif,jl cif; 2/ twdwu f tawGt U BuKH rsm;udk jyefvnf 1/ tawGt Y BuKH &mS yg/
awG;awmqifjcifjcif; - vlwo Ykd nf rdrwd \
Ykd yg0ifavhusio hf rl sm;onf ud, k w f ikd uf , kd u f s vufawGv U yk af qmifNy;D ud, k yf ikd t f awGtU BuKH rsKd ;
rMumcPjzpfavhjzpfx&So d nfrmS uREykf w
f oYkd nf tawGt U MuKH rsm;udk jyefvnfjrifa,mif awG;awm jzpfatmif avhusiyhf g/ (vufawGv U yk af qmifoif,jl cif;udk qdv k ykd gonf/)
oifMum;a&;ESio fh if,al &; jzpfpOfrsm;taMumif;udk Munhrf ad omtcg rdru d ,kd u
f kd ydrk o
kd wdxm;rdvmNy;D
2/ jyefawG;yg (oifbmawGvyk af qmifco UJ vJ)/
pOf;pm;vQi?f uREykf w f Ykd awG;rdomG ;aomtjzpfrmS ud,
k w
f ikd o
f ifcef;pm,lôif,w l wfvmjcif;/
yg0ifavhusio fh rl sm;onf rdrv d yk af qmifco hJ nhf tawGt U MuKH rsm;udk jyefaqG;aEG;Mu&rnf/
“bmtaMumif;t&m awGo U vJ/ Ny;D awmh
3/ rdrt d awGt
U BuKH rsm;udk a,bk,soabm xdak qmif&u G rf rI sm;\ &v'frsm;udv k nf; xnho f iG ;f aqG;aEG;&rnf/ tzGt UJ vdu k f jyefvnf
¤if;wdu Yk kd b,fvo kd if&rvJ/”[laom awG;awmoH;k oyfjcif;rS tusKd ;&Sad om&v'frsm; ay:vmygrnf/
tjzpfyif jzpfaeyg awmhonf/ jyefvnfo;kH oyfNy;D xifjrif,q l csurf sm;?
tawGUtMuHK uREykf wf t Ykd aejzihf oif,al eolwpfO;D onf tESpo f m&rsm;xkw, f l aumufcsuq f jJG cif; 3/ avhvmoif,yl g (xdaYk Mumifh rnfonft U &mrsm;udk oifavUvmoif,cl yUJ govJ)/
(Abstract learning) - twdwu f mv prf;oyfaqmif&u G cf surf sm;ESifh jzpf&yfreS f Oyrmrsm;tMum; qufpyfrrI sm;udk
¤if;\ jyifyurÇm&Sd A[kow k rsm;
qufo, G af ygif;pyfNy;D taumif;qH;k oif,l jzpf&yfrsm;udk jyefvnfjrifa,mifo;kH oyf yg0ifavhusio hf rl sm;ESifh oifaxmufuq l &mrsm; ud, k wf ikd &f mS azGavhvmMu&ef vdt k yfygonf/
wwfonht f jzpfukd arhavsmah ewwfonf/ wwfjcif;onf a,bk,soabm xifjrif 4/ toH;k csyg (,ckoifavhvmawGY &cdS surf sm;udk toH;k csí rnfonft U &mrsm;udk
ud,
k w f ikd o f jd zpf&yfrsm;qdo k nfrmS oifonf ,lqcsurf sm;udk u@tvdu k f aumufcsuf vkyaf qmifEikd yf govJ)/
b,fov l ?J oif b,favmufem;vnfovJEiS fh qGEJ ikd &f ef ulnaD y;onf/ ¤if;vky&f yfonf vufawGpU rf;oyfaqmifrrI sm;rS avhvmawG&U adS om&v'frsm;udk vdt k yfvQif vdt k yfovdk
oif,ckocd v hJ u
kd af om taMumif;t&mrsm; a&SqU uf aqmif&u G f zG,&f mudprö sm;twGuf tajctaetvdu k f toH;k csEikd yf gonf/ The Experiential Learning Cycle \
toHk;csyg/ oifjyKvkyfcJhaomt&mrsm;udk ,cif MuKH czhJ ;l awGU cJzh ;l wmrsKd ; &So d vm;/ vdtk yfaom pDru
owif;tcsut
H ed ;f rsm;qG&J mwGif toH;k 0ifaom
f vufrsm;udk yHyU ;kd ay;Edik o f nf/
qihyf mG ;jzpfpOf tqihaf v;&yfut kd oH;k csí &SL;zdeyfBuKd ;csnef nf;udk tMurf;zsi;f o&kyaf zmf
(,ckoifonf rdrdavhvmawGU&Sd jyefjrefa,mifonf/ &Si;f jyNy;D aemuf rdepftenf;i,frQ,í l oifEh iS t fh eD;uyfq;kH tzGEUJ iS fh vufawGw U ifqufjyoyg/
csufrsm;eJY bmawGudk (oifbmvkyfcJhoenf;/) tawGt U BuKH rsm;udk tajccHoif,jl cif;jzpfpOfü oif\oifcef;pmudk toH;k csí ¤if;wdt Yk m; &SL;zdeyfcsnef nf;udk oifMum;ay;yg/ 5rdepf
4/ vufawGt U oH;k csjcif; - ,ciftawGt U MuKH
jyKvkyfEdkifygovJ/) q&m^q&mrrsm;onf oifwef;tulq&mrsm; wpfBurd f (odrYk [kw)f 10rdepfwpfBurd af vmuf tzGaUJ jymif;íaqmif&u G yf g/ þaqmif&u G cf suu f kd
rsm;rS aumufcsuq f xJG m;aom tajccH
jzpfvmonf/ yxrOD;qH;k taejzihf tzGrUJ sm;tm;vH;k vkyaf qmifNy;D oGm;vQif oif\ aqG;aEG;rIukd pwifO;D aqmifEikd &f ef
oabmw&m;udk toH;k csNy;D rdro d if,al eaom
yg0ifoif,o l l rsm;tm; ¤if;wd\ Yk tawGt U BuKH atmufazmfjyygar;cGe;f rsm;udk toH;k csyg/
jzpfpOf&dS tm;omcsurf sm;? cRw, f iG ;f csurf sm;udk
jzpf&yfrsm;udk toH;k cstjrwfxw k íf vufawGU jrifa,mifapNy;D ydrk kd aumif;rGecf ikd rf maom
tvkyu f pd rö sm;ü jyefvnftoH;k csciG &fh atmif vkyaf qmifcahJ om avhusicfh ef;rsm;udk jyefvnfo;kH oyf&ef ar;cGe;f rsm;
tawGt U MuKH rsm;udk vufawGt U oH;k csEikd Nf y;D
ulnaD y;&rnf (SLE)/ xdaYk emuf ¤if;wd\ Yk oif,al &;,Eå&m;udk a&Sq U ufvnfywfaponf/ (REFlECTIVE QUEsTIONs)
oif,lyg/ tawGt U BuKH rsm;udk jyefvnftoH;k csEikd &f ef olwYkd oifwbYkd mawGvyk cf MhJ uygovJ/ b,ft&mu oif,&l wm vG,u f l oenf;/ b,ft&mu
xdkYaMumihf oifonfbmawGudk jyKvyk cf ahJ omt&mrsm;ESihf olwYkd oif,cl ahJ om oif,&l wm cufcyJ govJ/ oifwb Ykd mawGukd avhvmoif,cl yhJ govJ/ ,ckuREykf w f Ykd oif,l
avhvmawGU&SdcJhygovJ/) t&mrsm;udk azmfxw k Ef ikd &f ef ulnaD y;Ny;D avhvmcJah omt&mrsm;eJY bmawGqufvufvyk af qmifEikd yf govJ/ The Experiential
tem*wftwGuf jyefvnf toH;k csEikd &f ef Learning Cycle udk toH;k csí oifcef;pmwpfcu k kd b,fvzkd efw;D cJMh uygovJ/ aemuf
pDpOfay;&rnf/ wpfBurd wf iG f oif\oifcef;pmrsm;udk ydrk akd umif; rGejf ynhpf akH tmif b,fvv kd yk Ef ikd yf govJ/
110 111
ar;cGe;f xkww
f wf&ef enf;pepfrsm;
QUEsTION FORMUlATION TECHNIQUE (QFT)
ar;cGef;xkwfwwf&ef enf;pepfrsm; oif,&l jcif; &nf&, G cf suf (LEARNING OBJECTIVE) : ud, k w
f ikd af r;cGe;f xkwEf ikd &f ef? ¤if;wdu
Yk kd
rdrw
d ynhrf sm; oif,rl t I aetxm;tvdu k f ydrk akd umif;rGef xda&mufatmif zefw;D &efEiS fh
QUESTION ¤if;ar;cGe;f rsm;udk pepfwustoH;k cswwf&ef/
FORMULATION
© The Right Question Institute. Used with permission.
1/ udk,fwdkifar;cGef;xkwfyg/ • ar;cGe;f wpfrsKd ;pD\ tm;enf;csu?f tm;omcsuf
TECHNIQUE (QFT) ud,

k wf ikd af r;cGe;f xkwEf ikd &f ef vdt
tajccHpnf;rsO;f rsm;rSm-
k yfaom rsm;udk cGjJ cm;rSwof m;xm;yg/ ar;cGe;f trsKd ;tpm;
wpfcrk S tjcm;trsKd ;tpm;wpfco k Ykd ajymif;yg/
• oifwwfEikd o f avmuf ar;cGe;f rsm;rsm; ar;yg/ 3/ ar;cGef;rsm;udk vdktyfcsuftvdkuf OD;pm;ay;a&G;cs,fyg/
• aqG;aEG;&ef? tuJjzwf&ef? ar;cGe;f rsm;udk jyefajz&ef • oifah r;cGe;f rsm;xJrS ta&;Mu;D qH;k ar;cGe;f
&yfwefrU aeygESi/fh (3) ckukd a&G;cs,yf g/
The Right Question Institute tzGt YJ pnf;rS Question Formation • ar;cGe;f rsm;udk vH;k aphywfapha&;csyg/ • xdo k ;kH ckurkd S ta&;tMu;D qH;k tjzpf bmaMumifh
Technique (QFT) [k ac:aom ar;cGe;f azmfxw k o
f nfU enf;pepf • oifcef;pmxJ&dS rnfonhaf zmfjycsuu f rkd qdk a&G;cs,&f ygovJ/
jzpfpOfwpfct
k m; wpfqifcU si;f pD jyKpck yUJ gonf/ ar;cGe;f tjzpfoYkd ajymif;vJyg/
4/ aemufxyftqihfrsm;
2/ oihfar;cGef;rsm;udk ydkrdkaumif;rGefxda&mufatmif • oifah r;cGe;f rsm;udk b,fvt kd oH;k csrvJ/
þpepfonf ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm; ¤if;wd\ Yk pdwwf iG ;f &Sd ar;cGe;f rsm;udk BudK;pm;yg/
rnfuohJ aYkd zmfxw k &f ef? ar;cGe;f rsm;udk rnfuo
hJ w
Ykd ;kd wufatmifjyKvyk &f efEiS fh • Opened-Question ESifh Closed-Question
rnfuo hJ Ykd AsL[musustoH;k jyKwwf&eftwGuf tultnDay;ygonf/ [lí trsKd ;tpm;cGyJ g/
QFT tm; e,fy,fu@toD;oD;wGif us,jf yefpY mG toH;k jyKcNhJ y;D jzpfonf/ pmoifcef;twGi;f wGirf l q&m? ta&;Mu;D qH;k aom ajymif;vJrI
q&mrrsm;taejzihf QFT onf ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;\ jzefu Y suaf wG;ac: jcif; (odrYk [kw)f The Right Question wuúov
kd rf S wGzJ uf 'g&du k w f mrsm;jzpfMuol 'efa&mhpwde;f (Dan Rothstein) ESifh
tifwu kd t
f m;wkud f acgif;csi&f u
kd t
f ajz&Smjcif;? pl;pdu
k af wG;ac: jcif;? (u@tvdu k cf jJG crf;jcif;ESifh OD;pm;ay; vkZq
f efwmem (Luz Santana) wdoYk nf “Just One Change: Teach Student to Ask Their Own
vkyaf qmifjcif;)? av;av;eufeuf awG;ac:pOf;pm;jcif; pGr;f &nfrsm;udk tcsed w f t kd wGi;f wd;k wufatmif Questions” [laom pmtkyu f kd a&;om;xkwaf 0cJMh uonf/ xdpk mtkyw f iG f pdw0f ifpm;p&mazmfjyxm;onf
pDrv
H yk af qmifco
UJ nfukd jrifawGEU ikd Nf y;D jzpfonf/ rSm-“q&m? q&mrrsm;ESifh Question Formation Technique(QFT)udk toH;k cspOf t"duvdt k yfonfrmS
tavhtxuav;wpfcu k kd ajymif;vJusio hf ;kH wwfzYkd jzpfygonf/ ¤if;tavhtxrSm ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;
q&m? q&mrrsm;taejzifh QFT udk yHo k @eftrsKd ;rsKd ;jzihf toH;k jyKEikd o
f nf/ Oyrmtm;jzihf taejzihf ar;cGe;f rsm; toH;k csoif,w l wf&ef jzpfygonf/ q&m? q&mrrsm;\ wm0efrmS xdo k aYkd r;cGe;f rsm;
- oifcef;pmtopfukd ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;tm; rdwq f ufwifjyjcif;? ausmif;om;? toH;k csoif,al omtcg xda&mufv, G u f al tmif 0dik ;f 0ef;az;rulnaD y;&ef jzpfonf/ Question Formation
ausmif;olrsm; taeESifh ¤if;wdYk rnfonht f &mudk ydrk ekd m;vnfoabmayguf&efvt kd yfaMumif; Technique (QFT) udk toH;k csjcif;onf ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;twGuf ta&;Bu;D aom ajymif;vJrI
jrifomapjcif;? oifcef;pmwpfct k m; tqH;k owf&mwGif ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsmtaeESifh wpf&yfyif jzpfonf/ pmoifcef;wpfcw k iG f Question Formation Technique(QFT) udk yxrOD;qH;k tMurd f
¤if;wd&Yk &Scd ahJ om A[kow k todynmopfrsm;tm;? avhvmoif,rl t I pDtpOfopfwpf&yfukd ¤if;wdYk pwifrw d q f ufusio
hf ;kH aomf ¤if;\ enf;pepfrsm;tqifq h ifuh kd jy;D ajrmufatmifjrifatmif tenf;qH;k (45)rdepfrQ
ud,
k wf idk o f wfrw S x
f m;&Sjd cif;wdYk ponfwjYkd zpfonf/ þenf;AsL[mudk ynmoift&G,t f m;vH;k ? tcsed , f &l ayrnf/ odaYk omf ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;taejzifh Question Formation Technique(QFT)
twef;trsKd ;tpm;tm;vH;k toH;k jyKEikd o f nf/ udk trSew f u,f uRr;f usipf mG toH;k csEikd o f nht f xd tawGt U MuKH rsm; &ifu h suvf maomf tzGt UJ pktvdu k f
vIy&f mS ;aqmif&uG v
f Qiaf wmifrS (10) rdepfrS (15) rdepftwGi;f rSmyif vsijf refpmG Ny;D ajrmufEikd yf gonf/
ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;onfvJ QFT enf;pepftm; odyq ÜH ikd &f mvufawGpU rf;oyf jyKvyk cf surf sm;? taxmuftuljyKypönf;rsm;
¤if;wd\
Yk ud, k yf ikd o
f ak woevkyif ef;rsm; zefw;D vkyu f ikd jf cif;rsm;? q&m? q&mrrsm;rS wm0efay;tyf ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;\ oif,rl jI zpfpOfwavQmufv;kH ü tajccHusus? ta&;ygt&ma&mufaompGr;f &nf
vdu
k of nhf acgif;pOfrsm;tay: okawoejyKvyk jf cif;? pmpDpmuH;k wpfy'k f pwifa&;om;&eftwGuf oifykef;MuD;(White/ Chalk Board)? puúLvG- wpfcck uk kd ajrawmifajrm§ ufay;pOfumvwGif Question Formation Technique(QFT) onf txda&mufq;kH
wftcsyfMuD;(Newsprint)?
jyifqifjcif;? jyóemwpf&yftm; a0zefcjJG crf;qef;ppfjcif;? cufcaJ ompmzwfjcif;wm0ef (Reading ta&mifyguyfjym; (A4 pm&Gufudk 8ydkif;jzwfjyD;
enf;vrf;jzpfygonf/ þ Question Formation Technique (QFT) pGr;f &nfukd pmoifcef;wdik ;f ü oifMum;
Assignment) udk av;av;eufeufawG;awmjcif;? awGq U akH r;jref;jcif;wpfct
k m; jyifqifjcif;? oHk;Edkifonf) ESihf rmhumrsm;(Markers) avhusiahf y;jcif;jzifh ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;\ pOf;pm;OmPf ydrk &kd ifo
h efvmEdik Nf y;D ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;udk
oifcef;pmwGif ¤if;wdYk ud, k w
f idk yf w
d q kd )f raeatmif QFTudk toH;k jyKEikd o
f Ykd (tusy&f u f nf/ ¤if;wd\
Yk awGa0aeaompdwrf sm; tjreftm;opfavmif;um a&Sq U uf oif,v l pkd w
d rf sm; &Sio
f efjyif;xefvmvdrrhf nf/
¤if;wd\
Yk ar;cGe;f rsm;wGif uREykf w
f t
Ykd wGuf oif,pl &mrsm;jynhEf u
S af eayvdrrhf nf/
112 113
yl;aygif; aqmif&Gufoif,ljcif; [Dv,

