Rahil 2018
Rahil 2018
Rahil 2018
Abstract.This study aims to investigate the behaviours of machine foundations resting on sand
granular tire rubber mixtures after saturation. Kerbala sand with two relative densities, 35% and
60%, and granular rubber of sizes 0.07 to 3 mm, resulting from hashing scrap tires into small
pieces, were used. A harmonic vertical mode of vibration was applied using a mechanical
oscillator fixed on a square steel footing (200×200×20 mm). The footing was rested on sand
inside a steel box of size 1200×1200×900 mm. Nine model tests were carried out on saturated
sand to study the effects of 0, 8, and 12% mix ratios and 0.5 B and 1 B mixing depth for the two
relative densities and two frequencies (69 Hz and 80 Hz) in terms of displacement amplitude,
settlement, and excess pore water pressure generation in soil. The same number of models were
tested for a comparison of dry sand under the effects of the same parameters. The results showed
that, in general, the displacement amplitude decreased and the settlement increased for saturated
sand compared to dry sand under the same conditions. Mixing granulated tire rubber with
saturated sand decreased the displacement amplitude, settlement, and excess pore water pressure;
the range of percentages of reduction were from 19% to 73%, 40% to 70%, and 24% to 60%
respectively.
1. Introduction
The recent huge development in transportation systems and drastically increased number of cars has
resulted in various issues, particularly natural contamination. Intense issues have begun to develop
around waste tires, with millions of tons of waste being generated; for example, in the United States
(USA) in 1990, over 240 million tons of consumer waste of this type was thrown away. In Iraq, the
quantity is estimated to be around two million tons a year. Developed nations, as the United States and
Great Britain, have had to develop strategies for creating covering materials using tires, as well as
expending resources to prevent contamination from these materials in the process. They also seek to
maintain a strategic distance from the genuine effects of concoction gases, which come about during
covering procedures, such as sulphur dioxide and carbon gases.
The impact of thermo-elastic damping of sand using elastic ground rubber was inspected. By using a
Drnevich torsional-longitudinal resonant column in the torsional excitation mode, the dynamic
properties were measured. Vibration was improved by using synthetic rubber in the construction of
earthen systems. The results of their experimental work, which observed the dynamic properties
improvement of Ottawa sand of small-strain gained by mixing it with elastic ground rubber of the same
size, illustrated a sequence increment in both the ratio of damping and shear modulus in the sand
samples. These increments were achieved with an optimum percent by volume of the ground rubber
based on thermo-elastic effects between the various particles forecast by utilising mechanical damping
and Hertzian particle contact effects. The results were assessed, and the available data used to propose
that the expansive distinction in the elasticity modulus for the test result between the two materials was
due to the increment in contact zone of sand and ground rubber particles, which also increases the matrix
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Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd 1
2nd International Conference on Engineering Sciences IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 433 (2018) 012022 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/433/1/012022
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stiffness. The high thermoplastic improvement of damping in the soil rubber mixture thus depends on
the difference between the sand and rubber thermal expansion coefficients [1].
The dynamic responses of machine foundations resting on sand-granulated tire rubber mixtures was
studied; the results showed that with increasing mixing ratio and mixing depth, the displacement
amplitudes and settlement of the machine foundations resting on sand and granular rubber mixture
decreased. For loose state relative density, the optimum depth of improvement and ratio of mixing are
0.5 B and 8%, respectively, for 69 Hz frequency, while for 80 Hz frequency, they are 12% and 1 B,
respectively. For relative density (60%)m, the optimum ratios of mixing and depth of improvement are
8% and 1 B for both 69 Hz and 80 Hz frequencies. In general, they noted that a few seconds after the
vibration application, the settlement became constant during the test [2].
This paper aims to study the behaviours of saturated sand mixed with granular tire rubber under the
vibration of machine foundations as well as to study the dynamic response parameter amplitude of
displacement, settlement of foundation, and excess pore water pressure in such mixes.
2. Materials Used
2.1 Sand
Karbala sand was utilized in the present study. Standard tests were performed to determine the physical
properties, and table.1 shows the points of interest of these properties. Figure 1 presents the grain size
distribution of this type of sand. The soil used in this study was classified as poorly graded sand (SP)
under the unified soil classification system.
