Republic of the Philippines

Carig Sur, Tuguegarao City

Cagayan State University
CARIG CAMPUS
Tel. No. (078) 304 - 0818

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE – CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

INTEGRAL CALCULUS
2ND SEMESTER AY 2021-2022

UNIT II
INTEGRAL TECHNIQUES
 MODULE 2
METHODS OF INTEGRATION

The purpose of this unit is to develop the methods of evaluating integrals which can not be
evaluated directly by any of the standard formulas listed in the past unit 1. Such methods involve
the various techniques of transforming the expression to be integrated into a form which can be
evaluated by a standard formula.

Learning Objectives:

At the end of this lesson, the student will be able to:

1. Evaluate such integral expressions by using different methods of integration.

2.1. Product of Sines and Cosines

Trigonometric integrals are those whose integrands involve trigonometric functions. In this
section, we shall evaluate trigonometric integrals of the following:

sin 𝑢 cos 𝑣 𝑑𝑥

cos 𝑢 cos 𝑣 𝑑𝑥

sin 𝑢 sin 𝑣 𝑑𝑥

where u and v are different functions of x and u≠ v. The above integrals can be evaluated with the
aid of the following trigonometric formulas in trigonometry, respectively:

2 sin 𝑢 cos 𝑣 = sin(𝑢 + 𝑣) + sin(𝑢 − 𝑣)

2 cos 𝑢 cos 𝑣 = cos(𝑢 + 𝑣) + cos(𝑢 − 𝑣)
2 sin 𝑢 sin 𝑣 = cos(𝑢 − 𝑣) − cos(𝑢 + 𝑣)

We see that by means of these identities, the integral of a product of a sine and cosine can be reduced
to an integral of a sum of two sines while the integral of a product of two cosines (or two sines) can be
reduced to an integral of a sum (or difference) of two cosines. That is

F2.1 ∫ 2 sin 𝑢 cos 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 = ∫[sin(𝑢 + 𝑣) + sin(𝑢 − 𝑣)] 𝑑𝑥

F2.2 ∫ 2 cos 𝑢 cos 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 = ∫[cos(𝑢 + 𝑣) + cos(𝑢 − 𝑣)]𝑑𝑥
F2.3 ∫ 2 sin 𝑢 sin 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 = ∫[cos(𝑢 − 𝑣) − cos(𝑢 + 𝑣)]𝑑𝑥
EXAMPLE 2.1: Evaluate ∫ cos 6𝑥 cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
SOLUTION: We have the product of two cosines with u = 6x and v = 2x. Hence, we shall use F2.2 to
evaluate this.

∫ cos 6𝑥 cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2 cos 6𝑥 cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫[cos(6𝑥 + 2𝑥) + cos(6𝑥 − 2𝑥)]𝑑𝑥

= ∫ (cos 8𝑥 + cos 4𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

= sin 8𝑥 + sin 4𝑥 + 𝐶
𝟏 𝟏
= 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟖𝒙 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟒𝒙 + 𝑪
𝟏𝟔 𝟖

EXAMPLE 2.2: Evaluate ∫ 3 sin 5𝑥 cos 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥

SOLUTION: We have the product of two cosines with u = 5x and v = 4x. Hence, we shall use F2.1 to
evaluate this.

∫ 3 sin 5𝑥 cos 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2 sin 5𝑥 cos 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫[sin(5𝑥 + 4𝑥) + sin(5𝑥 − 4𝑥)]𝑑𝑥

= ∫ (sin 9𝑥 + sin 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

= − cos 9𝑥 − cos 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝟏 𝟑
= − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟗𝒙 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 + 𝑪
𝟔 𝟐

TRY THIS PROBLEMS!

