CHAPTER 15 COMPOUND ANGLES

EXERCISE 75 Page 175

1. Reduce the following to the sine of one angle:

(a) sin 37o cos 21o + cos 37o sin 21o

(b) sin 7t cos 3t - cos 7t sin 3t

(a) sin(A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B

Hence, sin 37o cos 21o + cos 37o sin 21o = sin(37o + 21o) = sin 58º

(b) sin(A - B) = sin A cos B - cos A sin B

Hence, sin 7t cos 3t - cos 7t sin 3t = sin(7t – 3t) = sin 4t

2. Reduce the following to the cosine of one angle:

(a) cos 71o cos 33o - sin 71o sin 33o

(b) cos cos + sin sin

(a) cos(A + B) = cos A cos B - sin A sin B

Hence, cos 71o cos 33o - sin 71o sin 33o = cos(71o + 33o) = cos 104º

(b) cos(A - B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B

Hence, cos cos + sin sin = cos = cos

3. Show that: (a) sin (x + ) + sin (x + )= cos x

and (b) - sin( - ) = cos 

(a) L.H.S. =

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 =

= = = R.H.S.

(b) L.H.S. =

= = cos  = R.H.S.

4. Prove that: (a) sin( + ) - sin( - )= (sin  + cos )

and (b) = tan 

(a) L.H.S. =

= = R.H.S.

The diagram below shows an isosceles triangle where AB = BC = 1 and angles A and C are both

45. By Pythagoras, AC = . Hence, sin = sin 45 = cos 45=

(b) L.H.S. =

= = R.H.S.

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5. Given cos A = 0.42 and sin B = 0.73 evaluate:

(a) sin (A - B), (b) cos (A - B), (c) tan (A + B), correct to 4 decimal places

Since cos A = 0.42 then A = cos 0.42 = 65.17o

Thus sin A = sin 65.17o = 0.9075 and tan A = tan 65.17o = 2.1612

Since sin B = 0.73, B = sin 0.73 = 46.89o

Thus cos B = cos 46.89o = 0.6834 and tan B = tan 46.89o = 1.0682

(a) sin(A - B) = sin A cos B - cos A sin B

= (0.9075)(0.6834) - (0.42)(0.73) = 0.6202 - 0.3066 = 0.3136

(b) cos(A - B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B

= (0.42)(0.6834) + (0.9075)(0.73) = 0.2870 + 0.6625 = 0.9495

(c) tan(A + B) = = = = - 2.4678

6. Solve for values of  between 0o and 360o: 3 sin( + 30o) = 7 cos 

3 sin( + 30o) = 3[sin θ cos 30o + cos θ sin 30o] from the formula for sin (A + B)

= 3[sin θ (0.8660) + cos θ (0.50)]

= 2.5980 sin θ + 1.50 cos θ

Since 3 sin(θ + 30o) = 7 cos θ then 2.5980 sin θ + 1.50 cos θ = 7 cos θ

Rearranging gives: 2.5980 sin θ = 7 cos θ – 1.50 cos θ = 5.50 cos θ

and = = 2.1170

i.e. tan θ = 2.1170 and θ = tan 2.1170 = 64.72o or 244.72º since tangent is positive in the first and

third quadrants

Hence, the solution of 3 sin( + 30o) = 7 cos  for values of  between 0o and 360o are:
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 θ = 64.72o or 244.72º

7. Solve for values of  between 0o and 360o: 4 sin( - 40o) = 2 sin 

4 sin( - 40) = 2 sin 

i.e. 4[sin  cos 40 - cos  sin 40] = 2 sin 
i.e. 3.064178 sin  - 2.57115 cos  = 2 sin 
Hence, 1.064178 sin  = 2.57115 cos 

i.e. tan  = 2.4160901 and = = 6731 and 24731 (see diagram below)
or  = 67.52 and 247.52

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EXERCISE 76 Page 179

1. Change 5 sin t + 8 cos t into the form R sin(t ± )

Let 5 sin t + 8 cos t = R sin(t + )

Then 5 sin t + 8 cos t = R[sin t cos  + cos t sin ]

= (R cos ) sin t + (R sin ) cos t

Equating coefficients of sin t gives: 5 = R cos , from which, cos  =

Equating coefficients of cos t gives: 8 = R sin , from which, sin  =

There is only one quadrant where both sin  and cos  are positive, and this is the first, as shown

below.

