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1. Find the value of tan 195 in surd form.

tan 195 = tan(60 + 135)
tan 60 + tan 135
=
1 tan 60 tan 135
=

3 + (1)
1 ( 3 )(1)

3 1
1+ 3
3 1
3 1

3 +1
3 1

=
=

( 3 1) 2
3 1

3 2 3 +1
2
= 2 3
=

2. Find the value of sin 165 in surd form.

sin 165 = sin(120 + 45)
= sin 120 cos 45 + cos120 sin 45
=(

3
2
1
2
)( ) + ( )( )
2
2
2 2

6
2

4
4

6 2
4

3. Simplify sin( x 2 y ) cos y + cos( x 2 y ) sin y .

sin( x 2 y ) cos y + cos( x 2 y ) sin y = sin[( x 2 y ) + y ]
= sin( x y )
4. Simplify cos( x + y ) cos 2 x + sin( x + y ) sin 2 x .
cos( x + y ) cos 2 x + sin( x + y ) sin 2 x = cos[( x + y ) 2 x]
= cos( y x)
5. If tan( A + B ) = 3 and tan A = 1, find the value of tan B in surd form.

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tan B = tan[( A + B ) A]
=

tan( A + B ) tan A
1 + tan( A + B ) tan A

3 (1)
1 + ( 3 )(1)

3 +1
1+ 3

1 3 1 3

1+ 3 1 3

(1 3 ) 2
1 3

1 2 3 + 3
2

= 2 + 3

6. It is given that sin =

tan(a ).

12
3
3
and sin = , where 0 < < and < <
. Find the value of
2
2
13
5

13

12

12
5
3
tan =
4
tan a =

tan(a ) =
=
=

tan a tan
1 + tan a tan
12
5

3
4

1 + ( 12
)( 3 )
5 4
33
56

7. It is given that sin =

sec( + ) .

5
4

and sin = , where 0 < < and < < . Find the value of
13
2
5
2

y
13

12

12
13
3
cos =
5
cos =

5
x

5
3 O

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cos( + ) = cos cos sin sin

5 4
3
12
= ( )( ) ( )( )
13 5
13 5
36 20
=
65 65
56
=
65
1
sec( + ) =
cos( + )
65
=
56

8. It is given that A and B are acute angles, tan A =

1
4
and cos B = . Find the value of cot( A + B ) .
4
5

B
4

tan B =

3
4

tan( A + B) =
=
=
=
=

tan A + tan B
1 tan A tan B
1
+ 34
4
1 ( 14 )( 34 )
1
3
1 16

1
13
16

16
13

1
tan( A + B)
13
=
16

cot( A + B) =

9. It is given that A and B are obtuse angles, sin A =

csc(A B) .
y

4
5
and cos B = . Find the value of
5
13

3 O

12

13
B
5

3
5
12
sin B =
13
cos A =

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sin( A B) = sin A cos B cos A sin B

4
5
3 12
= ( )( ) ( )( )
5 13
5 13
20 36
=
+
65 65
16
=
65
1
csc( A B) =
sin( A B)
65
=
16

10. If A and B are obtuse angles, sin A =

3
16
and cos( A + B ) = , find the value of cos B .
5
65

< A < , < B <

2
2
< A + B < 2
cos( A + B) < 0
3
< A+ B <
2
y

y
16

A
x

cos A =

A+B
O

63

65

4
5

63
65
cos B = cos[( A + B ) A]

sin( A + B) =

= cos( A + B ) cos A + sin( A + B ) sin A

= (
=

4
63 3
16
)( ) + ( )( )
65 5
65
5

64 189

325 325

5
13

1
1
1
1
, tan B = , tan C = and tan D = , find the value
2
4
5
8
of tan( A + B + C + D) without using a calculator.
tan A + tan B
tan( A + B) =
1 tan A tan B

11. If A, B, C and D are acute angles, tan A =

=
=

1
2

1
4

1 ( 12 )( 14 )
6
7

tan(C + D) =
=
=

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tan C + tan D
1 tan C tan D
1
5

+ 81

1 ( 15 )( 81 )
1
3

tan( A + B + C + D) =
=
=

tan( A + B ) + tan(C + D)
1 tan( A + B ) tan(C + D)
6
7

1
3

1 ( 76 )( 13 )
5
3

12. Prove that cos( A + B ) cos A + sin( A + B ) sin A cos B = 0 .

L.H.S. = cos( A + B) cos A + sin( A + B) sin A cos B
= cos[( A + B) A] cos B
= cos B cos B

=0
= R.H.S.
cos( A + B) cos A + sin( A + B) sin A cos B = 0

4 sin cos
13. Prove that tan( + ) + tan( ) =
.
4
4
cos 2 sin 2

L.H.S. = tan( + ) + tan( )

4
4

tan + tan 4

1 tan tan 4

tan tan 4

1 + tan tan 4

tan + 1 tan 1
+
1 tan 1 + tan

(tan + 1)(1 + tan ) + (tan 1)(1 tan )

(1 tan )(1 + tan )

tan 2 + 2 tan + 1 tan 2 + 2 tan 1

1 tan 2

4 tan
1 tan 2

4 sin
cos

sin 2
cos 2

4 sin cos
cos 2 sin 2
= R.H.S.

