CHAPTER 46 INTRODUCTION TO DIFFERENTIAL

EQUATIONS

EXERCISE 217 Page 526

1. Sketch a family of curves represented by each of the following differential equations:

(a) =6 (b) = 3x (c) =x+2

(a) If , then y = = 6x + c
There are an infinite number of graphs of y = 6x + c; three curves are shown below.

(b) If , then y =
A family of three typical curves is shown below.

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(c) If , then y =

A family of three typical curves is shown below.

2. Sketch the family of curves given by the equation = 2x + 3 and determine the equation of one of

these curves which passes through the point (1, 3)

If , then y =
If the curve passes through the point (1, 3) then x = 1 and y = 3,

Hence, 3= i.e. c = -1

and

A family of three curves is shown below, including which passes through the point
(1, 3).

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EXERCISE 218 Page 528

1. Solve: = cos 4x - 2x

Since = cos 4x - 2x y=

i.e. y=

2. Solve: 2x = 3 - x3

Since 2x = 3 - x3 i.e.

Hence, y= = ln x - +c

3. Solve: + x = 3, given y = 2 when x = 1

If , then and y =

If y = 2 when x = 1, then 2 = 3 - from which, c=

4. Solve: 3 + sin = 0, given y = when =

Since 3 + sin =0 i.e. =- sin θ

and y=

y= when = hence,

i.e. i.e. i.e. c=

Hence,

5. Solve: +2=x-3 , given y = 1 when x = 0

If then and

Hence,

If y = 1 when x = 0, then 1= i.e. c=

Thus, y= or

6. The gradient of a curve is given by + = 3x. Find the equation of the curve if it passes through

the point (1, )

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If , then

Hence,

If it passes through , x = 1 and y =

Thus, from which, c=

Hence,

7. The acceleration, a, of a body is equal to its rate of change of velocity, . Find an equation for v in

terms of t, given that when t = 0, velocity v = u

=a hence, v=

When t = 0, velocity v = u, hence, u=0+c from which, c = u

Hence, velocity, v = at + u or v = u + at

8. An object is thrown vertically upwards with an initial velocity, u, of 20 m/s. The motion of the object

follows the differential equation = u - gt, where s is the height of the object in metres at time t

seconds and g = 9.8 m/s2. Determine the height of the object after 3 seconds if s = 0 when t = 0

If = u – gt, then s=

Since s = 0 when t = 0, then c = 0

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Hence, and if u = 20 and s = 9.8, then s = 20t - i.e. u = 20t – 4.9

The height when t = 3, s = 3(20) – 4.9

i.e. height = 60 – 44.1 = 15.9 m

EXERCISE 219 Page 529

1. Solve: = 2 + 3y

Rearranging = 2 + 3y gives: dx =

Integrating both sides gives: =

Thus, by using the substitution u = (2 + 3y),

x= ln(2 + 3y) + c

2. Solve: = 2 cos2 y

If then

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and
i.e. tan y = 2x + c

3. Solve: (y2 + 2) = 5y, given y = 1 when x =

If then

and

i.e.

y = 1 when x = , hence, from which, c=

and

4. The current in an electric circuit is given by the equation Ri + L = 0, where L and R are constants.

Show that i = Ie-Rt/L, given that i = I when t = 0

If Ri + = 0, then = - Ri

and

from which, and

Thus, ln i =
i = I when t = 0, thus ln I = c

Hence, ln i =

i.e. ln i – ln I =
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i.e.

Taking anti-logarithms gives: and

5. The velocity of a chemical reaction is given by = k(a - x), where x is the amount transferred in

time t, k is a constant and a is the concentration at time t = 0 when x = 0. Solve the equation and

determine x in terms of t

If = k(a – x), then

and

i.e. – ln(a – x) = kt + c

t = 0 when x = 0, hence - ln a = c

Thus, – ln(a – x) = kt – ln a

i.e. ln a – ln(a – x) = kt

i.e.

and

i.e. i.e.

and x=a- i.e.

6. (a) Charge Q coulombs at time t seconds is given by the differential equation R + = 0, where

C is the capacitance in farads and R the resistance in ohms. Solve the equation for Q given that

Q = Q0 when t = 0

(b) A circuit possesses a resistance of 250 x 103 ohms and a capacitance of 8.5×10-6 farads, and after

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 0.32 seconds the charge falls to 8.0 C. Determine the initial charge and the charge after 1 second,

each correct to 3 significant figures

(a) If =0 then

i.e.

i.e. ln Q =

Q = Q0 when t = 0, hence, ln Q0 = k

Hence, ln Q =

i.e. ln Q - ln Q0 =

i.e.