D rftacsmif;(wkwaf csmif;) aqmif&u
G rf I HElIUM sTICk ACTIVITY
COLLABORATIVE LEARNING
oif,&l jcif; &nf&, G cf suf (LEARNING OBJECTIVE) : pmoifcef;wpfct k wGi;f aqmif&u
G cf surf sm;udk oufqikd o
f t
l m;vH;k twl
vufwyJG g0ify;l aygif; aqmif&u G Ef ikd af om oif,al &;pepf\ tavhtxaumif;wpf&yfukd zefw;D Edik &f ef/
b,fvv
kd yk Mf urvJ (HOW)
twef;om;rsm;udk 8OD;pDygaomtzGrUJ sm; zGv UJ u kd yf g/ tzGw UJ pfcpk oD nf uJo
h yYkd if ¤if;puúLvGwt f csyMf u;D tvdyo f nf atmufoYkd oufqif;vm&
group WorK
rsuEf mS csi;f qdik f wef;pDapjy;D vlwef;ESpcf zk efw;D vdu k yf g/ 1-2rDwmrQ rnhtf pm; tay:odo Yk m wd;k ? wd;k wufomG ;onfukd awG&U ygvdrrhf nf/
&Snaf om puúLvGwt f csyMf u;D (Newsprint/Flip Chart) tvdyf aemufq;kH wGif tzGo UJ m;rsm; wufnv D ufn?D xde;f ndM§ uKd ;pm;&if;
[Dv, D rfacsmif;onfajrjyifoYkd tvsm;vdu k f tqifajypGm oufqif;
t"duem;vnfxm;&eftcsuf (Essential Understanding) wpfcu k kd zefw;D í wef;pD&yfaeaom rsuEf mS csi;f qdik t
¤if;wd\ Yk vufnKSd ;rsm;jzihf xde;f udik x f m;cdik ;f yg/ xdk [Dv,
f zGo UJ m;rsm;udk
D rfacsmif; oGm;awmhonf/ (puúLvGwt f csyMf u;D tvdyuf kd [Dv,D rfacsmif;[k
¤if;onf oif,ljcif;onfvlrIa&;jzpfpOfwpfckjzpfonf[laom t,ltqwpfckay:wGif (puúLvGwf tcsyMf u;D tvdy)f udk tzGo UJ m;rsm;\ vufnKSd ;rsm;ESifh wifpm;jcif; jzpfygonf)
pOfqufrjywf xdaeap&rnf/ (tjcm;vufacsmif;rsm;udk
tajccHonf/ ynma&;e,fy,fwGif jyóemrsm;^ykpämrsm; ajz&Sif;&ef? tvkyfwm0efrsm; toH;k jyKciG rhf &Syd g)/ t"du vkyaf qmif&rnfrmS ¤if;[Dv, D rfacsmif;udk þupm;enf;(*dr;f ) onftzGt UJ oif;tvdu k f vIy&f mS ;aqmif&u G rf \I
rsuEf mS csi;f qdik &f yfaeaom tzGo UJ m;rsm;tm;vH;k u ajrjyifay:odYk cufcyJ u kH kd o&kyjf yEdik cf o
hJ nf/ xd*k rd ;f udk atmifjrifjy;D qH;k Ekid &f ef 5-7
jyD;ajrmufatmif aqmif&Guf&ef? wDxGifzefwD;rIwpfckudk jyKvkyfEdkif&ef oufqdkif&mtzGYo
J m;rsm; (Murf;cif;ay:) wnDwnTww f nf; csxm;Edik &f ef jzpfonf/ rdepfcefY tcsed af y;&ef vdo k nf/ *dr;f Ny;D qH;k csed w
f iG f yg0ifavhusio hf rl sm;
tm; ¤if;wdt Yk jrifrsm;udk oH;k oyfaqG;aEG;Edik zf Ykd jyefvnfp&k ;kH jy;D atmufyg
u@tvkduf yg0ifvufwGJ yl;aygif;aqmif&Guf&ygonf/ yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufoif,ljcif;onf ar;cGe;f rsm;udk ar;yg/
txufygvky&f yfonf vG,u f o
l a,mif&adS omfvnf; trSepf ifppfwiG rf l
atmufazmfjyyg rl0g'rsm;ESiUf tusHK;0ifonf/ trSew
f u,fcufcaJ Mumif; rMumrDov
d mygvdrrhf nf/ [Dv,
D rf"mwfaiGU
jyefvnfo;kH oyfjcif; (REFlECTION)
oif,ljcif;onf pdefac:rIwpf&yfudk • tzGt UJ vdu k f aqmif&u G rf w I iG f b,ft&mu tcufawGaU pEdik o f vJ/

cGihfjyKcsdef oufqdkifoltzGJYom;rsm; tm;vHk; 0dkif;0ef; • wpfcgwpf&w H iG f uREykf w f \ Ykd taumif;qH;k tpDtpOfonfyif
(25) rdepf trSew f u,f tvkyrf jzpfbJ tzG0UJ iftcsi;f csi;f tMum;
pkaygif;aqmif&Guf&aom ouf0ifvIyf&Sm;rI
MuHKEdkifonhfcufcJrI jzpfpOfwpfckjzpfonf/ yl;aygif;aqmif&u G rf uI okd m tm;ud;k aqmif&u G &f aMumif;
tv,ftvwf awGU jrif&ayonf/ [Dv, D rfacsmif;toH;k jyK *dr;f upm;ouJo h Ykd
taxmuftuljyKypönf;rsm; toif;tzGt UJ vdu k f vIy&f mS ;aqmif&u G rf üI tcufMuKH vQif
vdyfxm;aom2 rDwmcefYpuúLvGwf tcsyfMuD;
avhvmoif,lolrsm;onf rwlnDaom tzGo UJ m;rsm;taejzifh rnfonhf t&nftcsi;f ? taetxm;rsKd ;
(Newsprint/ Flip Chart) oifykef;MuD;rsm; tjrifrsdK;pHkESihf rsm;jym;vSaom tawGYtMuHKrsdK;pHk vdt k yfygoenf;/
(rif&nfoHk;âjrjzLoHk;) wdkYudk odjriftoHk;cscGihf&jyD; aumif;usdK;&v'f • toif;tzGrUJ sm;onf b,fvt kd ajctaeaumif;pGm a&Sq U uf
21 &mpkacwftwGuf tjynhft0 rsm;udk cHpm;cGihf&&Sdaponf/ Edik yf govJ/
21Cs Focus • toif;tzGaUJ umif; wpfcu k kd b,ft&mu zefw;D Edik yf govJ/
yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufjcif;? ydkif;jcm;a0zefEdkifpGrf; oif,lolrsm;onf; yifudkoif,lp&mrsm;udk oiftrSef wu,f0ifygcJNh y;D xda&mufatmifjrifpmG aqmif&u G Ef ikd pf rG ;f
&Sdjcif;? tjyeftvSefqufoG,faqmif&Gufjcif;? ausmfvGefí ydkrdkeufeJaom? tqifUjrifUaom &Scd ahJ om toif;udk azmfjyyg/ xdu k o hJ Ykd atmifjrifxad &mufatmif
wDxGifMuHq zefwD;EdkifpGrf;&Sdjcif;?
zefwD;EdkifpGrf;&Sdjcif;? odvdkpdwfjyif;jyjcif;? avhvmp&mrsm;udk &ifqdkifcGifh MuHKayonf/ bmawGu zefw;D ovJ/ xdo k Ykd yl;aygif;aqmif&u G jf cif;rSm
orm"dtm;aumif;jcif;? wefzdk;xm;jcif;? xdktjyif trsm;ESihf yl;aygif;aqmif&Guf&ojzifU b,fvckd pH m;&ovJ/
pepfwcktm; jcHKiHkoHk;oyfjcif; vlrIa&;&m? pdwf"mwfa&;&mt&nftcsif;rsm; • uREykf w f Ykd &nfreS ;f csuyf ef;wdik t f a&muf a&Sq U ufvrS ;f aepOf vufwGJ
wdk;wufapaMumif; pdefac:rIrsm;udk yl;aygif;aqmif&u G jf cif;u b,fvu kd n l ED ikd yf govJ/ uREykf w f Ykd oif,l
&ifqdkifajz&Sif;vmEdkifygonf/ avhvmxm;cho J nhf awG&U cdS surf sm;udk tem*wfaumif;usKd ;twGuf
b,fvt kd oH;k csMurvJ/
114 115
sT
21 &mpkacwfpGrf;&nfrsm;ukd oif\ pmoifcef;ü

xnfUoGif;avUusifUtoHk;csjcif;
þtcef;u@wGif uREykf w f o Ykd nf 21 &mpkacwfprG ;f &nfrsm;ûRr;f usirf rI sm; enf;pepftopfrsm;udk aemufwpfBurd w f iG f ydrk akd umif;rGet
f oH;k csciG fh
rnfonhpf moifcef; taetxm;ürqdk xnho f iG ;f toH;k csciG &fh &S&d ef &ayrnf/ 21 &mpkacwf\ ynmoif,al ompepfonf wpfO;D ESiw fh pfO;D
&d;k &Si;f vG,u f al om enf;vrf;tcsKd u U kd vufqifu h rf; azmfjyxm;ygonf/ tjyeftvSeyf iG v
hf if;rIEiS fh yl;aygif;aqmif&u G rf I &S&d rnfjzpfNy;D ?
2017ckEpS ?f rwfvrS 'DZifbmvtxd umvwavQmufwiG f Point B vufawGU avhvmprf;oyfrrI sm;&S&d rnfukd owd&apcsiyf gonf/
onf jrefrmEdik if &H dS &maygif;rsm;pGmaomq&m^q&mrrsm;? q,fausmf
oufrsm;ESit fh wl vufwí GJ 21 &mpkacwfprG ;f &nfrsm;udk avhusihf þtcef;u@wGif q&m^q&mrrsm;taejzihf 5Cs udk rdrw d \Ykd
ajrawmifajrm§ ufay;Edik af om enf;vrf;rsm;udk prf;oyf&ef? tMujH yKcsuf wynhrf sm;ESit
fh wl vIaH qmftoufoiG ;f Edik &f ef 21&mpkacwf\
rsm;&,l&ef BuKd ;yrf;aqmif&u G cf MhJ uygonf/ xdo k aYkd qmif&u G rf rI sm;aMumifh oifMum;a&;enf;pepfrsm;ESifh enf;vrf;aumif;rsm; odjrifciG &fh &Sad p&ef
uREykf w f Ykd awG&U cdS ahJ omtcsurf mS 21 &mpkacwftwGuf vdt k yfaom azmfjyxm;ygonf/ ¤if;wdrYk mS -
pGr;f &nfrsm;udk jriS w fh ifay;Edik o f nhf taumif;qH;k enf;vrf;rSm “q&m^
q&mrrsm; tvkyt f rIaqmiftzG”UJ udk zGpUJ nf;Ny;D ? rdrw d t Ykd oH;k csrnhf 1/ aeYpOfo;kH oyfaqG;aEG;jcif;rsm;?
xdek nf;pepfaumif;rsm;twGuf avhusipfh &m? prf;oyfppfaq;p&mrsm;ESifh 2/ awG;yg? wGyJ g/ rQa0yg?
tMujH yKcsurf sm;&,lEikd &f ef aqmif&u G pf &mrsm;udk tjyeftvSeaf qG;aEG; 3/ ar;jref;yg/ pOf;pm;&ef tcsed af y;yg/ tm;ay; aqG;aEG;yg/
yl;aygif; taumiftxnfazmfMu&efjzpfygonf/ odrYk o S mvQif oif\ 4/ *spaf qm(Jigsaw)/
wynhrf sm;âusmif;om;âusmif;olrsm;^yg0ifavhusio hf rl sm;udk oifMum;rI 6/ yghuif;avmhxf (Parking Lot - q&m^q&mrpDpOfay;xm;aom
rjyKrD oif\yifut kd &nftcsi;f rsm;udk oifu, kd wf ikd f ,HMk unfpw d f tjynhf oifyek ;f uJo
h aYkd om ae&mjyifus,Bf u;D tay: ü wynhrf sm;u oifcef;pm
t0&Sad tmif ulnaD y;Edik yf gonf/ ¤if;enf;vrf;onf pmoifcef;ürdrw d Ykd ygtaMumif;t&mESifh pyfvsO;f onhf ud, k yf ikd t
f ,ltq a&;om;csuf
toH;k csrnhf enf;pepfwpfcpk ED iS fh ywfoufonhf tajccHoabmw&m; rsm;udk azmfjyjcif;)?
rsm;udk oif\tzGo UJ m;rsm;tm; jyefvnfrQa0ajymjyEdik &f ef ulnaD y;jy;D ? 7/ bmaMumifv h [ l 5cgar;jref;Ny;D tajz&Smjcif; (Whyx5) /
J í
oifvufawGpU rf;oyfz;l aom oifMum;a&;enf; pepftopfrsm;udk 8/ oifaxmufuyl pön;f rsm;ESifh
tjcm;olrsm;tMum; odciG &hf apygonf/ þenf;tm;jzihf rdrt d zGoUJ m; 9/ tifwu kd tf m;wdu k f aqG;aEG;jcif; (Brainstorming)/
k f acgif;jcif;&du
rsm;xHrS ¤if;wdEYk pS o f ufoabmusaom enf;vrf;rsm;ESifh rESpo f ufaom
t&mrsm;ESiyfh wfoufNy;D a0zeftMujH yKcsurf sm;&&Su d m rdrzd efw;D xm;aom
116 117
tcsed wf pfred pf? ESprf ed pfcef&Y vQiyf if jyefvnfo;kH oyfaqG;aEG;rIjyKEikd cf yhJ gu aqG;aEG;Ny;D ? yg0ifavhusio
hf rl sm;tm; ¤if;wd\
Yk tMujH yKcsurf sm;ay;&ef
aehpOfoHk;oyfaqG;aEG;jcif;rsm; oif,rl t I aetxm;rSm odoo