4 sin cos
tan( + ) + tan( ) =
4
4
cos 2 sin 2
cos( A B ) cos( A + B )
= tan A tan B .
14. Prove that
cos( A B ) + cos( A + B )
=

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cos( A B ) cos( A + B )
cos( A B ) + cos( A + B )
(cos A cos B + sin A sin B ) (cos A cos B sin A sin B )
=
(cos A cos B + sin A sin B ) + (cos A cos B sin A sin B )
2 sin A sin B
=
2 cos A cos B
= tan A tan B
= R.H.S.
cos( A B) cos( A + B)
= tan A tan B
cos( A B) + cos( A + B)

L.H.S. =

cos( A + B) + cos( A B)
= cot B .
sin( A B) sin( A + B)
cos( A + B ) + cos( A B )
L.H.S. =
sin( A B ) sin( A + B )
(cos A cos B sin A sin B ) + (cos A cos B + sin A sin B )
=
(sin A cos B cos A sin B ) (sin A cos B + cos A sin B )
2 cos A cos B
=
2 cos A sin B
= cot B
= R.H.S.
cos( A + B) + cos( A B)
= cot B

sin( A B) sin( A + B)
16. If 2 cos( A B ) = 3 cos( A + B ) , prove that 5 tan A = cot B .
2 cos( A B) = 3 cos( A + B)
2 cos A cos B + 2 sin A sin B = 3 cos A cos B 3 sin A sin B
5 sin A sin B = cos A cos B
5 tan A = cot B
17. It is given that sin A + cos B = m and sin B cos A = n . Express sin( A B) in terms of m and n.
sin A + cos B = m

15. Prove that

(sin A + cos B) 2 = m 2
sin 2 A + 2 sin A cos B + cos 2 B = m 2
m 2 sin 2 A cos 2 B
2
sin B cos A = n
sin A cos B =

(sin B cos A) 2 = n 2
sin 2 B 2 sin B cos A + cos 2 A = n 2
n 2 cos 2 A sin 2 B
2
sin( A B ) = sin A cos B cos A sin B
cos A sin B =

n 2 cos 2 A sin 2 B
m 2 sin 2 A cos 2 B
)
(
2
2

m 2 + n 2 sin 2 A cos 2 A sin 2 B cos 2 B

2

m2 + n2 2
2

18. If (tan a 3 )(tan 3 ) = 4 , where and are acute angles, find + .

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(tan a 3 )(tan 3 ) = 4
tan a tan 3 tan a 3 tan + 3 = 4

tan a tan 1 = 3 (tan a + tan )

tan a + tan
1
=
1 tan a tan
3
1
tan(a + ) =
3

0<< , 0<<
2
2
0< +<
5
+ =
6

19. If A + 2B = 180 , prove that tan B =

A + 2 B = 180

sin A
.
1 cos A

A = 180 2 B
sin A
sin(180 2 B)
=
1 cos A 1 cos(180 2 B)
sin 2 B
=
1 + cos 2 B
2 sin B cos B
=
1 + 2 cos 2 B 1
= tan B
sin A
tan B =
1 cos A
20. Let = 45 .
(a) Express tn in terms of tan .
(b) Prove that (tan a + 1)(tan 1) = 2 .

(c) Hence prove that tan 75 = 2 + 3 .

(a) = 45
= 45 +

tn = tn(45 + )
tn 45 + tn
1 tn 45 tn
1 + tn
=
1 tn
=

(b) L.H.S. = (tan a + 1)(tan 1)

1 + tan
+ 1)(tan 1)
1 tan
1 + tan + 1 tan
)(tan 1)
=(
1 tan
= 2
= R.H.S.
(tan a + 1)(tan 1) = 2
(c) Take = 75 , then = 30.
=(

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(tan 75 + 1)(tan 30 1) = 2
(tan 75 + 1)(

1
1) = 2
3

1 3
(tan 75 + 1)(
) = 2
3
tan 75 + 1 =

2 3 1+ 3

1 3 1+ 3

tan 75 + 1 =

2 3 + 23
1 3

tan 75 + 1 = 3 + 3
tan 75 = 2 + 3

21. If A + B + C = 180 , prove that sin 2 A = cos 2 B + cos 2 C + 2 cos A cos B cos C .
L.H.S. = sin 2 A
= sin 2 [180 ( B + C )]
= [sin( B + C )]2
= (sin B cos C + cos B sin C ) 2
= sin 2 B cos 2 C + 2 sin B sin C cos B cos C + cos 2 B sin 2 C
= (1 cos 2 B ) cos 2 C + 2 sin B sin C cos B cos C + cos 2 B (1 cos 2 C )

