Majalah Kulit, Karet, dan Plastik, 34(2), 69-76, 2018

©Author(s), https://doi.org/10.20543/mkkp.v34i2.4179

Effect of depolymerized block skim rubber (BSR) on the

physical properties of modified asphalt

Arief Ramadhan*, Adi Cifriadi, Henry Prastanto, Norma Arisanti Kinasih

Indonesian Rubber Research Institute, Jl. Salak No. 1, Bogor 16151, Indonesia
*Corresponding author. Tel: +62 815-9470-946 Fax: +62 251 8324047

E-mail: [email protected]

Submitted: 5 September 2018 Revised: 26 November 2018 Accepted: 26 November 2018

ABSTRACT
The asphalt pavement susceptibility was influenced by traffic load and temperature. Therefore, modified
asphalt has been done to improve the asphalt performance. Depolymerized block skim rubber (BSR) was used as
asphalt modifier. BSR is a low quality crumb rubber, which made from skim (byproduct of creamed latex). This
investigation aims to determine effect of depolymerization of BSR on the physical performance of modified asphalt.
Initially, BSR was depolymerized by mechanical action (mastication) with different time of 8, 16, and 24 min.
Then, the asphalt modifier, depolymerized BSR was added to asphalt with different ratio 3, 5, 7%. The softening
point and mixing time of asphalt were compared with modified asphalt. The performance of modified asphalt
showed that asphalt modifiers increased the softening point and mixing time of asphalt. Maximum softening point
reached 54.30qC by 7% BSR (16 min. of mastication time). The modified asphalt had 25.70qC softening point
higher than asphalt. It was conclude that depolymerized BSR can increase the performance of asphalt (softening
point), although increase the mixing time of it. Moreover, it could give alternative to reduce cost of modified asphalt
pavement making.

Keywords: Asphalt, block skim rubber, depolymerized, modified asphalt

INTRODUCTION used for asphalt modifier were styrene±

Asphalt pavement is a transportation facility butadiene±styrene (SBS) (Chen et al., 2002;
on this modern era. Asphalt pavement has high Martinez-Estrada et al., 2010; Kök & Colak,
frictional force, so the vehicle tires are not slip 2011; Liu et al., 2014) and technically specified
easily on wet or dry condition. However, asphalt rubber (TSR) as crumb rubber or tire scrap form
pavement susceptibility was influenced by traffic (Bai et al., 2016; Presti, 2013; Kök & Colak,
load and temperature. Asphalt becomes brittle and 2011; Prastanto, 2014).
has low-thermal cracked at low temperature (0- Unfortunately, SBS, as synthetic rubber, and
30qC), whereas it flows and suffers from rutting TSR, as natural rubber, are expensive materials
at high temperature (40-65qC) (Lewandowski, compared with asphalt and the substantial
1994). In tropical country, the highest improvement in performance could only achieve
temperature in summer time can attain 50qC, at an appraisal 25% increase on material costs.
which is higher than the softening point of asphalt Besides that, Indonesia has to import synthetic
(± 48qC). This will reduce the service life of the rubber, meanwhile Indonesian TSR (SIR 20) has
pavement. been using as raw material of high quality
The potential solution for addressing today products, such as tire, dock fender, bridge
highways problems is mixing a polymer with the bearing, etc. One of the alternative solution is to
asphalt. The studies of polymer modified asphalt utilize the second grade of natural rubber, which
showed that the overall polymer mixture on is block skim rubber (BSR).
asphalt had increase the performance of asphalt BSR is a low quality of crumb rubber, which
(Ali et al., 2013; Bakar et al., 2018; Ali et al., is made from skim. Skim natural rubber latex is
2015; Huang et al., 2017). The majority polymer the side product of centrifugal concentration of

