Postgraduate Diploma in Education

National Institute of Education

Batticaloa Regional Center
Foundation of Education
S.Logarajah SLTES.
Lecturer,
Batticaloa National College of Education

FOr; nraw;ghL
• gpNsl;Nlh tho;e;j r%fepiy, gpNsl;Nlhtpd; fy;tpf; fUj;Jf;fs; gw;wpa
jfty;fis Nrfupj;J Kd;itf;Ff.
• gpNsl;Nlh rku;g;gpj;j fy;tpj; jpl;lk; mtu; mwpKfk; nra;j fiyj;jpl;lk;>
kw;Wk; fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfis Muha;f
• &N]htpd; fy;tpf;fUj;Jf;fspYs;s Kf;fpa tplaq;fisg; gFg;gha;T nra;f.
• &N]h Kd;itj;j fy;tpj; jpl;lj;ij kjpg;gha;T nra;f.

gpNsl;Nlh (Plato)
• fp.K. 427-fp.K 347 tiuahd fhyg;gFjpapy; fpNuf;f ehl;by; tho;e;j
Nkiyj;Nja jj;JtQhdpahthu;. gpNsl;Nlh tho;e;j fhyj;jpy; fpNuf;fj;jpd;
gpujhd efu murfshd vNjd;]; - ];ghl;lh vd;gtw;Wf;fpilapy; mbf;fb
Nghu;fs; ,lk;ngw;w tz;zkpUe;jd.

• ,f;fhyj;jpy; N;;jhd;wpa tpjz;lhthjpfs; vdg;gLk; Mghrthjpfs; (Sophists)

vd miof;f gl;l gpur;rhufu;fs; cyfpay; fUj;Jf;fis kf;fs; kj;jpapy;
gug;gp te;jdu;. ,jdhy; Coy;fs; kype;J xOf;ff;NfLfSk;
jiytpupj;jhbd.

• mf;fhyg;gFjpapy; fpNuf;f ehL KOtJk; xUtpj jj;Jt tpopg;Gzu;T

fhzg;gl;lJ. kdpjidg; gw;wpAk;> gpugQ;rk; gw;wpAk;> mwnthOf;fk; gw;wpAk;
gy;NtW fUj;Jf;fs; Njhw;wk; ngw;wd.

S.Logarajah SLTES BNCOE

• cz;ik vd;gJ ahJ? tho;f;ifapd; Nehf;fk; ahJ? ,yl;rpa tho;T vd;gJ
ahhJ? vd;wthW gy;NtW fUj;Jf;fs; jj;Jt tprhuizf;F
cl;gLj;jg;gl;ld. mjdbg;gilapNyNa gpNsl;Nlhtpd; jj;Jtf;
fUj;Jf;fSk; Njhw;wk; ngw;wd.

• vy;NyhUf;Fk; epjpAk; epahaKk; fpilf;ff; $ba ,yl;rpa munrhd;iwj;

Njhw;wtpg;gNj gpNsl;Nlhtpd; rpe;jidapd; Nehf;fkhftpUe;jJ.

• Nrhf;fpul;b]pd; jpwik kpf;f khztuhd gpNsl;Nlhtpd; jj;Jt

rpe;jidfspy; Nrhf;fpul;b]pd; jj;Jt rpe;jidfs; ngUksT nry;thf;Fr;
nrYj;jpAs;sijf; fhzyhk;.

• rPu;nfl;L mopTf;Fs;shfptUk; mwtpay; xOf;fg;gz;Gfis kPz;Lk;

ed;dpiyf;F nfhz;Ltu Nrhf;fpul;b]; Kaw;rp vLj;jhu;. gpNsl;NlhTk;
mij gpd;gw;wpaNjhL Nrhf;fpul;b]; ifahz;;l tpdhtpil Kiwia
gpNsl;NlhTk; mg;gbNa Vw;Wf; nfhz;lhu;.

• jj;Jtk;> fzpjk;> ,aw;if tpQ;Qhdk; Mfpatw;iwf; fw;Wj; Nju;e;j

gpNsl;Nlh “mf;flkp” vDk; fy;tp epiyaj;ij Muk;gpj;jhu;.

• gpNsl;Nlhtpdhy; vOjg;gl;l E}y;fs; Vwf;Fiwa 25 MFk;. Mtw;Ws;

ngUk;ghydit ciuiahly; (tpdhtpil)ghq;fpNyNa vOjg;gl;Ls;sd.
FbauR (Republic)> rl;lq;fs; (Laws)> kPNdh (Meno) Mfpa E}y;fs;
gpurpj;jp ngw;w E}y;fshFk;.

• gpNsl;Nlhtpd; fy;tpf; fUj;Jf;fs; gyTk; ,e;E}y;fspNyNa

fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

gpNsl;Nlhtpd; fy;tpj; jj;Jtk;;

• kdpj tho;f;ifapd; ,yf;fhf ,Uf;f Ntz;baJ nka;g;nghUisg; gw;wpa

Qhdj;ij (Wisdom) ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F eltbf;if vLg;gjhFk;.