= cos 2 C cos 2 B cos 2 C + 2 sin B sin C cos B cos C + cos 2 B cos 2 B cos 2 C
= cos 2 B + cos 2 C 2 cos B cos C (cos B cos C sin B sin C )
= cos 2 B + cos 2 C 2 cos B cos C cos( B + C )
= cos 2 B + cos 2 C 2 cos B cos C cos(180 A)
= cos 2 B + cos 2 C + 2 cos A cos B cos C
= R.H.S.

sin 2 A = cos 2 B + cos 2 C + 2 cos A cos B cos C

C
C
A
A
B
B
22. If A + B + C = 180 , prove that tan tan + tan tan + tan tan = 1.
2
2
2
2
2
2
A
B
B
C
C
A
L.H.S. = tan tan + tan tan + tan tan
2
2
2
2
2
2
A
B
C
B
C
= tan (tan + tan ) + tan tan
2
2
2
2
2
B
C
B
C
180 B C
)(tan + tan ) + tan tan
= tan(
2
2
2
2
2
B C
B
C
B
C
= tan[90 ( + )](tan + tan ) + tan tan
2
2
2
2
2 2
B C
B
C
B
C
= cot( + )(tan + tan ) + tan tan
2
2
2 2
2
2
C
B
1 tan 2 tan 2
B
C
B
C
(tan + tan ) + tan tan
=
C
B
2
2
2
2
tan 2 + tan 2

= 1 tan
=1
= R.H.S.

C
B
C
B
tan + tan tan
2
2
2
2

tan

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B
B
C
C
A
A
tan + tan tan + tan tan = 1
2
2
2
2
2
2

23. Given that A + B + C = 90, prove that sin 2 B sin 2 C = cos A sin( B C ) .
R.H.S. = cos A sin( B C )
= cos[90 ( B + C )] sin( B C )
= sin( B + C ) sin( B C )
= (sin B cos C + cos B sin C )(sin B cos C cos B sin C )
= sin 2 B cos 2 C cos 2 B sin 2 C
= sin 2 B (1 sin 2 C ) (1 sin 2 B ) sin 2 C
= sin 2 B sin 2 B sin 2 C sin 2 C + sin 2 B sin 2 C
= sin 2 B sin 2 C
= L.H.S.
sin 2 B sin 2 C = cos A sin( B C )
24. Prove that sin( A + B ) cos C sin( A + C ) cos B = sin( B C ) cos A .
L.H.S. = sin( A + B ) cos C sin( A + C ) cos B
= (sin A cos B + cos A sin B ) cos C (sin A cos C + cos A sin C ) cos B
= sin A cos B cos C + cos A sin B cos C sin A cos B cos C cos A cos B sin C
= cos A(sin B cos C cos B sin C )
= sin( B C ) cos A
= R.H.S.
sin( A + B ) cos C sin( A + C ) cos B = sin( B C ) cos A
25. (a) Show that cot A cot 2 A = csc 2 A .
(b) Hence prove that cot cot 8 = csc 2 + csc 4 + csc 8 .
(a) L.H.S. = cot A cot 2 A

cos A cos 2 A

sin A sin 2 A

cos A sin 2 A sin A cos 2 A

sin A sin 2 A

sin( 2 A A)
sin A sin 2 A

sin A
sin A sin 2 A

= csc 2 A
= R.H.S.
cot A cot 2 A = csc 2 A
(b) R.H.S. = csc 2 + csc 4 + csc 8
= (cot cot 2) + (cot 2 cot 4) + (cot 4 cot 8) [ From (a) ]

= cot cot 8
= L.H.S.
cot cot 8 = csc 2 + csc 4 + csc 8

26. Solve the equation cos 3 cos sin 3 sin =

1
for 0 .
2

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1
2
1
cos(3 + ) =
2
1
cos 4 =
2
5 7
11
,
or
4 = ,
3 3
3
3
5 7
11
,
,
or
=
12 12 12
12

cos 3 cos sin 3 sin =

27. Solve the equation sin 6 cos 4 cos 6 sin 4 =

1
for 0 2 .
2

1
2
1
sin(6 4) =
2
1
sin 2 =
2
17
5 13
,
or
2 = ,
6 6
6
6
5 7
17
,
,
or
=
12 12 12
12

sin 6 cos 4 cos 6 sin 4 =

2
28. Solve the equation sin( x + ) + sin( x + ) = 3 for 0 x 2 .
3
3

2
sin( x + ) + sin( x + ) = 3
3
3

2
2
sin x cos + cos x sin + sin x cos
+ cos x sin
= 3
3
3
3
3

sin x
3 cos x sin x
3 cos x
+

+
= 3
2
2
2
2
3 cos x = 3
cos x = 1
x = 0 or 2

29. Let sin( x + ) = 3 cos( x ) , where

(a) Prove that tn x =

3 tn
.
1 3 tn

<< .
2
2

(b) Hence solve the equation sin( x + ) = 3 cos( x ) for 0 x 2 .