awG&U ayrnf/
d mom wd;k wufaumif;rGev f maMumif; zdwaf c:yg/
D A I LY R E V I E W S
jyefvnfo;kH oyfaqG;aEG;csurf sm;aMumifh ausmif;om;âusmif;olrsm;
u@av;ckcí
GJ avhvmoif,rl u
I kd oH;k oyfjcif;
taejzihf oif,cl ahJ omoifcef;pmrsm; ydrk akd usnufpmG em;vnf
oabmaygufvmonht f jyif aemufxyfoif,rl nhf oifcef;pm (QUADRANT REVIEW)
twGuv f nf; rsm;pGmtaxmuftyHjU zpfapEdik yf gonf/ xdjYk yif q&m^ puf0ikd ;f yHpk H wpfcu k kd av;jcrf;pdwo f @ef (odrYk [kw)f jyifnaD v;ydik ;f
q&mrtaejzihv f nf; rdrw d ynhrf sm;onf ,cifycYkd sczhJ ;l aom oifcef;pmESifh pdwo f @ef (a quadrant) qGo J m;jy;D aemuf wpfpw d pf üD oufqikd &f m
u@tvdu k f t"dymÜ ,fu, kd pf m;jyK oauFwav;ckrmS -
twdwfumvü odjrif&&SdcJUaom A[kokwESifU pGrf;&nfûRrf;usifrIrsm;udk ywfoufí trSew f u,f em;vnfr&I o dS vm;? em;vnfrrI sm; vGrJ mS ;
yg0ifavhusio f uf&mu@twGuf (+) [lívnf;aumif;?
hf rl sm; ESpo
aeovm;qdjk y;D jyefvnfqef;ppfEikd o f uJoh Ykd rdrw d ynhrf sm; tawG;tjrif
jyefvnfoHk;oyfaqG;aEG;&ef enf;pepf(3)rsdK; rSeaf tmif taxmuftuljyKEikd o f nhf tMuKH jyKcsurf sm; toH;k csjy;D ¤if;wd\ Yk ¤if;wdeYk m;rvnfaomu@twGuf (-) [lívnf;aumif;? ¤if;wdaYk r;p&m
em;vnfEikd pf rG ;f udk ydrk jkd rifrh m; vmatmif ulnaD y;Edik yf gonf/ u@twGuf (?) ESifh ¤if;wdüYk &Sad omt,ltqrsm;ESifh xd;k xGi;f odjrifrI
rsm;twGuf (!) [lívnf;aumif; puf0ikd ;f pdww f pfcpk wD iG f ud,k pf m;jyK
t"duem;vnfxm;&eftcsuf (Essential Understanding) aeYpOfjyefvnfo;kH oyfaqG;aEG;rIaMumifh q&m^q&mrwpfO;D taejzifh
oauFwjyxm;ay;yg/ xdt k cg yg0ifoif,o l rl sm;onf ¤if;wdaYk qG;aEG;
oifMum;a&;ydik ;f ü rdrt d oH;k jyKaom enf;pepfrsm;? ud, k yf ikd [
f efrsm;udk
oif,ljcif;jzpfpOfudk enf;vrf;trsdK;rsdK;toHk;csí jyefvnfqef;opfjyKjyifEdkifpGrf;&SdvQif ud,k wf ikd jf yefvnfojd rifvmaponf/ þodjYk zifh xdq k &m^q&mr rdr\ d
vdak om? wifjyvdak omu@tvdu k f oifyek ;f ay:&Sd oufqikd &f m
puf0ikd ;f pdww f iG f a&mifpu kH wfjym;av;rsm; toH;k jyKazmfjy&ayrnf/
tusdK;aus;Zl; rsm;pGm&&Sdapygonf/ ¤if;enf;vrf;rsm;wGif yHkrSefrSwfOmPfudk toHk;cs oifMum;a&;pepfukd vdt k yfovdk xde;f ndES ikd pf rG ;f &Sv
d mNy;D olôlr\
jy;D aemuf q&m? q&mru oufqikd &f mu@tvdu k f pkpnf;Ny;D
wynhrf sm;twGuf ydrk x kd ad &mufNy;D &v'faumif;apaom taetxm;
wynhrf sm;ESifh aqG;aEG;oH;k oyfrrI sm; jyKvyk &f ayrnf/
oif,ljcif;rSpí oif,lp&m oifcef;pm\ &IyfaxG;eufeJrIudk cGJjcm;pdwfjzmtajz&SmonfU rsm;udk jyKjyifrrG ;f rHEikd pf rG ;f &Svd mayonf/
+ -
enf;vrf;txd yg0ifygonf/ b,fvv
kd yk Mf urvJ (HOW) ESpo
f uf&m em;rvnf
oif,&l jcif; &nf&,
G cf suf (lEARNING OBJECTIVE) q&m? q&mrwpfO;D onf ,cifaeYu oifMum;ay;cJah om ta&;Mu;D onhf u@ aomu@
tcsurf sm; (odrYk [kw)f oifcef;pmudk tajymjzifo h m jyefvnfaqG;aEG;
cGihfjyKcsdef oif,o l rl sm;taejzifh rdrwd Ykd oif,al vhvmcJzh ;l aom oifcef;pmrsm;ESifh vIy&f mS ;aqmif&u
G rf rI sm;udk
(5-10) rdepfcefY oH;k oyfaeaomaMumifh oif,o l rl sm;\ tawG;ESit fh jrifvrJG mS ;aeaom
jyefvnfaqG;aEG;oH;k oyfjy;D ? ydrk q
kd ef;opfaumif;rGeaf om oifcef;pm\ tESpo f m&udk odjrifciG &hf &efEiS fh tjzpfrsm;udk tuJcwfr&d ef cJ,Of;vSayonf/ þjzpf&yfrsm;ü vQyw f pfjyuf
MuHKEdkifonhfcufcJrI aemufxyfa&Sq U uf&ef taxmuftuljyKEikd af om t,ltqrsm;udk awG;MurH ad p&ef ulnyD yUH ;kd ay;Edik zf Ykd
rcufcJyg/ vG,fulygonf/ jzpfygonf/ aeYpOfo;kH oyfaqG;aEG;jcif;onf oif,o l rl sm;tm; ,cifoif,cl ahJ om oifcef;pmESifh
ar;cGe;f wdk (ya[Vd)rsm;rSm tvkyjf zpf toH;k 0ifaMumif;awG&U aomfvnf;?
¤if;ar;cGe;f wdrk sm;onf taMumif;t&mwpfcu k kd jyefvnfoifMum;aom
!
taxmuftuljyK ypönf;rsm; ywfoufaom A[kow k ? oabmw&m;rsm; &&SEd ikd af tmif ulnaD y;onf/ tcgawmh xdxad &mufa&muf rjzpfEikd af Mumif;? wpfNyKd ief ufajzqd&k ef ? xd;k xGi;f
rnfonhfypönf;rsm;rS rvdktyfyg/ odkYaomf
oifykef;MuD;wpfcsyf (ajrjzLoHk;^rif&nfoHk;)?
rjzpfEikd af Mumif; awG&U ayrnf/ ,ck qufvufazmfjyrnfrmS oifcef;pm ar;p&mu@ odjrifrrI sm;
puúLvGwftcsyfMuD; (Newsprint/Flip q&m? q&mrrsm; odoifah om aeYpOfo;kH oyf aqG;aEG;jcif; wpfck (odrYk [kw)f taMumif;t&mwpfcu k kd jyefvnfo;kH oyfaqG;aEG;csed w f iG f
Chart)? rSwfpkwdkrsm;a&;&ef uwfjym;i,f
(BACkGROUND FOR TEACHERs)
toH;k jyK&ef tjyeftvSeq f ufpyfenf;vrf; (3) &yfjzpfygonf/
rsm; (Note Cards) ponfwdkYudk vdktyfyg
vdrfhrnf/ vGecf ahJ omaeY (odrYk [kw)f vGecf ahJ omtywfwiG f oifMum;ydcYk say;cJah om oifcef;pmrsm;udk jyefaET; t"duyifr pum;vH;k rsm;udk &SmazGaqG;aEG;jcif; wpfO;D csi;f pD pdwu
f ;l pdwo
f ef;rsm; yHak zmfo;kH oyfaqG;aEG;jcif;
ay;jcif; (odrYk [kw)f jyefvnfo;kH oyfaqG;aEG;ay;jcif;onf q&m^q&mrrsm;taejzifh rdrw d ynhrf sm; (MINDMAP REVIEW)
21 &mpkacwftwGuf tjynhft0 (kEY WORD REVIEW)
vdktyfaom pGrf;&nfrsm; rnfonfu f kd em;vnfonf? rnfonfuo kd if,Nl y;D oGm;NypD onfjzifh tuJcwf&ef enf;vrf;aumif; þaqmif&u G cf suu f kd pwif&ef oifyek ;f wpfcsyf (odrYk [kw)f puúLcsyMf u;D
21Cs Focus wpf&yfyifjzpfonf/ ,cifaeYu oifMum;cJah om oifcef;pmxJrS t"duyifr pum;vH;k ESpv f ;kH ? wpfck (Newsprint/ Flip chart) \ tv,fwiG f oifcef;pm\
yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufjcif;? ydkif;jcm;a0zefEdkifpGrf; oH;k vH;k ^ t"du tajccH oabmw&m;rsm;udk yg0ifavhusio hf rl sm;tm; acgif;pOf (odrYk [kw)f t"dutcsu^f t,ltqudk a&;csxm;vdu k yf g/
&Sdjcif;? tjyeftvSefqufoG,faqmif&Gufjcif;? xdok Ykd jyefvnfo;kH oyfaqG;aEG;jcif;udk oifcef;pmwpfcpk wifycYkd scsed üf wGio f mru ¤if;Ny;D qH;k csed wf iG f ta&mifygpuúLuwfjym;av;rsm;ay:wGif a&;om;Ny;D oifyek ;f Mu;D (rif&nf
vnf; jyKvyk o f ifo
h nf/ xdrk Qru twef;wpfct k wGi;f rSmyif taMumif;t&mwpfcu k kd oifMum;ydcYk srI ausmif;om;âusmif;olrsm;tm; ¤if;acgif;pOfEiS fh qufpyfywfoufaom
wDxGifMuHq zefwD;EdkifpGrf;&Sdjcif;? oH;k ? ajrjzLoH;k ) wpfcsyaf y:wGif oGm;uyfcikd ;f xm;yg/ vlwikd ;f ¤if;wd\ Yk
zefwD;EdkifpGrf;&Sdjcif;? odvdkpdwfjyif;jyjcif;? tNy;D owfumv (tjcm;taMumif;t&mwpfcu k kd rpwifru D mv) rSmyif jyefvnfo;kH oyfaqG;aEG;jcif; t,ltqrsm;? tajccHoabm w&m;rsm;udk ¤if;\teD;w0ku d w
f iG f
orm"dtm;aumif;jcif;? wefzdk;xm;jcif;? ta&mifyguwfjym;rsm; oifyek ;f ay:wGif uyfjy;D oGm;aomtcg? ¤if; a&;cdik ;f yg/ þaqmif&u G cf suu
f kd twef;wpfcv k ;kH taejzihv f nf;aumif;?
jyKEikd af yao;onf/ oifycYkd saeaom oifcef;pmtqH;k owfcsed w f iG f tcsed v
f ;kH 0ukeo
f mG ;vQiaf wmifrS uwfjym;rsm;udk pum;vH;k wl&mtvdu k ?f tajccHtaMumif;t&mwl&m
pepfwcktm; jcHKiHkoHk;oyfjcif; tkypf rk sm;tvdu k af omfvnf;aumif; aqmif&u G Ef ikd Nf y;D ? tkypf w
k pfcpk o D nf
oif&rnhf rdepftenf;i,ftwGi;f rSmyif wpfaeYwm (odrYk [kw)f tcsed t f ydik ;f tjcm;tvdu k f ydcYk scahJ om tvdu k f trsKd ;tpm;cGyJ g/ ¤if;pmvH;k rsm;onf rnfonhkdf ud, k pf m;jyK
oifcef;pm\ tESpcf sKyo f abmjyefvnfo;kH oyf aqG;aEG;jzpfatmif MuKd ;pm;&ayrnf/ twef;\ tjcm;tzGrUJ sm;ESifh wdik yf ifaqG;aEG;Edik yf gonf/
aMumif;ESifh ¤if;wdo Yk nf tb,faMumiht f a&;ygaMumif; ar;jref;
118 119
awG;yg? wGJyg? rQa0yg/

