Trigo
Trigo
Trigo
ILO 1: By the end of the learning experience, students must be able to:
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Identity - is an equation that is true for all possible replacements of the
variables.
For any point on the unit circle, the coordinates x and y satisfy this
equation. Suppose that a real number s determines a point on the
unit circle with coordinates (𝑥, 𝑦) , or (cos 𝑠, sin 𝑠).
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Also,
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Simplifying Trigonometric Expressions
We can factor, simplify, and manipulate trigonometric expressions in the same way that
we manipulate strictly algebraic expressions
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Example 2: Multiply and simplify
cos 𝑥
Example 3: Add and simplify 1+sin 𝑥 + tan 𝑥
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Example 4: Simplify the expression cos 𝑡 + tan 𝑡 sin 𝑡
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2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑡 + sin 𝑡 − 3
Example 5: Simplify the trigonometric expression 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑡 − sin 𝑡
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 cos 𝑥
Test Yourself: Answer: tan 𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝛼−1
Answer: 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥
cos 𝛼+1
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Example 5: Rationalize the denominator:
cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥
Test Yourself: Answer:
tan 𝑥 tan 𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 cos 𝑥
= (cot 𝑥 ∙ sin 𝑥 = ∙ sin 𝑥 = cos 𝑥)
cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥
1+sin 𝑦 1+sin 𝑦
Test Yourself: Answer:
1−sin 𝑦 cos 𝑦 58
Sum and Difference Identities
𝑎𝑑𝑗
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = ℎ𝑦𝑝 ∴ 𝑎𝑑𝑗 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 ∙ ℎ𝑦𝑝
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛽
90 − 𝛽 g. 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝛼 ∴ 𝑜𝑝𝑝 = sin 𝛼 ∙ sin 𝛽 = sin 𝛼 sin β
∴ 𝑎𝑑𝑗 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 ∙ sin 𝛽 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 sin 𝛽
𝛼
Hence:
sin (𝛼 + 𝛽) = sin 𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 sin 𝛽
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Proof of Subtraction Formula for Sine and Cosine
We determine sin(𝛼 + 𝛽) = sin 𝛼 cos 𝛽 − cos 𝛼 sin 𝛽
sin 𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛽
f. 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝛼 ∴ 𝑜𝑝𝑝 = sin 𝛼 ∙ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽 = sin 𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽
∴ 𝑎𝑑𝑗 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 ∙ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽
Hence:
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽
sin 𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽
90 − 𝛼 − 𝛽 − 𝛽 = 90 − 𝛼 ∴ 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝐶 = 𝛼
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Proof of Addition Identity for Tangent
Solution:
1
sin(𝛼 + 𝛽) sin 𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 sin 𝛽 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 cos 𝛽
tan 𝛼 + 𝛽 = = ∙
cos(𝛼 + 𝛽) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 cos 𝛽 − sin 𝛼 sin β 1
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 cos 𝛽
sin 𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛽 sin 𝛼 sin 𝛽
+ +
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 cos 𝛽
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 cos 𝛽
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 cos 𝛽
sin 𝛼 sin β = cos 𝛼 cos 𝛽
sin 𝛼 sin β
− 1−
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 cos 𝛽 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 cos 𝛽 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 cos 𝛽
tan 𝛼 + tan 𝛽
tan 𝛼 + 𝛽 =
1 − tan 𝛽
Solution for a: Since we know the exact values of sine and cosine at 45° 𝑎𝑛𝑑 30°
Use the Special Values of the Trigonometric Functions where t represents the angle
a) 75° = 45° 𝑎𝑛𝑑 30° ; we use the Addition Identity for Cosine
Recall:
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Note: Unlike radicals cannot be simplified
Using the Addition and Subtraction Identities
Example 2: Find the exact value of each expression
Solution for b:
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
a) Since 12 = 4 − 6 , the Subtraction Formula for Cosine gives
Recall:
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Hence:
Recall:
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Using the Addition and Subtraction Identities
𝜋
Example 4: Prove the cofunction identity sin( − 𝑥) = cos 𝑥
2
Use the subtraction identity of cosine: sin 𝛼 − 𝛽 = sin 𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 sin 𝛽
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
sin(2 − 𝑥) = sin 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 sin 𝑥
= 1 ∙ cos 𝑥 + 0∙ sin 𝑥
𝜋
∴ sin( − 𝑥) = cos 𝑥
2
Recall:
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Using the Addition Identity for Tangent
Example 5: Prove the identity
Solving the right side of the equation and obtain the left side
Recall:
Hence: =
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Double-Angle Formulas
The double-angle formulas are proved from the addition formula for sine
Recall: sin (𝛼 + 𝛽) = sin 𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 sin 𝛽 ; 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝛼 = 𝛽
sin 𝛼 + 𝛼 = sin 𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 sin 𝛼
Now; sin 2𝛼 = sin (𝛼 + 𝛼)
sin 2𝛼 = sin 𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 sin 𝛼 (simplify)
Hence: sin 2𝛼 = 2 sin 𝛼 cos 𝛼