4
4
(a)
sin( x + ) = 3 cos( x )
sin x cos + cos x sin = 3 cos x cos + 3 sin x sin
sin x sin
3 sin x sin
+
= 3+
cos x cos
cos x cos
tn x + tn = 3 + 3 tn x tn
tn x(1 3 tn ) = 3 tn
3 tn
tn x =
1 3 tn

(b) Substitute = into the result of (a),

4

tan x =

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3 tan 4
1 3 tan 4

3 1
1 3(1)
= 1
7
3
or
x=
4
4
=

6+ 2
30. (a) Show that sin( x + ) + cos( x ) = (
) sin( x + ) .
3
3
2
4

(b) Hence find the maximum and minimum values of sin( x + ) + cos( x ) .
3
3

(a) L.H.S. = sin( x + ) + cos( x )

3
3

= sin x cos + cos x sin + cos x cos + sin x sin

3
3
3
3

1
3
1
3
cos x + cos x +
sin x
= sin x +
2
2
2
2
3 +1
)(sin x + cos x)
=(
2
6+ 2

R.H.S. = (
) sin( x + )
2
4
6+ 2

)(sin x cos + cos x sin )

=(
2
4
4
6+ 2 1
1
)(
sin x +
cos x)
=(
2
2
2
3 +1
)(sin x + cos x)
2
= L.H.S.

6+ 2

sin( x + ) + cos( x ) = (
) sin( x + )
3
3
2
4

1 sin( x + ) 1
4

6+ 2
6+ 2
6+ 2

(
) sin( x + )
2
2
2
4
6+ 2
Maximum value =
2
=(

(b)

Minimum value =

6+ 2
2

31. It is given that tan A and tan B are two distinct real roots of the quadratic equation

2 x 2 6 x + 3 = 0 in x. Find the value of tan( A + B ) .

2x2 6x + 3 = 0
tan A + tan B = Su m of r oo t s
6
=
2
=3

11

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tan A tan B = P r od u c t of r oo t s
=

3
2

tan A + tan B
1 tan A tan B
3
=
1 32

tan( A + B ) =

3
12

= 6
tan 2 A + 4 tan A 2 = 0
32. It is given that tan A tan B and
, where A is an obtuse angle and B is an
tan 2 B + 4 tan B 2 = 0
acute angle.
(a) Find the value of tan A tan B .
(b) Find the value of tan( A B ) .
(c) Find the values of sec( A B) and csc( A B) .
(Leave your answers in surd form if necessary.)

(a) Let tan A and tan B be the two roots of the quadratic equation x 2 + 4 x 2 = 0 in x.
tan A tan B = P r od u c t of r oo t s
=

2
1

= 2
tan A + tan B = Su m of r oo t s
=

4
1

= 4

(tan A + tan B ) 2 = (4) 2

tan 2 A + 2 tan A tan B + tan 2 B = 16
tan 2 A + tan 2 B = 16 2(2)
= 20
(tan A tan B ) = tan A 2 tan A tan B + tan 2 B
2

= tan 2 A + tan 2 B 2 tan A tan B

= 20 2(2)

= 24

< A < , 0 < B <

2
2
tan A < 0 , tan B > 0
tan A tan B < 0

tan A tan B = 24
= 2 6

(b) tan( A B ) =

tan A tan B
1 + tan A tan B
2 6
1 + (2)

=2 6

(c)

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< A < , 0 < B <

2
2
0 < A B <
tan( A B ) > 0

0 < A B <
2
y

2 6

AB
1

sec( A B ) = 5
csc( A B ) =
=

5
2 6
5 6
12

33. In the figure, CD and BE are the altitudes of ABC. BD = 1 , CD = 9 , BE = 5 2 and

CE = 4 2 . EBC = and BCD = . Prove that + = .