T H I N K , PA I R , S H A R E
ar;cGef;rsm; wnfaqmuftoHk;jyKwwf&efESifU tzGY o
J m;rsm;tcsif;csif;
yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufoif,lwwf&ef avUusifUay;jcif;
InTegraTIng QuesTIonIng sKIlls and CollaB oraTIVe learnIng

q&m? q&mrrsm;taejzifU rdrdwdkh\ oifcef;pmrsm;wGif ar;cGef;rsm;udk xda&mufpGmxnfUoGif;
toHk;csEdkifpGrf;&Sdatmif BudK;pm;NyD; ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm; oifcef;pmudk ydkrdkeufeJpGm
em;vnfoabmaygufvmatmif ulnD&ygonf/ xdktcg ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;taejzifU
oifcef;pmudk aumif;pGmtoHk;cs qufpyfawG;ac: EdkifpGrf; jrifUrm;vmjyD; teD;pyfqHk;tajzrsm;ESifU
tawG;opf tMuHopfrsm;udk azmfxkwfEdkifpGrf;&Sdvmonf/
oif,&l jcif; &nf&,
G cf suf (lEARNING OBJECTIVE)
cGihfjyKcsdef “awG;yg? wGyJ g? rQa0yg” qdo k nht f wdik ;f þqifu h aJ qmif&u G rf I jzpfpOfwiG f ausmif;om;^
(10) rdepf
ausmif;olrsm;ud, k w f ikd f tajz&Smay;&ef awG;awmqifjcifp&m yxrOD;qH;k taejzihf ar;cGe;f rsm;
MuHKEdkifonhfcufcJrI ar;jref;&ygrnf/ ¤if;wdYk tajz&SmawG;awmaepOfumvtwGuf rdepftenf;i,frQ tcsed af y;xm;
pmoifcef;twGif; pDrHcefYcGJEdkifrIESihf &ygrnf/ þumvwGif ¤if;wdt Yk em;&Sd twef;azmfrsm;ESiw fh zJG ufNy;D ¤if;wd\Yk t,ltqrsm;udk
tar;pGrf;&nfudk vdkufNyD; vG,fulrIrsm;
&SdEdkifovdk tawmftoifhcufcJrIvnf; aqG;aEG;cGiahf y;&ygrnf/ aemufq;kH wGif ¤if;wd\ Yk t,ltqrsm;udk twef;om;tm;vH;k tm;
MuHKEdkifygonf/ rQa0ajymjy aqG;aEG;ap&ygrnf/ þqifu h aJ qmif&u G rf pI epfukd rnfonht f qifüh rqd?k rnfonhf
twef;ürqdk toH;k csEikd yf gonf/ xdt Yk jyif þenf;pepfonf rnfonht f csed ?f rnfonhaf e&mürqdk
rSwfpkpmtkyf? abmvfyif? cJwH toH;k jyK&ef vG,u f t l qifajyygonf/ ¤if;pepfonf yl;aygif;aqmif&u G f oif,al &;? tjyeftvSef
qufqaH &;ESifh tjrif&aI xmifah ygif;pHrk S odjrifem;vnfEikd af &;wdt Yk wGuf txl;ojzifh toH;k 0ifygonf/
21 &mpkacwftwGuf tjynhft0 xdjYk yif ¤if;onf q&m^q&mrtoH;k jyKvu kd af om ar;cGe;f taetxm;ESifh ar;vdu k o
f nhf
tcsed u f ukd n
f rD I wdaYk y:wGif rlwnfí odvpkd w d jf yif;jyvmatmif? a0zefyikd ;f jcm;Edik pf rG ;f jrifrh m;vmatmif?
21Cs Focus
&SifoefMuD;xGm;aompdwf&Sdjcif;? wefzdk;xm;jcif;? wDxiG zf efw;D Edik pf rG ;f jrifah tmif vIaYH qmfyyUH ;kd ay;Edik yf gonf/
vufawGUprf;oyfaqmif&Gufwwfjcif;?
pepfwcktm; jcHKiHkoHk;oyfjcif;
odvdkpdwfjyif;jyjcif;? tjyeftvSef
qufoG,fa&;aumif;rGefjcif;? yl;aygif;yg0ifjcif;?
ydkif;jcm;a0zefEdkifpGrf;&Sdjcif;? tawG;opf
wDxGifMuHq zefwD;EdkifpGrf;&Sdjcif;/
120 121
T H I N K , PA I R , S H A R E C O N T I N U E D
MuKd wifjyifqifjcif; (PREPARATION) b,fvv

kd yk Mf urvJ (HOW)
“awG;yg? wGyJ g? rQa0yg” [lonhf þenf;AsL[mudk pwiftoH;k rjyKrD tqifh (1) awG;yg/ (THINk)
rdrod ifMum;ydcYk s&ef oihaf wmfrnhf taMumif;t&mudk a&G;cs,&f ygrnf/
xdok Ykd aqmif&u G &f ef twef;xJwiG f rMumrD zwf&&I rnhf taMumif;t&mudk q&m? q&mrrsm;onf þaqmif&u G cf suu
f kd pwif&ef rMumcifaqG;aEG;
a&G;cs,&f ygrnf/ xdo k aYkd qmif&u G &f ef twef;xJwiG f rMumrD zwf&&I rnhf awmhrnhf jy|mef;oifcef;pm (odrYk [kw)f taMumif;t&mESifh ywfoufjy;D
taMumif;t&mtopfuv kd nf; a&G;cs,Ef ikd o
f vdk oifavhvmqJtaMumif; txl;*&kpu kd jf yifqifxm;onhf tqifjh rifah r;cGe;f wpfcu k kd pwifar;vdu k yf g/
t&mrsm;rS t"duypfrw S x f m; aqG;aEG;p&maumif;aom tcsurf sm;rS ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;tm; (1) rdepfrS (3) rdepfceft Y xd tcsed af y;jy;D
oJveG pf rsm;? ar;cGe;f rsm;xkwí f vnf; toH;k jyKEikd yf gonf/ tu,fí þ oifah wmf&m tajzrsm;tm; ¤if;wdYk oifc?hJ odco hJ nfrsm;udk tajccHjy;D
enf;AsL[mudk toH;k csjcif;onf oift h wGuf yxrOD;qH;k tMurd jf zpfaevQif ud,
k w f ikd &f mS azGazmfxw k cf ikd ;f yg/
¤if;ü &nf&, G cf suEf iS fh yg0ifaomtqifrh sm;udk rdrw d ynhrf sm;tm; MuKd wif
&Si;f jyxm;ay;yg/ tqifh (2) wGyJ g/ (PAIR)
twef;om;wpfO;D pDukd ¤if;\ twef;azmfwpfO;D OD;ESifh wGaJ y;í tajz

rdrt d oH;k csawmhrnhf enf;AsL[mESifh ¤if;udt k oH;k jy&jcif; &nf&, G cf suuf kd &Smcdik ;f yg/ wGzJ ufjzpfou l kd q&m^q&mr ud, k w f idk af &G;cs,Ef ikd o f vd?k
xkwaf zmfajymjyjy;D aemuf rMumcif oifMum;aqG;aEG;rIrsm;twGuf ausmif;om;âusmif;olrsm;udv k nf; a&G;cs,cf ikd ;f Edik o
f nf/ xdo k Ykd
vdu k ef mzG,&f mrsm;udk jznhpf u G af jymjyxm;yg/ wynhrf sm;tm; MuKd wif&iS ;f jy aqmif&u G pf Of wpfO;D csi;f pD\ pmzwfEikd o
f nhf pGr;f &nf? tm&Hpk ;l pdu k f
xm;oifo h nht f csurf sm;rSm (1) ar;cGe;f wpfcpk t D wGuo f ifah wmf&mtajzudk Edik pf rG ;f ESifh bmompum; uRr;f usirf pI rG ;f &nhkdf q&m^q&mrud, k w f ikd f
yxrOD;qH;k rdru d ,
kd w
f ikd af wG;Munh&f ef? (2) oihaf wmf&mwGzJ ufwpfO;D &Smjy;D MuKd ox d m;&ef vdo k nf/ wGzJ uftwef;azmfrsm;onf rdrw d \Ykd t,ltq
rdrad wG;aeaom taMumif;t&m (odrYk [kw)f tajzudk aqG;aEG;&ef? (3) rsm;udk tjyeftvSeaf qG;aEG;jcif;? ar;cGe;f tjyeftvSeaf r;jcif;rsm;
&SmazGawG&U cdS surf sm;^t,ltqrsm;udk uset f wef;ol^ twef;om;rsm;ESifh jyKvyk Mf u&ygrnf/ (2-5 rdepf)
rQa0aqG;aEG;&ef ponfwYkd jzpfonf/ (tcsed &f ? tajctaeay;cJv h Qif
aqmif&u G &f ef) oihpf moifcef;xJrS twef;om;wpfO;D ^ twef;om;rsm;\
tultnDjzifh þenf;AsL[mud erlemjyaqmif&u G yf g/ þenf;AsL[mudk tqifh (3) rQa0yg/ (sHARE)
ydrk tkd jrif&iS ;f aponhf ar;cGe;f rsm; ydrk t kd oH;k csEikd &f ef oifah wmfaom tu,fí wGzJ ufaqG;aEG;rIrsm;jy;D qH;k jy;D aemuf tcsed yf akd eao;vQif
tcsed af y;yg/ q&m^q&mru twef;om;rsm;udk tzGiUJ ,frsm;zGí UJ aomfvnf;aumif;
wpfwef;vH;k tm; yg0ifapívnf;aumif; rQa0aqG;aEG;cdik ;f yg/ wGzJ uf
tu,fí rdrw d ynhrf sm;taejzifh þenf;AsL[mtaMumif;udk ESEYH pHYS yfpyf tzGiUJ ,frsm;rS ¤if;wd\ Yk tawG;rsm;ESifh ar;cGe;f rsm;udk wpfwef;vH;k tm;
odjy;D qdvk Qif atmufazmfjyyg aqmif&u G cf sut
f qihq
f ifrh sm; jyKvyk af epOf zwfjyay;rnho f ul kd a&G;cs,v
f Mkd uvQif tcGiahf y;&rnf/ “Class Share”
umvwGif aocsm*&kpu l aD y;yg/ þ “awG;yg? wGyJ g?
kd f Muyfrwfun tjy;D owfcsed wf iG f q&m^q&mru oifah wmf&mwGzJ uf tzGiUJ ,frsm;udk
rQa0yg” [laom enf;AsL[mudk taumiftxnfazmfaqmif&u G af epOf rQa0aqG;aEG;rIaMumifh awG;ac:yHk ajymif;vJEikd af Mumif; odap&ef ¤if;wd\ Yk
¤if;ESifh ywfoufaomykH (odrYk [kw)f wHjYk yefxifjrifcsurf sm;udk a&;om; tawGt U MuKH rsm;? t,ltqrsm;wdu Yk kd ajymjycdik ;f &rnf/
azmfjycdik ;f yg/
a&S U wiG f jyefMunfv

h u
kd yf g/
awG;yg? wGyJ g? rQa0yg toH;k jyKco
hJ nfh Oyrmudk pmrsuEf mS (44? 45)
wGi&f adS om em;vnfpmempdwf jynf0h atmif avhusijhf cif;wGif
MunfEh ikd o
f nf/
122 123
*spfaqm
J I G S AW
tzGY o
J m;rsm;tcsif;csif; yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufoif,ljcif; enf;pepf
a TeC hnIQue for CooperaTIVe learnIng WITh sTudenTs

q&m^q&mrrsm;taejzifU oifcef;pmwpfckudk oifMum;ydkhcsaepOfwGif yg0ifoif,lolrsm;tm;vHk;
rdrdwdkYü&Sdaom em;vnfuRrf;usifrIrsm;udk tcsif;csif;zvS,fí avUvmaqG;aEG;rIrsm;jyKEdkifatmif?
yl;aygif;oif,lwwfatmif tavUtusifUaumif;rsm;? tpDtpOfrsm; xnfUoGif;avUusifUay;&rnf/
odkhrSom oifcef;pm\tESpfom&rsm;udk ydkrdkaumif;rGefjynUfpHkpGm avUvmoif,lcGifU&&Sdayrnf/
&IaxmifUpHkrS jrifwwf? awG;wwfvmayrnf/
cGihfjyKcsdef oif,&l jcif; &nf&,