By Pythagoras' theorem: R = = 9.4334

From trigonometric ratios:  = tan = 57.99º or 1.012 radians

Hence, 5 sin t + 8 cos t = 9.434 sin(t + 1.012)

2. Change 4 sin t - 3 cos t into the form R sin(t ± )

Let 4 sin t – 3 cos t = R sin(t + )

= R[sin t cos  + cos t sin ]

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 = (R cos ) sin t + (R sin ) cos t

Hence, 4 = R cos  from which, cos  =

and -3 = R sin  from which, sin  =

There is only one quadrant where both cosine is positive and sine is negative, i.e. the 4th quadrant,
as shown in the diagram below.

R= =5 and  = = 0.644 rad (make sure your calculator is on radians)

Hence, 4 sin t – 3 cos t = 5 sin(t – 0.644) (Note – 0.644 since in 4th quadrant)

3. Change - 7 sin t + 4 cos t into the form R sin(t ± )

Let -7 sin t + 4 cos t = R sin(t + )

= R[sin t cos  + cos t sin ]
= (R cos ) sin t + (R sin ) cos t

Hence, -7 = R cos  from which, cos  =

and 4 = R sin  from which, sin  =

There is only one quadrant where both cosine is negative and sine is positive, i.e. the 2nd quadrant,
as shown in the diagram below.

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 R= = 8.062 and  = = 0.519 rad
Thus, in the diagram,  =  - 0.519 = 2.622
Hence, - 7 sin t + 4 cos t = 8.062 sin(t + 2.622)

4. Change - 3 sin t - 6 cos t into the form R sin(t ± )

Let - 3 sin t - 6 cos t = R sin(t + )

= R {sin t cos  + cos t sin ]

= (R cos ) sin t + (R sin ) cos t

Equating coefficients gives: - 3 = R cos , from which, cos  =

and - 6 = R sin , from which, sin  =

There is only one quadrant in which both cosine and sine are negative, i.e. the third quadrant, as shown

below.

By Pythagoras, R = = 6.708

and  = tan = 63.435o

Hence,  = 180o + 63.435o = 243.435o or 4.249 radians

Thus, - 3 sin t - 6 cos t = 6.708 sin(t + 4.249)

An angle of 243.435o is the same as - 116.565o or - 2.034 radians

Hence, - 3 sin t - 6 cos t = 6.708 sin(t – 2.034)

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5. Solve the following equations for values of  between 0o and 360o:

(a) 2 sin  + 4 cos  = 3 (b) 12 sin  - 9 cos  = 7

(a) Let 2 sin  + 4 cos  = R sin( + )

= R[sin  cos  + cos  sin ]

= (R cos ) sin  + (R sin ) cos 

Hence, 2 = R cos  from which, cos  =

and 4 = R sin  from which, sin  =

There is only one quadrant where both cosine is positive and sine is positive, i.e. the 1st
quadrant, as shown in the diagram below.

R= = 4.472 and = = 63.43

Hence, 2 sin  + 4 cos  = 4.472 sin( + 63.43)
Thus, since 2 sin  + 4 cos  = 3 then 4.472 sin( + 63.43) = 3

i.e. sin( + 63.43) =

and  + 63.43 = = 42.13 or 180 - 42.13 = 137.87

Thus,  = 42.13 - 63.43 = - 21.30  360 - 21.30 = 338.70

or  = 137.87 - 63.43 = 74.44

i.e.  = 74.44 and 338.70 satisfies the equation 2 sin  + 4 cos  = 3

(b) Let 12 sin  - 9 cos  = R sin( + )

= R[sin  cos  + cos  sin ]
= (R cos ) sin  + (R sin ) cos 

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 Hence, 12 = R cos  from which, cos  =

and -9 = R sin  from which, sin  =

There is only one quadrant where both cosine is positive and sine is negative, i.e. the 4th
quadrant, as shown in the diagram below.