4
A

E
D

Consider BCE,
4 2
tan a =
5 2
4
=
5
Consider BCD,
1
tan =
9
tan a + tan
tan(a + ) =
1 tan a tan
=

4
5

1
9

1 54 19

=1

0<< , 0<<
2
2
0< +<

+ =

34. If cos x =

5
, find the value of cos 2 x .
12

13

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cos 2 x = 2 cos 2 x 1
= 2(

5 2
) 1
12

47
72

2
3
, where < <
, find the value of sin 2 .
2
5

35. If sin =
y

O
2
5

1
5
sin 2 = 2 sin cos

cos =

= 2(
=

1
2
)
)(
5
5

4
5

36. If cos sin = 2 , find the value of sin 2 .

cos sin = 2
(cos sin ) 2 = 2
cos 2 2 sin cos + sin 2 = 2
1 sin 2 = 2
sin 2 = 1

37. Prove that cos 3 = 4 cos3 3 cos .

L.H.S. = cos 3
= cos( + 2)

= cos cos 2 sin sin 2

= cos (2 cos 2 1) sin (2 sin cos )
= 2 cos3 cos 2 cos sin 2
= 2 cos3 cos 2 cos (1 cos 2 )
= 2 cos3 cos 2 cos + 2 cos3
= 4 cos3 3 cos
= R.H.S.

cos 3 = 4 cos3 3 cos

38. Prove that tan 3 =

3 tan tan 3
.
1 3 tan 2

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L.H.S. = tan 3
= tan( + 2)
tan + tan 2
=
1 tan tan 2
=

2 tan
1 tan 2
tan ( 2 tan2 )
1 tan
2

tan +
1

tan (1 tan ) + 2 tan

(1 tan 2 ) 2 tan 2

tan tan 3 + 2 tan

1 tan 2 2 tan 2

3 tan tan 3
1 3 tan 2
= R.H.S.
3 tan tan 3
tan 3 =
1 3 tan 2
=

39. Prove that cot 2 A cos A + sin A =

L.H.S. = cot 2 A cos A + sin A
cos 2 A
cos A + sin A
=
sin 2 A

1
csc A.
2

1 2 sin 2 A
cos A + sin A
2 sin A cos A

1 2 sin 2 A
+ sin A
2 sin A

1 2 sin 2 A + 2 sin 2 A
2 sin A
1
=
2 sin A
1
= csc A
2
= R.H.S.
1
cot 2 A cos A + sin A = csc A
2
1 + cos 4 A
40. Prove that
= sin 2 A cos 2 A .
cot A tan A
1 + cos 4 A
L.H.S. =
cot A tan A
=

=
=
=
=

1 + 2 cos 2 2 A 1
cos A
sin A
cos
sin A
A
2

2 cos 2 A

cos 2 A sin 2 A
sin A cos A
2

cos 2 A

cos 2 A
2 sin A cos A
2

cos 2 A
cos 2 A
sin 2 A

= sin 2 A cos 2 A
= R.H.S.
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1 + cos 4 A
= sin 2 A cos 2 A
cot A tan A
3
3
41. Prove that cot( + ) + cot( ) = 2 tan 2 .
4
4
3
3
L.H.S. = cot( + ) + cot( )
4
4
1
1
=
+
3
tan( + 4 ) tan( 34 )

1 tan tan 34
tan + tan 34

1 + tan tan 34
tan tan 34

1 + tan 1 tan
+
tan 1 tan + 1
(tan + 1)(1 + tan ) + (tan 1)(1 tan )
=
(tan 1)(tan + 1)
=

tan 2 + 2 tan + 1 tan 2 + 2 tan 1

tan 2 1
4 tan
=
tan 2 1
2 tan
= 2
1 tan 2
= 2 tan 2
= R.H.S.
3
3
cot( + ) + cot( ) = 2 tan 2
4
4
cos 3 sin 3
42. Prove that
= 2 cot 2 .
+
cos
sin
cos 3 sin 3
L.H.S. =
+
sin
cos
cos 3 cos + sin 3 sin
=
sin cos
2 cos(3 )
=
2 sin cos
2 cos 2
=
sin 2
= 2 cot 2
= R.H.S.
cos 3 sin 3

+
= 2 cot
sin
cos
sin 5 cos 5
+
= 2 csc 2 4 sin 2 .
43. Prove that
cos
sin
sin 5 cos 5
+
L.H.S. =
cos
sin
sin 5 sin + cos 5 cos
=
sin cos
2 cos(5 )
=
2 sin cos
2 cos 4
=
sin 2
2(1 2 sin 2 2)
=
sin 2
= 2 csc 2 4 sin 2
= R.H.S.
=

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sin 5 cos 5
= 2 csc 2 4 sin 2
+
sin
cos

1 2 sin 2 x 1 tan x
.
=
1 + sin 2 x 1 + tan x
1 2 sin 2 x
L.H.S. =
1 + sin 2 x
cos 2 x sin 2 x
=
1 + 2 sin x cos x
cos 2 x sin 2 x
=
cos 2 x + 2 sin x cos x + sin 2 x
(cos x sin x)(cos x + sin x)
=
(cos x + sin x) 2
cos x sin x
=
cos x + sin x
1 tan x
R.H.S. =
1 + tan x
sin x
1 cos
x
=
sin x
1 + cos
x
cos x sin x
=
cos x + sin x
= L.H.S.
1 2 sin 2 x 1 tan x

