Diploma Engineering: Laboratory Manual

Diploma Engineering
Laboratory Manual
(Microwave and Radar Communication)
(4351103)
[EC SEMESTER-V]
Enrolment No
Name
Branch Electronics and communication engineering
Academic Term
Institute
Microwave and Radar Communication(4351103)
Directorate Of Technical Education

Gandhinagar - Gujarat
DTE’s Vision:
● To provide globally competitive technical education;
● Remove geographical imbalances and inconsistencies;
● Develop student friendly resources with a special focus on girls’ education
and support to weaker sections;
● Develop programs relevant to industry and create a vibrant pool of technical
professionals.
DTE’s Mission:
Institute’s Vision:
Student should write
Institute’s Mission:
Department’s Vision:
Department’s Mission:
Microwave and Radar Communication(4351103)
Certificate
This is to certify that Mr./Ms ………………………………………………………………….

Enrollment No. ………….……………. of …….………. Semester of Diploma
in……………………………………………………………………………………………………….……..of
………………………………………………………………………. (GTU Code……………) has satisfactorily
completed the term work in course ………………………………………………………………………………for the
academic year: …………………… Term: Odd/Even prescribed in the GTU curriculum.
Place:…………………..
Date: …………………..
Signature of Course Faculty Head of the Department

Preface
The primary aim of any laboratory/Practical/field work is enhancement of required skills as well
as creative ability amongst students to solve real time problems by developing relevant competencies in
the psychomotor domain. Keeping in view, GTU has designed competency focused outcome-based
curriculum -2021 (COGC-2021) for Diploma engineering programmes. In this more time is allotted to
practical work than theory. It shows the importance of enhancement of skills amongst students and it
pays attention to utilize every second of time allotted for practical amongst Students, Instructors and
Lecturers to achieve relevant outcomes by performing rather than writing practice in study type. It is
essential for effective implementation of competency focused outcome- based Green curriculum-2021.
Every practical has been keenly designed to serve as a tool to develop & enhance relevant industry
needed competency in each and every student. These psychomotor skills are very difficult to develop
through traditional chalk and board content delivery methods in the classroom. Accordingly, this lab
manual has been designed to focus on the industry-defined relevant outcomes, rather than the old
practice of conducting practical tests to prove concepts and theory.
By using this lab manual, students can read the procedure one day in advance to the actual
performance day of the practical experiment which generates interest and also, they can have an idea of
judgement of magnitude prior to performance. This in turn enhances predetermined outcomes amongst
students. Each and every Experiment /Practical in this manual begins by competency, industry relevant
skills, course outcomes as well as practical outcomes which serve as a key role for doing the practical.
The students will also have a clear idea of safety and necessary precautions to be taken while performing
experiments.
This manual also provides guidelines to lecturers to facilitate student-centered lab activities for
each practical/experiment by arranging and managing necessary resources in order that the students
follow the procedures with required safety and necessary precautions to achieve outcomes. It also gives
an idea of how students will be assessed by providing Rubrics.
Course specific para
Microwave devices are essential for electronics and communication engineering diploma
holders and they need to assimilate it in order to maintain Microwave devices used in the
Telecommunication Industry. Hence, the basic knowledge of microwave signal generation,
propagation, amplification and measurement is vital. This course has been designed so that the
diploma engineer can achieve skills to maintain microwave devices, components and accessories
used in the telecommunication industry.
3
Although we try our level best to design this lab manual, there are always chances of
improvement. We welcome any suggestions for improvement.
Programme Outcomes (POs) :
1. Basic and Discipline specific knowledge: Apply knowledge of basic mathematics, science
and engineering fundamentals and engineering specialization to solve the engineering
problems.
2. Problem analysis: Identify and analyse well-defined engineering problems using codified
standard methods.
3. Design/ development of solutions: Design solutions for engineering well-defined technical

problems and assist with the design of systems components or processes to meet specified
needs.
4. Engineering Tools, Experimentation and Testing: Apply modern engineering tools and
appropriate technique to conduct standard tests and measurements.
5. Engineering practices for society, sustainability and environment: Apply appropriate

technology in context of society, sustainability, environment and ethical practices.
6. Project Management: Use engineering management principles individually, as a team

member or a leader to manage projects and effectively communicate about well-defined
engineering activities.
7. Life-long learning: Ability to analyze individual needs and engage in updating in the context
of technological changes in the field of engineering.
4
Practical Outcome - Course Outcome matrix : Course Outcomes (COs):
a) CO1 Distinguish Electromagnetic wave propagation through reflections from voltage and
Current transmission
b) CO2 Analyze performance of microwave components from a field point of view.
c) CO3 Maintain microwave components and Set up of microwave bench for optimum Operation.
d)CO4 Maintain microwave semiconductor devices used to realized amplifiers and Oscillators.
e)CO5 Maintain SONAR and RADAR systems as microwave applications.
CO1 CO2 CO3 CO4 CO5

S. No. Practical Outcome/Title of experiment
1 Demonstrate Transmission line and its

√
parameters.
2 Identify various microwave components in √

the microwave circuit.
3 Test different control functions of GUNN √ √ √

power supply and draw V/I
characteristics. .
4 Set the microwave bench for optimum √ √
operation.
Measure the frequency generated by
5 √ √
source and different wavelength in
rectangular waveguide for TE1,0 mode
6 Measure VSWR for given microwave loads
√ √
7 Measurement of attenuation of a given

√ √
fixed attenuator.
8
Study of Power division in Directional
√ √
coupler and its characteristics.
9
Study circulator and its characteristics
√ √
10 Study of Power division in Magic Tee and

√ √
its characteristics.
11 Calibration of given variable attenuator
√ √
12 Introduction to RADAR .
√
13. Measure VSWR and reflection coefficient

√
for given length of transmission line.
5
Industry Relevant Skills
The following industry relevant skills are expected to be developed in the students by
performance of experiments of this course.
(2 or 3 skills)
1. Maintain Microwave devices ,components and accessories.
2. install Microwave devices ,components and accessories.
3. Calculate specific Microwave component parameters and evaluate its performance for field
tests..
4. Find VSWR and Reflection coefficient for a specific transmission line.
Guidelines to Course Faculty

1. Course faculty should demonstrate experiment with all necessary implementation
strategies described in the curriculum.
2. Course faculty should explain industrial relevance before starting each experiment.
3. Course faculty should Involve & give opportunity to all students for hands-on experience.
4. Course faculty should ensure mentioned skills are developed in the students by asking.
5. Utilise 2 hrs of lab hours effectively and ensure completion of write up with quiz also.
6. Encourage peer to peer learning by doing the same experiment through fast learners.
Instructions for Students

1. Organize the work in the group and make a record of all observations.
2. Students shall develop maintenance skills as expected by industries.
3. Students shall attempt to develop related hand-on skills and build confidence.
4. Students shall develop the habits of evolving more ideas, innovations, skills etc.
5. Students shall refer to technical magazines and data books.
6. Students should develop the habit to submit the practical on date and time.
7. Students should prepare well while submitting a write-up of exercise.
6
Continuous Assessment Sheet
Enrolment No: Name
Name: Term:
Sr Practical Outcome/Title of experiment Marks
no Sign
Page Date
(25)
1 Demonstrate Transmission line and its

parameters.
2 Identify various microwave components in the

microwave circuit.
3 Test different control functions of GUNN power
supply and draw V/I characteristics. .
4 Set the microwave bench for optimum
operation.
Measure the frequency generated by source
5
and different wavelength in rectangular
waveguide for TE1,0 mode
6 Measure VSWR for given microwave loads.
7 Measurement of attenuation of a given fixed

attenuator.
8
Study of Power division in Directional coupler
and its characteristics.
9
Study circulator and its characteristics
Study of Power division in Magic Tee and its