S.Logarajah SLTES BNCOE

• cz;ik my;yJ Qhdk; Gw cyfpy; my;yhky; mf cyfpypUe;J
ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLk; mwpNt MFk;.

• r%fj;jpy; epyTk; Coy;fs;> xOf;ff; NfLfisr; rPu;nra;a jj;Jtg; gapw;rp

xd;W NjitahFk;. ,e;j nka;g;ghLfis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;F Njitahd
Mw;wiy jdpegu;fSf;F ngw;Wf; nfhLg;gjw;Nf fy;tp jpl;lkplg;gl
Ntz;Lk;.

• FbauR vDk; E}ypy; ,j;jifa nka;ghLfis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;Sk;

jj;JtQhdpia vt;thW cUthf;fyhk; vd;gJ gw;wp gpNsl;Nlh
fye;JiuahLfpd;whu;.

• “fy;tp vd;gJ njhopy;rhu; gapw;rp” vDk; FWfpa fUj;jpypUe;J

tpyfpapUf;Fk; gpNsl;Nlh cz;ikahd fy;tp vd;gJ jdpahSf;F Kuz
gpuirahtjw;Fk;> ePjp epahag;gb Ms;tjw;Fk; Njitahdtw;iwf; ngw;Wf;
nfhLg;gNj MFk; vd rl;lq;fs; vDk; E}ypy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.

• jdf;Fk; r%fj;jpw;Fk; gad;kpf;f mwpit kdpj xUtd; ngw;wf; nfhs;s

Ntz;bajd; mtrpaj;ij gpNsl;Nlh Rl;bf;fhl;bAs;shu;.

• gpNsl;Nlh r%jhaj;jpYs;s FOf;fis %d;W tifahf

tifg;gLj;jpAs;shu;.

1. Ml;rpahsu;fs; (Rulers)

2. ghJfhtyu;fs; (Guardians)

3. El;gtpayhsu;fs; / ciog;ghsu;fs; (Craftsman)

• rKjhaj;jpy; epahak; epiyehl;lg;gLtjw;F rKjhaj;jpYs;s FOf;fs;

xt;nthd;Wk; jj;jkJ flikfisAk; cupikfisAk; rupahf epiwNtw;w
Ntz;Lk; vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;.

• cau; kl;lj;jpypUf;Fk; Ml;rpahsu;fs; jq;fk; Nghd;w jdpegu;fshtu;.

,tu;fsplk; fhzg;gLk; elj;ij gz;G Qhdk; MFk;.

S.Logarajah SLTES BNCOE

• ,uz;lhtJ kl;lj;jpypUf;Fk; ghJfhtyhu;fs; nts;sp Nghd;wtu;fshtu;.
,tu;fsplk; fhzg;gLk; elj;ijg; gz;G mr;rkpd;ik MFk;.

• r%fj;jpy; fPo;epiyapypUg;Nghu; gpj;jis my;yJ ,Uk;G Nghd;w

jdpegu;fshtu;. mtu;fsplk; fhzg;gLk; elj;ijg; gz;Gfs; gzpT mlf;fk;
vd;gdthFk;. mtu;fsJ flik ciog;igr; nryT nra;J cw;gj;jp
eltbf;iffspy; <LgLtjhFk;.

• me;je;j r%f tFg;Gf;Fupatu;fs; jkf;Fupa fUkq;fisr; rpwe;j Kiwapy;

epiwNtw;wtJk; mLj;jtUf;Fupa fUkq;fNshL njhlu;GwhjpUg;gJk; r%ff;
flikahFk; vd;fpwhu;.

• fy;tpj; jpl;lkplypy; ,e;j jdpf;FOf;fs; Fwpj;J ftdk; nrYj;jg;gl

Ntz;Lk; vd;gij typAWj;Jk; gpNsl;Nlh ,e;j %d;W FOtpdUf;Fk; gapw;rp
mtrpak; vd;gNjhL Ml;rpahsu;fSf;F ePz;l fhyg; gapw;rpapd; mtrpaj;ij
typAWj;Jfpd;whu;.

gpNsl;Nlhtpd; fy;tpj; jpl;lk;

• fy;tpapD}lhf jj;Jt mwpit cUthf;FtNj gpNsl;Nlhtpd; fy;tpj;
jpl;lj;jpd; Nehf;fkhFk;. mjhtJ fpNuf;f [dehafj;ijAk; fyhrhuj;ijAk;
moptpypUe;J ghJfhj;Jf; nfhs;s rpwe;j Ml;rpahsiuj; Njhw;wtpj;jNy
mtuJ fy;tpj; jpl;lj;jpd; gpujhd Nehf;fkhFk;.

