ACMD - 3170909 - Lab Manual
ACMD - 3170909 - Lab Manual
ACMD - 3170909 - Lab Manual
Place: __________
Date: __________
Main motto of any laboratory/practical/field work is for enhancing required skills as well as
creating ability amongst students to solve real time problem by developing relevant competencies
in psychomotor domain. By keeping in view, GTU has designed competency focused outcome-
based curriculum for engineering degree programs where sufficient weightage is given to
practical work. It shows importance of enhancement of skills amongst the students and it pays
attention to utilize every second of time allotted for practical amongst students, instructors and
faculty members to achieve relevant outcomes by performing the experiments rather than having
merely study type experiments. It is must for effective implementation of competency focused
outcome-based curriculum that every practical is keenly designed to serve as a tool to develop
and enhance relevant competency required by the various industry among every student. These
psychomotor skills are very difficult to develop through traditional chalk and board content
delivery method in the classroom. Accordingly, this lab manual is designed to focus on the
industry defined relevant outcomes, rather than old practice of conducting practical to prove
concept and theory.
By using this lab manual students can go through the relevant theory and procedure in advance
before the actual performance which creates an interest and students can have basic idea prior to
calculation & design . This in turn enhances pre-determined outcomes amongst students. Each
experiment in this manual begins with competency, industry relevant skills, course outcomes as
well as practical outcomes (objectives). The students will also achieve safety and necessary
precautions to be taken while performing practical.
This manual also provides guidelines to faculty members to facilitate student centric lab activities
through each experiment by arranging and managing necessary resources in order that the
students follow the procedures with required safety and necessary precautions to achieve the
outcomes. It also gives an idea that how students will be assessed by providing rubrics.
The knowledge of electrical machines design is essential for manufacturing as well as the pre-
installation performance analysis. The design is also essential for the practicing engineers in the
research and development field. This subject deals with design of electrical machines including
basics of computer aided design.
Utmost care has been taken while preparing this lab manual however always there is chances of
improvement. Therefore, we welcome constructive suggestions for improvement and removal of
errors if any.
1
Practical – Course Outcome matrix
Sr. CO CO CO CO CO
Objective(s) of Experiment
No. 1 2 3 4 5
Study and demonstration of different cooling methods
1. √
used in power transformer
Study and demonstration of different types windings
2. √
used in power transformer
√
3. Design of 3 phase Transformer √ √
√
4. Design of 3 phase Induction Motor √ √
√
5. Design of 3-phase Alternator √ √
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
2
Industry Relevant Skills
The following industry relevant competency are expected to be developed in the student by
undertaking the practical work of this laboratory.
1. Demonstrate an ability to select optimal design scheme for further development
2. Demonstrate an ability to advance an engineering design to defined end state
3
Index
(Progressive Assessment Sheet)
Sr. No. Objective(s) of Experiment Page Date of Date of Assessme Sign. of Remar
No. perform submiss nt Teacher ks
ance ion Marks with date
Study and demonstration of different cooling 5
1
methods used in power transformer
Study and demonstration of different types 10
2
windings used in power transformer
Design of 3 phase Transformer 12
3
Design of 3 phase Induction Motor 27
4
Design of 3-phase Alternator 42
5
Total
4
Experiment No: 01
Date:
Relevant CO:
1. Select appropriate design parameters according to applications and rating of electrical
Machines
Objectives: (a) To obtain the knowledge about different methods available for cooling of Power
Transformer
(b) To carry out selection of type of effective cooling system out of available for
Power
Transformer used.
Equipment/Instruments:
1. Cut section view of Power and Distribution Transformer
2. Charts showing cooling methods of of 3 phase Power & Distribution Transformers
Theory :
The cooling system plays an important role in handling destroyers of transformers caused by heat.
The generation of heat in the transformer is caused by internal losses like hysteresis, eddy current,
iron, and copper loss, or loading, high ambient temperature, and solar radiation. If the temperature
continues to climb rapidly, it will damage the various parts and failures of the transformer.