(10) rdepf yg0ifo, l ol rl sm;^ wynhrf sm;tm; jy|mef;oifcef;pm taMumif;t&mwpfcu k kd u@tvdu k cf jJG crf;
pdwjf zmjy;D aemufrS oihaf wmfovdk tzGcUJ í JG avhvmapaomtcg &Iaxmihaf ygif;pHrk S tawG;tjrifrsm;
ay:xGuv f mvdrrfh nf/ wpfzef ¤if;tawG;tjrifaygif;pHu k kd twef;om;tcsi;f csi;f zvS,cf ikd ;f ? aqG;aEG;
twef;om;rsm;tm; jy|mef;xm;onhf
zwfpmrsm;tvdkuf cufcJrItwdrfteuf cdifk ;f jyefaomtcg oifcef;pmwpfcv k ;kH udk ydrk akd usnufpmG ? ESpYH yfuRr;f usipf mG csO;f uyfavhvmcGiu fh kd
uGJjym;Edkifygonf/ &&Sad pygonf/
oifykef;MuD;wpfcsyf(ajrjzLoHk;^rif&nfoHk;) ?
q&m? q&mrrsm; odoihw
f m *spaf qm (Jigsaw) taMumif;t&mtjzmjzm
tjzLa&mifpuúLtcsyfMuD; (Newsprint/ (BACkGROUND FOR TEACHERs)
Flipchart) ESihf rSwfpka&;&ef uwfjym; *spaf qmonf yl;aygif;avhvmoif,jl cif;rS ay:aygufvmaom enf;pepfwpfcjk zpfygonf/ ¤if;\
i,frsm;rSvGJí rnfonhfypönf;rS rvdktyfyg/
emrnfEiS fh vdu k zf ufpmG yif “*spaf qmya[Vd” (Jigsaw Puzzle) udk ajz&Si;f &efrmS rwlnaD om
21 &mpkacwftwGuf tjynhft0 tpdwt f ydik ;f rsm;udk twlwuG csw d qf ufwyfqifay;vdu k rf o
S mvQif Ny;D jynhpf akH omtajzudk
vdktyfaompGrf;&nfrsm; (odrYk [kw)f rlvoGijf yifukd &Edik yf gonf/ xdo JhYk yYkd if taMumif;t&mwpfck (odrYk [kw)f oabmw&m;
21Cs Focus
wpfcu k kd tuket f pif tjynht f 0 em;vnfEikd &f efrmS oif,pl &mtcef;u@rsm;udk wpfpw d cf si;f ?
&SifoefMuD;xGm;aompdwf&Sdjcif;? ?
em;vnfpmem wwfjcif;? wefzdk;xm;jcif;?
wpfyikd ;f csi;f pDtvdu k f vdtk yfovdk jznhpf u G zf efw;D Edik rf o
S m xdt k aMumif;t&m^ oabmw&m;udk
pepfwcktm; jcHKiHkoHk;oyfjcif;? tuket f piftjynht f 0 odjrifEikd yf grnf/
odvdkpdwfjyif;jyjcif;? tjyeftvSef
qufoG,fa&;aumif;rGefjcif;? yl;aygif;aqmif *spaf qmonf oifcef;pmwpfco k if,El ikd &f ef aysm&f iT zf ,
G &f mjzpfaom xda&mufjynhpf akH om enf;vrf;
&Gufjcif;? a0zefydkif;jcm;EdkifpGrf;&Sdjcif;?
tawG;opftMuHopfrsm; zefwD;Edkifjcif;/ wpfcyk ifjzpfygonf/ ¤if;enf;pepfonf ynma&;qdik &f m aqmif&u G cf suw
f pfcw
k iG f tzG0UJ ifwpfO;D csi;f
pD&dS r&Srd jzpfvt
kd yfaom em;axmifjcif;pGr;f &nf? pdwyf g0ifpm;rIEiS fh em;vnfpmempdwf ponfweYkd iS fh
124 125
J I G S AW C O N T I N U E D
jynhpf akH tmif tm;ay;yHyU ;kd Edik yf gonf/ oif,al &;yef;wdik u f kd ta&mufvrS ;f tqihf (5)
Edik zf Ykd oif,o
l rl sm;taejzihf toif;tzGw UJ pf&yfuo hJ Ykd wpfO;D tay: tjyef
þtqihw f iG f twef;om;wpfO;D pDu ¤if;wdt Yk Mum;&Sd rdrEd iS &fh &Sx
d m;aom
tvSef tm;jznhaf qmif&u G Ef ikd rf jS zpfayrnf/ xdaYk Mumihf *spaf qmonf
eHygwfEiS fh wdu k q
f ikd w
f n l o D ul &kd mS jy;D “eHygwf (Number)” tzGrUJ sm;zG&UJ ygrnf/
xdo k Ykd tjyeftvSeyf ;l aygif;aqmif&u G Ef ikd &f ef rsm;pGmyHyU ;kd ay;Edik af Mumif;
tzGw UJ pfcwk iG f eHygwfwo l tl m;vH;k &S&d ygrnf/ Oyrm - eHygwf (1) &olrsm;
awG&U ayonf/
tm;vH;k onf wpfzzUJG &UJG ygonf/ “eHygwf (Number)” tzGw UJ pfcpk rD S tzGUJ
om;rsm;onf rdrw d EYkd iS w
fh m0ef,&l aom oifcef;pmtykid ;f udk uRr;f usiyf ikd Ef ikd f
*spaf qmonf rnfonhyf nma&;e,fy,fürqdk toH;k wnht f pGr;f xufyg
rI&adS tmif twlnESd ifId ;f aqmif&u G &f vdrrfh nf/ yg0ifavhusio fh rl sm;tm; rdrw d Ykd
onf/ ¤if;onf twef;csed w f pfcsed f (odrYk [kw)f twef;csed \ f wpfpw d w f pf
avhvm&rnf oifcef;pmu@\ t"duusaompum;vH;k rsm;? tajccHo
a'otwGi;f vG,u f pl mG ? udu
k n
f pD mG toH;k csEikd o
f uJo
h Ykd tcsed t
f wdik ;f
abmw&m;rsm;ESifh t"dymÜ ,frsm;udk em;vnfatmifMuKd ;pm;zdYk tm;ay;wdu k f
twmwpfcx k d oH;k pG&J aom pDru H ed ;f tajcjyKoif,jl cif; (Project-Based
wGe;f yg/ oifcef;pm\ cufcrJ u I kd vdu k jf y;D “eHygwf (Number)” tzGrUJ sm;
Approach) twGuv f nf; toH;k jyKEikd yf gonf/
udk (10-15)rdepfcefY tcsed af y;yg/
q&m? q&mrwpfO;D onf cufcaJ omenf;pepfrsm; toH;k rcsrD &d;k &Si;f vG,u
f l
[ef&adS om *spaf qmenf;udk pwiftoH;k jyKoihaf Mumif; tav;teuftMuH
tqihf (6)
jyKtyfygonf/ owif;tcsut f vufrsm; rQa0aqG;aEG;&ef? zwf&ef (odrYk [kw)f tajzxkwf
&ef oihaf wmfvakH vmufaom tcsed t f wdik ;f twmwpfct k xd vkyaf qmifay;
b,fvv
kd yk Mf urvJ (HOW) jy;D aemuf? yg0ifavhusio fh rl sm;tm; yif&if;*spaf qmtzGrUJ sm;qDoYkd jyefomG ;
cdik ;f yg/ xdaYk emuf tzGaUJ cgif;aqmifwpfO;D pDonf (1) rS (6) txd eHygwf
tqifh (1) wpfcpk aD c: Ny;D olôlr\ rSwpf pk mtkyüf rSwo f m;xm;aom t,ltqrsm;
rdrw
d ynhrf sm;tm; avhvmapvdak om t"dutaMumif;t&mudk qH;k jzwfa&G; udk *spaf qmtzGt UJ m; jyefvnfrQa0ajymjycdik ;f yg/ xdo
k rYkd Qa0aqG;aEG;&ef
cs,v f u
kd yf g/ (10-15) rdepfcefY tcsed af y;yg/ cufcrJ t I wdrt f eufuv kd ukd jf y;D owfrw
S cf sed f
tenf;trsm; uGmjcm;Edik yf gonf/
tqihf (2)
tqihf (7)
wpfaeYwm oifcef;pmudk (*spaf qmydik ;f rsm;uJo
h )Ykd (4-6) ckrQ tydik ;f rsm;
cGv
J u
kd yf g/ xdo
k ifcef;pmonf jy|mef;pmtkyrf S zwfp&mwpfcck k (odrYk [kw)f eHygwfpOfu, kd pf m;jyK tzGt UJ m;vH;k \t,ltqrsm;udk xkwaf zmfMum;odapjy;D
tcef;u@ wpfcck jk zpfvQiv f nf; &ygonf/ aomtcg *spaf qmya[Vd\ tpdwt f ydik ;f rsm; tm;vH;k jyefvnfppk nf;rdMu
jy;D yg0ifavhusio fh rl sm;onf t"du ypfrw S x f m;aqG;aEG;aeaom
tqihf (3) oifcef;pm\ &kyv f ;kH yHpk w
H pfcvk ;kH (oifcef;pm\ t"dutESpo f m&) udk
tjynht f 0 jrif&ygvdrrfh nf/
oifcef;pmudk tydik ;f cGx J m;aomta&twGuaf y: rlwnfí twef;om;rsm;
udk *spaf qmtkypf rk sm; (wpfzv UJG Qif (4-6) OD;qdv k Qif ydrk o
kd ihaf wmfygonf) tqihf (8)
cGjJ y;D tzGrUJ sm;zGx
UJ m;vdu k yf g/ *spaf qmtzGw UJ pfzpUJG t
D m; ¤if;wdt Yk zG0UJ ifrsm;udk
oufqikd &f meHygwfrsm; ay;xm;cdik ;f yg/ xdek yH gwfwpfcpk o D nf *spaf qmwpf xdaYk emuf q&m? q&mronf oifcef;pmudk rdrw d ynhrf sm; rnfrQavhvm aemufxyfajymif;vJtoH;k jyKEikd af omenf;vrf; (VARIATION)
ydik ;f pD&dS eHygwfwpfcpk ED iS fh oufqidk o f nf/ oif,El ikd cf oJ nhkdf tuJjzwfyg/ þaqmif&u G cf suu f kd “eHygwf (Number)”
tzGrUJ sm;zGí
UJ aqmif&u G Ef ikd yf gonf/ tzGw
UJ pfzpUJG o
D nf oufqikd &f moifcef;pmudk &d;k &Si;f vG,u f al om aemufxyfenf;pepfwpfrsKd ;rSm rdrt d wef;om;rsm;udk tzGw
UJ pfzpUJG o
D nf t"dutcsurf sm;udk a&;om;azmfjyívnf;aumif;?
t"dutcsurf sm; azmfjyívnf;aumif; (Outline)? Mindmap rdrd od ifMum;ydcYk svakd om oifcef;pm (odrYk [kw)f zwfp&mü yg0ifaom Mindmap rsm; qGí J aomfvnf;aumif; rdrw d &Ykd &Sx
d m;aom owfrw S f
tqihf (4)
qGí J vnf;aumif; (odrYk [kw)f pmyd'k yf pkH jH zihvf nf;aumif; tESpcf sKyf taMumif;t&mtvdu k f cGx
J m;aomeHygwfpOfta&twGut f wdik ;f tzGrUJ sm; oifcef;pm tydik ;f rsm;tvdukf f a[majymaqG;aEG; (Presentation)
tzGw
UJ pfzpUJG rD S tzG0UJ if wpfO;D pDtm; tzGaUJ cgif;aqmiftjzpf ceft
Y yf azmfjyay;Edik o f uJo h Ykd tjcm;*spaf qmtzGrUJ sm;tm; ar;&ef ar;cGe;f rsm;udk cGvJ u kd yf g/ xdaYk emuf wpfzpUJG o
D nf oifcef;pmtydik ;f wpfck avhvmaqG;aEG; Muonf/ xdaYk emuf tzGw UJ pfzpUJG o
D nf ¤if;wd\
Yk ya[Vdtydik ;f rsm;udk
wm0ef,cl ikd ;f yg/ MuKd wifjyifqif pOf;pm;Edik yf gonf/ q&m? q&mrwpfO;D onf *spaf qmtzGUJ Muonf/ uset f wef;om;rsm;tm; wifjyay;onf/
wpfcpk rD S oifcef;pmeHygwfukd MuKH ovdak c:ay;vdu k jf y;D ¤if;ESifh oufqikd o
f l
tzGt UJ m; oifcef;pmESiyfh wfoufaom tawG;tMurH sm;? t,ltqrsm;udk
twef;om;rsm;tm;vH;k Mum;odatmif jyefvnfrQa0ajymjyckid ;f yg/
126 127
PA R K I N G L O T odvpkd w d ?f ar;jref;pyfpv k pkd w

d rf sm;ay:vmygu &ifxrJ sKd oyd rf xm;awmhbJ
q&m? q&mrtm; xkwaf zmfar;jref;jcif;? tcsi;f csi;f aqG;aEG;jcif;jzihf
ajymoH qdo k rH sm;ESifh vIy&f mS ;ouf0ifaernhf pmoifcef;tavhtxudk
&nfòef;vdjk cif;jzpfygonf/ twef;ol? twef;om;rsm;\ &ifxrJ S
pum;oHukd em;axmifEikd &f ef (¤if;wd\ Yk oifcef;pmESiyfh wfoufaom
ar;cGef;rsm;wnfaqmuftoHk;csEdkifjcif;ESifU yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufjcif;pGrf;&nfrsm; t,ltqrsm;? tjrifrsm;udk odjrifciG &fh &ef) taumif;qH;k enf;vrf;rSm
wdk;wufap&efenf;pepfwpfck “Parking Lot” udk toH;k csjcif;yifjzpfygonf/ “Parking Lot”qdo k nfrmS
“,lqcsur f sm;? ar;cGe;f rsm; (odvo kd nht f aMumif;t&mrsm;)ESifh xd;k xGi;f
a TeChnIQue for proMoTIng QuesTIonIng & CollaB oraTIon sKIlls WITh sTudenTs
odjrifrrI sm;udk cPwmpkaqmif;odrk x SD m; &mae&m” [kqv kd ykd gonf
pmoifcef;wpfct k wGi;f vufawGt U oH;k wnhaf om “Parking Lot” udk
vltrsm;jrifv, G ?f a&mufv, G o f nhaf e&mwGif zefw;D xm;&S&d ygonf/
t"duem;vnfxm;&eftcsuf (Essential Understanding) odrYk oS m twef;ol? twef;om;rsm;tm;vH;k ¤if;wd\ Yk t,ltqrsm;?
twef;om;rsm;onf rdrdwdkhavUvmoif,laeaom oifcef;pmudk yHkrSefxufausmfvGefí ydkrdkpdwf0if pdwu f ;l rsm;ESifh pdw0f ifpm; p&mrsm;udk tm;vH;k pdww f ikd ;f us xkwaf zmf
ajymqdck iG fh &vmayrnf/ twef; wpfcv k ;kH onfvnf; tcsi;f csi;f
pm;rI jzpfay:vmaomtcg awG;p&mrsm;? ar;p&mrsm; tajrmuftrsm;ay:vmonf/ Parking pmar;oH? aqG;aEG;oHrsm;jzihf ouf0ifvyI f &Sm;aeonfukd awG&U ygonf/
rSwpf w k pfcpk D (rSwo f m;csu)f ESiyfh wfoufonhf oabmwlncD su?f jyefvnf
Lot [kac:aom þenf;pepfonf oifcef;pmrsm;udk enf;rSef? vrf;rSef oif,lwwfatmif wHjYk yefajzqdrk EI iS fh tMuOH mPfawmif;cHrrI sm;wGif q&m? q&mr ud, k wf ikd f
b,fvv
kd yk Mf urvJ (HOW)
xdef;ndSvrf;nTefay;jyD;? oif,lolrsm;xHüvnf; odvdkpdwfrsm;? a0zefydkif;jcm;OmPfrsm;ESihf wDxGif 0ifa&mufpu G zf ufjcif; wpfpw kH pf&mrjyKao;bJ ¤if;wd\
t,ltqrsm;? twltuG pOf;pm;tajz&Smxm;onhf tcsut
Yk ar;jref;csurf sm;?
f vufrsm; oifcef;pmwpfcu k kd oif,al eaom twef;om;wpfO;D onf oifcef;pm
MuHqrIrsm; jzpfay:vmatmif tm;ay;EdI;qGEdkifygonf/ pkaqmif;rSwo f m;xm;onhf ae&mwpfck zefw;D xm;ay;Edik &f efom abmifrS tenf;i,fausmv f eG í
f odcsiaf omtaMumif;t&mwpfcu k kd
ta&;Bu;D ygonf/ ar;jref;wwfygonf/ q&m^q&mrtaejzihv f nf; xdak r;cGe;f udk csucf si;f
“Parking Lot” wpfcu k kd eH&v H w G w f pfcak y:wGiv f nf; zefw;D Edik yf gonf/ wHjYk yefajzvdpk wd f (odrYk [kw)f ajz&Si;f vdpk w d f r&Sad o;onht f csed rf sKd ;ESivfh nf;
¤if;udk oufqikd &f mu@tvdu k f tuefrY sm;cGx J m;ay;Edik yf gonf/ (Oyrm MuKH Eikd yf gonf/ xdt k cgrsKd ;wGif q&m? q&mronf xdt k wef;om;udk
oif,&l jcif; &nf&,
Parking Lot &S& d modYk toGm;cdik ;f jy;D ¤if;\ar;cGe;f udak &;cscikd ;f vdu k yf g/
cGihfjyKcsdef - ar;cGe;f u@? tm;omcsurf sm; a&;om;&efu@)
(1-3) rdepf þenf;pepfonf rdrw d t
Ykd wef;om;rsm;\ &ifwiG ;f jzpftoHrsm; (oifcef;pmESiyfh wfoufaom ud, k f Parking Lot onf eH&a H y:wGicf sw
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f xJG m;aom puúLvGwt f csyMf u;D wpfck
ydik t
f ,ltqrsm;) rsm;udk Mum;odciG &fh apNy;D ? oif,jl cif;&nf&,
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f kd ydrk Nkd y;D ajrmufjynhpf akH tmif “Aha! Moments”, tajymif;tvJrsm;u@ESifh rSwc f surf sm;^
(odrYk [kw)f oifyek ;f axmihw f pfae&m&Sd MuKd wifjyifqifay;xm;aomae&m
aqmifMunf;ay;Edik af om pmoifcef;tavhtxaumif; wpfcjk zpfygonf/ Parking Lot wGif a0zefcsurf sm;a&;&ef u@rsm;[lí tuefrY sm; cGx J m;ay;Edik yf gonf/ ponfjzihjf zpfEikd yf gonf/ q&m^ q&mronf xdak usmif;om;\ar;cGe;f udk
jy|mef;taMumif;t&m^ oifcef;pmESihf ar;cGef;
rsm;\cufcJrI twdrfteufay:wGifrlwnfjyD; xda&mufpmG &SmazGpak qmif;xm;ay;aom owif;tcsut f vufrsm;\aus;Zl;jzihf uREykf w f v Ykd rf;acsmf xdak eYtwef;jy;D csed w f iG jf zpfap (odrYk [kw)f aemufwpfaeYoifcef;pmrsm;
cufcJrIrsm; trsdK;rsdK;ay:vmEdkifygonf/ aeaomt,ltqrsm;udk a0zefyikd ;f jcm;rdNy;D enf;rSe?f vrf;rSeaf wG;awmwwf? oif,al vhvmwwf jyefvnfo;kH oyfaqG;aEG;csed üf jzpfap (okrYd [kw)f twef;om;wpfO;D pD^
vmayonf/ ¤if;pepfonf rdrw d pYkd w
d 0f ifpm;&m? pdwt
f m;xufoef&mtvdu k f ausmif;pmoifcef;jyifyü wpfzpUJG t D m; ¤if;ar;cGe;f udk okawoejyK&ef tdrpf mtjzpfowfrw S af y;jy;D
taxmuftuljyKypönf;rsm; tMujH yKcsurf sm; (TIP)
okawoersm;jyKvyk &f ef vdt k yfaomowif;t&if;tjrpfrsm;udv k nf; tvG,w f ul&&Sad pEdik &f ef awG&U cdS surf sm;udk jyefvnfwifjyapjcif;jzpfvnf;aumif; ajz&Si;f Edik yf gonf/
oifykef;MuD;wpfcsyf (ajrjzLoHk;^rif&nfoHk;)?
puúLcsyftMuD;pm; (Newsprint/Flip taxmuftuljyKygonf/ Parking Lot yg taMumif;t&mrsm;udk aqG;aEG;Edi k &f ef q&m^ q&mr
Chart)? rmhum (Markers) rsm;? ar;p&mrsm;? aqG;aEG;p&mrsm; ponfjzihf rnfonht f &mrsm;ay:vm taejzihf wpfywfwmtwGi;f oD;oeft Y csed w
f pfck owfrw S x
f m;&ef
a&mifpHkuwfjym;rsm;/ ay:vm Parking Lot ae&mwGif oGm;a&mufrw S of m;azmfjy&rnf/ vdyk gonf/
Parking lot twGuf odp&mtjzmjzm? q&m? q&mrrsm; avhvmyg/ ¤if;udk tm;vH;k yGivfh if;jrifomrI&adS tmif zefw;D xm;&rnf/ trSef
21 &mpkacwftwGuf tjynhft0
vdktyfaompGrf;&nfrsm; (BACkGROUND FOR TEACHERs) pifppf Parking Lot onf rnforl qdk rdrpd w d xf aJ y:vmorQ
21Cs Focus rdrw
d ynhrf sm;ü 21 &mpkprG ;f &nfrsm; ude;f 0yf&iS o
f efvmap&ef rsm;pGmtaxmuftuljyKay;Edik o f nhf taMumif;t&mrsm; xnho f iG ;f azmfjycGijfh yKxm;&mae&mjzpfonf/ rSwo
f m;&ef (REMEMBER)
odvdkpdwfjyif;jyjcif;? wDxGifMuHq aumif;rGejf ynhpf o
kH nhf pmoifcef;wpfcu k v
kd t
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zefwD;EdkifpGrf;&Sdjcif;? yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufjcif;? rsm;onf tvGet f a&;Mu;D ygonf/ uREykf w f t Ykd aejzihf rdrwd ynhf
tjyef tvSef qufoG,faqmif&Gufjcif;? &mq&m^ q&mrrsm; aumif;pGmodjrifawG;awmzefw;D Edik &f ygrnf/ trsm;odatmifjyKyg/ 0efxrf;rsm;? tzGo UJ m;rsm;twGuf Parking Lot
a0zefydkif; jcm;EdkifpGrf;&Sdjcif;? rsm;tm; odap vdo k nfrmS pmoifcef;wpfct k oufonf ¤if;wd\ Yk wpfck zefw;D ay;yg/ ¤if;wd\
Yk rSwcf surf sm;? rSwpf rk sm;udk todtrSwjf yK
21 &mpkacwf pmoifcef;rsm;wGif acwfpm;vmrnhf tavhtxwpfcrk mS twef;ol twef;om;
&SifoefMuD;xGm;aompdwf&Sdjcif;? &ifwiG ;f jzpf pum;oHrsm;yifjzpfaMumif; oabmaygufapvdyk gonf/ wHjYk yefaqmif&u
G yf g/
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vufawGUprf;oyfaqmif&Gufwwfjcif;/ (ud;k um;csuf ; www.competencyworks.org)
onf oifcef;pmü ¤if;wdpYk w d 0f ifpm;p&m? pdwv f yI &f mS ;p&m taMumif;t&mrsm;ESiyfh wfoufjy;D
128 129
bmaMumifUvJvdkh (5) cg ar;yg/