S.Logarajah SLTES BNCOE

• FbauR E}ypy; gpNsl;Nlhtpd; fy;tpj; jpl;lk; jug;gl;Ls;sJ. Me;j fy;tpj;
jpl;lj;jpd; mikg;G tUkhW>

gpNsl;Nlhtpd; fy;tpj; jpl;lk;

1. Muk;gf; fy;tp – (Kjy; 17 tUlq;fs)

2. tpNrl jiyikj;Jtg; gapw;rp (17 – 20 taJ tiu)

3. ,ilepiyf; fy;tp (20 taJ – 30 taJ tiu)

4. cau; fy;tp (30 taJ – 50 taJ tiu)

Muk;gf; fy;tp
• cz;ikahd Ml;rpahsiu cUthf;fpf; nfhs;Sk; vjpu;ghu;f;ifia
epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;s rpw tajpypUe;Nj fy;tpiaj; njhlq;f Ntz;Lk;
vd;gJ gpNsl;Nlhtpd; fUj;jhFk;.

• Kjw;rpy Mz;Lfspy; my;yJ Foe;ijg;gUtj;jpy; gps;isfSf;F tPl;by;

fy;tp toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,q;F>

✓ rupahd clw; Rfhjhug; gof;ftof;fq;fis Vw;gLj;jjy;.

✓ ey;y kdg;ghq;F tsu;r;rpia Vw;gLj;Jjy;.

✓ ,irNahL $ba tpisahl;Lf;fisg; gapw;wtpj;jy;.

✓ mofpay; nraw;ghLfisg; gapw;Wtpj;jy;

• tho;f;ifapd; Muk;gf; fl;lk; gps;isia gapw;wtpf;f cfe;j gUtkhFk;.

vdNt Muk;gf; fy;tpapy; rq;fPjk;> [pk;dh];upf;> Kjypa ghlq;fisAk;
mwnthOf;f tpUj;jpf;F cjTk; fijfisAk; nrhy;ypf; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.

S.Logarajah SLTES BNCOE

 vdf; $Wk; gpNsl;Nlh clYk;> cs;sKk; rkdhf tpUj;jp nra;ag;gLtij
typAWj;Jfpd;whu;.

• Muk;gf; fy;tp Mz; - ngz; ,UghyhUf;Fk; nghJthf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

tpNrl jiyikj;Jtg; gapw;rp

• 17- 20 taJf;fpilg;gl;l fhyk; tpNrl cly;rhu; gapw;rp ngWtjw;F

xJf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• Nehaw;w rf;jpkpf;f cliy tsu;g;gjd; %yk; ehl;ilg; ghJfhg;gjw;F

Aj;jg; gapw;rp ngw Ntz;Lnkd vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

,ilepiyf; fy;tp

• Muk;gf; fy;tp vy;NyhUf;Fk; nghJthd fy;tpahf fhzg;gl;lhYk;

,ilepiyf; fy;tpf;F Nju;nthd;wpd; gpd;dNu khztu;fs; Nru;jJ
; f;
nfhs;sg;gl;ldu;.

• 20 taJ – 30 taJ tiuahd 10tUl ,ilepiyf; fy;tpapd; NghJ

✓ fzpjk;

✓ Nfj;jpu fzpjk;

✓ thdtpay;

✓ ju;f;fk;

✓ rq;fPjk;

vd;gd fw;gpf;fg;gLk;.

S.Logarajah SLTES BNCOE

• ngsjPftpaYk;> thjtpaYk; fw;gjw;Fj; Njitahd Mokhd fy;tp
,ilepiyf; fy;tpahy; toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

• jdpahs; mwpT tpUj;jpf;F nkhopAk;> fzpjKk; ngupJk; Jiz GupAk;

vd;gij gpNsl;Nlh Rl;bf;fhl;bdhu;.

• ,ilepiyf; fy;tpapd; gpd;du; ehd;F tUlq;fshtJ ghJfhg;Gr; Nritapy;

<LgLjy; Nttz;Lk;.

cau; fy;tp

• 30 taJf;Fk; 50 taJf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l fhyk; cau; fy;tpf;FupajhFk;.

• ngsjPf cyfpd; epfo;Tfis tpsq;fp jpwe;j rpe;jidiaAk;> ju;f;f

rpe;jidiaAk; tsu;j;Jf; nfhz;L gbg;gbahf ngsjPfky;yhj epfo;Tfis
tpsq;Ftjw;F topelj;jg;gLtJ ,e;j cau;fy;tpf; fl;lj;jpyhFk;.