10 characteristics.
11 Calibration of given variable attenuator
12 Introduction to RADAR .
13 Measure VSWR and reflection coefficient for

given length of transmission line.
7
Date: ……………
Practical No.1: Demonstrate Transmission line and its Parameters.
A. Objective:
1. To study types of transmission lines.
2. To study transmission line parameters.
B. Expected Program Outcomes (POs)
1. PO1.Basic and Discipline specific knowledge:
2. PO2.Problem analysis:
3. PO4.Engineering Tools, Experimentation and Testing
4. PO5.Engineering Practices for society,sustainability & environment
5. PO7.Life long learning
C. Expected Skills to be developed based on competency:
1. identifying
2. finding
D. Expected Course Outcomes(Cos)
1. CO1 Distinguish Electromagnetic wave propagation through reflections from
voltage and Current transmission.
E. Practical Outcome(PRo)
1. To study types of transmission lines.
2. To study transmission line parameters.
F. Expected Affective domain Outcome (ADos)
1. work as a leader /team member
2. Follow safety practices while using electrical, electronics, pneumatic
instruments
G. Prerequisite Theory:
Transmission lines are considered to be impedance-matching circuits
designed to deliver power (RF) from the transmitter to the antenna, and maximum
signal from the antenna to the receiver. From such a broad definition, any system
of wires can be considered as forming one or more transmission lines. If the
properties of these lines must be taken into account, the lines might as well be
arranged in some simple constant pattern. This will make the properties much
easier to calculate and it will also make them constant for any type of transmission
line.
Types of transmission lines ::
There are the following types of transmission lines.
8
•Parallel wires lines.
•Co-axial lines.
•Twin wire feeder.
•Wave guides.
• Micro strip
•Optical fibre.
Transmission lines can also be used as circuit elements such as inductors, capacitor,
resonant circuit, filters, transformers, as measuring devices at high frequencies. In
addition to transmitting energy from one point to another. Basically, there are four
types of transmission lines, the two wire parallel transmission lines, coaxial lines,
strip type substrate transmission lines and waveguide.
Two wire parallel transmission line is the most common transmission line with a
pair of uniform size wires and used for transmission of electrical energy. Such lines
are used for power transmission, telephone lines and television signals.
From the above figure we can write the equation for the impedance and
admittance as shown below.
Z= series impedance per section
Z=R+jωL
Y=shunt admittance per section
9
Y=G+jωC
And therefore the characteristic impedance can be given by,
z0=√ (R+jωL)/(G+jωC)
Y=√ (R+jωL)X(G+jωC)
And for the loss less line the characteristic impedance will be,
z0=√ L/C)
Y=jω√ LC)
H. Interpretation of Results (Not Applicable for CE & IT software subjects)

..............................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................
I. Conclusion (Not Applicable for CE & IT software
subjects)
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
J. Practical related Quiz.
1. list types of transmission lines
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. A typical transmission line has a resistance of 8 Ω/km, impedance of 2
mh/km, a capacitance of 0.002 μF/μm and a conductance of 0.07 μs/km.
Calculate the characteristic impedance, attenuation constant, phase
constant of the transmission line at a frequency of 2kHz.
Find the characteristic impedance for lossless line.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
K. References / Suggestions ( lab manual designer should give)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dvjGIJdrnJQ&list=PLgwJf8NK-
2e6HWPlWMhNzRoit6cr_UZqB
L. Assessment-Rubrics
10
Max 25 marks
Rubrics Prepare Operate Follow safe Record Interpret Total

The the practices observatio the result
experimen equipment measures. ns and
tal setup. setup or correctly. conclude.
circuit.
Marks 5 8 2 8 2 25
Sign with Date
11
Date: ……………
Practical No.2 Identify various microwave components in the microwave circuit.
.
A. Objective:
1. To Identify microwave components.
2. To Find specific microwave component from given components.
3. Note relevant Technical specifications of the components.
3. PO3.Design/ development of solutions
5. PO5.Engineering practices for society, sustainability and environment
6. PO7.Life-long learning
1. Identifying
2. Analysis
3. Decision Making

1. CO2 Analyze performance of microwave components from field point of view.
1. Identify microwave Bends,Tees,two port and multiport components.
2. Calculate component wavelength range.
1. work as a leader/a team member.
2. Follow safety practices while using electrical, electronics, pneumatic instruments
and tools.
At microwave frequency transfer of energy from one point to another is
accomplished by a suitable guiding structure called waveguide. The structures have
different types of construction. The components and accessories used at microwave
frequency are operated in X band with a range of 8 to 12 GHZ for laboratory
12
purposes. The components are made of brass and the inner surface is made of silver
coating for better reflections.
Couplers
1. The waveguide couplers are available in many forms and applicable at different
places. The simplest couplers are bends and twists because the mode of
transmission in microwave can be TE mode or TM mode the components are
made accordingly to accommodate the requirement. The couplers are mainly
used to physically change the direction of the signal. The commonly used bends
are shown in the figure.
2. E bend: When the direction of the electric field is required to be changed this
component is used.
3. H bend: When the change of direction of magnetic field is required, the H bend
is used. Basically when minor changes are required the rounded bends are used.
4. E bend corner: When the sharp change in direction of electric field is to be
obtained, the two places of the waveguide are connected using E bend corner.
It helps proper coupling of the signal.
5. H bend corner: When the change in the direction of magnetic field required is
sharp, the component preferred is H bend corner. It is a well known fact that the
electric field is perpendicular to the surface of earth. So to identify the
component the orientation of broader wall of the guide component is to be
considered, if it is in the direction of electric field, it has to be used for change of
direction of E field and otherwise for magnetic i.e. H field.
6. Bend in circular waveguide: If the coupling of the signal is using circular
waveguide, this component is preferred.
7. Waveguide twist: When reversal of polarization of field is required the twist is
used. The longer the twist, the more gradual is the change of plane & better the
suppression of reflection.
13
8. Taper: If the coupling of signal up to a particular point in the connection is using
the rectangular waveguide and after that point it is to be ,using circular
waveguide, the taper is used as an accessory to properly couple the signals.
TEE Junctions:
These types of couplers are identified by their “T” shape.

1. E plane Tee: It is also known as a voltage or series junction.it is a waveguide
Tee in which the axis of side arm is parallel to the E field of the main guide.The
orientation of the component is such that its broader wall of port-3 is
perpendicular to earth surface.it is used for coupling of electric field.
2. H plane Tee: It is also known as a current or shunt junction.it is a waveguide

Tee in which the axis of side arm is parallel to the H field of the main guide.The
orientation of the component is such that its broader wall of port-3 is parallel
to earth's surface.it is used for coupling of magnetic field.
3. Hybrid/Magic Tee: It is a type of multiport coupler. The relationship of
electric and magnetic fields are such that, for the dominant mode, if the signal
is fed through port 4 it appears at port 1 & 2 but not at 3.Similarly if the signal
is fed to port 1,2 and 4 are used when magnetic fields are to be coupled &
port 1,2,3 are used if electric field is to be coupled.If any port is not in use it
has to be terminated by matched load/termination properly for best result
practically.
Other main components:
A wave pyramidal horn : They can be used to radiate the microwave power or to
pick up the power. The construction of this component is simple and frequency range
and bandwidths are comparatively larger.
A matched Termination : The load that gives perfect load matching or in other word
zero reflection of all the power incident on it, is called a matched load in a waveguide
14
is a piece of distance cord, which is placed in the waveguide, parallel to the electric
field. The front end of the cord is tapered to prevent any discontinuity to microwave
signals. the operating frequency range is 8.2 – 12.4 GHz
Tunable probe:
Model XP 655 probe is used in conjunction with a slotted waveguide section for
laboratory purposes.
The probe consists of wire with a coaxial section. The RF power taken from the line,
using this probe is rectified by a crystal detector, mounted in the probe. The wire
penetration is adjustable inside the slot. The probe can be tuned over a wide range
of frequency. The operating frequency range is 8.2 – 12.5 GHz
Movable short: Model X7-481 adjustable waveguide shorts are used for terminating
a waveguide transmission line with a short circuit.
It consists of a sliding short inside a waveguide housing. Movement of the plunger is
screw controlled. The operating frequency range is 8.2 – 12.5 GHz
Frequency meter:
Meter XF-455 is an absorption type cavity wavemeter, designed for frequency
measurement in X bend.it consists of a high Q, tunable resonant cavity coupled to a
section of a waveguide through a slot.
Practically full power is transmitted at frequency of resonance.At resonance the
cavity absorbs power which is indicated by a dip in the output. The tuning of a cavity
is achieved by means of a plunger connected to micrometer from any micrometer
reading the corresponding frequency can be obtained using a calibration chart
provided. The operating frequency range is 8.2 – 12.5 GHz
Slotted section with universal probe carriage.
A slotted section:
A slotted section is used for the measurement of VSWR, wavelength
measurement and for other useful measurements. It consists of a waveguide with a
slot on the top surface. A connecting probe is movable through the slot. This mount,
which is used as a coupling probe is movable through the slotted part of the
15
waveguide. This helps in the measurement of the distance from the source and also
to couple the microwave signal to an ammeter or any other measuring device.
Model X5_651 is used for monitoring standing wave patterns inside a waveguide and
also for VSWR measurement.it consists of a precision slotted waveguide section
mounted on a stable and adjustable stand. The probe moves over the section with
the helical rack and pinion. The movement of the carriage can be read to 0.01cm with
the overlapping vernier scale. The attachment of a dial gauge to carriage helps in
more accurate measurement. The operating frequency range is 8.2 – 12.5 GHz
Tunable detector mount: model XD 451 is designed for the detection of microwave
signals and also for monitoring power in conjunction with a suitable detector .A
detector crystal is maintained in a waveguide section and non-contacting shorted
plunger is used for matching purpose. The operating frequency range is 8.2 – 12.5
GHz
H. Experimental set up/ Program Logic-Flow chart (CE & IT 1st and 2nd semester
software subjects only):
16
Resources/Equipment Required
Sr.No. Instrument/Equipment
Specification Quanti
/Components/Trainer kit ty
1 Waveguide Frequency:8.2 to 12.5 GHz 1