R= = 15 and = = 36.87
Hence, 12 sin  - 9 cos  = 15 sin( - 36.87) (Note – 36.87° since in 4th quadrant)

Thus, since 12 sin  - 9 cos  = 7 then 15 sin( - 36.87) = 7

i.e. sin( - 36.87) =

and  - 36.87 = = 27.82 or 180 - 27.82 = 152.18

Thus,  = 27.82 + 36.87 = 64.69 or  = 152.18 + 36.87 = 189.05

i.e.  = 64.69 and 189.05 satisfies the equation 12 sin  - 9 cos  = 7

6. Solve the following equations for 0o < A < 360o:

(a) 3 cos A + 2 sin A = 2.8 (b) 12 cos A - 4 sin A = 11

(a) Let 3 cos A + 2 sin A = R sin(A + )

= R[sin A cos  + cos A sin ]

= (R cos ) sin A + (R sin ) cos A

Hence, 2 = R cos  from which, cos  =

and 3 = R sin  from which, sin  =

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 There is only one quadrant where both sine and cosine are positive, i.e. the 1st quadrant, as

shown in the diagram below.

R= = = 3.606 and  = = 56.31º

Hence, 3 cos A + 2 sin A = 3.606 sin(A + 56.31º)

Thus, since 3 cos A + 2 sin A = 2.8 then 3.606 sin(A + 56.31º) = 2.8

i.e. sin(A + 56.31º) =

and A + 56.31º = = 50.95 or 180 - 50.95 = 129.05

Thus, A = 50.95 - 56.31 = - 5.36  360 - 5.36 = 354.64

or A = 129.05 - 56.31 = 72.74

i.e. A = 72.74 and 354.64 satisfies the equation 3 cos A + 2 sin A = 2.8

(b) Let 12 cos A - 4 sin A = R sin(A + )

= R[sin A cos  + cos A sin ]

= (R cos ) sin A + (R sin ) cos A

Hence, - 4 = R cos  from which, cos  =

and 12 = R sin  from which, sin  =

There is only one quadrant where both sine is positive and cosine is negative, i.e. the 2nd

quadrant, as shown in the diagram below.

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 R= = 12.649 and in the above diagram, θ = tan = 71.565º

Hence,  = 180o – 71.565o = 108.435o

Thus, 12 cos A - 4 sin A = 12.649 sin(A + 108.435º) = 11

Hence, sin(A + 108.435º) = from which,

(A + 108.435o) = sin = 60.416º or 119.584º

Thus A = 60.416º - 108.435o = - 48.019º  (- 48.019º + 360o) = 311.98º

or A = 119.584º - 108.435o = 11.15º

The solutions are thus A = 11.15º or 311.98º, which may be checked in the original equation

7. Solve the following equations for values of  between 0o and 360o:

(a) (b)

(a) Let = R sin(θ + )

= R[sin θ cos  + cos θ sin ]

= (R cos ) sin θ + (R sin ) cos θ

Hence, 3 = R cos  from which, cos  =

and 4 = R sin  from which, sin  =

There is only one quadrant where both sine and cosine are positive, i.e. the 1st quadrant, as

shown in the diagram below.

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 R= =5 and  = = 53.13º

Hence, = 5 sin(θ + 53.13º)

Thus, since then 5 sin(θ + 53.13º) = 3

i.e. sin(θ + 53.13º) =

and  + 53.13º = = 36.87 or 180 - 36.87 = 143.13

Thus,  = 36.87 - 53.13 = - 16.26  360 - 16.26 = 343.74

or  = 143.13 - 53.13 = 90

i.e.  = 90 and 343.74 satisfies the equation

(b) Let = R sin( + )

= R[sin  cos  + cos  sin ]

= (R cos ) sin  + (R sin ) cos 

Hence, 1 = R cos  from which, cos  =

and 2 = R sin  from which, sin  =

There is only one quadrant where both sine is positive and cosine is positive, i.e. the 1st

quadrant, as shown in the diagram below.