• ed;ik gw;wpa khjpupia Ml;rpahsu;fs; tpsq;f mtu;fSf;F cau; fy;tp

toq;fg;gLtJ mtrpakhFk;. khjpup cyfj;ij tpsq;fpf; nfhz;l egu;
mk;khjpupfSf;F Vw;wthW ehl;il MSthu;.

ed;ikapd; epakj; Njhw;wk;

• 50 -55 taJ tiu ,uhr;rpa ghJfhg;G eltbf;iffspy; <Lgl Ntz;Lk;. mJ
jpUg;jpfukhf ,Ue;jhy; ,uhr;rpa ghJfhtynuhUtuhf epakpf;fg;gLthu;.

• mg;NghJ mtu; gpwUf;fhf ,uT gfy; ghuhJ f];ug;gLk; xUtuhfpwhu;.

,t;thW ePz;l fhyf; fy;tpAk; Fwpg;gpl;l Jiwapy; gapw;rpAk; ngw;w 50
taij G+u;j;jp nra;jtu;fshNyNa rpwe;jnjhU Ml;rpahsuhf KbAk;.

S.Logarajah SLTES BNCOE

 gpNsl;Nlhtpd; fy;tpr; rpe;jid gw;wpa jw;fhy Nehf;F
• gpNsl;Nlh jdJ fy;tpj; jj;Jtj rpe;jidfis Kd;itj;J gy;yhapuk;
Mz;Lfs; fle;Js;s NghjpYk; mtuJ rpe;jidfs; ,d;dKk; Kf;fpak;
tha;e;jitahfNt cs;sd. mitahtd>
1. fy;tp xOq;fikg;G muRupikahjy;.
2. Mz; - ngz; ,UghyhUf;Fk; fy;tp toq;fy;.
3. jFjpAs;stu;fSf;F kl;Lk; cau; fy;tp toq;fy;.
4. NghJkhd Kjpu;r;rpailAk; tiu tpQ;Qhdk;> jj;Jtk; Mfpa
ghlq;fisf; fw;gpj;jiy jhkjg;gLj;jjy;.

• G+uz xOf;f tpUj;jpAld; $ba jdpahis fy;tp %yk; Njhw;wtpf;f

Ntz;Lk; mjhtJ G+uz MSik tsu;r;rpf;F fy;tpiag; gad;gLj;J
Ntz;Lk; vd;fpwhu;. ,f;fUj;ij jw;fhy fy;tpj; jj;Jttpayhsu;fs; $l
typAWj;Jfpd;wdu;.

• gpNsl;Nlh gpNuupj;j nghJthd fl;lhaf; fy;tp gw;wpa fUj;ij ,d;W

midj;J muRfSk; Vw;Wf; nfhz;Ls;sd. ,e;j nghJ Muk;gf; fy;tpia
Mz;- ngz; ,UghyhUf;Fk; ngw;Wf; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gij
vLj;Jf;fhl;bAs;shu;.

• gps;isfSf;F fw;gpf;ifapy; tpisahl;L Kiw> Nghyr; nra;jy;> ,ir>

fijnrhy;yy;> ebj;jy; Kjypa El;gKiwfisg; gad;gLj;jtJ njhlu;ghf
gpNsl;Nlh rku;g;gpj;js;s fUj;Jf;fs; cstpayhsu;fspd; mgpg;gpuhaq;fSld;
ngUksT nghUe;JtjhfNt cs;sJ.

• fy;tpapd; %yk; cstsu;r;rp> cly;tsu;r;rp> kdg;ghq;F tsu;r;rp Mfpatw;iw

Vw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. vd;w fUj;Jk; Muk;gfy;tp> ,ilepiyf; fy;tpapy;
fw;gpf;f Ntz;ba ghlq;fs; njhlu;ghd fUj;Jk; ,d;iwia fiyj;jpl;l
tbtikg;ghsu;fSf;F ngWkjpkpf;f topfhl;ly;fshFk;.

• gpNsl;Nlhtpd; fiyj;jpl;lj;jpy; %d;W mbg;gilg; gz;Gfis ehk;

,dq;fhzyhk;.

S.Logarajah SLTES BNCOE

 1. fiyj;jpl;lk; r%jhaj;jpYs;s midj;Jf; FOf;fSf;Fk;
nghJthdjhf ,Uj;jy;.

2. fiyj;jpl;lk; Mz; ngz; ,UghyhUf;Fk; nghJthdjhf ,Uj;jy;.

3. fiyj;jpl;lk; taJ kl;lk;> tpUg;G kl;lk; vd;gtw;wf;Fg;

nghUj;jkhdjhf ,Uj;jy;.

,j;jifa gz;Gfs; ,d;iwa fiyj;jpl;l tbtikg;ghsu;fSf;F Kd;khjpupahf

cs;sd.

• Ngw;nwhNu KjyhtJ Mrpupau;fshf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. mjd; gpd;du;

fy;tpia Kd;ndLf;Fk; Mrpupau;fs; Kd;khjpupahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vdTk;>
nghWg;Gld; gzpahw;w Ntz;Lk; vdTk; Mrpupau;fs; Mf;fj;jpwd;
kpf;ftu;fshfTk;> gps;isiag; gw;wpAk; fw;gpf;Fk; ghlj;Jiw gw;wpAk; Nghjpa
tpsf;fKs;stu;fshf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w gpNuuizAk; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.