X band
2 Waveguide couplers like, E bend, H Frequency:8.2 to 12.5 GHz 1 each
bend, E plane corner, H plane X band
corner, waveguide twist, taper.
3 TEE junctions like E plane TEE,H Frequency:8.2 to 12.5 GHz 1each

plane TEE, Magic TEE X band
4 Circulator, Multihole directional Frequency:8.2 to 12.5 GHz 1 each

coupler X band
17
I. Safety and necessary Precautions followed
Lab manual expert has to write
1. Do not damage the sensible knobs on microwave components
2. Handle with care the vernier and micrometer screw gauge on slotted section
waveguide
J. Procedure to be followed/Source code (CE & IT software subjects):
Lab manual expert has to write/ Provide blank space for source code (CE & IT)
1. Study the specifications of all components
2. Identify the given microwave components
3. Learn where to connect the component for specific measurement
K. Observations and Calculations/Input-Output (CE & IT software subjects):

1. Identify the components/devices.
2. Study the basic principle of operation of devices and components.
3. Know the typical application of each component.
4. Identify the E field and H field mode patterns in these devices
5. calculate the range of wavelength for the components as per given
specification
6.
Sr. No. Min f Max f Min λ=(c/f) Max λ(c/f)

1
L. Interpretation of Results (To de discussed and written during experiment by faculty and
student)
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
M. Conclusion (To be written by student after performing experiment and to be verified by
faculty)
........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
N. Practical related Quiz.
1. List two port microwave components
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
18
2. List types of waveguide TEE
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
3. List more than two port (multi port)microwave components
..................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
O. References / Suggestions ( lab manual designer should give)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jgBiWVLyFiA (faculty explains microwave components )
P. Assessment-Rubrics

circuit.
Marks 5 8 2 8 2 25
Sign with Date
19
Date: ……………
Practical No.3 Test different control functions of GUNN power supply and draw V/I
characteristics .
A. Objective:
1. To understand the operation of GUNN power supply
2. To draw the V/I characteristics
3. To find negative resistance region for microwave operation

3. PO3.Design/ development of solutions:
5. PO5.Engineering Practices for society,sustainability &environment
6. PO6.Project Management:
1. identifying
2. operating
3. Decision Making
1. CO2 Interpret different parameters of analog modulated signals.
2. CO3 Maintain microwave components and Set up of microwave bench for
optimum Operation.
3. CO4 Maintain microwave semiconductor devices used to realize amplifiers and
Oscillators.
1. Set microwave bench Observe and record voltage and current reading
2. plot voltage Vs current and find negative resistance regions .
2. Follow safety practices while using electrical,
electronics, pneumatic instruments and tools.
20
GUNN Power Supply: It comprises of electronically regulated power supply & square
wave generator designed to operate oscillator ,type XG 11 and PIN modulator
XM55.The DC voltage is variable from 0-12v.the output voltage will not exceed +11v
because of overvoltage zener protection.The frequency of square wave modulator
can be continuously varied from 800-1100 Hz.The front panel meter indicates the
gunn volt & current drawn by Gunn diode.The power supply has been designed to
protect the gunn in the following conditions:
● Reverse voltage applied

● over voltage transmission
● low frequency generated by negative resistance of gunn diode.
GUNN Oscillator :It is narrow bend stable low noise MW source.the gunn diode is
mounted in waveguide carrier and source frequency can be tunable over the range
8.5 to 12 GHz by a micrometer controlled tuning plunger max power output is 25 mw
but it varies with frequency and Pmin is 5mw.
PIN Modulator:It has been designed to amplify the MW output of gunn oscillator
modulating voltage of 1KHz obtained from Gunn power supply to drive the
modulator.it has built in 6dB attenuator to avoid any loading of the PIN diode.v-0 to
12 v,I-950mVA,sta-0 to 2.1 for I. 10% variation in mains,Mod range-0 ±10V,freq- 800
to 1100 Hz,O/P-BNC female for gunn diode.
The Features for PIN diode:The Gunn power supply consists of a voltage regulating
circuit with the O/P of variable DC voltage of 0-12 V & an astable multivibrator which
gives a pulse of 10Vpp.
21
22
I. Resources/Equipment Required
Sr.No Instrument/Equipment
.
1 GUNN power supply Voltage Range: 0 to 12 VDC, Current: 1

1 Amp. Max Regulation: 0.2+-10%
variation in main power supply Ripple:
1 m Vrms
variation (900-1100 Hz) Output
2 Gunn oscillator Frequency range 8.2 to 12.5 GHz,X 1
band
3 PIN modulator Frequency range 8.2 to 12.5 GHz,X 1

band
4 Variable Attenuator Average power 2W,Max insertion loss 1

0.2 dB
5 Isolator Min isolation loss:20 dB,Min insertion 1

loss:0.4dB
6 Slotted waveguide Max residual VSWR 1.01W 1
7 VSWR meter Frequency : 1KHz,Range:70 dB Minima 1

in 10dB steps
8 Waveguide stand - 5
9 BNC cable - 3
10 Cooling fan - 1
11 Movable short - 1
23
J. Safety and necessary Precautions followed
1. Before switching on the power supply the Gunn bias & mod amplitude should be fully
anticlockwise to protect Gunn oscillator & PIN modulator.
2. BNC connector should be used.
3. The Gunn diode current should be so as to get max deflection in VSWR meter.
4. Gunn oscillator cavity can be tuned
5. Before putting off the Gunn supply Gunn bias and mod should be fully anticlockwise.
K. Procedure to be followed/Source code (CE & IT software subjects):

1. Arrange the microwave component as shown in the diagram.
2. set the switch for selection of voltage,current,power be in voltage selection.
3. set the reading of voltage from the meter or digital display.
4. set the switch in the current position and note the corresponding current reading.
5. Repeat steps 2,3 and 4 for as many readings as you can.
6. Draw the graph of voltage V/I current.
7. Find peak voltage(Vp) and Valley voltage (Vv) from the graph.
L. Observations and Calculations/Input-Output (CE & IT software subjects):
Sr. Gunn bias Gunn diode Sr. Gunn bias Gunn diode
No. Voltage(v) Current(mA) No. Voltage(v) Current(mA)
1 11
2 12
3 13
4 14
5 15
6 16
7 17
8 18
9 19
10 20
24
M. Interpretation of Results ( To de discussed and written during experiment by faculty
and student)
........................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
N. Conclusion (To be written by student after performing experiment and to be verified by

faculty)
...............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
O. Practical related Quiz.

1. What are different materials used to manufacture Gunn diodes?.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. Plot voltage Vs current curve and find negative resistance region range.
negative resistance region: Vp…………………V &

Vv………………….v
P. References / Suggestions ( lab manual designer should give)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PdSboadbgLM
25
Q. Graph ( Not Applicable for CE & IT subjects)
1. Plot voltage Vs current curve and find negative resistance region range.
26
R. Assessment-Rubrics
Max 25 marks

circuit.
Marks 5 8 2 8 2 25
Sign with Date
27
Date: ……………
Practical No.4 To set Microwave bench for optimum operation.
A. Objective:
1. Set the microwave bench for optimum operation.