=
1 + sin 2 x 1 + tan x

44. Prove that

2(sin 4 x cos 4 x 2)
.
2 + cos 2 x
2(sin 4 x cos 4 x 2) 2[(sin 2 x cos 2 x)(sin 2 x + cos 2 x) 2]
=
2 + cos 2 x
2 + cos 2 x
2[( cos 2 x)(1) 2]
=
2 + cos 2 x
2( cos 2 x 2)
=
2 + cos 2 x
= 2

45. Simplify

sin A
sin A
.

sin A + cos A sin A cos A

sin A
sin A
sin A(sin A cos A) sin A(sin A + cos A)

=
sin A + cos A sin A cos A
(sin A + cos A)(sin A cos A)

46. Simplify

sin 2 A sin A cos A sin 2 A sin A cos A

sin 2 A cos 2 A
2 sin A cos A
=
cos 2 A sin 2 A
sin 2 A
=
cos 2 A
= tan 2 A

47. Find the value of cos 22.5 without using a calculator. (Leave your answer in surd form.)

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cos 45 = cos(2 22.5)

2
= 2 cos 2 22.5 1
2
2
+ 1 = 2 cos 2 22.5
2
2+2
cos 2 22.5 =
4

cos 22.5 =

2+2
or
2

2+2
(rejected)
2

cos 2 A cos 2 B
, where A, B and C are the interior angles of ABC, and C = .
2
2
2
cos A + cos B
2
2
cos A cos B
R.H.S. =
cos 2 A + cos 2 B

48. Prove that cos 2 A =

=
=
=

cos 2 A cos 2 [ ( A + C )]
cos 2 A + cos 2 [ ( A + C )]
cos 2 A [cos( A 2 )]2

cos 2 A + [cos( A 2 )]2

cos 2 A [cos( 2 A)]2

cos 2 A + [cos( 2 A)]2

cos 2 A sin 2 A
cos 2 A + sin 2 A
= cos 2 A
= L.H.S.
cos 2 A cos 2 B
cos 2 A =
cos 2 A + cos 2 B
=

49. (a) Show that 1 cos 2 = tan 2 (1 + cos 2) .

(b) Hence, find the value of tan

in surd form.
12
(a) R.H.S. = tan 2 (1 + cos 2)
=

sin 2
(1 + 2 cos 2 1)
cos 2

sin 2
2 cos 2
cos 2

= 2 sin 2
= 1 (1 2 sin 2 )
= 1 cos 2
= L.H.S.
1 cos 2 = tan 2 (1 + cos 2)

(b) Take =
,
12

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) = tan 2 [1 + cos 2( )]
12
12
12

1 cos = tan 2 (1 + cos )

6
12
6

1 cos 2(

3
= tan 2 (1 +
)
2
12
2

1
tan
=
12 1 +
2

3
2
3
2

2 3 2 3

2+ 3 2 3

(2 3 ) 2
43

= (2 3 ) 2
tan

= 2 3 or (2 3 ) (rejected)
12

50. (a) Show that cot 2 =

cot 2 1
.
2 cot

(b) By using the result in (a), find the value of cot

(a) L.H.S. = cot 2
=
=
=
=

in surd form.
8

1
tan 2
1
2 tan
1 tan 2
2

1 tan
2 tan
2
1
tan 2
2
tan
tan
2 tan
tan 2
2

cot 1
2 cot
= R.H.S.
cot 2 1
cot 2 =
2 cot

(b) Take = ,
8
=

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cot 2 8 1

cot 2( ) =
8
2 cot 8
cot

2
cot 8 1
=
4
2 cot 8

1=
2 cot
cot 2

cot 2

2 cot 8

= cot 2 1
8
8

2 cot 1 = 0
8
8
cot

2 2 2 4(1)(1)
=
8
2(1)
2 8
2
= 1 + 2 or 1 2 (rejected)

1 + sin 2 A + cos 2 A
.
1 + sin 2 A cos 2 A
(b) Hence find the value of tan 67.5 in surd form.
1 + sin 2 A + cos 2 A
(a) R.H.S. =
1 + sin 2 A cos 2 A

51. (a) Show that cot A =

1 + 2 sin A cos A + 2 cos 2 A 1

1 + 2 sin A cos A (1 2 sin 2 A)

2 sin A cos A + 2 cos 2 A

2 sin A cos A + 2 sin 2 A

cos A(sin A + cos A)

sin A(cos A + sin A)