• ,d;W ngupJk; Kf;fpak; ngw;Ws;s tho;ehs; epbj;j fy;tp Life Long Education
vd;w fUj;ij Kjd; Kjypy; mwpKfg;gLj;jpatu; gpNal;Nlh Mthu;.

• ngz; fy;tpapd; Kd;NdhbAk; gpNsl;NlhNt Mthu;. ngz;fs;

Ml;rpahsu;fshf tuj; jFjpAs;stu;fs; vd;Wk; mtu;fSf;F GjjpanjhU
fy;tp Kiw toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vdTk; gpNsl;Nlh $wpAs;shu;.

• gpNsl;Nlh Muk;gpj;j mf;flkp KjyhtJ Nkw;FyFg; ghlrhiy vdf;

fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. Me;j mf;flkpAk;> mjd; fw;gpj;jy; KiwfSNk ,d;iwa
ghlrhiyfis eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjpy; ngupJk; cjtpAs;sd.

[Pd; [f;]; &Nrh (Jean Jacques Rousseau)

• fp.gp. 1712 -fp.gp 1778 tiuahd fhyg;gFjpapy; gpuhd;]; ehl;by; tho;e;j
&Nrh gps;isfs; rhu;ghf $Ljyhd gq;fspg;igr; nra;j
jj;JtQhdpahthu;.

• mtuhy; vOjg;gl;l “r%f xg;ge;jk;”> vDk; E}y; gpuQ;Rg;Gul;rpf;Fk;> “vkpyp”

vDk; E}y; fy;tpj;Jiwapy; xU Gul;rpf;Fk; mbg;gilahf mike;jd.

S.Logarajah SLTES BNCOE

• gpNsl;Nlh> mup];Nlhl;by;> N[hd; nyhf;> nl];fhNl];> Nlfh Nghd;wtu;fs;
&Nrhtpj; jj;Jtf; fUj;Jf;fis cUthf;Ftjy; nry;thf;Fr;
nrYjpAssdu;.

• mf;fhyj;jpy; gpuhd;rpy; epytpa r%f KiwAk; nghJf; fy;tp Kiwapy;

fhzg;gl;l Coy;fSk; &Nrhtpd; fy;tpj; jj;Jtj;jpd; kPJ ghjpg;ig
Vw;gLj;jpAs;sd.

&Nrhtpd; fy;tpf; fUj;Jf;fs;.

• ,aw;ifahy; gilf;fg;gLfpd;w midj;Jk; ey;yitNa. Mdhy; mit

kdpjdJ iffspy; rPuopfpd;wd. kdpjdJ eilKiwfSk;> tpUg;gq;fSk;
,aw;ifiar; rPuopg;gdthfNt cs;sd.

• khwhf ,aw;ifia mZfp mjid cw;W Nehf;fp> Gupe;J nfhz;L>

mjdplk; gbg;gpidfisg; ngw;W ,aw;ifNahL ,ire;J tho Ntz;Lk;.

• ,aw;ifapdpd;Wk; Kuz;gLk; kdpjr; nray;fs;> Kaw;rpfs; kdpjDd;D

,d;diyj; jUtdthfNt cs;sd. vdNt ,d;dy;fspypUe;J tpLgl
,aw;iff;Fj; jpUk;Gq;fs; vd;whu;.

• kdpj eyd;fSf;fhd gpujhdkhd mk;rk; jdpahSf;Fj; Njitahd

fy;tpia toq;FthFk; vd ek;gpdhu;. &Nrh vOjpa “vkpyp” vDk; E}y;
mtuJ fy;tpf; fUj;jf;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

• ,aw;if epajpapdbg;gilapy; tsu;r;rpia tpsq;fpf; nfhz;L mjw;f

Vw;wthW gps;isfisg; ghu;f;f Ntz;Lnkd;Wk;> gps;isia
tsu;jn
; jLj;jYk; ,aw;if epajpf;F Vw;wthW mika Ntz;LnkdTk;
&Nrh ek;gpdhu;.

• xU gps;is gps;isnad;Wk; mtd; xu rpW tsu;e;jtd; my;yd; vd;Wk;

&Nrh typAj;jpdhu;. NkYk; mtd; xU gps;isahfNt tsu;tjw;Fk;
tho;tjw;Fk; ,lksf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,e;epiyia khw;wtjhy; gps;isapd;
cs;sk; ghjpf;fg;gLk;.