The double-angle formulas are proved from the addition formula for cosine
Recall: cos (𝛼 + 𝛽) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 cos 𝛽 − sin 𝛼 sin β ; 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝛼 = 𝛽
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 + 𝛼 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 cos 𝛼 − sin 𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼
4. cos 2𝛼 = 1 − 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛼
2 tan 𝛼 72
Test Yourself: Proof tan 2𝛼 = 1−𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝛼
Using the Double-Angle Formulas
3
Example: Given that tan θ = − 4 and is in quadrant II, find each of the following
3 −4 24
Solution for a: sin 2θ = 2sin θ cos θ = 2 ∙ 4 ∙ ( 5 ) = − 25
2 2 3 2 4 2 7
b: cos 2θ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ = − = 25
5 5
3 24
2 tan θ 2 ∙(− ) 24 sin 2θ − 24
4 25
c. tan 2θ = = 3 2
= −7 𝑜𝑟 = 7 =−
1−𝑡𝑎𝑛2 θ 1− −4 cos 3θ 7
25
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Test Yourself
5
1. Given that sin θ = 13 and is in quadrant I, find each of the following
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Answers for a: sin 2θ = 169
119
b: cos 2θ = − 169
120
c. tan 2θ = − 119
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Half-Angle Identities
𝜃 1+cos 𝜃
2. cos = ±
2 2
Use the fourth equation derived double-angle formula: cos 2𝛼 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 − 1
𝜃
𝐿𝑒𝑡 2𝛼 = 𝜃; hence, 𝛼 =
2
𝜃
cos 𝜃 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 − 1 (transpose and exchange sides)
2
𝜃 1+cos 𝜃
Hence: cos = ±
2 2
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𝜃 1 −cos 𝜃
Test Yourself: Proof 𝑡𝑎𝑛 =±
2 1+cos 𝜃
Using the Half Angle-Formulas for Tangent
Example 1: Find exact value of sin 22.5°
Solution: Since 22.5° 𝑖𝑠 half of 45°, we use half-angle identity with 𝜃 = 45°
We choose + sign because 22.5° belongs to Q-I
Hence:
Recall:
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Using the Half Angle-Formulas for Tangent
𝜋
Example 1: Find exact value of tan
8
𝜋
Solution: We choose + sign because 8 belongs to Q-I
Hence:
Recall:
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Test Yourself
Answers:
2+ 3
1. cos 15° = 2
𝜋 2+ 2
2. cos =
8 2
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Lecture 2: Trigonometric Identities
ILO 2: By the end of the learning experience, students must be able to:
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Guidelines For Proving Trigonometric
Identities
1. Start with one side. Pick one side of the equation and write it down. Your goal
is to transform it into the other side. It’s usually easier to start with the more
complicated side.
2. Use known identities. Use algebra and the identities you know to change the
side you started with. Bring fractional expressions to a common denominator,
factor, and use the fundamental identities to simplify expressions.
3. Convert to sines and cosines. If you are stuck, you may find it helpful to
rewrite all functions in terms of sines and cosines.
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Note: Only operations that are reversible will necessarily transform an identity into an identity.
2
Example 1: Prove the identity 1 + sin 2𝜃 = sin 𝜃 + cos 𝜃
Solving the right hand side (RHS) of the equation and obtain the left hand side (LHS)
𝑆𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 = 1
1
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 = sec 𝑡
cos 𝑡
𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔
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Example 3: Prove the identity
Solving the LHS of the equation and obtain the RHS
𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 Identity
𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝑃𝑦𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑚
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝑆𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑦
𝑃𝑦𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑚
𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
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𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠
Example 5: Prove the identity
𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝑃𝑦𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝐼𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠
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Example 6: Prove the identity
𝐴𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔
At this point, we stop and work with the RHS of the original identity:
(1 + cos ∅)
𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑦 =1
(1 + cos ∅)
𝑆𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔
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Note: The proof is complete since we obtained the same expression from each side.
Proving an Identity by Working with Both
Sides Separately
Example 7: Prove the identity
cos(𝑢−𝑣)
2. = tan 𝑢 + cot 𝑢
sin 𝑢 sin 𝑣
1+tan 𝑦 sec 𝑦
3.
1+cot 𝑦
= csc 𝑦
2
4. tan 𝑥 + cot 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 − 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑥
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Solutions:
sin 𝑥+cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥 cos(𝑢−𝑣)
1. = 2. = tan 𝑢 + cot 𝑢
sec 𝑥+csc 𝑥 sec 𝑥 sin 𝑢 sin 𝑣
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1+tan 𝑦 sec 𝑦
3. =
1+cot 𝑦 csc 𝑦
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2
4. tan 𝑥 + cot 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 − 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑥
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End of Topic
Thank you
Dr. Maricel G. Dayaday, EcE, ME-EcE, Engr. Jean Martin, MSEnE, Engr. Jay M. Navaluna,MEP-CE
College of Engineering and Information Technology 91