= cot A
= L.H.S.
1 + sin 2 A + cos 2 A
cot A =
1 + sin 2 A cos 2 A
1
(b) tan 67.5 =
cot 67.5

=
=
=

1
1+ sin 2 ( 67.5) + cos 2 ( 67.5)
1+ sin 2 ( 67.5) cos 2 ( 67.5)

[ From (a) ]

1 + sin 135 cos135

1 + sin 135 + cos135
1+
1+

2
2
2
2

(
+ (

2
)
2
2
)
2

1+ 2
1

= 1+ 2

52. (a) Show that

sin 7 cos 7
+
= 8 cos 2 cos 4 .
sin
cos

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2 3 cot 1 = 0 .
12
12

(c) Hence find the value of cot

in surd form.
12
sin 7 cos 7
+
(a) L.H.S. =
sin
cos

(b) Show that cot 2

sin 7 cos + cos 7 sin

sin cos

2 sin(7 + )
2 sin cos

2 sin 8
sin 2

4 sin 4 cos 4
sin 2

8 sin 2 cos 2 cos 4

sin 2

= 8 cos 2 cos 4
= R.H.S.
sin 7 cos 7

+
= 8 cos 2 cos 4
sin
cos

(b) Take = ,
12

sin 7( 12
) cos 7( 12
)

+
= 8 cos 2( ) cos 4( )

12
12
sin 12
cos 12
sin 712

sin 12

sin( 2 + 12
)

sin 12

cos 712

cos 12

cos( 2 + 12
)

cos 12

cos 12

sin 12

cot

sin 12

cos 12

= 8 cos cos
6
3
= 8(

3 1
)( )
2 2

=2 3

tan
=2 3
12
12

1 = 2 3 cot
12
12

cot 2 2 3 cot 1 = 0
12
12
cot 2

(c) cot

2
2 3 (2 3 ) 4(1)(1)
=
12
2(1)

2 34
2
= 3 + 2 or
=

3 2 (rejected)

53. (a) Show that 8 sin 4 = cos 4 4 cos 2 + 3 .

(b) Hence find the value of 16 sin 4 80 + 4 cos 60 2 cos 40 8 cos 20.

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(a) R.H.S. = cos 4 4 cos 2 + 3

= 2 cos 2 2 1 4(1 2 sin 2 ) + 3

= 2(1 2 sin 2 ) 2 + 8 sin 2 2
= 2(1 4 sin 2 + 4 sin 4 ) + 8 sin 2 2
= 8 sin 4
= L.H.S.
8 sin 4 = cos 4 4 cos 2 + 3
(b) 16 sin 4 80 + 4 cos 60 2 cos 40 8 cos 20
= 2(8 sin 4 80) + 4 cos 60 2 cos 40 8 cos 20
1
= 2[cos 4(80) 4 cos 2(80) + 3] + 4( ) 2 cos 40 8 cos 20
2
= 2 cos 320 8 cos160 + 6 + 2 2 cos 40 8 cos 20

[ From (a) ]

= 2 cos(360 40) 8 cos(180 20) + 8 2 cos 40 8 cos 20

= 2 cos 40 + 8 cos 20 + 8 2 cos 40 8 cos 20
=8

54. Solve the equation (sin x + cos x) 2 =

3
for 0 x < 2 .
2

3
2
3
sin 2 x + 2 sin x cos x + cos 2 x =
2
3
1 + 2 sin x cos x =
2
1
sin 2 x =
2
5 13
17
,
or
2x = ,
6 6
6
6
5 13
17
,
or
x= ,
12 12 12
12
(sin x + cos x) 2 =

55. Solve the equation 2 cos 2 x + cos 2 x 2 = 0 for 0 x < 2 .

2 cos 2 x + cos 2 x 2 = 0

2 cos 2 x 1 + cos 2 x 1 = 0
cos 2 x + cos 2 x = 1
2 cos 2 x = 1
1
cos 2 x =
2

2x = ,
3

x= ,
6

5 7
11
,
or
3 3
3
11
5 7
,
or
6
6
6

56. Solve the equation (cos x sin x) 2 = sin x cos x for 0 x . (Give your answer correct to
significant figures.)

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(cos x sin x) 2 = sin x cos x

cos 2 x 2 cos x sin x + sin 2 x = sin x cos x
1 3 sin x cos x = 0
3
1 sin 2 x = 0
2
2
sin 2 x =
3
2 x = 0.729 7 or 2.412 (corr. to 4 sig. fig.)
x = 0.365 or 1.21 (corr. to 3 sig. fig.)