S.Logarajah SLTES BNCOE

• gps;is clyhy; NghyNt mwptpYk;> r%f uPjpapYk;> czur;rpiag;
nghWj;jtiuapYk; xU rpw gps;isahfNt ,Ug;gNjhL> gps;is rpe;jpf;Fk;
Kiw tsi;e;Njhu; rpe;jpf;Fk; KiwapypUe;J NtWgl;lJ. mjdhy;
gps;isia tpsq;fp mtdJ jpwikfSf;Nfw;g mtdJ fy;tpiaj; jpl;lkpl
Ntz;Lk;. vd &Nrh typAWj;jfpd;whu;.

• ngw;Nwhupd; NjitfSf;Nfw;g mikj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gLk; Nehf;fq;fSf;Nfw;g

gps;isfis topelhj;Jtjhy; gps;isapd; taJ kl;lj;ij ftdpf;fhJ
mehtrpakhd ghuj;ij gps;isad; kPJ Rkj;JtNj epfo;fpd;wJ. me;j
gpioahd Kiwiag; gpd;gw;whJ gps;isapd; ,ay;ghd tsu;r;rpg;ghq;fpw;F
Vw;thW gps;isia tsu;j;J cUthf;fp vLf;f Ntz;Lnkd;gij &N]h
vLj;jf;fhl;bAs;shu;.

• r%fj;jpypUe;J gps;isia tpLtpj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;LnkdTk; jdpahspd;

eyd;fisj; jdpahsplkpUe;jd;wp> r%fj;jpypUe;J ngw;Wf;nfhs;s
Ntz;Lnkd;Wk; &N]h Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.

• gps;isfs; fy;tp fw;gjw;F %d;W Clfq;fs; cz;L vdf; Fwpg;gpLk;

&N]h me;j Clfq;fspD}lhf mtu;fs; fy;tpia ngw;Wf;nfhs;s
Ntz;Lnkd;gJk; &Nrhtpd; fUj;jhFk;. mk;%d;W Clfq;fSk;
gpd;tUkhW>

1. ,aw;ifr; #oy; : Foe;ij kw;Wk; rpW gps;isg; gUtq;fspy; gps;is

,aw;ifr; #oypy; ,Ue;J fw;wf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
2. kdpju;fSk; Mrpupau;fSk; : #oYf;F Vw;wthW fy;tp ngw;Wf;
nfhz;lijj; njhlu;e;J kdpju;fsplKk; Mrpupau;fsplkpUe;Jk; fw;Wf;
nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
3. gz;lq;fs; nghUl;fisg; gad;gLj;jp fw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

&N]htpd; fy;tpj; jpl;lk;

• xU gps;isia ew;Fz tpOkpaq;fSld; $ba xU eguhf khw;wtNj
&N]htpd; fy;tpj; jpl;lj;jpd; gpujhd Nehf;fkhFk;.

S.Logarajah SLTES BNCOE

• ew;Fzg;gz;Gfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l ,aw;if cyFld; gfpu;e;J
nfhs;sf; $ba tifapy; mwpthdJ xUtDf;F toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd
&N]h Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;whu;.

• gyhj;fhukhf toq;fg;gLk; mwpitf; fhl;bYk; ,aw;ifapD}lhf

toq;fg;gLk; mwpthdJ ngWkjpkpf;fJ vd &N]h Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.

&N]h fy;tpj; jpl;lk;

6. Foe;ij gUk; – (gpwg;G Kjy; 2taJ tiu)

7. gps;isg;gUtk; (2 taJ Kjy; – 12 taJ tiu)

8. Kd; fl;bsikg;gUtk; (12 taJ – 15 taJ tiu)

9. fl;bsikg;gUtk; (15 taJ – 19 taJ tiu)

10. tsu;e;Njhu; gUtk;; (20 tajpd; gpd;du;)

Foe;ijg; gUtKk; mjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd fy;tpAk;

• gpwg;gpypUe;J gps;isapd; fy;tp Muk;gkhfpd;wJ. r%f rf;jpfSlhf
clypay; njhopw;ghLfisf; fhl;b ngsjPf> r%f eltbf;iffisg;
gps;isfs; gpujpgypg;gu;.

• gps;isf;Fg; Gjpa mDgtq;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhLg;gjw;F ngw;Nwhu;fs;

re;ju;g;gq;fis cUthf;fpf; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.

• Njitf;F mjpfkhf ftdk; nrYj;jhjpUg;gJk;> $ba md;gpd; fhuzkhf

msTf;fjpfk; gps;isf;F fl;Lg;ghLfis tpjpg;gJk; Mfpa ,uz;Lk;
gps;isf;Fg; ghjfkhFk;.

• ,g;gUtj;jpy; gpd;gw;wtNj gps;isapd; gpujhd fw;if ClfkhFk;. ,jw;Fj;

Njitahd #oiyj; jahupj;Jf; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.

S.Logarajah SLTES BNCOE

• Gyd;fspD}lhf mDgtq;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhLg;gJ kl;Lkd;wp>
Gyd;fSf;fpilapy; njhlu;G Vw;gLk; tpjj;jpy; fy;tp toq;FtJ
Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.