Removing and decreasing the heat of the transformer is useful for the efficient working, longer life,
and higher efficiency of the transformer. The cooling system is equipped with various coolants as air,
synthetic oils, mineral oils, gas, water.The transformer is divided into two types: dry and oil
transformer. There are the cooling methods as follows:
1. Air Natural
5
Dry Type Transformer
Air Natural (AN)
Basically, due to Air Natural Method When the temperature of the transformer rises higher comparing
to the temperature of the surrounding air, the heated air is cooled by the circulation of natural air. This
method, called a self-cooled method, is used for cooling the smaller output transformer rating (up
to 1.5 MVA).
Regarding this method, the temperature of the transformer decreased by the forced air circulation
method. The high velocity of air is forced on the core and the windings of the transformer by fans and
blowers.
the fans and blowers are switched ON automatically if the alarm of the standard safe level of the
transformer is activated. This solution is used for transformers rating up to 15MVA.
The temperature of the transformer is cooled by the Natural convection process. The core and windings
are designed in the oil-immersed tank. Due to the heat of the core and the windings, the temperature of
the oil in the transformer rises. Then, the oil moves upward and flows from the upper portion of the
transformer tank. This hot oil dissipates heat in the air by conduction process and natural convection,
the oil is cooled by the circulation of natural air and passes through the radiator again for the use of the
transformer. This method is used for the transformer rating up to 30 MVA.
Its cost is higher than another process in which the circulation of oil and air is done spontaneously
because a fan and blower are attached as an additional cooling device. ONAF method is used for the
transformer rating up to 60 MVA.
This type of method suits for large capacity of the transformer having a rating of several hundred MVA
or where banks of transformers are installed. Importantly, this type of cooling is done for the
transformer installed at the hydropower plant.
7
Quiz:
1. Why cooling system required in Transformer.
2. List out diff. cooling systems available for Power & Distribution Transformer
8
Suggested Reference :
Rubrics 1 2 3 4 5 Total
Marks
9
Experiment No: 02
Date:
Relevant CO:
1. Select appropriate design parameters according to applications and rating of electrical
Machines
Objectives: (a) To obtain the knowledge about different types of windings available for Power and
Distribution Transformer
(b) To carry out selection of type of effective windings for primary & secondary
windings out of available for Transformer used.
Equipment/Instruments:
3. Cut section view of Power and Distribution Transformer
4. Charts showing different types of windings available for Power and Distribution Transformer
Theory :
There are different types of windings used for different kinds of applications and
arrangements. Windings are the conductors wrapped in various forms like helical, disc,
cylindrical, crossover which generates MMF that is carried by the core to other windings for
having the different levels of voltages there are two types of transformer:
1. Core type transformer
2. Shell type transformer
In core type, we wrap the primary, and secondary windings on the outside limbs, and in
shell type, we place the primary and secondary windings on the inner limbs.
We use concentric type windings in core type transformer. We place low voltage winding
near to the core. However, to reduce leakage reactance, windings can be interlaced. Winding
for core type depends on many factors like current rating, short circuit withstands capacity,
the limit of temperature rise, impedance, surge voltage, transport facilities, etc.
10
Types of Winding used for Core Type Transformer
Cylindrical Windings
These windings are layered type and uses a rectangular or round conductor. The
conductors are wound on flat sides shown in Fig.(c) and wound on the rib side in .
Helical Windings
We use helical windings low voltage, high capacity transformers, where the
current is higher, at the same time windings turns are lesser. The output of the
transformer varies from 160 – 1000 kVA from 0.23-15 kV. To secure adequate
mechanical strength the cross-sectional area of the strip not made less than 75-100
mm square. The maximum number of strips used in parallel to make up a
conductor is 16.
There are three types:
We make the outer layers shorter than the inner layers to distribute capacitance
uniformly. These windings primarily improve the surge behavior of
transformers.