1. ∫ sin(4𝑥 − 3) cos(𝑥 + 5) 𝑑𝑥 answer:
2. ∫ 5sin(4𝑥 + 𝜋/2) sin(2𝑥 + 𝜋/6) 𝑑𝑥 answer:
3. ∫ 4sin(8𝑥) cos(3𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 answer:
4. ∫ sin(5𝑥) sin(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 answer:
5. ∫ cos(3𝑥 − 2𝜋) cos(𝑥 + 𝜋) 𝑑𝑥 answer:
2.2. Powers of Sines and Cosines

We now consider the problem of integrating the powers of sine and cosine or the product of
such powers. In general, we shall integrate a trigonometric integral of the form;

sin 𝑣 cos 𝑣 𝑑𝑥

where v is a differentiable function of x and m, n are real numbers. If m = n = 1or m = 1, n ≠ 1 or

m ≠ 1 , n = 1, the integral can easily be evaluated by methods of substitution discuss in previous
unit. For example, we can easily show that
sin 𝑥
sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶
2
cos 𝑥
sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − +𝐶
4
sin 𝑥
sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶
5
2 cos / 𝑥
sin 𝑥 √cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − +𝐶
3

In this section, we shall deal with integrals of the general form given above but with m, n ≠
1. Consider the following cases:

CASE I: When m is a positive odd integer and n is any number, we may write

sin 𝑣 cos 𝑣 = (sin 𝑣 cos 𝑣 ) sin 𝑣

Since m is odd, then m-1 is even and therefore, we may use the trigonometric identity
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑣 = 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑣 to express 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑣 in terms of the powers of cos v. Then the given
integral is reduced to the form

(𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 cos 𝑣) sin 𝑣 𝑑𝑥

Which can now be evaluated by letting u = cos v.

EXAMPLE 2.3: Evaluate ∫ sin 4𝑥 cos 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥
SOLUTION:
∫ sin 4𝑥 cos 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ sin 4𝑥 cos 4𝑥 sin 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ sin 4𝑥 cos 4𝑥 sin 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= ∫(1 − cos 4𝑥) cos 4𝑥 sin 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= ∫(cos 4𝑥 − cos 4𝑥) sin 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Let u = cos 4x. Then du = - 4 sin 4x dx. Hence, nf = - ¼

=− − +𝐶
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑 𝟒𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟓 𝟒𝒙
= − + +𝑪
𝟏𝟐 𝟐𝟎

CASE II: When m is any number and n is a positive odd integer, we may write

sin 𝑣 cos 𝑣 = (sin 𝑣 cos 𝑣 ) cos 𝑣

And the use the identity 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑣 = 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑣 to reduce the integral to form

(𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 sin 𝑣) cos 𝑣 𝑑𝑥

Which can now be evaluated by letting u = sin v.

EXAMPLE 2.4: Evaluate ∫ sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

SOLUTION:
∫ sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ sin 𝑥 (1 − sin 𝑥) cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= ∫(sin 𝑥 − sin 𝑥) cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Let u = sin x. Then du = cos x dx.
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟑 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟓 𝒙
= − +𝑪
𝟑 𝟓
EXAMPLE 2.5: Evaluate ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
SOLUTION: This belongs to Case II with m = 0 and n = 5.
∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ cos 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ (cos 𝑥) cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= ∫(1 − sin 𝑥) cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= ∫(1 − 2 sin 𝑥 + sin 𝑥) cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Let u = sin x. Then du = cos x dx.
𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟑 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟓 𝒙
= 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 − + +𝑪
𝟑 𝟓

Note that if m and n are both positive odd integers, then it can be evaluated by the method used in
Case I or Case II. Yet, this must urge to show the solutions!

CASE III: When m and n are both even integers (either both positive or one positive and one
zero), we may write

sin 𝑣 cos 𝑣 = (sin 𝑣) (cos 𝑣)

And then use one or both of the following identities;

𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑣 = , 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑣 =

to reduce the given integral into an integrable form. The identities above are used
repeatedly when m or n or both are greater than 2.