Effect of depolymerized BSR «««««« « (Ramadhan et al.) 69

natural rubber latex containing high protein rubber) peptizer. Furthermore, BSR was
(George et al., 2009). Skim contains 4-8% dry masticated again for three different time of
rubber content (DRC) (Blackely, 1966; George et mixing (8, 6, 24 min.). Then, 0.6 phr
al., 2009). Recently, the assumption of skim hydroxylamine neutral sulfate (HNS) was added
production per year in Indonesia reached 2,549 into BSR. The depolymerized BSR per each
ton (Haris et al., 2010). The price of BSR per kg mixing time was utilized as asphalt modifier.
is around 40% of the SIR 20 price (7,743 IDR). It
was cheaper than the price of SIR 20 per kg Polymer Modified Asphalt Mixture
(19,358 IDR) and SBS per kg (182,108 IDR) on A mixture of depolymerized BSR and asphalt
August 2018. Utilizing this waste material might was held on high temperature design. Asphalt
turn out the solution of a waste disposal-problem (300 g) was added on stainless flask and heated
and construction cost of roads. by electrical stove at 160qC. Sample temperature
BSR, as natural rubber, has long polymer and heating rate was controlled by thermocouple.
molecules chain that can lengthen the mixing time Mechanical rotor was started once the asphalt
and needs higher energy to mix the asphalt. homogenous melt, rotor speed was adjusted to 20
Depolymerization is polymer decipherment to rpm. Furthermore, depolymerized BSR was
shorten this polymer molecules chain. resized into small pieces sample prior to mix with
Depolymerization can be held by chemical liquid asphalt. The small pieces depolymerized
(Prasoetsopha et al., 2011), thermal and BSR per each mixing time was added 3, 5, 7% (%
mechanical (Nair et al., 1995) or mechanical w/t) into liquid asphalt separately. This mixture
action (Prastanto, 2014) on latex phase was mixed until homogenous. Then, the physical
(Prasoetsopha et al., 2011; Nair et al., 1995) or properties of polymer modified asphalt was
rubber phase (Prastanto, 2014). In this research, analyzed.
depolymerization held by mechanical action
using open mill at three different times of Testing Method
mastication. The properties of depolymerized BSR
Prastanto (2014) reported that mechanical An analysis of depolymerized BSR properties
depolymerization during 24 minutes decreased was held to determine the effect of
the molecular weight refer to decreasing of depolymerization on BSR properties, especially
Mooney viscosity. Then, the depolymerized BSR the polymer molecular chain length. The
will be used to modify asphalt making. This properties of depolymerized BSR was analyzed
investigation aims to investigate the effect of by standard test of SIR 20. The parameter
depolymerized BSR on the physical performance properties analyzed including;
of modified asphalt and to find optimum a) Initial plasticity (P0) (SNI 06-1903-2000)
composition of depolymerized BSR as modifier 15-25 g samples was prepared previously. A
in modified asphalt. sample was milled by open mill to homogenize
the sample and flatten it became 1.6-1.8 mm
MATERIALS AND METHODS thickness. Then, the sheet of sample was folded to
Material and Sample Preparation increase the sample thickness became 3.2-3.6
Asphalt (P60), obtained from Binamarga, was mm. A sample was cut down into three round
used as bitumen for mixture preparation. The shapes using Wallace punch. Furthermore, a
skim rubber was supplied by PTPN 8. Afterward, round shape sample was put between two sheets
the skim rubber was coagulated with sulfuric acid of cigarette paper (TST) and tested it using
2% and dried with oven. The properties of BSR Wallace plasticity meter. The measurement of
was analyzed by standard test of Indonesian TSR initial plasticity was held twice to obtain accurate
(SIR 20). The properties of BSR are listed in data.
Table 1. This properties was compared with b) Plasticity retention index (PRI) (SNI 06-1903-
quality standard of SIR 20. 2000)
BSR was depolymerized by mechanical 15-25 g samples was prepared previously. A
action using open mill. The temperature of sample was milled by open mill to homogenize
mastication was controlled under 60qC. the sample and flatten it become 1.6-1.8 mm
Depolymerization was held on two period thickness. Then, the sheet of sample was folded to
gradually. Firstly, BSR (200 g) was masticated for increase the sample thickness become 3.2-3.6
5 minutes then added with 0.2 phr (per hundred mm. A sample was cut down become three round