Crossover Winding
We use these windings for high voltage windings of small transformers. The
conductors are paper covered round wires or strips. The windings are divided into
a number of coils in order to reduce the voltage between adjacent layers. These
coils are axially separated by a distance of 0.5 to 1 mm. The voltages between
adjacent coils should not be more than 800 to 1000 V.
The inside end of a coil is connected to the output side end of the adjacent one as
shown in the above figure. The actual axial length of each coil is about 50 mm while
the spacing between two coils is about 6 mm to accommodate blocks of insulating
material.
The width of the coil is 25 to 50 mm. The crossover winding has a higher strength
than cylindrical winding under normal conditions. However, the crossover has
lover impulse strength than the cylindrical one. This type also has higher labor
costs.
The conductor can be a single strip or multiple strips in a parallel wound on the
flat side. This makes robust construction for this type of windings. Discs are
separated from each other with press-board sectors attached to vertical stripes.
The vertical and horizontal spacers provide radial and axial ducts for the free
circulation of oil which comes in contact with every turn. The area of the conductor
varies from 4 to 50 mm square and limits for current are 12 – 600 A.
The minimum width of the oil duct is 6 mm for 35 kV. The advantage of the disc
and continuous windings is their greater mechanical axial strength and cheapness.
12
Windings for Shell Type Transformer:
Leakage can be reduced by subdividing the low and high voltages sections. The
end low voltages sections contain half the turns of the normal low voltage sections
called half coils.
In order to balance the magneto motive forces of adjacent sections, each normal
section whether high or low voltage carries the same number of ampere-turns. The
higher the degree of subdivision, the smaller is the reactance.
Quiz:
1. Why H.V. winding in always on outer side ?
13
2. List out diff. types of winding available for Transformer.
4. 4. Explain types of conductors used for Primary & Secondary winding of Power
Transformer ?
Suggested Reference :
Rubrics 1 2 3 4 5 Total
Marks
14
Experiment No: 03
Design of 3 phase Transformer
Date:
Relevant CO:
1. Select appropriate design parameters according to applications and rating of electrical machines
2. Design the AC machines as per the given specifications
3. Evaluate the performance parameters of electrical machines using design parameters
Objectives: (a) To obtain the knowledge about different methods available for cooling of Power
Transformer
(b) To carry out selection of type of effective cooling system out of available for
Power
Transformer used.
Equipment/Instrume inints:
1. Cut section view and charts showing cooling methods of of 3 phase Power Transformers
DESIGN
PROBLEM
.Design a _________ KVA 11000/415 V , 50 Hz, Delta / Star, core type, oil immersed, , natural
cooled, distribution Transformer . The transformer is provided +/- 2.5 to +/- 5 % tappings
on H.V. winding, The maximum temperature rise not to exceed 450 C with mean temperature
rise of oil 350 C.,
Design Procedure :
Core Design :
First select the value of K from table 7.2 for distribution transformer. K = ____________
Ai = __________________
15
Find net iron area Ai = _____________________________ = _____________ mm2
_______________ mm
Window Dimensions :
.". Kw = ___________ .
Hw x Ww -..,= Aw = _____________________________
Yoke De■ign.
L.V. Winding:
17
Current density 2·3 A/mm2 is used.
2
Area of secondary couductor as = ___________ mm
1
Current density iu secondary winding = ________ = 2 23 A/m .
The conductors are PVC covered The increase in dimensions on account of paper
covering is 0.5 mm.
There fore space has to be provided for _______ turns along the axial depth.
Axial depth of LV winding Lcd ,= ___ X axial depth of conductor = ___________ mm.
= _________ mm.
18
Pru, boarif
H. V. winding
19
Using 7 normal coils of ________
___________ turns and one
Maximum vo1tage between layers = _________
rainforced coil of __ turns
V,
Total h.v. turns provided Thv =
Which is below allowable limit
_____________ .
. .