WHY X5
udk;um;csuf ; MIndTools.CoM
a TeC hnIQue for explorIng C urIos ITy WITh sTudenTs

Why×5 onf eufeJaomta&;udpörsm;wGif ay:aygufwwfonfU tqHk;rowfEdkifavmufatmif
&IyfaxG;aeaom? cufcJaomjyóemrsm;udk wpfckcsif;? wpfpcsif;pD qGJxkwfo&kyfcGJjyD; ajz&Sif;onfU
enf;pepfwpfckjzpfygonf/
5 Whys enf;pepf ydrk t kd pGr;f xufaomumvrSm tajzawG&U cdS surf sm;onf tajzwpfcpk oD nf wdusaomtcsuf tvufrsm;tay: tajccHjy;D
ppfaq;aeaomjzpfpOfü ud, k w f ikd uf ,
kd u
f s vufawGaU qmif&u G af eolxrH S xkw,f &l ygrnf/ ajzvdu
k af omtajzudk csucf si;f wHjYk yefNy;D bmaMumihv
f J
oif,&l jcif; &nf&,
ay;aomtcsed w f iG jf zpfygonf/ tvGe&f ;kd &Si;f vG,u f al om enf;pepfjzpfyg [k ar;jref;&ygonf/
cGihfjyKcsdef jyóem? ta&;udpw ö pfcak y:aygufvmvQif ¤if;jyóem\ t&if;cHtaMumif;t&mudk eufepJ mG onf/ ¤if;enf;pepfrmS - tu,fí oihw f iG f jyóemwpfpw kH pf&m
(20-30) rdepf o&kycf NJG y;D taumif;qH;k enf;rsm;udk toH;k csajz&Si;f &ef vdt k yfaomt&nftcsi;f rsm; wd;k wufvmap&ef/ ykaH y: cJv
h Qif ¤if;\t&if;cHtaMumif;&if;udk ydu k pf w
d wf u
kd &f mS vdv k Qif tqihf (4)
“bmaMumihf (Why)” [k ig;Mur d f wdwad r;yg/ Counter-Measure \ qihu
f aJ r;vduk af om “bmaMumihv f ”J ig;Murd \
f tajzrsm;udMk unhNf y;D
MuHKEdkifonhfcufcJrI “Quick Fixes” onf tqifajy[ef&a dS omfvnf; ¤if;onf tay:,Hjyóemrsm;udo k m ajz&Si;f
vG,fulygonf/ ay;Edik Nf y;D t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk tavhtvGijfh zpfaponf/ Why x 5 enf;vrf;onf ajz&Si;f csurf sm; vrf;aMumif;onf odoo d momay:vmjy;D aemufxyfjyóem xyfrwuf aemufq;kH ajz&Si;f p&menf;vrf; (Counter-Measure) udk qH;k jzwf&ygrnf/
&SmazG wwf&efxuf aemufxyfjyóemrsm; xyfrwuf&ef MuKd wifumuG,f wm;qD;&efenf;vrf;rsm; Edik af tmif umuG,w f m;qD;ay;ygonf/
oifykef; (ajrjzLoHk;^ rif&nfoHk;) ?
&SmazG aqmif&u G jf cif;jzpfjy;D xdak qmif&u G cf surf sm;udk “Counter-Measures” [kac:ygonf/ Oyrm exaMple
puúLvGwftcsyfMuD; (Newsprint/ “Counter-Measures” qdo k nfrmS wpfbufujyóem\ t&if;cHukd oJveG pf rsm; &SmazGajz&Si;f b,fvv
kd yk Mf urvJ hoW
Flip Chart) ? rSwfpkrsm;a&;rSwf&ef aecsed wf iG ?f tjcm;wpfzufrv S nf; aemufxyfjyóemrsm; xyfrwufatmif MuKd wifumuG,f “aemufEp
S rf mS uREykf w
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kd o
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tqifh (1)
uwfjym;i,frsm;/ wm;qD;&ef aqmif&u G cf suf (odrYk [kw)f qihu f aJ qmif&u G cf surf sm;udk qdv
k ykd gonf/ xdu
k o
hJ aYkd om “bmaMumihv
f ”J
tajctaersm;wGif Counter-Measures onf jyóemrsm;udk aemufxyf ay:aygufjcif;r&Sad tmif jyóemwpfck owfrw S yf g (odrYk [kw)f Open Question
21 &mpkacwftwGuf tjynhft0 “uREy
kf t
f wef;wif pmar;yGu
J sygonf/”
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k ufyakd om tajz&Edik af om ar;cGe;f ) wpfcu
k kd ar;vdu
k yf g/
vdktyfaom pGrf;&nfrsm; “bmaMumihv
f ”J
21Cs Focus
orm"dtm;aumif;jcif;?
tqifh (2) “t*Fvy
d pf meJY ocFsmratmifvyYkd g/”
&SifoefMuD;xGm;aompdwf&Sdjcif;? jyóem (odrYk [kw)f ar;cGe;f udk tajz&SmEdik &f ef MuKd ;yrf;yg/ xdaYk emuf “bmaMumihv
f ”J
em;vnfpmempdwf&Sdjcif;? odp&mtjzmjzm q&m? q&mrrsm;twGuyf g/ (BACkGROUND FOR TEACHERs)
“bmaMumihv f J (Why?) [k yxrOD;qH;k tMurd af r;yg/ bmaMumihf
vufawGUprf;oyfaqmif&Gufwwfjcif;? “uREy
kf af umif;pGm ravhvmEdik cf yhJ g/”
pepfwcktm; jcHKiHkoHk;oyfjcif;? wd,
k w
kd mpufrv I yk if ef;pkMu;D udk pwifwnfaxmifco hJ l qmuDcsw D ,kd 'kd g (Saki Toyota) qdok l Whyx5 jyóemay:ae&ovJ (odrYk [kw)f bmaMumihf 'DtajzrsKd ;&ovJ”[lí
“bmaMumihv
f ”J
odvdkpdwfjyif;jyjcif;? tjyeftvSef enf;vrf;udk 1930 ESpf 0ef;usiu f mvrsm;wGif pwifusiofh ;kH cJyh gonf/ oltoH;k csaom enf;vrf;onf ar;yg/ rdr\ d tajzonf cdik vf akH ocsmaom tcsut f vufay:wGif
qufqHa&;aumif;rGefjcif;? 1970 0ef;usiw f iG f txl;a&yef;pm; vlMuKd urf sm;vmygonf/ wd, k w kd m (Toyota) ukrP
Ü D rlwnfjy;D xGuv f maomtajzrsKd ; jzpf&ygrnf/ xifjrifreS ;f qcsuw f pf&yf “uREy
kf rf mS
tcsed t
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k avmufr&cJv h yYkd g/”
yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufjcif;? ydkif;jcm;a0zef ud,
k wf ikd o
f nfvnf; jyóemrsm;ajz&Si;f &ef ¤if;enf;vrf;udk ,aeYtxd toH;k csaeqJyifjzpfygonf/
EdkifpGrf;&Sdjcif;/
rjzpfoihyf g/ “bmaMumihv
f ”J
5 Whys enf;udk jyóem\t&if;cHtaMumif;&if;udk &SmazGpp kH rf;&ef? t&nftaoG;wd;k wufap&efEiS fh
“taru toufMu;D aejy;D qda
k wmh olrudk jyKpak pmihaf &SmufaevdyYk g/”
tawmftoihf cufcaJ omjyóemrsm;udk enf;vrf;&SmMuaH jz&Si;f Ekid &f ef tpGr;f txufq;kH jzpfygonf/ tqihf (3)
Counter-Measure=tarhujkd yKpa
k y;Edik of l aemufwpfa,muf&mS vdu k yf g/
“bmaMumihv
f ”J [k aemufxyfar;cGe;f (4) Murd f qufwu
kd af r;yg/
130 131
oifaxmufulypönf;rsm;
VISUAL TOOLS
ydkrdktquftpyfrdaom tawG;tac:aumif;rsm;ay:xGufvmEdkif&ef
oifUawmfaom (o&kyfazmf) enf;rsm;toHk;csjcif;/
3 VIsual Tools To use WITh any lesson/TopIC/proJeCT oifcef;pmrsm;udek idI ;f ,SOaf vhvm&eftoH;k jyKaom enf;vrf;
wpfck (T-CHART) Oyrm - tpm;tpmrsm;taMumif;
t"duem;vnfxm;&eftcsuf (Essential Understanding) pm&Guw f pf&u G af y:wGif a'gifvu kd rf sO;f wpfaMumif;ESifh a&jyifnrD sO;f wpf (2) acgif;pOfEiS fh oufqikd af om t"du taMumif;t&mü yg0ifaom
aMumif;wdu Yk q kd í
JG t*Fvyd t f u©&m T yHo k @ef&dS yHpk wH pfcu k kd zefw;D qGo J m; trsKd ;trnf (odrYk [kw)f tpdwt f ydik ;f (Subsets) rsm;udk tkypf w
k &l m
21 &mpkacwf ynmoif,la&;pepfonf enf;vrf;yHkpHtrsdK;rsdK;? tawG;tMuHtrsdK;rsdK;wdkhudk yg/ xdyk pkH \ H b,fbufEiS fh nmbuf&dS tuGux f yd ef m;wpfcpk w D iG f tvdu k f (2) ck rQa&G;xkwyf g/
avUusifUEdkif&ef yg0ifavUvmolrsm;tm; pdefac:aeayonf/ Visual Thinking Tools onf t&m0w¬Kwpfcpk \ D trnf (odrYk [kw)f rdrEd iId ;f ,SOaf vhvmvdak om
taMumif;t&mESiyfh wfoufonhf acgif;pOfrsm;udk trnfwyf^ trsKd ;tpm;
Oyrm-eHeufcif;wGipf m;aom tpm;taomufrsm;ESifh ntcsed w
pm;onhf tpm;taomufrsm;/ trsKd ;trnfwpfcpk u
f iG f
D kd Venn Diagram \
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k oJ Ykd xnhv
f u kd yf g/
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ydkrdktqifUjrifUrm;vmap&ef rsm;pGmtaxmuftuljyKaMumif; oufaojyEdkifcJUonf/ Oyrm-owÅ0gqJvEf iS fh tyifqv J rf sm;tMum;&Sd wlncD surf sm;? uGjJ ym;jcm;em; xnhjf znhyf g/
csurf sm;udk EdiI ;f ,SOf avhvmyg/ xdaYk emuf ¤if; T yHpk \ H b,fbufEiS fh (4) trsKd ;tpm;wpfcpk ED iS yfh wfoufaom t,ltqrsm;ESifh wlncD surf sm;udk
oif,&l jcif; &nf&,
G cf suf (lEARNING OBJECTIVE) nmbuf&dS atmufajctuGurf sm;wGif EdiI ;f ,SOcf surf sm; oufqikd &f ma'gif wlnaD omenf;vrf;rsm;udk puf0ikd ;f rsm;xyfaeaomae&mü jyefxnhyf g/
cGihfjyKcsdef vdu k t
f uGux f yd w f iG f wyfxm;aomtrnfrsm;^ acgif;pOfrsm;tvdu k f
(40-45) rdepf (toHk;jyKaomenf;pepfESihf ¤if;onf 21 &mpkacwftwGuf vdt k yfaom bufp?kH &Iaxmihpf akH wG;ac:wwfaom t&nftcsi;f rsm; jznhpf u G af &;om;yg/ Oyrm-b,fbuftuGux f yd üf “owå0gqJv”f [k
avhvmaeaom owif;tcsuftvuf\
f nhaf 'wmrsm; (Data) owif;tcsut
udk vIaYH qmfajrawmifajrmS ufay;Edik o f vufrsm;&,lEikd &f ef
oifcef;pm\ t"duvd&k if;tcsurf sm;udk tESpcf sKyf
eufeJrIwdkYudkrlwnfí) trnfwyfxm;vQif ¤if;\atmufbuf&dS atmufajctuGuw f iG f owå0g
bufpekH nf;vrf;rsm;udk vrf;nTeaf y;Edik yf gonf/ qJv\ f yg0iftpdwt f ydik ;f rsm; tm;vH;k wef;pD a&;csyg/ xdeYk nf;wlpmG yif azmfjyaom enf;vrf;wpfck (Mind Mapping)
MuHKEdkifonhfcufcJrI tyifqv J [ f k trnfwyfxm;aom nmbufxyd t f uGuf atmufbuf&dS Mind Map wpfcu
k kd zefw;D Edik af om tqihf (3) qihf &Syd gonf/
owif;tcsuftvuf\
eufeJrIwdkYudkrlwnfí cufcJrIrsm; atmufajctuGuw f iG f tyifqv J &f dS yg0iftpdwt f ydik ;f rsm;tm;vH;k udk ¤if;wdrYk mS -
trsdK;rsdK;ay:vmEdkifygonf/ odp&m? rSwpf &m tjzmjzm? q&m^q&mrrsm; avhvmyg/ wef;pDa&;csyg/
(1) t"duusaom acgif;pOf (odrYk [kw)f prSww f pfcu k kd zefw;D yg/
(BACkGROUND FOR TEACHERs)
taxmuftuljyKypönf;rsm; (2) ¤if;yifrprSwu f kd tajcjyKí Key Themes (t"duyg0ifaom
puúLvGwftcsyfMuD; (Newsprint/ Flip Visual Tools oif,o l rl sm;taejzihf owif;tcsut f vufrsm;udk xda&mufpmG &,lxed ;f odr;f Edik &f ef oifcef;pmeSpcf Mk um; tjyeftvSef qufpyfyu
kH kd azmfjyaom taMumif;t&mrsm;)udk ud, k pf m;jyKazmfjyaom vufwyH pkH H (odrYk [kw)f
Chart) ? rmhum (Markers) rsm;?
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Focus
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aumif;rGefjcif;? odvdkpdwfjyif;jyjcif;? rIjzihf ydrk x
kd ad &mufpmG aqmif&uG Ef ikd af om vky&f yfrsm;rSm tjyeftvSeyf ;l aygif;avhvmoif,jl cif; (odrYk [kw)f ta&;udprö sm; tjyeftvSef a&m,Suq f ufE, G af eMuaMumif; xdyw f iG f taMumif;t&mwpfcpk \ D t"dymÜ ,fwpfcpk u D kd ud, k pf m;jyKaom
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orm"dtm;aumif;jcif;? wefzdk;xm;wwfjcif;? t&mrsm;udk 0dik ;f 0ef;avhvmtajz&SmMujcif;ESifh oifMum;aqG;aEG;aeaom a'wm (Data) ESifh owif; pwif&ef/ /
pepfwcktm; jcHKiHkoHk;oyfjcif;/ Mind Mapping onf oifcef;pmwpfc\ k tESpcf sKyt f aMumif;t&m
tcsut f vufrsm;\ tajccHoabmw&m;rsm;udk em;vnfEikd &f ef ulnaD y;jcif;wdYk jzpfygonf/ (1) oif\ Venn Diagram udk trnfwyfvu kd yf g/ xdak cgif;pOfonf (odrYk [kw)f t"dutcsurf sm;ESifh ¤if;wdt Yk jyeftvSeq f ufpyfyrkH sm;udk
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132 jzpfygonf/ 133
pm;jyKonht f aetxm;&S&d rnf/
tifwdkuftm;wdkuf acgif;csif;&dkuf tajz&Smjcif;