70 MAJALAH KULIT, KARET, DAN PLASTIK Vol. 34 No. 2 Desember 2018: 69-76
shapes using Wallace punch. Furthermore, a
round shape sample was put in oven at 140±0.2qC
for 30 minutes. The sample plasticity after aging
was measured using Wallace plasticity meter as
Pa. The measurement of plasticity retention index
was held twice to obtain accurate data. PRI value
was calculated with this formula:
ƒ
:¨; L srr
‘
P0 = Initial plasticity
Pa = Plasticity after ageing in oven at 140 ± 0.2qC Figure 1. Softening point instrument.
for 30 minutes
material, to fall a distance of 25.4 mm. This was
c) Mooney viscosity (ASTM D-1076-97) recorded as the softening temperature.
Initially, the temperature of Mooney
viscometer was set 100qC for 1 minute. After that, RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
a sample (± 25 g) was put on the up and down the The Properties of Depolymerized BSR
rotor in that machine and the rotor was rotated for The properties of BSR (Table 1) shows that
4 min. The energy required to rotate the rotor was BSR has quietly met a SIR standard, which are
read on the scale. The unit of Mooney viscosity ash content and dirt content properties. That result
YDOXH LV 0 ¶ ¶ / qC. describes that BSR has low ash and dirt content.
The skim latex has low dirt content and it
The physical properties of polymer modified potentially becomes high quality rubber if the
asphalt protein content can be increased and problems
The properties of the polymer modified arising from coagulation are solved (Alex & Nah,
asphalt was analyzed to determine the effect of 2006). Nevertheless, BSR has high nitrogen and
addition asphalt modifier on asphalt, compared it volatile materials content (such as water vapor or
to asphalt. The physical properties of modified serum) and has shorter polymer molecular chain
asphalt was analyzed including; and lower stability on high temperature than SIR
a) The mixing time of modified asphalt 20.
The mixing time of modified asphalt is the Both P0 and Mooney viscosity are decreasing
time needed to blend the asphalt and polymer. The with the increasing of mastication time (Figure 1).
calculation of mixing time started when asphalt Depolymerization held by milling process using
melted until all of the polymer mixture open mill. Masticating rubber for longer time, will
homogenous with asphalt. The calculation time make rubber becomes more plastic than the
measured by stop watch. unmasticated. An elastic rubber has low
b) Softening point molecular chain length and molecular weight. The
Softening points were used to determine the addition of peptizer on mastication process has
temperature at which a phase change occurs in the gave polymer molecule weight decrease effect too
binder. Initially, two brass rings was layered with on depolymerized BSR.
glycerin, then chilled at room temperature for 30 The depolymerization process comparison of
min. A sample was melted to become liquid BSR and SIR 20 (Figure 2) shows insignificantly
phase, then the sample was poured into brass ring. different. The raw material of polymer does not
That sample was chilled at room temperature for influence the succession of depolymerized
1 h. After that, the brass rings was fitted with ball process. The depolymerization at 24 minutes of
centering guide (put into the center of brass rings) mastication time has the highest percentage of
inside ring holder. Furthermore, the tools Mooney viscosity degradation on both of that
measurement was put into container of aqua. In rubber. The BSR depolymerized can achieve
other side, the thermometer was put into the hole 93.54% degradation of Mooney viscosity,
of tools measurement (Figure 1). The container whereas SIR 20 can achieve 86.46% degradation
was heated so that its temperature rise reached of Mooney viscosity. It means that the
5qC/min. The softening point was taken as the depolymerization process of BSR is more
temperature at which the sample became soft successful than SIR 20, even though SIR 20 has
enough to allow the ball, enveloped in the sample better properties than BSR.