Taking 24 layers per coil. Turns per layer =
20
Using paper covered conductors. From table 17.4
Axial depth of HV winding Lcp = number of coils X axial depth of each coil + depth
of spacers = _______________ mm. 1
The height of hv winding = _______.and there fore space left =___ _ mm. This is
occupied by insulation and axial bracing of _______. The clearance left on each side is
____mm, which is sufficient for I I kV transformer .
From Eqn. 1·22 the thickness of insulation between h.v. and l.v. winding is
The insulation between h.v. and l v. winding is 5 mm thick backelised paper cylinder
The h.v. winding i, wound on a former 5 mm thick and the duct is 5 mm wide, making
= ________________ mm.
21
Resistance : -
Mean length of primary winding = _________ ___ mm.
=
_____________
Regulation
Losses : · ·
I2R loss \
Core loss
;:
_________W.
23
Efficiency :
No load current:
Corresponding to flux density _____ Wb/m2 . in core and ___________ Wb/ m2 in
yoke ,
Core mmf atc = _________________ A/m & Yoke mmf aty = ___________________
A/m
Allowing for joints etc. the no load current wil be about 2.5 % of full load current
Tank
Height over yoke H= _________________ mm Allowing _____ mm at base and about
24
___________ mm for oil.
Height of oil Level = ____________ mm. Allowing another ____________ mm height for
leads etc.,
'
The width of tank Wt is taken as _______________ m.
The clearance along the length of the transformer is greater than that along the width.
This is because additional space is needed along the length to accommodate tapping etc. The
clearance used is approximately________________mm on each side.
Total specific heat dissipation due to radiation and convection is 12.5 W/m2 0c
This is below 55°C and therefore plain tank is sufficient for cooling and no tubes are
required.
25
Result:
DESIGN SHEET
,2
___________ mm
Width of frame
... Depth of frame ___________ mm
27
----•-..-
Winding L.V. · H.V.
Insulation
t. Between l.v. winding and core = press board wraps ___________ mm
2. Between l.v. windins and h.v. winding = bakclized paper ____________ mm
3. Width of duct between l.v. and h.v ·== _______ mm
Tank
1. Dimension,
_________ ,m
Height He _________ m
Length L,
__________ m
width w,
_________ m
2. Oil Level Nil
___________________ 0
3. Tube c
4. Temperature rise
Impedance
1. P.U. Resistance
__________________
2. P.u. Reactance
_________________
3. P.U. Impedance
___________________
Losses
28
1. Total core loss ___________ W
***********************************************************************************
Quiz:
1. Explain: (1) Window space factor (2) Stacking factor.
29
2) Why cores of transformers are stepped?.
Suggested Reference :
Rubrics 1 2 3 4 5 Total
Marks
30
Experiment No: 04
Design of 3 phase Induction Motor
Date:
Relevant CO:
1. Select appropriate design parameters according to applications and rating of electrical machines
2. Design the AC machines as per the given specifications
3. Evaluate the performance parameters of electrical machines using design parameters
Objectives: (a) To obtain the knowledge about different parts of 3 ph Induction Motor.
(b) To carry out selection of required parameters for design of 3 phase Induction Motor.
(c) To develop the skill to make design of Induction motor as per requirement.
Equipment/Instruments:
1. Cut section view of 3 phase Induction Motor ( Squirrel cage )
2. Charts showing construction & parts of different types of rotors of 3 phase Induction Motor
Design Problem
Design a ___________ KW/HP., 415 V, 3 ph., 50 Hz, 1460 RPM speed, sq. cage Induction
Motor. The m/c is to be started by star-delta starter. The efficiency is 0.88 and p.f. is
0.85 at full load. The temp rise is not to exceed 50 oC
Solution :
Find Synchronous speed ns = ______________ rps & No. of poles P = ________
Assume suitable Bav & ac from table given in book w.r.t. rating of I.M. Tate Kw = 0.955
Depends on design criteria select ratio L / Ʈ = _________ ( from 1.0 ,1.2, 1.5 , 2 etc. )
Fro relations D2L & ratio L / Ʈ , Calculate D = _________ m & L = _________m & pole
pitch Ʈ = __
STATOR Design :
M/c is designed for Delta winding on stator & started by star elta starter.