6. PO6Project Management:
1. identifying
2. observation
3. appropriateness
4. accuracy
5. Decision Making
1. CO2 Analyze performance of microwave components from a field point of view.
optimum Operation.
1. Observe and identify the negative resistance region location
2. set frequency meter,Gunn supply and Gunn oscillator for optimum operation.
and tools.
A microwave test bench is an assembly of various microwave components, held
together by Nuts & Bolts. It consists of a microwave source (Oscillator) at one end.
The waves generated are led down by a wave guide through various components, so
that the student can observe the propagation of waves, and their interaction and/or
processing by various components. Among the Microwave measurement devices, a
setup of Microwave bench, which consists of Microwave devices has a prominent
place. This whole setup, with few alterations, is able to measure many values like
28
guide wavelength, free space wavelength, cut-off wavelength, impedance, frequency,
VSWR, Klystron characteristics, Gunn diode characteristics, power measurements,
Specification Quantity
/Components/Trainer kit
1 GUNN power supply As per previous specifications 1
2 Gunn oscillator Frequency range 8.2 to 12.5 GHz, X band 1
3 PIN modulator Frequency range 8.2 to 12.5 GHz, X band 1
4 Variable Attenuator Average power 2W, Max insertion loss 0.2 dB 1
5 Isolator Min isolation loss:20 dB, Min insertion 1

loss:0.4dB
7 VSWR meter Frequency : 1KHz,Range:70 dB Minima in 10dB 1

steps
9 BNC cable - 3
10 Cooling fan - 1
29
1. Before switching on the power supply the Gunn bias & mod amplitude should be
fully anticlockwise to protect Gunn oscillator & PIN modulator.
2. BNC and TNC connector should be used
3. The Gunn diode current should be so as to get max deflection in VSWR meter.
4. Gunn oscillator cavity can be tuned
5. Before putting off the Gunn supply Gunn bias and mod should be fully
anticlockwise.
.
1. Arrange the microwave component as shown in the diagram.
2. Randomly keep the variable control of the Gunn oscillator at any point.
3. Keep the variable control of movable short at any random point.
4. Tune the frequency meter and try to get a dip in the reading of the micro
ammeter.(sudden decrease in the current reading).
5. If not possible vary the Gunn oscillator variable knob or the movable short control
to get the dip by trial and error method.
6. Now connect the VSWR meter in place of the micrometer and see if the reading
in dB is appropriate power or not. If not, change the range if required and also the
variable attenuator will help in getting adequate reading.
7. By changing the probe position on the slotted section make sure that the pointer
oscillates between two readings and the oscillation is sufficient to be observed.
8. Now the position of Gunn oscillator control, movable short and wave meter are
set for the optimum operation.
30
At optimum bench set up observation:
Gunn oscillator..............................(cm)
Frequency meter..............................(GHz)
Variable attenuator.........................(cm)
M. Interpretation of Results (To de discussed and written during experiment by faculty and
student)
........................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
N. Conclusion (To be written by student after performing experiment and to be verified
by faculty)
........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
1. List microwave devices and components used in test bench set up
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
2. Name the other possible sources possible for microwave test bench
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/microwave_engineering/microwave_engineering_measur
ement_devices.htm
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sNYkkPoOPRU
Q. Assessment-Rubrics
Max 25 marks

circuit.
Marks 5 8 2 8 2 25
Sign with Date
31
Date: ……………
Practical No.5 Measure the frequency generated by source and different wavelength in rectangular
waveguide for TE1,0 mode
A. Objective:
1. To measure voltage maxima and minima using a slotted waveguide.
2. To measure the guide wavelength
3. To compute the free space wavelength.
4. To Calculate microwave frequency, phase velocity and characteristic wave
impedance

1.observing
2.Measurement
3.computing
4.Decide
D. Expected Course Outcomes (Cos)
optimum Operation.
E. Practical Outcome (PRo)
1. measure the guide wavelength
2. compute the free space wavelength.
3. microwave frequency, phase velocity and characteristic wave impedance

instruments and tools.
32
The measurement of frequency or wavelength is one of the primary requirements in
most microwave measurements. Frequency is the most fundamental quantity
because the frequency of oscillation is the same for all parts of the microwave system
under steady-state conditions. Wavelength on the other hand depends on the
configuration of the electric and magnetic fields as determined by the geometry of
the measuring device. The resonant mode excited by the possible frequency is
calculated the fundamental mode or the dominant mode. A better way to measure
frequency is with a calibrated resonant cavity. A resonant cavity wave meter is analog
of a tuned resonant circuit, in general there are two primary types (1) Transmission
cavities, which only signal to which they are tuned and (2) Absorption cavities, which
attenuate (by absorption) only frequency to which they are tuned. An absorption type
is preferred for laboratory frequency measurements. For the power level is adjusted
to give a full scale reading on the output VSWR meter then the wave meter is turned
slowly until there is a dip in the power level.
The frequency may then the read form the dial of the meter.For dominant mode TE10
mode rectangular wave guide the following relation is in use:
1/λ02 = 1/λc2 + 1/λg2
Where, λo is free space wavelength

λg is guide wavelength
λc is cut off wavelength
λ = c/f, c=3 x 108 m/s, f= frequency in GHz,
For TE10 mode λc =2a where ‘a’ is broad dimension of waveguide
Note: From the free space wavelength calculate the frequency
33
1 GUNN power supply as per previous specification 1
2 Gunn oscillator Frequency range 8.2 to 12.5 GHz,X band 1
3 PIN modulator Frequency range 8.2 to 12.5 GHz,X band 1
4 Variable Attenuator Average power 2W,Max insertion loss 0.2 dB 1

loss:0.4dB
7 VSWR meter as per previous specification 1
9 BNC cable - 3
10 Cooling fan - 1
34
1. Do not ON the Power Supply without Permission.
2. Check Circuit connection twice before proceeding.
1. Arrange the Apparatus as shown in the block diagram.Turn ON the microwave

power supply. (Gunn power supply ) and let the Gunn oscillator be in any fixed
position.
2. Set the wavemeter in such a way that for a certain detuned wavemeter position, the
µA shows maximum reading of current. This is the first possible maxima.
3. When the µA shows the maximum reading, observe the position of the probe in the
slotted section which is the reading for the first position of maxima. Record the
probe position as d1.
4. Now change the position of the probe left or right, so that the µA shows minimum
reading. Note this new position of the probe from the slotted section as minima.
5. repeat step 3 and record the probe position as second maxima d2.
6. Calculate the difference between these two observations of positions.
7. The same process can be repeated to record two consecutive minima positions
8. The difference of position(d1-d2) gives the reading of λg/2.
9. Calculate λg=2(d1-d2).
10. For finding the microwave frequency being propagated, i.e. f, from wavemeter, take
the reading of frequency when a direct frequency meter type instrument is used or
take the micrometer reading of wavemeter and from the calibration chart find out
corresponding frequency in case of indirect frequency meter..
11. Calculate λc=2a Measure the wave guide inner broad dimension ‘a’ measure it
with a scale.
12. From calculated values of λg and λc, calculate λ0 using the equation.
13. 1/λ02 = 1/λc2 + 1/λg2
14. Calculate the frequency (f0cal)=(c/λ0(cal))
15. calculate Zo and vp using the equations.
Z0=377//√(1-( λ0/ λc)2,Vp=Vc /√(1-( λ0/ λc)2) whereVc= (3x108m/s)
35
Sr. maxima maxim λg=

No observed d1(cm) a 2(d1-d2) λ0(cal)= f0(cal)=c/λ0(cal) %error=
. frequency(f) d2(cm)
1/(√(1/λg2+1/λc2) f-f0(cal)/f
1
2
calculations:
1.Vp=Vc(3x10^8M/S)/ /√(1-( λ0/ λc)2)
Vp=...............................
2.Z0=377//√(1-( λ0/ λc)2
Z0=...............................
student)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
faculty)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
1. What is the purpose of the slotted line in the microwave bench?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. What is the purpose of a crystal detector probe?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. How does the waveguide act as a high pass filter?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
36
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tn0qL-SY8PM
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ES3HObniA5
Max 25 marks

circuit.
Marks 5 8 2 8 2 25
Sign with Date
37
Date: ……………
Practical No.6 Measure VSWR for given microwave loads.
A. Objective:
1. To operate VSWR meter
2. To measure SWR for different loads.
1. operating
2. Measurement
3. Decision Making
2. CO3 Maintain microwave components and Set up of microwave bench for optimum
operation
1. To operate VSWR meter
2. To identify different loads.
3. To measure SWR for different loads.
Prerequisite Theory:
The SWR meter is basically a high gain tuned amplifier,used for the measurement of
SWR in “X band” operation in conjunction with a slotted line. It has a square meter
to record the SWR. General specifications of this meter are as follows:
1. Square law calibration over 7dB range with an accuracy of ±0.2dB.
2. Meter scale marked in SWR and dB with normal and expanded functions which
corresponds to the switching control of the instrument.
38
3. Sensitivity of 0.1 microvolt at 200 ohm input level.
4. Noise level less than 0.3 microvolt at 40Hz bandwidth.
5. Input frequency of 1 kHz with 30Hz bandwidth.
6. Input facility from crystal detector, transistor, barrater and thermistor or with 8.7mA
and 4.3 mA bias current.
The voltage standing wave ratio in any transmission line or system is a measure of
mismatch, between line and load and so, is one of the important parameters. The
VSWR=1, if perfect impedance matching is available or otherwise the value will
increase with increased mismatch. The values of VSWR up to 10 can be measured by
the direct method. But the higher VSWR will be measured by the indirect method or
width of the minimum method. The methods are discussed below.
G. Experimental set up/ Program Logic-Flow chart (CE & IT 1st and 2nd semester
39
H. Resources/Equipment Required
4 Variable Attenuator Average power 2W,Max insertion loss 0.2 dB 1