Effect of depolymerized BSR «««««« « (Ramadhan et al.) 71

The Physical Properties of Polymer Modified The mixing and applying technique of
Asphalt asphalt-rubber to roads mainly use two ways, the
Asphalt is a heterogeneous material consists dry and wet process (Huang et al., 2007). Crumb
of immiscible phase of asphaltenes and maltenes. rubber is used as a part of the aggregate in the hot
Asphaltenes are polyatomic hydrocarbons of mixture to replace some of the solid fraction in a
relatively high molecular weight. Maltenes are a dry process (Azizian et al., 2003). While others,
mixture of resins, waxes, aliphatic and aromatic crumb rubber is added to the asphalt cement
compounds (Browarzik et al., 1999; Murgich et mixture in a wet process. In this research, the
al., 1996). The addition of polymer in asphalt mixture of asphalt and depolymerized BSR was
could raise the properties of asphalt (Kanitpong & prepared by wet process. The wet process can
Bahia, 2005; Chen et al., 2002; Hussein et al., rectify the rutting resistance, resilience modulus,
2006; Tuntiworawit et al., 2005). The and fatigue cracking resistance of asphalt
morphology of asphalt and polymer blend was mixtures (Mashaan et al., 2014) because wet
studied using SEM showed that both of them was process stimulates rubber particles absorb the
blended homogenously (Chen et al., 2002; Xiang aromatic fractions of asphalt as much as possible,
et al., 2009). This result concluded that polymer and increases the viscosity of the asphalt (Ibrahim
had compatible with asphalt matrix, which could et al., 2013).
increase the asphalt performance.

Table 1. BSR properties.

Properties (%) BSR SIR 20
Volatile matter content 2.78 Max. 0.8
Ash content 0.62 Max. 1.0
Dirt content 0.013 Max. 0.2
Initial plasticity (P0) 26.00 Min. 30
Plasticity retention index (PRI) 15.40 Min. 50
Nitrogen content 2.23 Max. 0.6

Table 2. The properties of depolymerized BSR.

Depolymerized BSR on different mastication time
Properties BSR
8 min 16 min 24 min
Initial plasticity (P0) 26.00 11 10 7
Plasticity retention index (%) 15.40 18.20 30.00 28.60
Mooney viscosity 49.5 9.3 9.0 3.2
>0 ¶ ¶ / qC]

70.0
Depolymerized BSR
60.0 SIR 20 (Prastanto, 2014)
>0 ¶ ¶ / ƒC]
Mooney viscosity

50.0

40.0

30.0

20.0

10.0

0.0
0 8 16 24
mastication time (min)
Figure 2. The Mooney viscosity of depolymerized BSR.

72 MAJALAH KULIT, KARET, DAN PLASTIK Vol. 34 No. 2 Desember 2018: 69-76
 The mixing time describes the time needed to depolymerized BSR treatment. This value has
homogenize the asphalt blending with asphalt decrease closely 50% of the mixing time of
modifier. The mixing time of asphalt (without asphalt, which prepared by undepolymerized
modifier) is 330 min. whereas the addition of rubber (SIR 20).
depolymerized BSR increase the mixing time of Successful of asphalt modifier is not only
asphalt become 313-416 min. The addition of showed from decreasing of mixing time but also
higher concentration of depolymerized BSR was the increasing of modified asphalt softening point.
also increase the mixing time of asphalt as shown The softening point of asphalt is 49.30qC, while
in Figure 3. The increasing of mixing time was the softening point of modified asphalt are 49.75-
caused by the addition of asphalt modifier, which 54.3qC (Figure 3 & Figure 4). This result shows
is a solid form. So that, it needs extra time to melt that depolymerized BSR can increase the
and blend it with asphalt. softening point of asphalt, which linearly with
Addition of 3% SIR 20 (without Bakar¶V et al. (2018) result. Bakar et al. (2018)
depolymerization) on asphalt needed 660 min. of reported that the addition of waste NR latex into
mixing time (Prastanto, 2014). As compare to the bitumen increased the resistance of bitumen to
addition of 3% depolymerized BSR needed 313- temperature changes which refers to the
331 min. of mixing time. This result shows that increasing value of softening points.
depolymerization can reduce the mixing time of Depolymerized BSR was become matrix binder
modified asphalt. The depolymerization decrease in amorphous texture of asphalt matrix. Cohesive
the height and weight of polymer molecules, was property and plasticity of crumb rubber was
accordance to low P0 and Mooney viscosity. The delivered to crumb rubber modified asphalt
low P0 was fasten the mixing time of asphalt (Huang et al., 2001). Those reasons related to the
(Cifriadi et al., 2012). The fastest mixing time is increasing of softening point.
313 minutes, which produced by 16 minutes
mastication time and 3% addition of

Table 3. Softening point of modified asphalt.