Calculate Total stator slots Ss = _________ , stator slot pitch Yss = ___________ mm
Coil span = slots / pole = __________ ( but coil span should not even integer , so short pitched
winding is used )
For sator current density = 4 A/mm2 , area of stator conductor = ___________ mm2
32
Current density in stator conductor = _________________ A/mm2
Slot dimensions :
Considering maximum flux density in teeth , calculate minimum width of teeth in stator
Find all required dimensions of stator slot and mention in figure ( lip, wedge, upper width, bottom
width etc … )
STATOR CORE :
No. of rotor slots taken as pole pair smaller than stator slots.
For high starting torque , use 6 A/mm2 current density for rotor bars.
Width of slot Wrs = ___________________ mm, & depth of rotor slot drs = __________mm
Flux density at rotor teeth at root should be checked and it should be within limit.
Bars are skewed by one slot pitch . So length of each bar lb = _______________________ mm
END RING
34
Current in end ring Ib = Sr.Ib/( π P ) = _______________________________________ A
Taking current density 6 A/mm2 in end ring, area of end ring ae = _________________________________ mm2
Find, oter dia. Of end ring = _________________ mm & Inner dia. Of end ring =
___________________ mm
NO LOAD CURRENT
Calculation :
Kcr = “ rotor “ =
35
Bg 60 = ____________________ wb/mm2
Total mmf required for magnetic circuit AT = _____ + ____+ _____ + ___ +____ = ____________ A
LOSS COMPONENT
a. Iron loss in stator teeth = _____________ W
Calculation :
36
Total no load loss WNL = Actual iron loss + Friction & windage loss = _________________ W
Loss component of no load current / phase I L = Total no load loss / (3 x VL) = _________________ A
1. Stator slots :
2. Rotor slota :
3. Overhang leakage :
37
4. Zigzag leakage :
Total leakage reactance per phase referred to stator = ________+ _________+ ________
+ _______
Xs = ________________
ohm
RESISTANCE :
Calculate total resiatance per phase referred to stator = _______ =_________ ohm
Rs = ____________ ohm
38
Total iron loss = _____________________ =_________________________ W
Assume that the line current I1 is known. With the centre at O, draw an arc with the radius I1. This arc
intersects the circle at the operating point E. Draw the line EK and locates the point H, L, G.
The following results are obtained from the circle diagram shown above.
TEMPERATURE RISE
Calculation :
40
Result :
41
42
Conclusion:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
Quiz:
43
1. Why semi-enclosed slots are usually preferred for induction motors
2. Discuss the effect of “skewing” on the performance of three phase induction motor
3. Briefly discuss factors affecting determining air gap length in induction motor design.
4. State the rules for the selection of rotor slots in 3-phase squirrel cage induction motor.
44
Suggested Reference :
“A Course in Electrical Machine Design”, by A. K. Sawhney ,
Dhanpat Rai and Sons
Rubrics 1 2 3 4 5 Total
Marks
45
Practical No : 05
Design of 3 Phase Alternator ( Cylindrical )
Date:
Relevant CO:
1. Select appropriate design parameters according to applications and rating of electrical machines
2. Design the AC machines as per the given specifications
3. Evaluate the performance parameters of electrical machines using design parameters
Objectives:
(a) To obtain the knowledge about different parts of 3 ph Induction Motor.
(b) To carry out selection of required parameters for design of 3 phase Induction Motor.
(c) To develop the skill to make design of Induction motor as per requirement.
Equipment/Instruments:
1. C/S view of 3 phase Synchronous Generator ( Cylindrical type )
2. Charts showing construction & parts of different types of rotors of 3 phase Alternator
MAIN DIMENSIONS :
Assuming specific magnetic loading Bav = 0.55 Wb /m2 , winding factor Kw = 0.955 &
STATOR DESIGN
Single layer concentric with 3 plane overhang winding is used and semi enclosed slots are used.