BRAINSTORMING Brainstorming udk rnfonha f r;cGe;f trsKd ;tpm; (odrYk [kw)f
jyóemrsKd ;udrk qdk tajzxkwEf ikd &f ef (odrYk [kw)f taumif;qH;k
5/ wpfMudrfvQif aqG;aEG;rIwpfckomjyKvkyfyg/
(One Conversation at a Time)
ajz&Si;f Edik rf nhf t,ltqrsm;? vrf;prsm;udk &SmazGEikd &f ef toH;k cs
Edik yf gonf/ twef;om; wpfO;D pDom tvSnu fh s ajymqdo
k ihyf gonf/ rdrt
d ,ltqrsm;
¤if;onf tawG;opf? tjrifopfrsm;ay:xGufvm&ef vHI haqmfEdI;qGay;Edkifaom enf;pepfwpfckjzpfonf/ BraInsTorMIng twGuf vdu
k ef mzG,&f mrsm; wifjyEdik &f ef? twef;om;tm;vH;k taotcsmMum; odciG &fh &ef pdw&f n
S yf g/
a TeC hnIQue To sparK CreaTIVe ThInKIng WITh sTudenTs
(IDEO and Stanford d. school rS ud;k um;azmfjyygonf)
6/ rdrdt,ltqudk tm;vHk;jrifomatmuf azmfjyEdkif&ef
t"duem;vnfxm;&eftcsuf (Essential Understanding) 1/ taumif;tqd;k a0zefyikd ;f jcm;jcif;rjyK&ef (No Judgment) MudK;pm;yg/ (Be Visual)
Brainstorming onf awG;ac:,lqcsufrsm;rsm;&&Sd&ef toHk;jyKaomenf;vrf;wpfckjzpfygonf/ Brainstorming wGif tusKd ;r&Sd raumif;aom awG;ac:,lqcsurf sm;
rdrt d ,ltqudk trsm;odjrifatmif a&;om;azmfjycsux f uf o&kyaf zmf
r&Syd g/ þvkyaf qmifrI jzpfpOftwGi;f wGif a0zefyikd ;f jcm;tuJjzwfrI
yHMk urf;rsm;qGí
J azmfjyEdik jf cif;u ydrk x
kd ad &mufygonf/
wDxGifzefwD;rI&Sdaom tzGJYtpnf;rsm;rS awGY&Sdcsuft& awG;ac:,lqcsufrsm;rsm;&&Sd&ef vkyfaqmifrI rvkyyf gESifh aemufwiG f a0zefyikd ;f jcm;tuJjzwf&ef tcsed rf sm;&Syd gonf/
ESifU awG;ac:,lqcsufrsm;udk cGJjcrf;? pdwfjzmoHk;oyfrIudk cGJjcm;jcif;tm;jzifU qeff;opfaom

2/ pdwful;,Ofqefaom t,ltqrsm;udk ajymqdkEdkif&ef 7/ ta&twGufrsm;rsm;&atmif awG;yg/
wDxGifMuHqrIrsm; &&SdEdkifygonf/ tm;ay;yg? rSwfom;xm;yg/ (Encourage Wild Ideas) (Go for Quantity)
wpfpw kH pfO;D twGuf pdwu

f ;l ,Ofqefaom tawG;? t,ltqwpf&yfjzpf awG;ac:,lqrI t,ltqrsm;udk rsm;rsm;awG;Edik &f ef yef;wdik x
f m;cdik ;f yg/
oif,&l jcif; &nf&,
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f ck (100) xm;jy;D aumif;rGeaf om t,ltqwpfck &&S&d ef
cGihfjyKcsdef
jzpfEikd yf gonf/ t,ltqrsm;ay:wGif tajccHygonf/
(10) rdepf (aqG;aEG;rIwpfMudrfpDtwGuf) Brainstorming enf;pepfonf wDxiG zf efw;D rIwpfcu
k jkd yKvyk &f mwGi?f rdrw
d Ykd "r®"|d mefususox
d m;aom
MuHKEdkifonhf cufcJrI tajccH,q l csuw
f pf&yftay: t&if;wnfí aemufxyfjzpfEikd af cs&adS om vrf;prsm;udk &SmazGawG;awmEdik &f ef
tv,ftvwf (odkYaomf trSefwu,f rsm;pGm taxmuftuljyKygonf/
xda&mufaom tawG;opftMuHopfrsm;udk
3/ tjcm;olrsm;\ t,ltqrsm;udkvnf; tav;teuf
pwifawGU&Sdcsufwpf&yfrS tqihfqihf
q&m? q&mrrsm; tifwu kd t
f m;wdu
k f acgif;csi;f qdik f xm;NyD; xnhfoGif;toHk;jyKpOf;pm;yg/ (Build on the Ideas waphwapmihMf unhjf cif; (aT a glanCe)
wGufq enf;vrf;&SmMuHzefwD;aomtcg tajz&Smjcif;udk avhvmjcif; (BACkGROUND FOR of Others)
tifwu kd t f m;wdu
k f acgif;csi;f &du k t
f ajz&Smjcif; (Brainstorming)
tcufawGUEdkifygonf/) onf tu,fí? þuJo h jYkd zpfcv
hJ Qi.f ..? rnfonht f &mrsm;u
TEACHERs)
taxmuftuljyKypönf;rsm; rdrw
d Ykd twef;azmfrsm;rS t,ltqrsm;udk Mum;od&vQiv
f nf; jzpfEikd af jc&So d enf; paomar;cGe;f rsm;ar;jcif;udk jzpfay:aponf/
rmhum (Markers) rsm;? puúLwdyf? Brainstorming udak qmif&u G &f ef oifwef;tulq&mwpfO;D ESifh tcsed f vspv f sL&Irxm;bJ ¤if;wd\Yk t,ltqrsm;tay: tajccHjy;D tifwu kd t f m;wdu
k f acgif;csi;f &du k t
f ajz&Smjcif; (Brainstorming)
a&mifpHkuwfjym;i,frsm;? puúLvGwf rSwíf tcsuaf y;olwpfO;D (A Recorder) tygt0if tzG0UJ if (5) OD; a&Sq
U ufawG;yg/ onf tawG;tac:tMuOH mPfrsm; rnfuo hJ Ykd vGwvf yfpmG awG;ac:
tcsyfMuD;rsm; (Newsprint/ Flip rS (7) OD;txd wpfzpUJG w D iG yf g0ifEikd yf gu ydrk x
kd ad &mufr&I ydS gonf/ jzpfaf y:vmEdik &f ef? uREykf wf \ Ykd tusKd ;jzpfxeG ;f zG,&f adS om
Chart) ? oifykef;MuD; (ajrjzLoHk;^
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rif&nfoHk;)
“uReaf wmf? uRerf wdrYk mS 'DtaMumif;t&mESiyfh wfoufjy;D ,lqcsuf 4/ rdrdypfrSwfxm;avhvmaeaom taMumif;t&mrS wd;k wufatmifjyKvyk Ef ikd &f efEiS fh ¤if;tMuOH mPfrsm;udk
21 &mpkacwftwGuf tjynhft0 (12) ck &Syd gw,f/ owfrw S cf sed tf wGi;f rSm tJ'h t D ,ltqawGuae
vdktyfaom pGrf;&nfrsm; aoGzDoGm;jcif;r&Sdatmif owdxm;yg/ (stay Focused on rnfuo hJ pYkd rf;oyfí qufvuf taumiftxnfazmf
aemufxyf,q l csuf (8) rsKd ;avmuf xkwaf y;Edik yf govm;” vkyaf qmifEikd &f ef paomt&mrsm;udk oifMum;ay;onf/
21 Cs Focus the Topic)
wDxGifMuHq zefwD;EdkifpGrf;&Sdjcif;? pmoifcef;wpfcw k iG f Brainstorming wpfcak qmif&u G &f ef MuKd wifjyif
yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufwwfjcif;? tjyeftvSef qifrrI sm;ESifh pwifEikd o
f uJoh Ykd oifcef;pmydcYk srt
I aetxm;\ vdt k yfcsuf wpfMurd v f Qif ar;cGe;f wpfck (odrYk [kw)f taMumif;t&mwpfcu k o
kd mvQif
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jyif;jyjcif;? vufawGUprf;oyf aqmif&Guf t&vnf; csucf si;f aqmif&u G Ef idk yf gonf/ oifwef;q&m (Instructor)
wwfjcif;? orm"dtm;aumif;jcif;? onf oifcef;pmxJ&dS Ni;D aiGzU , G af umif;aom taMumif;t&m a&Sq
U ufpOf;pm;yg/
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kH pfcu k akd wGv
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a&mufaomenf;vrf;rsm;udk &SmazGtoH;k cs oifMum;ay;&rnf/
134 135
BRAINSTORMING CONTINUED
b,fvv
kd yk Mf urvJ (HOW) tqihf (3) wpfcNk y;D wpfck a&Sq
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tzGiUJ ,frsm; zGyUJ g/ ¤if;udk raqmif&u
G rf D odoiho f x
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f ,ltqrsm;udk uwfjym;i,fay:wGiaf &;om;&ef tcsed t f enf;i,f
t"du taMumif;t&m? ar;cGe;f udk owfrw S af y;yg/ ay;yg/ (2) rdepf - (3) rdepfMumjy;D aemuf a&mifpu kH wfjym;i,fwpfcpk üD
a&;om;xm;aom wpfO;D csi;f pD\t,ltqrsm;udk tm&Hpk u kd af qG;aEG;í
rSww f rf;wifa&;rSwx
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tqihf (1) tzGaUJ cgif;aqmifwpfO;D tm; a&G;cs,yf g/
Brainstorming vkyp
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f [kejf ri§ afh qmif&u
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ay;Edik o f ?l yHyU ;kd ay;Edik o
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a&G;cs,yf g/ xdo k o
l nf rdrt d zGo UJ m;rsm; wufwufMuMG uG yg0ifvyk af qmif yxr ar;cGe;f twGuf aemufxyft,ltqrsm; rxGuEf ikd af wmhonftxd
Edik &f ef OD;aqmifEikd o f jl zpf&ygrnf/ rdrt d zGo UJ m;rsm;u ¤if;wdYk t,ltqrsm; t&Sed af ES;oGm;aomf aemufxyfar;cGe;f wpfcu k kd azmfjyaqG;aEG;jcif;rsm;udk
pdwt f m;xufoefpmG wifjy? xkwaf zmfaqG;aEG;Edik &f ef tm;ay;Edik o f l (10) rdepfwpfMurd jf yKvyk yf g/ ,kwrdå &Sad om?t"dymÜ ,frahJ om t,ltqrsm;
jzpf&ygrnf/ ¤if;onf rdrt d zGo UJ m;rsm; vIy&f mS ;aqmif&u G rf rI sm; enf;pepf awGv U Qif z,fxw k vf u
kd yf g/ vdtk yfvmvQif Brainstorming \ pnf;urf;
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f avmuf t,ltqrsm;&onf
wpfcck si;f pDtm; &Si;f jyay;&rnf/ txd OD;wnfcsux f m;aqmif&u G yf g/
tqihf (2) tzGo UJ m;rsm;twGuf vdt

k yfaomtaxmuf rSwo
f m;&ef (keep in mind)
tuljyKypön;f rsm; a0iSay;yg/ Brainstorming onf vsijf refxad &mufaom aqmif&u G cf sujf zpfygonf/
rdrt
d zGo UJ m;rsm;udk eH&w H pfct k eD; (odrYk [kw)f oifyek ;f Mu;D teD; (odrYk [kw)f rdrt
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UJ m;rsm;udk tcsed w f t
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csw
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wpfO;D pDtm; a&mifpu kH wfjym;i,frsm;ESifh rmhum (Marker) wpfacsmif;pD tenf;i,fom tcsed af y;yg/
ay;xm;yg/ ¤if;wd\ Yk t,ltqrsm;udk trsm;jrifomaom t"dymÜ ,f
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136 137
a&SYajy;yHkpHi,frsm; wnfaqmufjcif; rsm; wu,ftvkyjf zpf rjzpf jyoEdik af om ud&,