Polymer Treatment Softening point (qC)
BSR Depolymerized on 16 minutes of mastication time. 3% 54.3
depolymerized BSR was added using wet process
SIR 20 Depolymerized on 8 minutes of mastication time. 7% 56.5 1)
depolymerized SIR 20 was added using wet process
SBS 6% SBS was added using wet process 68.6 2)
CR (scrap tire) Crumb rubber modified asphalt was prepare by 49.8 3)
traditional wet process
Concentrated 13% by total weight of Concentrated latex (60% DRC) 60 4)
latex mix into liquid asphalt
1)
Remarks: Prastanto (2014)
2)
Kök & Çolak (2011)
3)
Xiang et al. (2009)
4)
Tuntiworawit et al. (2005)

Figure 3. Physical properties of the addition of 3% depolymerized BSR.

Effect of depolymerized BSR «««««« « (Ramadhan et al.) 73

 (a)

(b)

Figure 4. Physical properties of the addition of 5% depolymerized BSR (a), depolymerized 7% BSR (b).

The highest softening point is reached by the dominant. A large degree of incompatibility is
addition of 7% depolymerized BSR, which is shown in the large polymer domain
masticated for 16 minutes. This value meets the morphologically, which causes a decrease in
minimum softening point of polymer asphalt engineering properties due to differences in
standard (SNI 6749:2008), which is 54qC. molecular weight, polarity, and structure,
Compared with other research that used other chemical inequalities between bitumen and SBS.
polymer as asphalt binder (Table 3), the softening Morphology is the result of the reciprocal
point of depolymerized BSR is higher than scrap interaction of SBS and asphalt and, consequently,
tire (crumb rubber) and lower than depolymerized is influenced by the composition of the asphalt
SIR 20, concentrated latex and SBS. In general, and the nature of the polymer and content.
this research describes that addition of
depolymerized BSR concentration decrease the CONCLUSION
softening point as shown in Figure 2. This test BSR has quietly met a standard of SIR, which
result is agree well with the research test of Chen appropriate of the ash and dirt content.
et al. (2002). The addition of SBS concentration Depolymerization is done successfully, decreases
until 9% was made a mixture of asphalt and SBS 73% P0 become 7, decreases 93.5% Mooney

74 MAJALAH KULIT, KARET, DAN PLASTIK Vol. 34 No. 2 Desember 2018: 69-76
YLVFRVLW\ EHFRPH >0 ¶ ¶ / qC], and Fluid Phase Equilibria, 154(2), 285-300.
increases 85% PRI become 28.6. The decreasing https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-3812(98)00434-8
of P0 fastens the mixing time of depolymerized Chen, J. S., Liao, M. C., & Tsai, H. H. (2002).
Evaluation and optimization of the engineering
BSR and asphalt. However, addition of
properties of polymer-modified asphalt. Practical
depolymerized BSR concentration decreases the Failure Analysis, 2(3), 75-83.
softening point. The optimum composition of https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02719194
asphalt modifier is 3% addition of depolymerized Cifriadi, A., Ramadhan, R., & Prastanto, H. (2012).
BSR (16 minutes mastication time). The optimum Accelerate time mixture of asphalt and rubber
composition reduces 347 minutes of mixing time using black liquor for manufacturing of modified
and increases 2.2qC of softening point. asphalt. Proceedings of National Rubber
Conference, 319-399.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT George, K. M., Alex, R., Joseph, S., & Thomas, K. T.
Authors acknowledge the Indonesian Rubber (2009). Characterization of enzyme-deproteinized
skim rubber. Journal of Applied Polymer Science,
Research Institute for the in-house research grant. 114(5), 3319-3324.
https://doi.org/10.1002/app.30642
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