Magnetic Circuit :
Using combined radial and axial ventilating ducts , calculate Total core length Lc =
____________________________________________________________________
Taking stator core flux density 1 Wb/ m2, area of stator core Ass = __________________ =
______________
Ventilating Holes :
Calculate total area of ventilating holes in stator to keep temp .rise within limit.
48
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Slot dimensions :
To control short circuit current in m/c, high leakage reactance is required & it is possible by deep slots.
Minimum width of teeth should be such that flux density should be 1.8 Wb/m2 in stator teeth.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ROTOR Design :
49
Calculate armature mmf per pole AT a = __________________________________________ = __________A
Area of field winding conductor per pole = 2 x ATF / 2.5 = ______________________ mm2
ROTOR WINDING :
voltage across each field coil Ef = voltage across field coils / 2 = __________________ V
______________________________________ m
= _____________ mm2
______________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
_____________________________________
____________________________________
_ ______________________________________
______________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
_____________________________________
____________________________________
_ ______________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
51
__________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
52
53
54
Conclusion:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
Quiz:
2. Explain the difference between turbo and hydro alternator in a point of view of design.
55
3. What is the role of damper winding in (i) synchronous generator and (ii) synchronous motor?.
Suggested Reference:
Rubrics 1 2 3 4 5 Total
Marks
56
Experiment No: 06
Relevant CO:
1. Select appropriate design parameters according to applications and rating of electrical
Machines
2. Formulate the optimum design problem and solve it with computer aided tools
Objectives:
(a) To obtain the knowledge about Computer aided design of Electrical machines
(b) To develop the skill of Computer aided design of Electrical machines
Equipment/Instruments:
Open source software
1. CAD-CAM
2. CAD of electrical machines and power equipments
2. MATLAB
Theoty :
Various methods for Computer aided design of Electrical machines with
flowcharts :
ANALYSIS:
In this process the dimensions of the machine are estimated by experience selecting
suitable volume making use of output equation and thus estimating all the dimensions
of the m/c and the performance by known methods. The performance so estimated is
compared with the desired result as specified and any divergence is eliminated by
successive iterations by making small changes in dimensions. Here computer is used as
a calculating aid.
u
1. Type of Winding Helica Cross-over
2. Connection l Delta
Star
3. Conductor
Dimensions -bare _________mm mm
'
insulated mm =____ mm
58
SYNTHESIS:
The process of synthesis is the exact opposite of the Analysis. Here the starting point
is the desired performance and the computer is required to work backward and
determine the optimum machine dimensions. The process involves the formulation of
suitable inverted performance equations which are differential equations connecting
the performance to the various design parameters like length, diameter, air-gap,
current density etc. The designer is also required to feed in the boundary conditions or
constraints of the equations.This method makes full use of the logic abilities of the
computer and theoretically the most desirable method for design using computer.
HYBRID PROCESS:
It is a combination of the Analysis & Synthesis and involves partial synthesis using the
standard frames, slots & conductors decided on the basis of availability in the market. It
is a
practical method because it makes possible the use of standardization which is important
for economic and practical design. Since the synthesis methods involve greater cost, the
major part of the program is based upon analysis with a limited portion of the program
being based upon synthesis. This approach makes the design more practical and
economical
Quiz:
59
1. Compare convensional and computer aided design of Electrical apparatus.
3. List the various computational tools available for the design of electrical apparatus.
Suggested Reference :
60
References used by the students:
Rubrics 1 2 3 4 5 Total
Marks
Experiment No: 07
Relevant CO:
61
1. Select appropriate design parameters according to applications and rating of electrical
Machines
2. Formulate the optimum design problem and solve it with computer aided tools
Objectives:
(a) To obtain the knowledge of about available optimization techniques in design of electrical
machines
(b) To develop the skill of optimum design of Electrical machines
Equipment/Instruments:
Open source software
1. CAD-CAM
2. CAD of electrical machines and power equipments
3. MATLAB
.