loss:0.4dB
9 BNC cable - 3
10 Cooling fan - 1
11 Different load Open load,short load,Horn load and matched 1

load
I. Safety and necessary Precautions followed

1. Do not ON the Power Supply and VSWR meter without Permission.
2. Check the microwave bench setup twice before proceeding.
J. Procedure to be followed/Source code (CE & IT software subjects):
Direct method for low VSWR.
40
1. Connect the bench set up as shown in figure. The only change is in the last block,
which can be changed by a load, i.e. a horn load for example.
2. Now adjust the attenuator until adequate power reading is available in the VSWR
meter.
3. Make sure that the pointer oscillates between two points by moving the probe
horizontally, which ensures a standing wave pattern along the guide.
4. Adjust the detector probe at the position of max on the slotted section by
observing the VSWR reading.
5. Now replace the indicating meter with dc voltmeter and observe the reading on
it which will be Vmax.
6. Repeat steps 4 & 5 for position of min and get the reading of Vmin.
7. Calculate the VSWR from the equation, VSWR= Vmax/ Vmin.
8. Alternatively a voltmeter calibrated in terms of SWR can also be used i.e. if full
scale deflection is 10mV on meter when the detector probe is at the position of
maxima on the slotted section. Now if Vmin observed is 5mV, that reading can be
calibrated as 2 on the VSWR scale. Similarly, other markings on the voltmeter can
be calibrated.
9. change the load and repeat the procedure.
Indirect method for higher VSWR:
For higher values of VSWR, according to the fundamental equation Vmin will be of a
very small value. If this Vmin is below noise level, the measurement of Vmin becomes
practically very difficult or the error will be very large. This problem can be solved by
using a special method, known as width of minimum or twice minimum power
method. In this method the minimum voltage is measured in a different way and the
maximum voltage reading is not required for the calculation of VSWR. Because the
SWR is calculated using the following equation.
1. SWR = λg / (π. ∆d),
2. where λg = wavelength inside the waveguide, parallel to the conducting walls,
3. ∆d = (d1-d2)distance between the two 3dB up points.
41
4. The curve of the standing wave in a waveguide is parabolic near the minimum,
when measured using a detector probe using a crystal diode detector working on
the principle of square law. If the curve is sharp the ∆d will be small and
corresponding SWR is higher.
Sr. No. Type of load VSWR
1 Matched load
2 Horn load
3 Open load
4 Short load
M. Interpretation of Results (To de discussed and written during experiment by

faculty and student)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
faculty)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
1. Define reflection coefficient.

.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
2. Define VSWR.
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
3. What are the maximum and minimum values of the reflection coefficient?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. What are the maximum and minimum values of VSWR ?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
42
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CKBQnXDgkvg
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0qAFAnC1rP8
Max 25 marks

circuit.
Marks 5 8 2 8 2 25
Sign with Date
43
Date: ……………
Practical No.7 Measurement of attenuation of a given fixed attenuator.
A. Objective:
1. To measure attenuation of a given fixed attenuator.
2. To measure attenuation loss in dB .


1. Measurement
2. operating
3. Decision Making

2. CO3 Maintain microwave components and Set up of microwave bench for optimum
operation.

1. To measure attenuation of a given fixed attenuator.
2. To measure loss in dB .

Attenuators are usually passive devices made from simple voltage divider networks.
Switching between different resistances forms adjustable stepped attenuators and
44
continuously adjustable ones using potentiometers. For higher frequencies precisely
matched low VSWR resistance networks are used.Fixed attenuators in circuits are
used to lower voltage, dissipate power, and to improve impedance matching. In
measuring signals, attenuator pads or adapters are used to lower the amplitude of
the signal to a known amount to enable measurements, or to protect the measuring
device from signal levels that might damage it. Attenuators are also used to 'match'
impedance by lowering apparent SWR.The attenuator is a two port bi-directional
device which attenuates some power when inserted into the transmission line.
Attenuation A (dB) = 10 log [P1/P2]
Where P1 = Power detected by the load with the attenuator in the line.
P2 = Power detected by the load without the attenuator in the line.
The attenuators consist of a resistive vane inside the waveguide to absorb microwave
power according to its position with respect to the side wall at center in TE10 mode,
the attenuation will be maximum if the vane is placed at center towards the sidewall,
attenuation decreases. In the fixed attenuator the vane position is fixed whereas
changed by the help of a micrometer or by other methods..
45
4 Fixed Attenuator 10 dB or 20 dB 1

loss:0.4dB
6 Detector mount IN23 1
9 BNC cable - 3
10 Cooling fan - 1
11 Matched load Average power 2.0W 1
12 circulator Min isolation loss:20 dB,Max VSWR 1.2 1

2. Check bench setup twice before proceeding.
k. Procedure to be followed/Source code (CE & IT software subjects):
1. Connect the set up and obtain a suitable reading P 1 on the VSWR meter.
2. Now disconnect the fixed attenuator without disturbing any other parts.
3. Note down the reading P2 on the VSWR meter.
4. Calculate the difference power P2 - P1.
46
1. Power reading P1 in presence of a fixed attenuator,

P1 = ...................dB
2. Power reading P2 in absence of a fixed attenuator,
P2 = ....................dB
3. Attenuation of unknown fixed attenuator is,
P2 - P1 = .................dB
student)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
faculty)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...
1. What is the purpose of the attenuator in the microwave bench?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. With what type of materials the attenuators are made up of?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……............................................................................................................................
3. Why is waveguide considered as a high pass filter ?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
P. References / Suggestions (lab manual designer should give)

https://www.eeeguide.com
https://www.eeeguide.com/electrical-and-electronics-engineering-
articles/electronic-communication/#google_vignette
47
Max 25 marks

circuit.
Marks 5 8 2 8 2 25
Sign with Date
48
Date: ……………
Practical No.8 Study of Power division in Directional coupler and its characteristics.
A. Objective:
1. To study the operation of a two hole Directional coupler.
2. To measure coupling factor.
3. To measure directivity .
4. To measure insertion loss.

1. operating
2. Measurement
3. Analysis

optimum operation.

1. To study the operation of a Multi Hole Directional coupler.
2. To measure coupling factor.
3. To measure directivity .

1. work as a leader/a team member
instruments and tools
3.
49
The directional coupler has an important role as a tool for microwave measurement.
when this component is inserted into a line for measurement, it permits the flow of
signal to continue, as it copies or samples some energy of the forward way only, in to
appropriate detectors of measuring device. At the same time it rejects the reflected
signal returning signal from the load. The coupling of power monitoring ,signal mixing,
isolation of signals, sources, transmission and reflection measurements etc. The
specifications usually include frequency band, directivity and coupling coefficient.
A useful form of a directional coupler is constructed by placing an auxiliary section of

uniform waveguide along the narrow or wide dimension of the main guide,
appropriately located apertures connecting the two guides.
The coupling factor is defined as the ratio expressed in dB, of the power entering the
main line input to the power output of the auxiliary guide. C=10 log (Pi/Pao)
The directivity is defined as the ratio expressed in dB, of the powers out of the auxiliary
guide when the amount of power is alternatively applied in the forward and reverse
directions in the main guide. D= 10 log Pao(f)/Pao(r)
50
51
4 Multi Hole Directional coupler Directivity 35 dB 1

loss:0.4dB
9 BNC cable - 3
10 Cooling fan - 1
11 Matched load Average power 2.0W 1

1. Set up the connections as shown in figure (1) and measure the power reading
from the VSWR meter.
2. Note this reading as Pi,because this will be the input power to the coupler.
3. Set up the connections according to figure (2) and measure the power reading Po
from the VSWR meter.
52
4. Interchange the position of matched termination with the detector mount and
now observe the power reading as Pao(f).
5. Now set up the connections as shown in figure (3) and observe the power reading
as Pao(r).
For a ……………. dB coupler,
1. Pi = ……………. dB
2. Po= ……………. dB
3. Pao(f)= ……………. dB
4. Pao(r)= …………… .dB
CALCULATIONS:-
1. Coupling Factor C=Pi-Pao ……………………

2. Directivity D=Pao(f)-Pao(r)....................
3. Insertion loss L=Pi-Po ……………………
student)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
faculty)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
1. What does the coupling factor indicate ?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. Directivity is the ratio of which to parameters?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
53
3. List application of directional coupler.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=71u2IM663B0l
Max 25 marks

circuit.
Marks 5 8 2 8 2 25
Sign with Date
54
Date: ……………
Practical No.9 To study circulator and its characteristics
A. Objective:
1. To study the operation of a ferrite circulator
2. To Measure isolation factor
3. To Measure insertion loss.
1.PO1. Basic and Discipline specific knowledge
2. PO2.Problem analysis
3. PO3.Design/ development of solutions

1. Measurement
2. Calculation
3. Analysis
optimum Operation.
1. To study the operation of a ferrite circulator.
2. To measure isolation factor.