and and

(b) R = 250  103  , C = 8.5  10-6 F, t = 0.32 s and Q = 8.0 C

Hence,

from which, initial charge, Q0 = 9.30 C

When t = 1 s, charge, Q = = 5.81 C

7. A differential equation relating the difference in tension T, pulley contact angle  and coefficient of

friction  is = T. When  = 0, T = 150 N, and  = 0.30 as slipping starts. Determine the tension

at the point of slipping when  = 2 radians. Determine also the value of  when T is 300 N

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Since = T then

and

i.e. ln T = μ θ + c

When  = 0, T = 150 N, and  = 0.30, hence ln 150 = (0.30)(0) + c

from which, c = ln 150

Hence, ln T = μ θ + ln 150

i.e. ln T – ln 150 = μ θ

i.e.

from which, and T = 150

When  = 2 radians, tension, T = 150 = 273.3 N

When T = 300 N, 300 = i.e. i.e.

Hence, ln 2 = ln = 0.30 θ

from which, contact angle, θ = = 2.31 rad

8. The rate of cooling of a body is given by = k , where k is a constant. If  = 60oC when t = 2

nearest second

If then and

i.e. ln  = kt + c

When  = 60C, t = 2, i.e. ln 60 = 2k + c (1)

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When  = 50C, t = 5, i.e. ln 50 = 5k + c (2)

(1) – (2) gives: ln 60 – ln 50 = -3k

from which, k=

Substituting in (1): ln 60 = 2(-0.06077) + c

from which, c = ln 60 + 2(0.06077) = 4.2159

Hence, ln  = kt + c = -0.06077t + 4.2159

When  = 40C, ln 40 = -0.06077t + 4.2159

and time, t = = 8 min 40 s

EXERCISE 220 Page 532

1. Solve: = 2y cos x

Since = 2y cos x then

and

i.e. ln y = 2 sin x + c
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2. Solve: (2y - 1) = (3x2 + 1), given x = 1 when y = 2

If (2y – 1) , then

i.e.

x =1 when y = 2, hence, 4–2=1+1+c from which, c=0

Thus,

3. Solve: = e2x-y, given x = 0 when y = 0

= e2x-y = (e2x)(e - y), by the laws of indices

Separating the variables gives: = e2x dx i.e. e y dy = e2x dx

Integrating both sides gives: =

Thus the general solution is: ey = e2x + c

When x = 0, y = 0, thus: e0 = e0 + c

from which, c=1- =

Hence the particular solution is: ey = e2x +

4. Solve: 2y(1 - x) + x(1 + y) = 0, given x = 1 when y = 1

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If 2y(1 – x) + x(1 + y) =0 then x(1 + y) = -2y(1 – x) = 2y(x – 1)

Thus,

i.e.

ln y + y = 2x – 2 ln x + c

x = 1 when y = 1, hence, ln 1 + 1 = 2 – 2 ln 1 + c from which, c = -1

Thus, ln y + y = 2x – 2 ln x – 1

or ln y + 2 ln x = 2x – y – 1

i.e. ln y + ln = 2x – y – 1

and

5. Show that the solution of the equation = is of the form = constant

Since then

i.e.

i.e.

i.e.

or

and = a constant

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6. Solve xy = (1 - x2) for y, given x = 0 when y = 1

Since xy = (1 - x2) then =

and

i.e.

For let u = (1 - x2) from which, and dx =

Hence,

i.e. since

then ln y = - ln(1 - x2) + c

x = 0 when y = 1, hence, ln 1 = - ln 1 + c from which, c = 0

Hence the particular solution is: ln y = - ln(1 - x2)

and ln y =

i.e. y=

i.e. y=

7. Determine the equation of the curve which satisfies the equation xy = x2 - 1, and which passes

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 through the point (1, 2)

Since then

i.e.

If the curve passes through (1, 2) then x = 1 and y = 2,

hence, from which, c =

Thus,

or

8. The p.d., V, between the plates of a capacitor C charged by a steady voltage E through a resistor R is

given by the equation CR +V=E

(a) Solve the equation for V given that at t = 0, V = 0

(b) Calculate V, correct to 3 significant figures, when E = 25 volts, C = 20 x 10-6 farads,

R = 200×103 ohms and t = 3.0 seconds

(a) Since then

i.e.

from which,

At t = 0, V = 0, hence, - ln E = k

Thus,

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 and

i.e.

i.e.

and

i.e. volts

(b) Voltage, = 13.2 V

9. Determine the value of p, given that , and that y = 0 when x = 2 and when x = 6.

Since =p–x then

i.e.

i.e.

i.e.

y = 0 when x = 2, hence, (1)

y = 0 when x = 6, hence, (2)

(1) – (2) gives:

i.e.

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i.e. from which, p = 3

EXERCISE 221 Page 533

1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (c) 4. (b) 5. (c) 6. (a) 7. (c) 8. (b) 9. (d) 10. (a)

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