Theory :
Design Optimization of Electrical Machines
1 Introduction
Basic Procedure for Design Optimization of Electrical Machines
The general process of design optimization of electrical
machines includes two main stages, design and optimization.
The main aim of the design stage is to find the feasible scheme
(or several schemes) and design for a given application through
the expert knowledge and investigation of different materials
and dimensions, motor types an d topologies, and multi-
disciplinary analysis, etc. The analysis of this stage will provide
information on the performances of the proposed design for the
development of optimization models that will be used in the
optimization stage. As the outcome, an optimal solution will be
obtained for the single objective design situation,
Design Optimization of Electrical Machines and some non-
dominated solutions (called Pareto optimal solutions) will be
gained for a multi-objective design situation after the
completion of this stage. There is no fixed procedure for the
design optimization of electrical machines. However, there are
some common steps to be followed. These steps are briefly
62
described as follows which may also interact with each other.
Step 1: Determine the specifications from the application.
The performance requirement of the application may include
the speed range, output torque/power, and working condition,
etc. These specifications will provide the instructions for the
design scheme selection.
Step 2: Select/determine possible initial designs including motor
types, topologies, and materials qualitatively according to the
specifications of the application. The main aim of this step is to
obtain various motor options that may be suitable for a specific
application. This process is also the dimension reduction process
based on the expert system for the following optimization.
Because the initial design is given by going through the possible
designs for an application quantitatively, the computation
burden is usually heavy. Therefore, there is a high requirement
for the designer experience and the expert system on
determining the limited initial designs effectively according to
the application requirement.
Step 3: Implement multidisciplinary modeling and analysis for
the potential designs and evaluating the performance included in
the objectives and constraints. This process is coupled with the
initial design proposing. Due to the multidisciplinary property,
the performances in terms of different disciplines have to be
investigated in this step which mainly includes electromagnetic,
thermo tics reliability. economics, mechanics , dynamics, and
acoustics.
Step 4: Model the optimization problem according to the design
specifications, initial designs, and multidisciplinary
performance modeling. Quantitively define the objectives and
constraints and select the design variables.
Step 5: Conduct optimization and obtain an optimal solution or
some optimal solutions. The implementation covers
63
optimization algorithms and methods. For the optimization
algorithm, the global optimum searching ability and
convergence speed are generally.
Due to the complexity of the optimization modeling and
computation burden, optimization strategies and methods are
also required as effective complements for the algorithm. After
the optimization, compare all designs and output the best one
with detailed design parameters and the simulated
performances.
Step 6: Validate the design with prototypes and experiment
results. The results will provide the verification of the
optimization and basis for the model modification for the next
loop of optimization containing the above steps until
determining the final optimal design.
We conclude the design optimization into the mathematical
model which can be expressed as
min : f (x)
s.t. gj (x) ≤ 0, j = 1, 2,…, m
xl ≤ x ≤ xu
optimization
Quiz:
1. Write the optimization techniques can be used in design of electrical machines
Conjugate gradient
algorithm
Gradi
ent based Sequential
Algorithms quadratic
programming
algorithm
G
A
Evolution
programming
Evolutionary
algorithms
evolution
strategy
69
D
E
PSO Algorithm, EDAs,
Intelligent ant colony, immune
Suggested Reference :
Rubrics 1 2 3 4 5 Total
Marks
70
Experiment No: 08
Relevant CO:
1. 3D visualization of various electrical machine using open source software
Objectives:
(a) To obtain the knowledge about 3D visualization of various electrical machine using FEM
(b) To develop the skill for study & analysis of various electrical machines by 3D visualization of
using open source software
Equipment/Instruments:
1. Open source software
71
Theoty & practice :
PHILOSOPHY OF FEM
● The finite element method is a very versatile numerical technique and is a general purpose
tool to solve any type of physical problems.
● It can be used to solve both field problems (governed by differential equations) and non-field
problems.
● There are several advantages of FEM over FDM. Among them, the most important
advantage is that FEM is well suited for problem with complex geometries, because no
special difficulties are encountered when the physical domain has a complex geometry.