• Gj;jfq;fs; gj;jpupiffspypUe;J mwpT fpilf;fg;ngw Ntz;LnkdTk;>

rq;fj
P k;> eldk; Nghyr; nra;jy; %yk; ,t;taJg; gps;isfSf;F fw;f
,lkspf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,jD}lhf ew;gof;ftof;fq;fis gof;Ftjw;F
Gyd;fis tpUj;jp nra;a Ntz;Lk;.

gps;isg;gUtKk; mjw;F Vw;w fy;tpAk;

• 2- 12 taJ tiuapyhd ,f;fhyk; vjpu;fhy tsu;r;rpf;F typikahd

mj;jpthuj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;Gfpd;wJ.

• gps;isg; gUtj;jpd; Muk;gj;jpy; mwj;ijNah> nka;g;nghUisNah>

ew;Fzq;fisNah gw;wpf; fw;gpf;f Kw;glhJ gps;isapd; kdijAk;>
,jaj;ijAk;> gpiofspypUe;Jk;> ghtq;fspypUe;Jk;> fhj;Jf;nfhs;tjw;F
eltbf;if vLf;f Ntz;Lk;.

• ,g;gUtj;jpy; ,ad;wsT Neub mDgtq;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhLg;gjw;F

eltbf;if vLf;f Ntz;Lk;.

• gps;isg; gUtj;jpd; Muk;gf; fl;lj;jpy; if> fhy;fs;> fz;> fhJ> Nghd;w

Gyd;fisg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;L mDgtq;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhLf;f
tha;g;gspf;f Ntz;Lk;.

• gps;;isfspd; NjitfSf;Fk;> RitfSf;Fk; Clhf fw;f Cf;Ftpf;fg;gl

Ntz;baJld;> tpisahl;Lf;fisAk;> nraw;ghLfisAk;> Clfkhf;fpf;
nfhs;sy; ,d;wpaikahjjhFk;.

• Gjpa fy;tpiag; ngw;wf; nfhLg;gjw;Fg; gjpyhf fw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhd

re;ju;g;gj;ij ngw;Wf;nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.

S.Logarajah SLTES BNCOE

• mwg;NghjidapdJk;> MSik tsu;r;rpapdJk; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij
typAWj;Jk; &N]h Mrpupau; mwnthOf;f MSik nfhz;ltuhf ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;W $wpapUf;fpd;whu;.

• ,g;gUtj;jpy; fy;tp xU tpisahl;lhf khwpapUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

Kd; fl;bsikg;gUtKk; mjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd fy;tpAk;

• 12 taJ – 15 taJ tiuahd fhyk; ,g;gUtj;Jf;FupajhFk;.

• gps;isg;gUtj;jpy; ngw;Wf; nfhz;;l Muk;g mwpit mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L

,g;gUtj;jpy; mwpthdJ Jupjkhf tpUj;jpailAk;. ,g;gUtj;jpy; gps;isf;Fj;
jd;idr; Rw;wpAs;s cyifg;gw;wp mwpe;Jnfhs;s Mu;tk; vw;gLk; mjdhy;
Gtpapay;> thdpay;> Nghd;wtw;iwf; fw;f re;ju;g;gkspj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

• ,g;gUtj;jpy; fy;tpapd; Nehf;fk; fy;tpia toq;Ftjy;y fy;tpiag; ngw;Wf;

nfhs;sj; Njitahd rf;jpia toq;FtjhFk;. Mjw;F gpd;tUk; fw;wy;
Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;jjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;F fz;Lgpbj;jy; Kiwnray;
%yk; fw;Fk; Kiwiaak; gad;gLj;JtNj kpfTk; crpjkhdjhFk;

• gpd;du; gbg;gbahf E}y;fspypUe;Jk;> Muha;r;rp %yKk; fw;wypy; <Lglr;

nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

• r%fg;gapw;rpiag; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sTk;> njhopw;gapw;rpiag; ngw;Wf;

nfhs;sTk; re;ju;g;gk; toq;f Ntz;bajd; NjitiaAk; &N]h
typAWj;Jfpd;whu;.

• ,g;gUtj;jpYk; gps;isfSf;F cly; tsu;r;rpia Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s

clw;gapw;rp mspf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

fl;bsikg;gUtKk; mjw;Ffe;j fy;tpAk;

• 15 taJf;Fk; 19 taJf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l fhyk; ,g;gUtj;Jf;FupajhFk;.

• ,g;gUtj;jpy; gps;is fw;f Ntz;ba Kf;fpakhd ghlk; mtdJ cs;sj;jpNy

Njhd;Wk; Mirfis fl;Lg;gLj;jpf; nfhz;L r%f czu;TfisAk;>

S.Logarajah SLTES BNCOE

 r%fj;njhlu;GfisAk; tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;tjhFk;. (tuyhW> ,yf;fpak;>
rkak;> Nghd;w ghlq;fs; cjTk;.)