EXAMPLE 2.6: Evaluate ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

SOLUTION: This belongs to Case III with m = 4 and n = 0.
∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫(sin 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
= ∫( ) 𝑑𝑥

= ∫(1 − 2 cos 2𝑥 + cos 2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

= ∫(1 − 2 cos 2𝑥 + ) 𝑑𝑥

= ∫( − 2 cos 2𝑥 + cos 4𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

𝟑𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟒𝒙
= − sin 2𝑥 + sin 4𝑥 + 𝐶 = − + +𝑪
𝟖 𝟒 𝟑𝟐
2.3. Powers of Tangents and Secants

Consider the trigonometric integral of the form;

tan 𝑣 sec 𝑣 𝑑𝑥

If m = n = 1or m = 1, n ≠ 1 or m ≠ 1 , n = 1, the integral can easily be evaluated using the

formulas from the integration of simple trigonometric identities used in the past unit. And if m =
any real number and n = 2, we evaluate the integral bi ordinary method of substitution used in the
last unit.
In this section, we shall consider the following cases:
CASE I: When m is any number and n is a positive even integer greater than 2, we may write

tan 𝑣 sec 𝑣 = (tan 𝑣 sec 𝑣 ) sec 𝑣

and then use the identity;

𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑣 = 1 + tan 𝑣

to reduce the given integral to the form

(𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 tan 𝑣) sec 𝑣 𝑑𝑥

which can now be evaluated by letting u = tan v.

EXAMPLE 2.7: Evaluate ∫ tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

SOLUTION:
∫ tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥 sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ tan 𝑥 (1 + tan 𝑥) sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= ∫(tan 𝑥 + tan 𝑥) sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Let u = tan x. Then du = sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥.
𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟒 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟔 𝒙
= + +𝑪
𝟒 𝟔
 CASE II: When m is a positive odd integer and n is any number, we may write

tan 𝑣 sec 𝑣 = (tan 𝑣 sec 𝑣 ) sec 𝑣 tan 𝑣

and then use the identity;

𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑣 = 𝑠𝑒𝑣 𝑣 − 1

to reduce the given integral to the form

(𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 sec 𝑣) sec 𝑣 tan 𝑣 𝑑𝑥

which can now be evaluated by letting u = sec v.

EXAMPLE 2.8: Evaluate ∫ tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

SOLUTION:
∫ tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥 sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ (𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 − 1) sec 𝑥 sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ (𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 − sec 𝑥) sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Let u = sec x. Then du = sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥.
𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟕 𝒙 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟓 𝒙
= + +𝑪
𝟕 𝟓

CASE III: When m is a positive odd (or even) integer and n is zero, we may write

tan 𝑣 = (tan 𝑣) tan 𝑣

and then use the identity;

𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑣 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑣 − 1

to reduce the integral to an integrable form.

EXAMPLE 2.9: Evaluate ∫ tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

SOLUTION:
∫ tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ tan 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 (𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 − tan 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ (𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 − tan 𝑥 tan 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
 = ∫ [𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 − tan 𝑥 (sec 𝑥 − 1)] 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ [𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 − tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥 − tan 𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
Let u = tan x. Then du = sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥.
𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟒 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝒙
= + − 𝒍𝒏|𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙| + 𝑪
𝟒 𝟐

2.4. Powers of Cotangents and Cosecants

The technique involved in evaluating the integral;

cot 𝑣 cec 𝑣 𝑑𝑥

Where v is differentiable function of x, is similar to that for evaluating the integral

tan 𝑣 sec 𝑣 𝑑𝑥

The identity 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑣 = 1 + cot 𝑣 or cot = 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑣 − 1 is use to reduce the original expression
into an integrable form. It also consists of three possible cases.

TRY THIS PROBLEMS!

1. ∫ sin 3𝑥 cos 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 answer:

2. ∫ √sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 answer:

3. ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 answer:
4. ∫ √tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 answer:

5. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 answer:
√

6. ∫(sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 answer:

7. ∫ cot 4𝑥 csc 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥 answer:
8. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 answer:
9. ∫ √cot 3𝑥 csc 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 answer:
10. ∫ cot 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥 answer:
2.5. Trigonometric Substitution

The problem of evaluating certain types of integrals involving algebraic expressions may be
transformed into a problem of evaluating trigonometric integrals. The transformation is affected by
appropriate trigonometric substitutions for the original variable of integration. These trigonometric
substitutions which lead to integrable forms are given below:

TS1: When the integrand contains 𝑎 − 𝑢 , use the substitution 𝑢 = 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃.