Microwave circulator is an important application of “ferrite” ; it works on the

principle of faraday rotation. The circulator is defined as a device with ports arranged
55
such that energy entering a port is coupled to an adjacent port but not coupled to
other ports. A wave incident on port 1 is coupled to port 2 only, a wave incident at
port 2 is coupled to port 3 only and so on.it is a multi port device.practically there is
no restriction on number of ports but three and four port circulators are more
commonly used.typical 3 port circulators handle only small power ,it has an isolation
of approximately of 20 dB and insertion loss of 0.5 dB.
Following are the basic parameters of the circulator for study.
1. Insertion loss:The ratio of power supplied by a source to the input port to the
power detected by a detector in the coupling arm, i.e. output arm with another port
terminated in the matched load, is defined as insertion loss or forward loss. so if
power is applied at port 1, the port 2 is the coupled port and insertion loss(dB)=P1-
P2.
2. Isolation:It is the ratio of power fed to input arm to the power detected at a not
coupled port with another port terminated in the matched load.it is the
measurement of isolation between the isolated ports. so if power is applied at port
1, the port 3 is the isolated port and isolation (dB)=P1-P3.
56
57
4 Variable attenuator, Frequency range 8.2 to 12.5 GHz,X band 1

loss:0.4dB
6 Frequency meter Frequency range 8.2 to 12.4 GHz 1
10 BNC cable - 3
11 Cooling fan - 1
12 Slotted line Max residual VSWR 1.01W 1

2. Check the bench set up twice before proceeding.
1. connect the set up as shown in figure (1) and measure the power reading from
the VSWR meter.
2. Note this reading as P1,as this will be the input power to the circulator port 1.
58
3. connect the set up according to figure (2) and measure the power P2 from the
VSWR meter.
4. Interchange the position of matched termination with the detector mount and
now observe the power reading as P3.
5. Calculate the isolation factor and insertion loss.
6. The same experiment can be done for other ports of the circulator.
7. Repeat the above experiment for other frequencies if required
1. Power measured at Port1,P1= ……………….
Calculations:
1. Compute insertion loss on P1 – P2 = ………………. dB.

2. Compute isolation factor as P1 - P3 = ………………. dB.
student)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
faculty)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

1. write application of circulator.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. What is the principle of working of a circulator?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
59
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=05LX8zzKhZ0
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zk6j-PO2DF0
Q. Assessment-Rubrics: Max 25 marks

circuit.
Marks 5 8 2 8 2 25
Sign with Date
60
Date: ……………
Practical No.10 Demonstrate power division in the arm of Magic Tee and its characteristics.
A. Objective:
1. To study the operation of a magic Tee
2. To Measure isolation loss.
3. To Measure the coupling factor of magic Tee.
1.PO1. Basic and Discipline specific knowledge:

1. identification
2. Measurement
3. Analysis
4. Decision Making

optimum Operation.

1. To study the operation of a magic Tee
2. To Measure isolation loss.
3. To Measure the coupling factor of magic Tee.

61
The device magic Tee is a-combination of the E and H plane Tee. Arm 3, the H-arm
forms an H plane Tee and arm 4, the E-arm forms an E plane Tee in combination with arm 1
and 2 a side or collinear arms. If power is fed into arm 3 (H-arm) the electric field divides
equally between arm 1 and 2 in the same phase, and no electrical field exists in arm 4.
Reciprocity demands no coupling in port 3 (H-arm). If power is fed in arm 4 (E-arm), it divides
equally into arm 1 and 2 but out of phase with no power to arm 3. Further, if the power is fed
from arm 1 and 2, it is added in arm 3 (H-arm), and it is subtracted in E-arm, i.e. arm 4.
The basic parameters to be measured for magic Tee are defined below.
1. Input VSWR
Value of SWR corresponding to each port, as a load to the line while other ports are
terminated in matched load
2. Isolation:The isolation between E and H arms is defined as the ratio of the power
supplied by the generator connected to the E-arm (port 4) to the power detected at
H –arm (port 3) when side arms I and 2 are terminated in matched load.Hence,
isolation between 3&4 ports is
Isolation (dB) = 10 log10 [ P4/ P3]
Similarly, isolation between other parts may also be defined
Coupling coefficient.
It is defined as Cij = 10 (–α /10) Where
α = attenuation / isolation in dB
'i’ is input arm
'j’ is the output arm.
Thus
62
α = 10 log10 [Pi/ Pj] in dB
Where
Pi is the power fed to arm i
Pj is power detected at arm j.
63

loss:0.4dB
6 Frequency meter Frequency range 8.2 to 12.4 GHz 1
10 BNC cable - 3
11 Cooling fan - 1
13 Magic Tee Frequency range 8.2 to 12.4 GHz 1

2. Check the Bench set up twice before proceeding.
1.VSWR Measurement of the Ports :
64
1. Set up the components and equipment as shown in fig. keeping E arm towards
the slotted line and matched termination to other ports.
2. Energize the microwave source for particular frequency of operation and tune
the detector mount for maximum output.
3. Measure the SWR of E-arm as described in measurement of SWR for low and
medium value.
4. Connect another arm to the slotted line and terminate the other
port with matched termination. Measure the SWR as above. Similarly, SWR of
any port can be measured.
2.Measurement of Isolation and Coupling Coefficient :
1. Remove the tunable probe and Magic Tee from the slotted line and connect
the detector mount to the slotted line.
2. Energize the microwave source for particular frequency of operation and tune
the detector mount for maximum output.
3. With the help of variable attenuator and gain control knob of SWR meter, set
any power level in the SWR meter and note down. Let it be P3.
4. Without disturbing the position of variable attenuator and gain control knob,
carefully place the Magic Tee after slotted line keeping H-arm connected to
slotted line, detector to E arm and matched termination to arm 1 and 2. Note
down the reading of the SWR meter. Let it be P4.
5. In the same way measure P1 & P2 by connecting detectors on these ports
one by one.
6. Determine the isolation between port 3 and 4 as P3-P4 in dB.
7. Determine the coupling coefficient by P3- P1 for port P1 & P2.
8. Repeat the above experiment for other frequencies.

1. Power reading at Port3(H-arm),P3= ………….
2. Power reading at Port4(E-arm),P4= …………
65
3. Power reading at Port4,P1= ………….
4. Power reading at Port4,P2= ………….
Calculations:
1. Isolation ,(P3-P4)=...................................
2. Coupling coefficient, (P3-P1) =...................
3. Coupling coefficient, (P3-P2) = ....................
student)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
faculty)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
1. write applications of Magic Tee.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
2. Define Isolation factor of Magic Tee.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=if30sXaKWkY
Q. Assessment-Rubrics:Max 25 marks

circuit.
Marks 5 8 2 8 2 25
Sign with Date
66
Date: ……………
Practical No.11 Calibration of given variable attenuator
A. Objective:
1. To study characteristics of variable attenuator
2. To calibrate the variable attenuator.
3. To plot attenuation v/s micro meter reading graph.
3. PO3Design/ development of solutions:
4. PO4Engineering Tools, Experimentation and Testing

1. identification
2. Measurement
3. plot
4. calibrate

optimum Operation.
1. To calibrate the variable attenuator.
2. To plot attenuation v/s micro meter reading graph.
and tools.
Attenuators are usually passive devices made from simple voltage divider
networks. Switching between different resistances forms adjustable stepped
67
attenuators and continuously adjustable ones using potentiometers. For higher
frequencies precisely matched low VSWR resistance networks are used. Fixed
attenuators in circuits are used to lower voltage, dissipate power, and to improve
impedance matching. In measuring signals, attenuator pads or adapters are used to
lower the amplitude of the signal to a known amount to enable measurements, or to
protect the measuring device from signal levels that might damage it. Attenuators are
also used to 'match' impedance by lowering apparent SWR. The attenuator is a two
port bi-directional device which attenuates some power when inserted into the
transmission line. The attenuators consists of a resistive vane inside the waveguide to
absorb microwave power according to its position with respect to sidewall at center
in TE10 mode, the attenuation will be maximum if the vane is placed at center towards
the sidewall, attenuation decreases. In the fixed attenuator the vane position is fixed
whereas changed by the help of micro meter of by other methods.in a variable
attenuator ,the amount of attenuation introduced is controlled by changing position
of the material inside the guide. The material is mounted in such a way that it can be
moved in a number of positions. The device that attenuates the signal is termed as
attenuator. The attenuator used in the microwave set is of variable type. The variable
attenuator consists of a strip of absorbing material which is arranged in such a way
that its profusion into the guide is adjustable. Hence, the signal power to be fed to the
microwave set up can be set at the desired level.
68

loss:0.4dB
6 Frequency meter 8.2 to 12.4 GHz 1
10 BNC cable - 3
11 Cooling fan - 1