• jpwe;j rpe;jidj;jpwd; tsu;e;Js;s ,g;gUtj;jpy; ghltplaq;fisf; fw;Wf;

nfhs;Sk; jpwd; gps;isf;F cz;L.

• ,e;jtajpy; Rakhd vz;zq;fis Vw;gLj;jf; $ba fy;tp Njit.

,t;tajpy; tpQ;Qhdf; fy;tp fw;wy; mtrpak;.

• tuyhW> ,yf;fpak;> rkak;>clypaw; fy;tp> mofpay; fy;tp vd;gd

fiyj;jpl;lj;jpy; Nru;f;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

• tpOkpaq;fis tpUj;jp nra;tJq; $l fiyj;jpl;lj;jpD}l eilngWjy;

Ntz;Lk;.

tsu;e;Njhu; gUtKk; mjw;Ffe;j fy;tpAk;

• 20taijj; jhz;br; nry;tJ tsu;e;Njhu; gUtk; vdf; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.

• ,g;gUtj;ij mile;j gpd;du; nrk;ikahd ,yf;fpaq;fs;> ehlfq;fs; %yk;

fy;tp fw;W> r%f tho;f;iff;Fg; gof;fg;gLtu;.

• cyif cupathW tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;F> Rw;Wg;gazj;jpy; <Lgl Ntz;Lk;.

• murpay; eltbf;iffspYk; <LgLtJ cfe;jJ.

&N]htpd; ngz; fy;tp

• &N]h ngz;fSf;F fy;tpiag; gpNuupj;j NghjpYk; mtu; ngz;fSf;fhd

fy;tp tpNrlkhd fy;tpahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;fpwhu;.

S.Logarajah SLTES BNCOE

• Vkpyp vDk; E}ypy; Mz;ghj;jpukh vkpypf;F jr;Rj; njhopiy gpNuupj;Js;s
&N]h Nrhgp vDk; ngz; ghj;jpuj;jpw;F tPl;Lf; ifj;njhopy; ghlq;fisg;
gpNuupj;Js;shu;.

&N]htpf; fy;tpf; fUj;Jf;fs; jw;fhy Nehf;F

• “gps;isfspd; Mw;wy;fspd;> cWg;Gf;fspd; ,ay;nghj;j tsu;r;rpNa fy;tp”

vd;w ,tuJ tiuaiw kpf Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.

• gps;isia tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjpYk;> khztu; ikaf; fy;tpia mwpKfk;

nra;tjpYk; &N]h xU kd;Ndhbahfj; jpfo;fpd;whu;.Vnddpy; xU gps;is
kdpjdhf cUthtjw;F Kd; gps;isiag; gps;isahfNt tho;tjw;F
,lkspf;f Ntz;Lk; vd typAWj;jpAs;shu;.

• gps;is vij tpUk;gfpd;wNjh mJNt fw;gpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;w &N]htpd;

fUj;Jk; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. mjhtJ gps;isfs; jq;fSflF cfe;j
topfspy; fw;Wf; nfhs;fpd;whu;fs;. vdNt MrpupauJ fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfis
mtu;fs; kPJ jpzpf;fyhfhJ. Mt;thW nra;jhy; mJ vjpupilahd
gyd;fisNa jUk; vd;whu;.

• khztd; jhdhf fw;fpd;w NghJ tYthd eilKiwf; fw;wy; epfo;fpd;wJ.

MfNt jk;ikj; jhNk ca;Jzu;e;J fw;fpd;w tha;g;Gf;fisAk;>
re;ju;g;gq;fisAk; mikj;Jf; nfhLg;gJ Mrpupau;fspd; gzpahf mika
Ntz;Lk; vd;w &N]htpd; fUj;J kpfTk; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.

• tha;nkhopf; fw;gpj;jiyf; fhl;bYk; Neub mDgtq;fis toq;Fjy;>

cjhuzq;fSf; $lhff; fw;gpj;jy;> gpupr;rpid tpLtpj;jy;> %ykhd fw;gpj;jy;
Kiwfis gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;w rpghu;R kpf kpf Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.

• xU khztd; tFg;giwapy; fw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; ed;newpfisf; fhl;bYk;

ehd;F klq;F $Ljyhf mtw;iw tpisahl;L ikjhdj;jpy; ,ay;ghfNt
fw;Wf; nfhs;fpd;whd;. vd;w fUj;Jk; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.

• Mrpupau;fs; fw;Nghupd; ,lj;jpy; jd;id itj;Jg; ghu;jJ

; tpisTfis cWjp
nra;J nfhz;Nl fw;gpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w fUj;Jk; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.

S.Logarajah SLTES BNCOE

•

S.Logarajah SLTES BNCOE