● The other important advantage is that it is easier to write general purpose computer codes for
FEM formulations.
Three different approaches are being used when formulating an FEM problem. They are:
1. Direct Approach
2. Variational Approach
3. Weighted Residual Method
Direct Approach:
The direct approach is related to the “direct stiffness method” of structural analysis
and it isthe easiest to understand when meeting FEM for the first time. The main advantage
of this approach is that you can get a feel of basic techniques and the essential concept
involved in the FEM formulation without using much of mathematics. However, by direct
approach we can solve only simple problems.
Variational Approach:
In variational approach the physical problem has to be restated using some
variational principle such as principle of minimum potential energy. It is widely used for
deriving finite element equations whenever classical variational statement is available for
the given problem. A basic knowledge of calculus of variations is required to use variational
approach. The major disadvantage of the variational approach is that there exist many
physical problems for which classical variational statement may not be available. This is the
case with most of the nonlinear problems.In such cases variational approach is not useful.
The Rayleigh-Ritz method is an approximate method based on the variational formulation.
Weighted Residual Method:
Weighted residual method (WRM) is a class of method used to obtain the
approximate solution to the differential equations of the form
In WRM, we directly work on differential equation of the problem without relying on any
variational principle. It is equally suited for linear and nonlinear differential equations.
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Weighted residual method involves two major steps. In the first step, we assume an
approximate solution based on the general behavior of the dependent variable. The
approximate solution is so selected that it satisfies the boundary conditions fo rφ. The
assumed solution is then substituted in the differential equation.
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7.Discuss shape function.
● The shape function is the function which interpolates the solution between the discrete values
obtained at the mesh nodes.
● Therefore, appropriate functions have to be used and, as already mentioned, low order
polynomials are typically chosen as shape functions. In this work linear shape functions are used.
● For three-dimensional finite element simulations it is convenient to discretize the simulation
domain using tetrahedrons, The linear shape function of the node has the form
where i=1.2….. The coefficients, ai,bi,ci and di for each nodal basis function of the tetrahedral
element can be calculated considering the condition.
As a result, a system of equations for the unknown coefficients is obtained. This procedure has
to be repeated for all tetrahedrons of the mesh, so that the basis functions of all grid nodes are
determined.
.
In this way, the nodal basis functions for the tetrahedron in the transformed coordinate system are
given by
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These shape functions are rather simple, so that the derivatives and integrals required for
the finite element formulation can be readily evaluated in the transformed coordinate
system. Given a function f(x,y,z), the gradient in the transformed coordinates is of the
form
or
where is the transpose of the Jacobian matrix. Thus, the gradient in the original
coordinate system can be calculated using the transformed coordinate gradient by
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partitioned in space and in time and approximations of the solution are computed at the
space or time points.
In applying the method of finite differences a problem is defined by:
● A partial differential equation such as Poisson's equation
● A solution region
● Boundary and/or initial conditions.
An FDM method divides the solution domain into finite discrete points and replaces the
partial differential equations with a set of difference equations. Thus the solutions obtained
by FDM are not exact but approximate.
Few analytical methods for field computation.
● Time varying field in conductors.
● Charge relaxation
● Propagation of EM waves
The finite element method has its origin in the field of structural analysis. The finite elements
analysis of any problem involves basically four steps:
(A) Discretizing the solution region into a finite number of sub regions or elements ,
(B) Deriving governing equations for a typical element ,
(C) Assembling all the elements in the solution region, and
(D) Solving the system of equations obtained.
Quiz:
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3. List out applications of FEM
Suggested Reference :
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References used by the students:
Rubrics 1 2 3 4 5 Total
Marks
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AC Machine Design
3170909
Branch Coordinator
Dr. J.R.Iyer
Professor, Electrical Engineering
L.D. College of Engineering
Ahmedabad
Committee Chairman
Dr N M Bhatt
Professor of Mechanical Engineering
L. E. College, Morbi
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