Prototype rsm;onf rnfonhy f pkH H rnfonht
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atmufazmfjyygwdo Yk nf rdrt d ,ltqrsm;udk tMurf;xnfjyovdak omtcg
f nhf Prototyping enf;vrf;rsm;jzpfonf/
toH;k csEikd o
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a TeC hnIQue for sTudenTs To MaKe T heIr Ideas real
proToType trsKd ;tpm;rsm;
(IDEO sTANFORD D. sCHOOl)
Prototyping onf erlem? yHkpHi,fjyKvkyfaqmif&Gufaom jzpfpOfwpfckjzpfjyD; ¤if;rSwqifU (1) yHMk urf;qGjJ yjcif; (Drawing or Diagram) (4) ud,
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q&m? q&mrrsm;ESifU ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm; csufcsif;wkyoif,lEdkifygonf/ ausmif;om;? oiht
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oiht f ,ltqudk ud, k pf m;jyKEikd o
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(10-15) rdepf (erlem? yHkpHi,fwpfck
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d uf ;l udk wwfEikd of rQ yHak zmfEikd zf &Ykd ef t"duxm; rdrt
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MuHKEdkifonhfcufcJrI Prototype onf rdrw d \ Ykd t,ltqrsm;udk erlemjyK vufawGo U &kyjf yjcif;jzpfonf/ xdaYk Mumihf
eufeJaompdwful;rsm;ESihf jyóemtwdrf
wpfcu k kd pwifcsjy rdwq f ufaevQif ¤if;taMumif;udk tjcm;olrsm;
tMurf;zsi;f yHpk o H m aqmif&u G jf cif;jzpfojzihf yg0ifypön;f rsm; t&nftaoG;aumif;p&m rvdyk g/ rdr\ d pdw0f ifpm;atmif oifb,fvv kd yk rf vJ/ aMumfjimrsm;ESifh OD;aqmif
teuftay:rlwnfí cufcJrIMuHKEkdifonf/ (3) yHjk yifuwfjym;rsm;uJo
h Ykd zefw;D jcif; (storyboarding)
t,ltqrsm;udk tjcm;olrsm;tm; erlemjyjy;D ¤if;wdx Yk rH S tMujH yKcsurf sm; a0zefo;kH oyfcsurf sm;udk vIy&f mS ;rIrsm;onf rdrpd wd uf ;l udk t&d;k &Si;f qH;k rQa0ajymjyjcif;yif
taxmuftuljyKypönf;rsm; &,lum a&Sq U ufaqmif&u G Ef ikd &f ef MuKd ;pm;jcif;jzpfonf/ Prototyping onf 5Cs udk rnfonhf &kyaf jymifumwGe;f pmtkyuf o
hJ Ykd o&kyaf zmfuwfjym;rsm; toH;k jyKí oif\ jzpfygonf/
rmhum (Markers) rsm;? puúLwdyf? oifcef;pm (odrYk [kw)f rnfonht f wef;ürqdk xnho f iG ;f toH;k cs&ef vG,u f al omenf;vrf;wpf&yf pdwu f ;l rsm;udk tcef;u@tvdu k f o&kyaf zmferlemjyyg/
A4 a&mifpHkpm&Guf? tat;ydkuf(Straws) jzpfonf/
rsm;? cJywfrsm;? puúLjym;rsm;? puúLcGufrsm;?
uwfxljym;rsm; (Recycled) ESihf
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kd yk Mf urvJ (HOW)
21 &mpkacwftwGuf tjynhft0
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G Ef ikd o
f nf/
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onf/ rdrwd \Ykd t,ltqrsm;udk tjcm;olrsm;tm; MuKH awGcU pH m;apvdv k Qif Prototype onf tvGef
&SifoefMuD;xGm;aompdwf&Sdjcif;? vufawGU
prf;oyfaqmif&Gufwwfjcif;? wefzdk;xm; toH;k wnhtf vkyjf zpfonf/ wpfenf;qd&k aomf Prototyping onf ajymjcif;r[kwf jyjcif;jzpfonf/
wwfjcif;? tjyeftvSef qufoG,fa&; taumif;qH;k Prototype rsm;onf rdrw d \ Ykd t,ltqrsm;udk ud, k w
f idk v
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138 139
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onf/ ¤if;onf pl;prf;vdpk w d xf ufoefatmif wnfaqmufaomtcg taMumif;t&mESifh ¤if;wdYk vufawGu U rÇmrS tawGt U MuKH rsm;udk qufpyf
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vnf;aumif;? ydw&f uf (odrYk [kw)f &ufowÅywftenf;i,fpm tdrpf m
taejzihv f nf;aumif; tcsed cf aJG 0aqmif&u G Ef ikd yf gonf/ tqihf (4) okawoejyK&ef pmoifcef;wpfck jyifqifyg?
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(Background for Teachers) tjyeftvSef yl;aygif;avhvmEdik &f ef az;rulnaD y;&rnf/
vm;[k ar;aerdMuaomfvnf; ar;cGe;f ar;enf;rsm;udak wmh roifay;xm;rd
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21 &mpkacwftwGuf tjynhft0 rdrd ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;taejzihf ¤if;wd\ Yk pdwu f ;l ESifh tawGt
U MuKH
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21 Cs Focus rsm;pGmtaxmuftuljzpfapEdik yf gonf/ ¤if;onf use;f rma&;twGuv f nf; aq;pGr;f aumif; tawGt U MuKH rsm;udv
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wefzdk;xm;wwfjcif;? tjyeftvSef
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qufoG,fa&;aumif;rGefjcif;? puef(Scan) zwfí okawoejyKMunhaf omtcg om,mMunfE;l rIukd xde;f csKyf jzpfay:apaom
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Ykd nf;aumif;?
140 141
referenCes & resourCes
aus;Zl;wifpum;
THANKS TO OUR TEACHERS! Barber, Sir Michael, 2014. Pearson,
The 10 things that make a great 21 st
IDEO n.d., Design Thinking for
Educators: https://www.ideo.com/
Rothstein, D., Santana, L., 2011. Make
Just One Change. Harvard Education
century teacher, www.youtube.com post/design- thinking-for educators Press. Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Types of prototypes, stanford
“Business Model Canvas.” Business d.school/Ideo Ideo n.d., design Rules of brainstorming, Stanford
þvrf;nTefpmtkyfMuD;jzpfajrmuf&ef uREfkyfwdkhwpfzGJw h nf;\ aqmif&GufrIrsm;jzifUom atmifjrifjyD;ajrmufatmif Model Generation, Alexander Thinking for educators: https:// d.school/IDEO
Osterwalder and Yve Pigneur. 2010 www.ideo.com/post/design-
pGrf;aqmifEdkifpGrf;r&Sdyg/ atmufazmfjyyg yk*¾dKvfrsm;? rdwfaqGrsm;u rnnf;rnL yg0ifulnDjyD; wpfwyfwpftm; John Wiley and Sons Hoboken, New thinking-for educators School Retool, Stanford d.school,
aqmif&GufrIaMumifUom atmifjrif&jcif;jzpfygonf/ Jersey. IDEO . 2017-18. Shadow a Student
Jay Forrester. Founder of System Challenge. www.shadowastudent.org
Brown, Brene, 2013. The RSA Shorts/ Dynamics at the Massachusetts
uREykf w
f t
Ykd aejzihf þvrf;nTepf mtkyMf u;D &kyv
f ;kH MujG y;D atmifjrifpmG ay: OD;pD;aom Knowledge Village English Centre ? apmatmifaxG; Espresso for the Mind, Brene Brown Institute of Technology (MIT)
xGuv f mzdYk oifMum;jyoulnaD y;cJo
h l q&mrsm;? q&mrrsm;udk uREykf w f Ykd (y&d*k &rfrefae*sm? Bridge for All ? bm;tHjrKd ?U u&ifjynfe,f) ? on Empathy, www.youtube.com Marr, B. 2015. Big Data: 20 Mind- Swami Prajnanpad. 2017. Intimate
Whitman, Walt. Walt Whitman Boggling Facts Everyone Must Read, Relationship as a Spiritual Crucible.
b0wpfavQmufv;kH woo aus;Zl;wifrqH;k jzpfaeygawmhonf/ xGe;f bdb
k Ekd iS fh at;eE´m (ud, k yf ikd t
f xufwef;ausmif;) ? tmumaZmfEiS fh
Quotes. (n.d.). BrainyQuote.com. viewed January 2018. John Welwood, viewed December
aumif;tdZmjcnf[ef tygt0if (Mawlamyine International Retrieved February 4, 2018, from 2017, www.lionsroar.com
uREykf w
f tYkd aejzihf uREyfk wf \
Ykd q&m? q&mr wjzpfvJ tpfu?kd tpfrvdk
Language Center) ? Microscholarship Program (Mawlamyine) rS BrainyQuote.com Web site: Meadows, Donatella. 2008, Thinking
csp&f ol? oli,fcsi;f vdk cifrifEpS o f uf&ol/ bmb&m tef;wd;k pf (Barbara
a':&D&cD sKd ? rif;cefEY iS fh cdik o f Zifoed ;f ? ZGeyf iG Ofh ;D ESifh ZGejf ynhOf ;D ? Mon https://www.brainyquote.com/ in Systems: a primer, ed. by D. The Right Question Institute,
Antos) tm; xm0pOfaus;Zl;wif&y dS gonf/ q&mrtaejzihf oifMum;rI?
Intensive English Program rS rif;aevif;? armfvjrKd i& f dS quotes/walt_whitman_132584 Wright, Sustainability Institute. Question Formulation Technique,
oif,rl jI zpfpOfrsm;tay: jrwfE;kd rIrsm;onf uREykf w f üYkd aumif;usKd ; Chelsea Green Publishing, White viewed 1/2018 from www.
tpd;k &enf;ynmwuúov kd f (GTU) ? Klaus Oberbauer 21 &mpkacwf
csr;f omrsm; xm0pOf&iS o f efciG &fh atmif zefw;D ay;Edik cf yhJ gonf/ Dweck, Carol, 2006, Mindset: River Junction, Vermont. rightquestion.org
pGr;f &nftaxmuftuljyK y&d*k &rfrsm;ESifh oifwef;rsm;ü yg0ifcMhJ uaom
The New Psychology Of Success,
wpfzef þvrf;nTepf mtkyMf u;D jzpfajrmuf&ef pdwyf g0ifpm;pGmjzihf pdw&f n
S f q,fausmo f uf armifr,frsm;tm;vH;k ESifh q&m? q&mrrsm;/ Penguin Random House LLC, New Mindtools n.d., 5 Whys, Getting to
vuf&nS nlfh aD y;Muygaom jrefrmEdik if &H dS q&m? q&mrrsm;ESifh ausmif;om;? York. the Root of a Problem Quickly,
xdaYk emuf þvrf;nTepf mtkyt f wGuf vdtk yfaomtcsut f vufrsm;udk
ausmif;olrsm;udv k nf; txl;aus;Zl;Oyum& wif&ydS gonf/ www.mindtools.com/pages/article/
okawoejyKpOfumvü ¤if;wd\ Yk aqmif&uG rf rI sm;? tMuOH mPfrsm;jzihf Fabricant, R., Gardner, J., Gershbein, newTMC_5W.htm
atmufazmfjyyg tzGt UJ pnf;rsm;ESifh yk*Kd¾ vrf sm;? ausmif;om;ausmif;ol awmufavQmufun l cD MhJ uygaom tar&duefjynfaxmifp&k dS q&m? D., Hoyt, K., Quigley, K., Sanders,
rsm;onf uREykf w
f tYkd wGuf tjrw J rf;trSw&f aus;Zl;wifae&rnho f rl sm; q&mrrsm;ESifh ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;jzpfMuonhf The Stanford d. E., Sherwin, D., Wiles, W. 2013. Pfeffer, J. & Sutton, R.I, 2000,
jzpfMuygonf/ ¤if;wdrYk mS vlr0I efxrf;OD;pD;Xme? armfvjrKd if wuúov kd &f dS school K-12 Lab: David Sherwin; Tipping Point, T-Lab Director, Collective Action Toolkit. Download “The Knowing — Doing Gap”,
oufqidk &f mXmersm;ESifh ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;? rGet f rsKd ;om; Stephanie Lewis: Southern Exposure Including Maya Gomez at www.frogdesign.com/cat Harvard Business School Press.
Boston Massachusetts Sikes, S,
ynma&;aumfrwD (MNEC) rS rdpE´m OD;aqmifaom yifroifwef; and Vreni Michelini Castillo; Hannah and Mia Portner: Sarah Oh:
2003, Raptor, Learning Unlimited
q&mrsm;? u&iftrsKd ;om;ynma&;Xme? Adventist Development and Revaz Ardesher; and Anam Thubten.
Corporation, Tulsa, Oklahoma.
Relief Agency (ADRA) ? rGejf ynfe,f? oHjzLZ&yfjrKd & U dS aZmfxeG ;f vwf
142 143
ST
yHyh ;kd ulnaD omtzGrUJ sm; ta&;tom;ESifh 'DZikd ;f tjyiftqiff
MAWLAMYINE
UNIVERSITY
www.unicef.org/myanmar www.pearson.com www.pointB.is
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a guide To becoming a

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A GUIDE TO BECOMING A 21sT CENTURY TEACHER

Rochelle Ardesher Gregory Antos Naw Tha Ku Paul (Mie Mie)

Sonya Blazey Sein Sein Lin Denise Gershbein

Designer Illustrator Advisor

Htet Yin Tun Wint Hte Yin Yin

Facilitator Facilitator Facilitator

Aung Naing Soe Thu Thu Sandra Shum

Facilitator Senior Finance Manager Finance Director

Myo Ei Ei San May Thu Aung Thura Tun

Space Manager Translator Finance Assistant

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By: roChelle ardesher, Co-founder/dIreCTor, poInT B desIgn + TraInIng

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