2. Check Bench set up connection twice before proceeding.
1. Set up the bench as shown in the block diagram.
2. Turn the supply “ON”
3. Keep the attenuator position at its extreme value and also measure the least
count of micro meter scale.
4. Adjust the variable load so that VSWR reading is an adequate range
69
5. Note the corresponding attenuation on the VSWR meter..
6. change the micro meter scale multiple times and note respective VSWR readings
.
7. Draw the graph of attenuation in dB v/s micro meter reading in mm.
Sr no Micrometer scale(mm) Attenuation (dB)
10
11
12
13
14
15
From graph:
The slope of the curve =.........................dB/mm
Hence the rate of change =..............................dB/mm of attenuation.
70
student)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
faculty)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...
1. What is the difference between fixed attenuator and variable attenuator?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
2. Where the rotary vane precision attenuator is preferable?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
http://evalidate.in/lab3/index.htm
Q. Graph ( Not Applicable for CE & IT subjects)
71
72
R. Assessment-Rubrics
Max 25 marks

circuit.
Marks 5 8 2 8 2 25
Sign with Date
73
Date: ……………
Practical No.12 Introduction to RADAR .
A. Objective:
1. To understand the principle of RADAR.
2. To study the Block diagram of RADAR.
3. To study parameters affecting the range of RADAR.
2. PO2.Problem analysis
3. PO3Design/ development of solutions

1. understand
2. study

1. CO2 a) Interpret different parameters of analog modulated signals.
1. To understand the principle of RADAR.
2. To study the Block diagram of RADAR.
3. To study parameters affecting the range of RADAR.

work as a leader/a team member.
G. Prerequisite Theory:Radar is an object-detection system that uses radio waves to determine
the range,angle, or velocity of objects. It can be used to detect aircraft, ships, spacecraft,
guided missiles, motor vehicles, weather formations, and terrain. A radar system consists of
a transmitter producing electromagnetic waves in the radio or microwaves domain, a
transmitting antenna, a receiving antenna (often the same antenna is used for transmitting
and receiving) and a receiver and processor to determine properties of the object. Radio
waves(pulsed or continuous) from the transmitter reflect from the object and return to the
receiver,giving information about the object's location and speed.
74
Radar was developed secretly for military use by several nations in the period before and
during World War II. The term RADAR was coined in 1940 by the United States Navy as an
acronym for Radio Detection And Ranging or Radio Direction And Ranging.
The modern uses of radar are highly diverse, including air and terrestrial traffic control, radar
astronomy, air-defence systems, anti missile systems, marine radars to locate landmarks and
other ships, aircraft anti-collision systems, ocean surveillance systems, outer space
surveillance and rendezvous systems, meteorological precipitation monitoring, altimetry
and flight control systems, guided missile target locating systems, ground penetrating radar
for geological observations, and range-controlled radar for public health surveillance.
Hightech radar systems are associated with digital signal processing, machine learning and
are capable of extracting useful information from very high noise levels. Other systems
similar to radar make use of other parts of the electromagnetic spectrum. One example is
"LIDAR",which uses ultraviolet, visible or near infrared light from lasers rather than radio
waves.
PRINCIPLES: A radar system has a transmitter that emits radio waves called radar signals in
predetermined directions. When these come into contact with an object they are usually
reflected or scattered in many directions. Radar signals are reflected especially well by materials
of considerable electrical conductivity especially by most metals, by seawater
and by wet ground. Some of these make the use of radar altimeters possible. The radar signals
that are reflected back towards the transmitter are the desirable ones that make radar work. If
The object is moving either toward or away from the transmitter, there is a slight equivalent
change in the frequency of the radio waves, caused by the Doppler effect. Radar receivers are
usually, but not always, in the same location as the transmitter. Although the reflected radar
signals captured by the receiving antenna are usually very weak, they can be strengthened by
electronic amplifiers. More sophisticated methods of signal processing are also used in order to
recover useful radar signals The weak absorption of radio waves by the medium through which
it passes is what enables radar sets to detect objects at relatively long ranges ranges at which
other electromagnetic wavelengths, such as visible light, infrared light, and ultraviolet light, are
too strongly attenuated. Such weather phenomena as fog, clouds, rain, falling snow, and sleet
that block visible light are usually transparent to radio waves. Certain radio frequencies that are
absorbed or scattered by water vapour, raindrops, or atmospheric gases (especially oxygen)are
avoided in designing radars, except when their detection is intended.
75
BLOCK DIAGRAM:
The block diagram given above shows the main components of pulse radar and their operation. The
transmitter may be an oscillator, such as a magnetron, which is pulsed (turned on and off) by the
modulator to generate a repetitive train of pulses of the kind shown in Fig.The waveform generated
by the transmitter travels along a transmission line to the antenna,which is generally used for both
transmitting and receiving. The duplexer consists of two devices, one known as TR (Transmit-
Receive) and the other as ATR (Anti-TransmitReceive). The TR protects the delicate circuits of the
receiver from the high power of the transmitter during transmission and the ATR channels the
returned echo signal to the receiver, and not to the transmitter, during reception. The first stage of
the receiver is a low noise RF (radio frequency) amplifier. The mixer and the local oscillator convert
the RF signal to an IF (intermediate frequency) signal. This signal is passed through an IF amplifier
which is designed to maximize the signal-to-noise ratio at its output. The pulse modulation of the
echo signal is extracted by the detector and amplified by the video amplifier to a level at which the
signal can be properly displayed on a CRT (Cathode Ray Tube). Timing signals are also supplied for
range reference. Angle information is obtained from the pointing direction of the antenna.The most
common form of the CRT display is the PPI (Plan Position Indicator), which maps(in polar
coordinates) the location of the target in azimuth and range. This is an intensity-modulated display
in which the amplitude of the receiver output modulates the electron-beam intensity as the electron
76
beam is made to sweep outward from the center of the tube. The beam rotates in angle in response
to the antenna position.
The information provided by radar includes the bearing and range (and therefore position) of the
object from the radar scanner. It is thus used in many different fields where the need for such
positioning is crucial. The first use of radar was for military purposes: to locate air,ground and sea
targets. This evolved in the civilian field into applications for aircraft, ships,and roads.
APPLICATIONS:
In aviation, aircraft are equipped with radar devices,display weather information,and in altimeter
give accurate altitude readings.The first commercial device fitted to aircraft was a 1938 Bell Lab unit
on some United AirLines aircraft. Such aircraft can land in fog at airports equipped with radar
assisted ground-controlled approach systems in which the plane's flight is observed on radar screens
while operators radio landing directions to the pilot.Marine radars are used to measure the bearing
and distance of ships to prevent collision with other ships, to navigate, and to fix their position at
sea when within range of shore or other fixed references such as islands, buoys, and lightships. In
port or in harbour, vessel traffic service radar systems are used to monitor and regulate ship
movements in busy waters.Meteorologists use radar to monitor precipitation and wind. It has
become the primary tool for short-term weather forecasting and watching for severe weather such
as thunderstorms,tornadoes, winter storms, precipitation types, etc. Geologists use specialized
ground- penetrating radars to map the composition of Earth's crust. Police forces use radar guns to
monitor vehicle speeds on the roads. Smaller radar systems are used to detect human movement.
Examples are breathing pattern detection for sleep monitoring and hand and finger gesture
detection for computer interaction. Automatic door opening, light activation and intruder sensing
are also common.
ADVANTAGES:
The radar can see through the medium consisting of fog, snow, rain, darkness, etc.
Radar signals can penetrate and see through insulators.
It can help find out following parameters of object or target: Velocity of Target
DISADVANTAGES:
It cannot distinguish and resolve multiple targets which are very close like our eye.
It cannot recognize the colour of the targets.
77
It cannot see targets which are placed behind some conducting sheets.
It is also difficult to recognise short range target types.
Switching time of radar duplexer is very crucial when targets are very close. In this situation reflected
pulses arrive much earlier than the time required to connect the receiver part with the antenna by
the duplexer. This results in "reflected pulse is not received by the radar".
H. Observations and Calculations/Input-Output (CE & IT software subjects):