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2nd International Conference on Engineering Sciences IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 433 (2018) 012022 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/433/1/012022
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2nd International Conference on Engineering Sciences IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 433 (2018) 012022 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/433/1/012022
1234567890‘’“”
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2nd International Conference on Engineering Sciences IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 433 (2018) 012022 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/433/1/012022
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machine. Figure 4 shows the relationship between displacement and time for the 69 Hz frequency; these
tests are for saturated soil without granular rubber and saturated soil with a ratio of inclusion of 12%
with various depths of improvement (0.5 B and 1 B). From the results of the tests, increased depth of
mixing at the same value of mixing ratio decreases the displacement amplitude (Az) as the vibration
fades with the increased depth of improvement. The reduction percentages (Az) are 73% and 28% for
improvement depths of 1 B and 0.5 B, respectively, at a mixing ratio of 12% compared with sand alone.
Thus, the preferred depth of mixing is 1 B for the 69 Hz frequency. For the 80 Hz frequency, the
preferred depth of mixing and preferred mixing ratio is the same as in the dry state; it can be noted that
the Az values of sand alone and sand with an improved depth of 1 B and a ratio of inclusion of 12% are
less than for the 69 Hz frequency at this frequency. Thus, the best decrement in Az of a case of 12%
inclusion at 1 B is 63% for the 80 Hz frequency. Figure.5 shows the results of the 80 Hz frequency.
In general, the presence of water and granular rubber in the soil significantly affects the decrease in
displacement amplitude in the saturated state, and the granular rubber causes a steady state condition
during vibration application depending on the depth of improvement layer and mixing ratios of the
rubber. The values of displacement amplitude of machine foundations under loose dry and saturated
sand, with and without granular rubber, at optimum depths of mixing (O.D.M) and optimum mixing
ratios (O.M.R) for 69 Hz and 80 Hz frequencies, along with the percentage reduction for each case, are
listed in Table 3 below. All Az values were taken between 600 to 800 seconds depending on the
occurrence of steady state.
Figure 4. Relationship between displacement and time of 69 Hz frequency for saturation state
Figure 5. Relationship between displacement and time of 80 Hz frequency for saturation state
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2nd International Conference on Engineering Sciences IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 433 (2018) 012022 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/433/1/012022
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Figure 6. Relationship between settlement and time for frequency 69 Hz for saturation state
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2nd International Conference on Engineering Sciences IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 433 (2018) 012022 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/433/1/012022
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Figure 7. Relationship between settlement and time for frequency 80 Hz for saturation state
The values of settlement of machine foundations under loose dry and saturated sand, with and without
granular rubber, at optimum depths of mixing (O.D.M) and optimum mixing ratios (O.M.R) for 69 Hz
and 80 Hz frequencies, with percent reduction for each case, are listed in Table 4 below:
Soil State O.D.M and O.M.R Stf (mm), 69 Hz Stf (mm), 80 Percent of Percent of
P.D.M % Hz reduction %, reduction
69 Hz %, 80 Hz
0.5 B 0 6.5 -------- 0 --------
Dry 12 1.8 -------- 72 --------
Loose
1B 0 -------- 21 -------- 0
12 -------- 3.4 -------- 84
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2nd International Conference on Engineering Sciences IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 433 (2018) 012022 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/433/1/012022
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Hz frequencies is shown in Figure 8. The results show that when improvement depth was increased to
1 B, the amplitude of Epwp with time decreased. The Epwp values for each test are recorded in Table 5.
5.2 Effect of Depth of Mixing and Mixing Ratio on Saturated Sand and Granulated Tire Rubber at 60%
Relative Density
Table 5. Epwp values for relative density 35% at 69 Hz and 80 Hz frequencies with different ratios of
inclusion and improvement depths
Frequency, Hz Improvement Ratio of Epwp(kpa) reduction Percent
depth inclusion, % in Epwp, %
0.5 B 0 1.495 0
69 12 1.038 31
1B 0 1.495 0
12 0.598 60
80 1B 0 1.839 0
12 1.154 38
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2nd International Conference on Engineering Sciences IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 433 (2018) 012022 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/433/1/012022
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Figure 10. The relationship between displacement and time for frequency 69 Hz under a saturation
state
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2nd International Conference on Engineering Sciences IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 433 (2018) 012022 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/433/1/012022
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Figure 11. The relationship between displacement and time for frequency 80 Hz under a saturation
state
Figure 12. Relationship between settlement and time for frequency 69 Hz under saturation state.