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 R= = 2.236 and  = = 63.43º

Thus, = 2.236 sin( + 63.43º) = 2

Hence, sin( + 63.43º) = from which,

( + 63.43º) = sin = 63.435º or 116.565º

Thus  = 63.435º - 63.43o = 0

or  = 116.565º - 63.43o = 53.14º

The solutions are thus  = 0º or 53.14º, which may be checked in the original equation

8. Solve the following equations for values of  between 0o and 360o:

(a) (b)

(a) Let sin  + 6 cos  = R sin( + )

= R[sin  cos  + cos  sin ]
= (R cos ) sin  + (R sin ) cos 

Hence, 1 = R cos  from which, cos  =

and 6 = R sin  from which, sin  =

There is only one quadrant where both cosine is positive and sine is positive, i.e. the 1st
quadrant, as shown in the diagram below.

R= = 6.083 and = = 80.54

Hence, sin  + 6 cos  = 6.083 sin( + 80.54)

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 Thus, since sin  + 6 cos  = then 6.083 sin( + 80.54) =

i.e. sin( + 80.54) =

and  + 80.54 = = 16.54 or 180 - 16.54 = 163.46

Thus,  = 16.54 - 80.54 = - 64  360 - 64 = 296

or  = 163.46 - 80.54 = 82.92

i.e.  = 82.92 and 296 satisfies the equation 2 sin  + 4 cos  = 3

(b) Let = R sin(3 + )

= R[sin 3 cos  + cos 3 sin ]

= (R cos ) sin 3 + (R sin ) cos 3

Hence, 2 = R cos  from which, cos  =

and 8 = R sin  from which, sin  =

There is only one quadrant where both cosine is positive and sine is positive, i.e. the 1st
quadrant, as shown in the diagram below.

R= = and = = 75.96

Hence, 2 sin 3 + 8 cos 3 = sin(3 + 75.96)

Thus, since 2 sin 3 + 8 cos 3 = 1 then sin(3 + 75.96) = 1

i.e. sin(3 + 75.96) =

and 3 + 75.96 = = 6.97 or 180 - 6.93 = 173.03

Thus, 3 = 6.97 - 75.96 = - 68.99 = 291.01 or 3 = 173.03 - 75.96 = 97.07

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 i.e. 3 = 291.01 or 291.01 + 360 = 651.01 or 651.01 + 360 = 1011.01

and 3 = 97.07 or 97.07 + 360 = 457.07 or 457.07 + 360 = 817.07

Hence, = = 97 or = 217 or = 337

and = = 32.36 or = 152.36 or = 272.36

Thus,  = 32.36, 97, 152.36, 217, 272.36 and 337 all satisfy the equation

9. The third harmonic of a wave motion is given by 4.3 cos 3 - 6.9 sin 3.

Express this in the form R sin(3 ± )

Let 4.3 cos 3 - 6.9 sin 3 = R sin(3 + )

= R[sin 3 cos  + cos 3 sin ]
= (R cos ) sin 3 + (R sin ) cos 3

Hence, -6.9 = R cos  from which, cos  =

and 4.3 = R sin  from which, sin  =

There is only one quadrant where both cosine is negative and sine is positive, i.e. the 2nd quadrant,
as shown in the diagram below.

R= = 8.13 and = = 3156

and  = 180 - 3156 = 1484 = 2.584 rad

Hence, 4.3 cos 3 - 6.9 sin 3 = 8.13 sin(3 + 2.584)

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10. The displacement x metres of a mass from a fixed point about which it is oscillating is given by:

x = 2.4 sin t + 3.2 cos t, where t is the time in seconds. Express x in the form R sin(t + )

Let x = 2.4 sin t + 3.2 cos t = R sin(t + )

= R[sin t cos  + cos t sin ]
= (R cos ) sin t + (R sin ) cos t

Hence, 2.4 = R cos  from which, cos  =

and 3.2 = R sin  from which, sin  =

There is only one quadrant where both cosine is positive and sine is positive, i.e. the 1st quadrant, as

shown in the diagram below.