Visit a place where RADAR has been installed and write the observations you noticed there:
1. place visited………………………….
2. type of RADAR installed ……………………………………
3. Scanning method of RADAR …………………………….
4. Specific application ………………………………..
L. Interpretation of Results (Not Applicable for CE & IT software subjects)
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
M. Conclusion (To be written by student after performing experiment and to be verified

by faculty)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
N. Practical related Quiz.
1. List any four applications of RADAR
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. List display methods used in a RADAR.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. List types of radar
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
O. References / Suggestions (lab manual designer should give)
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/radar_systems/radar_systems_antenna_paramete
rs.htm
78
P. Assessment-Rubrics
Max 25 marks

circuit.
Marks 5 8 2 8 2 25
Sign with Date
79
Date: ……………
Practical No.13 Measure VSWR and Reflection coefficient for given length of transmission line.
A. Objective:
1. To measure VSWR of a transmission line..
2. To compute reflection coefficient .
5. PO5.Engineering practices for society, sustainability and environment

1. Measurement
2. operating
3. Decision Making

1. CO1 Distinguish Electromagnetic wave propagation through reflections from voltage and
Current transmission

1. To measureVSWR of a transmission line.
2. To compute reflection coefficient.
and tools.
The electromagnetic field at any point of transmission line may be considered as sum of
two travelling waves: the incident wave propagating from generator and the reflected wave
propagating towards the generator.The reflected wave is set up by reflection of incident
wave from a discontinuity on the line or from the load impedance.The magnitude and phase
or reflected wave depends upon amplitude and phase of reflecting impedance.The
presence of two travelling waves,gives rise to standing wave along the line.The maximum
field strength is found when two waves are in phase and the minimum when the two waves
are in opposite phase.The distance between two successive minimum(and maximum)is half
the guide wavelength on the line.
80
The ratio of electrical field strength of reflected and incident waves is called
reflection coefficient. The voltage standing wave ratio(VSWR) is defined as the ratio
between maximum and minimum field strength along the line.
Hence VSWR:
Reflection coefficient :
ρ=(Z-Z0)/(Z+Z0)
Where Z is the impedance at a point on line
Z0 is characteristic impedance
The above equation gives
ρ=( S-1)/(S+1)
where Emax=Maximum field strength along the line

Emin=Minimum field strength along the line
Ei=Voltage of the incident wave
Er=Voltage of the reflected wave
81
H. Experimental set up/ Program Logic-Flow chart (CE & IT 1st and 2nd semester software
subjects only):
82
Specification Quantity
/Components/Trainer kit

loss:0.4dB
6 Frequency meter 8.2 to 12.4 GHz 1
8 S.S.tuner 8.2 to 12.4 GHz 1
9 Matched termination Average power 2.0W 1
12 BNC cable - 3
13 Cooling fan - 1

1. set up the equipment as shown in the figure
2. switch on the power supply
3. keep the variable attenuator and VSWR meter for tuning maximum deflection in
VSWR meter .
4. Move the probe along slotted line ,the deflection in VSWR meter will change.
83
Measurement of Low,Medium VSWR:
1. Move the probe along with slotted line to maximum deflection in VSWR meter
2. Adjust the VSWR meter gain control knob or variable attenuator until the meter
indicate 1.0 on normal SWR scale(0-∞)
3. Keep all the control knobs as it is,move the probe to next minimum position.Read
the VSWR on the scale and record it.
4. Repeat the above step for change of S.S tuner probe depth and record the
corresponding SWR.
5. if the VSWR is between 3.2 and 10 ,change the range dB switch to next higher
position and read the VSWR on the second VSWR scale i.e 3 to 10.
Measurement of High VSWR:(double minima method)
1. set the depth of S.S tuner slightly more for maximum VSWR
2. move the probe along the slotted line until a minimum is indicated
3. Adjust the VSWR meter gain control and variable attenuator to cbtain a reading
of 3dB on normal dB scale(0 to 10dB) of VSWR meter.
4. Move the probe to the left on slotted line until full scale deflection is obtained i.e
‘0’ dB on 0 to 10 dB scale.Note and record the probe position on the slotted
line.let it be d1.
5. Repeat the step 3 and 4 and then move the probe right along slotted line until
full scale deflection is obtained on 0-10 dB normal dB scale.let it be d2.
6. Repeat the S.S tuner and termination by short circuit termination.
7. Measure the distance between two successive minima.Twice this distance is
guide wavelength
8. Compute SWR :S= λg /(π(d1-d2))
9. calculate ρ=( S-1)/(S+1)
1. VSWR(low) =......................................
2. Reflection coefficient=..........................
3. VSWR(medium)=..................................
4. Reflection coefficient=.............................
5. VSWR(high)=...........................................
6. Reflection coefficient=...........................
84
student)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
N. Conclusion (To be written by student after performing experiment and to be verified by faculty)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
1. What is the the significance of VSWR?
........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
2. Mention different techniques for measuring VSWR
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
3. What is the relatin between VSWR and Reflection coefficient?
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
4. Define Return loss.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=twZ0YbnQfDA
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4lbmue9S1XE
Q. Assessment- Rubrics: Max 25 marks

circuit.
Marks 5 8 2 8 2 25
Sign with Date
85
Diploma in Electronics & Communication Engineering
11
Lab manuals is prepared by
Shri M N Charel
(HOD-EC)
Government Polytechnic, Ahmedabad
Smt. A. P. Patel
Lecturer in EC
Branch Coordinator
Shri U. V. Buch
Lecturer in EC
Committee Chairman
Shri R. D. Raghani
(HOD-EC)
Principal (I/C)
Government Polytechnic, Gandhinagar
86

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Diploma Engineering

Directorate Of Technical Education

This is to certify that Mr./Ms ………………………………………………………………….

Signature of Course Faculty Head of the Department

Programme Outcomes (POs) :

3. Design/ development of solutions: Design solutions for engineering well-defined technical

5. Engineering practices for society, sustainability and environment: Apply appropriate

6. Project Management: Use engineering management principles individually, as a team

CO1 CO2 CO3 CO4 CO5

1 Demonstrate Transmission line and its

2 Identify various microwave components in √

3 Test different control functions of GUNN √ √ √

7 Measurement of attenuation of a given

10 Study of Power division in Magic Tee and

13. Measure VSWR and reflection coefficient

1. Maintain Microwave devices ,components and accessories.

2. install Microwave devices ,components and accessories.

4. Find VSWR and Reflection coefficient for a specific transmission line.

Guidelines to Course Faculty

Instructions for Students

1 Demonstrate Transmission line and its

2 Identify various microwave components in the

7 Measurement of attenuation of a given fixed

Study of Power division in Magic Tee and its

11 Calibration of given variable attenuator

13 Measure VSWR and reflection coefficient for

H. Interpretation of Results (Not Applicable for CE & IT software subjects)

1. list types of transmission lines

Rubrics Prepare Operate Follow safe Record Interpret Total

Sign with Date

D. Expected Course Outcomes(Cos)

These types of couplers are identified by their “T” shape.

2. H plane Tee: It is also known as a current or shunt junction.it is a waveguide

1 Waveguide Frequency:8.2 to 12.5 GHz 1

3 TEE junctions like E plane TEE,H Frequency:8.2 to 12.5 GHz 1each

4 Circulator, Multihole directional Frequency:8.2 to 12.5 GHz 1 each

K. Observations and Calculations/Input-Output (CE & IT software subjects):

Sr. No. Min f Max f Min λ=(c/f) Max λ(c/f)

Rubrics Prepare Operate Follow safe Record Interpret Total

Sign with Date

B. Expected Program Outcomes (POs)

● Reverse voltage applied

1 GUNN power supply Voltage Range: 0 to 12 VDC, Current: 1

3 PIN modulator Frequency range 8.2 to 12.5 GHz,X 1

4 Variable Attenuator Average power 2W,Max insertion loss 1

5 Isolator Min isolation loss:20 dB,Min insertion 1

6 Slotted waveguide Max residual VSWR 1.01W 1

7 VSWR meter Frequency : 1KHz,Range:70 dB Minima 1

K. Procedure to be followed/Source code (CE & IT software subjects):

L. Observations and Calculations/Input-Output (CE & IT software subjects):

N. Conclusion (To be written by student after performing experiment and to be verified by

O. Practical related Quiz.

negative resistance region: Vp…………………V &

P. References / Suggestions ( lab manual designer should give)

Rubrics Prepare Operate Follow safe Record Interpret Total

Sign with Date

B. Expected Program Outcomes (POs)

1 GUNN power supply As per previous specifications 1

2 Gunn oscillator Frequency range 8.2 to 12.5 GHz, X band 1