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2nd International Conference on Engineering Sciences IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 433 (2018) 012022 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/433/1/012022
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Figure 13. Relationship between settlement and time for frequency 80 Hz under saturation state
Table 7. Final settlement results for dry and saturated medium conditions
Soil State O.D.M and O.M.R Stf (mm), 69 Hz Stf (mm), 80 Percent of Percent of
P.D.M % Hz reduction %, reduction %,
69 Hz 80 Hz
Dry 1B 0 5.1 6 0 0
Medium 8 1.3 1 75 83
When relative density increased, the excess pore water pressure increased in the saturated sand, as the
void ratio decreased and the soil stiffness increased. Furthermore, the excess pore water pressure
increased gradually due to applied harmonic vibration from the machine. The relationship between time
and excess pore water pressure for 69 Hz and 80 Hz frequency is presented in Figure 14 and 15
respectively. The final results of Epwp of the dry and saturated tests are listed in Table 8.
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2nd International Conference on Engineering Sciences IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 433 (2018) 012022 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/433/1/012022
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Table 8. Epwp values for saturated relative density 60% at 69 Hz and 80 Hz frequencies with different
mixing ratios and improvement depths
Frequency, Hz Improvement Ratio of Mixing, Epwp(kpa) Reduction
depth % Percent in Epwp,
%
69 1B 0 2.24 0
8 1.55 31
80 1B 0 2.93 0
8 2.23 24
7. Conclusion
● For saturated sand mixed with granular tire rubber, the amplitude of displacement of saturation
state is smaller than for dry state, due to the water and granular rubber working as absorption
materials. The amplitude of displacement decreases with increases in the operating frequency
in saturated conditions. The optimum reduction in displacement amplitude for relative density
35% occurs at the optimum mixing depth of 0.5 B and preferred mixing depth of 1 B, with the
optimum mixing ratio being 12% for both frequencies (69 Hz and 80 Hz). For relative density
60%, the preferred improvement depth and optimum ratio of inclusion are 1 B, and 8% for 69
Hz and 80 Hz frequencies.
● Settlement of the dry state is less than in the saturated state for 69 Hz and 80 Hz frequencies
and 35% and 60% relative densities, as the water causes a decrement in the stiffness of sand.
When the granular rubber is mixed with sand, the amplitude of settlement decreases compared
with sand alone over time. The greatest reduction in settlement happens at the preferred
improvement depth of 1 B and preferred inclusion ratio of 12% for relative density 35% and for
both frequencies, while for relative density (60%), the preferred depth is the same as for the
loose state; the optimum mixing ratio become 8% for both frequencies.
● The amplitude of settlement decreases when the sand is mixed with granular rubber, due to the
granular rubber having high damping properties. The sand will thus stay in the elastic zone when
granular rubber is mixed with it rather than entering the plastic zone.
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2nd International Conference on Engineering Sciences IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 433 (2018) 012022 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/433/1/012022
1234567890‘’“”
● In general, because the operation of the machine, excess pore water pressure will be generated
and increase rapidly as the frequency increases. For the saturated loose state, the best reduction
in Epwp occurred at the preferred mixing depth of 1 B with the preferred mixing ratio of 12% for
both 69 Hz and 80 Hz frequencies, while for saturated state, the optimum mixing ratio became
8%.
● In general, the Epwp increases with increases in the sand's relative density in the saturation case,
as the void ratio of the sand is reduced. The Epwp also reduces due to the granular rubber's low
void ratio.
8. References
[2] Salwan A A and Falah H R Dynamic Response of Machine Foundation Resting on Sand-
Granulated Tire Rubber Mixtures The Third International Conference of Building,
Construction and Envieromental Engineering-BCEE3 Held on pp 23–25
[3] ASTM D854 2006 Standard test method for specific gravity of soil solids by water
pycnometer
[4] ASTM D422-63 2002 Standard Test Method for Particle Size-Analysis of Soils
[5] ASTM D2487-06 2006 Standard Test Method for Classification of Soils for Engineering
Purposes (Unified Soil Classification System)
[6] ASTM D4253-06 2006 Standard test method for maximum index density and unit weight of
soils using a vibratory table
[7] ASTM D4254-06 2006 Standard test method for minimum index density and unit weight of
soils and calculation of relative density
[8] ASTM D6270-98 2004 Standard practice for use of scrap tires in civil engineering
applications
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