R= = 4.0 and = = 53.13 or 0.927 rad

Hence, x = 2.4 sin t + 3.2 cos t = 4.0 sin(t + 0.927) m

11. Two voltages, v1 = 5 cos t and v2 = - 8 sin t are inputs to an analogue circuit. Determine an

expression for the output voltage if this is given by (v1 + v2)

v1 + v2 = 5 cos t + (- 8 sin t) = 5 cos t - 8 sin t

Let 5 cos t - 8 sin t = R sin(t + ) = R [sin t cos  + cos t sin ]

= (R cos ) sin t + (R sin ) cos t

Equating coefficients gives: 5 = R sin , from which, sin  =

and - 8 = R cos , from which, cos  =

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There is only one quadrant in which both sine is positive and cosine is negative, i.e. the second, as shown

below.

By Pythagoras, R = = 9.434 and  = tan = 32.01o

Hence,  = 180o – 32.01o = 147.99º = 2.583 rad

Thus, v1 + v2 = 5 cos t - 8 sin t = 9.434 sin(t + 2.583)V

12. The motion of a piston moving in a cylinder can be described by: x = (5 cos 2t + 5 sin 2t) cm

Express x in the form R sin(ωt + α).

Let 5 cos 2t + 5 sin 2t = R sin(2t + ) = R [sin 2t cos  + cos 2t sin ]

= (R cos ) sin 2t + (R sin ) cos 2t

Equating coefficients gives: 5 = R sin , from which, sin  =

and 5 = R cos , from which, cos  =

There is only one quadrant in which both sine and cosine are positive, i.e. the first, as shown

below.

By Pythagoras, R = = 7.07 and  = tan = 45º = rad

270
Thus, x = (5 cos 2t + 5 sin 2t) cm = 7.07 sin cm

EXERCISE 77 Page 180

1. The power p in an electrical circuit is given by p = . Determine the power in terms of V, R and

cos 2t when v = V cos t

Power, p =

One of the formulae for the cosine of the double angle is: cos 2t =

from which,

271
Hence, power, p = =

2. Prove the following identities:

(a) 1 - = tan2 (b) = 2 cot2 t

(c) = (d) 2 cosec 2 cos 2 = cot  - tan 

(a) L.H.S. =

= 1- = = R.H.S.

(b) L.H.S. = = R.H.S.

(c) L.H.S. =

= = R.H.S.

(d) L.H.S. = 2 cosec 2 cos 2 =

= = R.H.S.

3. If the third harmonic of a waveform is given by V3 cos 3, express the third harmonic in terms of the first

harmonic cos , when V3 = 1

When = 1, = cos 3 = cos(2 + ) = cos 2 cos  - sin 2 sin 

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 =

i.e. cos 3 =

4. Solve for in the range :

If then

Rearranging gives:

which is a quadratic equation in sin θ

Solving by quadratic formula or by factorising: (2 sin θ – 1)(sin θ + 1) = 0

from which, sin θ = or sin θ = - 1 then

from which, θ = 30º or 150º or 270º

Since the required range is then θ = 30º or 150º or - 90º

5. Solve for in the range :

Since then 3(2 sin  cos ) + 2 cos  = 0

i.e. 6 sin  cos  + 2 cos  = 0

Factorising gives: 2 cos (3 sin  + 1) = 0

Hence, either 2 cos  = 0 or (3 sin  + 1) = 0

i.e. cos  = 0 or sin  =

Thus, = 90 and 270 or = 199.47 and 340.53

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Hence, in the range :  = 90, - 90, - 19.47 and - 160.53

6. Solve for in the range :

Since then

i.e. cos θ(2 sin θ + 1) = 0

from which, cos θ = 0 or 2 sin θ + 1 = 0

i.e. cos θ = 0 or sin  =

Thus, θ = 90º or 270º or 210º or 330º

However, in the required range of : θ = 90º or - 90º or - 150º or - 30º

7. Solve for in the range :

Since then

Rearranging gives:

or

Factorising gives: (sin  - 2)(sin  + 1) = 0

from which, either (sin  - 2) = 0 or (sin  + 1) = 0

i.e. sin  = 2 (which has no solution) or sin  = - 1

Hence, = = 270

i.e. in the range :  = - 90

8. Solve for in the range :

Since then

Multiplying each term by sin  cos  gives:

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Cancelling gives:

Now and

Hence, 1 = sin 2

from which, 2 = = 90 or 90 + 360 = 450

Hence, = = 45 or = 225

In the range :  = 45 or - 135

EXERCISE 78 Page 182

1. Express sin 7t cos 2t as a sum or difference

sin 7t cos 2t = from (1), page 181

275
 =

2. Express cos 8x sin 2x as a sum or difference

cos 8x sin 2x = from (2), page 181

3. Express 2 sin 7t sin 3t as a sum or difference

2 sin 7t sin 3t = (2) from (4), page 181

= or cos 4t – cos 10t

4. Express 4 cos 3 cos  as a sum or difference

4 cos 3 cos  = from (3), page 181

= 2[cos 4 + cos 2]

5. Express 3 sin cos as a sum or difference

3 sin cos = (3) from (1), page 181

6. Solve the equation: 2 sin 2 sin  = cos  in the range  = 0 to  = 180o

2 sin 2 sin  = cos 

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i.e. 2(2 sin  cos ) sin  = cos 

i.e.

i.e.

and

Hence, cos  = 0 from which, = = 90

and from which, and sin  =

Hence, = = 30 and 150 (see diagram below)

and = = 210 and 330

Since the range is from  = 0 to  = 180, then the only values of  to satisfy: 2 sin 2 sin  = cos 

are:  = 30, 90 and 150

EXERCISE 79 Page 183

1. Express sin 3x + sin x as products

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sin 3x + sin x = from (5), page 182
= 2 sin 2x cos x

2. Express (sin 9 - sin 7) as products

(sin 9 - sin 7) = from (6), page 182

= cos 8θ sin θ

3. Express cos 5t + cos 3t as products

cos 5t + cos 3t = from (7), page 182

= 2 cos 4t cos t

4. Express (cos 5t - cos t) as products

(cos 5t - cos t) = from (8), page 182

= sin 3t sin 2t

5. Express (cos + cos ) as products

from (7), page 182

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 = =

6. Show that:(a) = tan x

(b) sin(5x - ) - sin(x + ) = cos 3x sin(2x - )

(a) L.H.S. = from equations (6) and (7), page 182

= = R.H.S.

(b) L.H.S. =

=
from equations (6) and (7), page 182

=
= cos 3x (cos  sin 2x – sin  cos 2x)

= cos 3x (sin 2x cos  – cos 2x sin )

= cos 3x sin(2x - ) = R.H.S.

7. Solve for in the range :

hence from (7), page 182

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i.e. 2 cos 4θ cos 2θ = 0

i.e. cos 4θ cos 2θ = 0

Hence, either cos 4θ = 0 or cos 2θ = 0

i.e. 4θ = or 2θ =

i.e. 4θ = 90º or 270º or 450º or 630º or 2θ = 90º or 270º

i.e. θ = 22.5º or 67.5º or 112.5º or 157.5º or θ = 45º or 135º

Hence, in the range : θ = 22.5º or 45º or 67.5º or 112.5º or 135º or 157.5º

8. Solve for in the range :

sin 3 - sin  = from (6), page 182

= 2 cos 2 sin 
Since then 2 cos 2 sin  = 0

Hence, either cos 2 = 0 or sin  = 0

i.e. either 2 = = 90 and 270 from which,  = 45 and 135

or = = 0 and 180

Hence,  = 0, 45, 135 and 180 all satisfy the equation

9. Solve in the range : cos 2x = 2 sin x

Since cos 2x = 2 sin x then

Rearranging gives:

Using the quadratic formula gives: sin x =

= 0.3660254… or - 1.3660254… (which has no

solution)
Hence, x= = 21.47 or 158.53

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10. Solve in the range : sin 4t + sin 2t = 0

sin 4t + sin 2t = 0 hence, from (5), page 182

i.e. 2 sin 3t cos t = 0

i.e. sin 3t cos t = 0

Hence, either sin 3t = 0 or cos t = 0

i.e. 3t = or t=

i.e. 3t = 0º or 180º or 360º or 540º or 720º or 900º or 1080º or t = 90º or 270º

i.e. t = 0º or 60º or 120º or 180º or 240º or 300º or 360º or t = 90º or 270º

Hence, in the range :

θ = 0º or 60º or 90º or 120º or 180º or 240º or 270º or 300º or 360º

EXERCISE 80 Page 186

1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (d) 5. (a)

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