TS2: When the integrand contains 𝑢 + 𝑎 , use the substitution 𝑢 = 𝑎 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃.

TS3: When the integrand contains 𝑢 − 𝑎 , use the substitution 𝑢 = 𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃.

For simplicity, we assume that 𝜃 is an acute angle, u is a differentiable function of x and a is any
number.

EXAMPLE 2.10: Evaluate ∫ √ 𝑑𝑥

SOLUTION: The integrand contains 4 − 𝑥 which is of the form 𝑎 − 𝑢 . That is, a = 2 and u = x.
Hence, we have,
𝑥 = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 (1)
𝑑𝑥 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 (2)
From (1), we also have
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 = (3)

Using (3), draw a triangle like in the figure

√
cos 𝜃 = or (4)

√4 − 𝑥 = 2 cos 𝜃 (5)

Substituting (1), (2) and (5) in the given

integral, we get

∫√ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫

= 2 ∫ sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = −2 cos 𝜃 + 𝐶
√
= −2 · + 𝐶 = −√𝟒 − 𝒙𝟐 + 𝑪
EXAMPLE 2.11: Evaluate ∫

SOLUTION: 4𝑥 + 9, is in the form 𝑢 + 𝑎 . That is, u = 2x and a = 3.

Hence, we have,
2𝑥 = 3 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 (1)
𝑥 = tan 𝜃 (2)

𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 (3)

From (1), we also have

𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 = (4)

Using (4), draw a triangle like in the figure

√
sec 𝜃 = or (5)

4𝑥 + 9 = 9 sec 𝜃 (6)

Substituting (3) and (6) in the given

integral, we get

∫ =∫

= ∫ 𝑑𝜃

= 𝜃+𝑐
𝟏 𝟐𝒙
= 𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧 ( ) + 𝑪
𝟔 𝟑

TRY ME!

1. ∫ √

2. ∫ √

3. ∫ √
2.6. Additional Standard Formulas

Here are some formulas for the indefinite integration;

SF1: ∫ = arctan + 𝐶

SF2: ∫ = ln | |+𝐶

SF3: ∫ = ln |𝑢 + √𝑢 + 𝑎 | + 𝐶
√

SF4: ∫ = ln |𝑢 + √𝑢 − 𝑎 | + 𝐶
√

SF5: ∫ = arcsin + 𝐶
√

SF6: ∫ √𝑎 − 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = √𝑎 − 𝑢 + arcsin + 𝐶

SF7: ∫ √𝑢 + 𝑎 𝑑𝑢 = √𝑢 + 𝑎 + ln |𝑢 + √𝑢 + 𝑎 | + 𝐶

SF8: ∫ √𝑢 − 𝑎 𝑑𝑢 = √𝑢 − 𝑎 − ln |𝑢 + √𝑢 − 𝑎 | + 𝐶

EXAMPLE 2.12: Evaluate ∫

SOLUTION: This can be evaluated by SF1 where u = 2x and a = 3. Since u = 2x, then du = 2dx and
nf = ½.

∫ = ∙ 𝑎𝑟𝑐 tan + 𝐶

= ∙ 𝑎𝑟𝑐 tan +𝐶
𝟏 𝟐𝒙
= 𝒂𝒓𝒄 𝐭𝐚𝐧 +𝑪
𝟔 𝟑

EXAMPLE 2.13: Evaluate ∫

SOLUTION: This can be evaluated by SF2 where u = 3x and a = 4. Since u = 3x, then du = 3dx and
nf = 1/3.
TRY ME!
∫ = ∙ ln +𝐶
4. ∫
𝟏 𝟑𝒙 𝟒 √
= ∙ ln +𝐶 = 𝐥𝐧 +𝑪
( ) 𝟐𝟒 𝟑𝒙 𝟒 5. ∫ √
6. ∫ √16𝑥 + 25 𝑑𝑥
THANK YOU!!!