57. Solve the equation cos 4 x sin 2 x = 0 for 0 x < 2 .

cos 4 x sin 2 x = 0

1 2 sin 2 2 x sin 2 x = 0
2 sin 2 2 x + sin 2 x 1 = 0
(2 sin 2 x 1)(sin 2 x + 1) = 0
1
or sin 2 x = 1
sin 2 x =
2
5 13 17
3
2x = ,
,
,
or
2x = ,
6 6
2
6
6
5 13 17
3
,
,
or
x= ,
x= ,
12 12 12 12
4
7
5 3 13 17
x= ,
,
,
,
or
12 12 4 12 12
4

7
2
7
4

58. Solve the equation sin 4 2 x cos 4 2 x = cos 4 x + 1 for 0 x .

sin 4 2 x cos 4 2 x = cos 4 x + 1
(sin 2 2 x cos 2 2 x)(sin 2 2 x + cos 2 2 x) = 2 cos 2 2 x 1 + 1
sin 2 2 x cos 2 2 x = 2 cos 2 2 x
1 cos 2 2 x cos 2 2 x = 2 cos 2 2 x
4 cos 2 2 x = 1
1
cos 2 2 x =
4
1
cos 2 x =
2

2x = ,
3

x= ,
6

x=

1
2
2 4
,
2x =
3
3
2
x= ,
3 3

or cos 2 x =
5
or
3
5
or
6

2
5
, ,
or
6 3 3
6

59. (a) Show that cot tan = 2 cot 2 .

(b) Hence solve the equation (cot tan ) 2 = 4 for 0 < < .

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(a) R.H.S. = 2 cot 2

2
=
tan 2
2
= 2 tan

1 tan 2
2

1 tan
tan
1
=
tan
tan
=

= cot tan
= L.H.S.
cot tan = 2 cot 2

(b) (cot tan ) 2 = 4

(2 cot 2) 2 = 4 [ From (a) ! ]

cot 2 2 = 1
cot 2 = 1

2 = ,
4

= ,
8
3 5
,
= ,
8 8
8

or cot 2 = 1
5
3
or
,
2 =
4
4
5
3
or
,
=
8
8
7
or
8

7
4
7
8

sin 5 cos 5

= 4 cos 2 for 0 < < and .

sin
cos
2

sin 5 cos 5
(b) Hence, or otherwise, solve the equation

= 2 for 0 < < and .

sin
cos
2
sin 5 cos 5
(a) L.H.S. =

sin
cos
sin 5 cos cos 5 sin
=
sin cos
2 sin(5 )
=
2 sin cos
2 sin 4
=
sin 2
4 sin 2 cos 2
=
sin 2
= 4 cos 2
= R.H.S.
sin 5 cos 5

= 4 cos 2
cos
sin
sin 5 cos 5
(b)

=2
sin
cos
4 cos 2 = 2 [ From (a) ]

60. (a) Show that

1
2

5
or
2 =
3
3

5
= or
6
6

cos 2 =

61. (a) Express sin 4 x + cos 4 x in terms of cos 2 x .

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(b) Hence find the maximum and minimum values of sin 4 x + cos4 x .
4
4
4
2
2
4
2
2
(a) sin x + cos x = sin x + 2 sin x cos x + cos x 2 sin x cos x

= (sin 2 x + cos 2 x) 2 2 sin 2 x cos 2 x

= 1 2(
= 1
=
(b)

1 cos 2 x 1 + cos 2 x
)(
)
2
2

1 cos 2 2 x
2

1 + cos 2 2 x
2

0 cos 2 2 x 1
1 1 + cos 2 2 x 2

1 1 + cos 2 2 x

1
2
2
Maximum value = 1

Minimum value =

1
2

62. (a) Express sin 6 x + cos 6 x in terms of cos 2 x .

(b) Hence find the maximum and minimum values of sin 6 x + cos6 x .
(a) sin 6 x + cos 6 x = (sin 2 x + cos 2 x)(sin 4 x sin 2 x cos 2 x + cos 4 x)
= sin 4 x sin 2 x cos 2 x + cos 4 x
= sin 4 x + 2 sin 2 x cos 2 x + cos 4 x 3 sin 2 x cos 2 x
= (sin 2 x + cos 2 x) 2 3 sin 2 x cos 2 x
1 cos 2 x 1 + cos 2 x
= 1 3(
)(
)
2
2
3
= 1 (1 cos 2 2 x)
4
=1
=

(b)

3 3 cos 2 2 x
4

1 + 3 cos 2 2 x
4

0 cos 2 2 x 1
0 3 cos 2 2 x 3
1 1 + 3 cos 2 2 x 4

1 1 + 3 cos 2 2 x
1

4
4
Maximum value = 1

Minimum value =
63. (a) Show that

1
4

4
cos x csc x
.
=1
cos x + csc x
sin 2 x + 2

(b) Hence find the maximum and minimum values of

cos x csc x
.
cos x + csc x

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(a) L.H.S. =
=

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cos x csc x
cos x + csc x
cos x sin1 x

cos x +

1
sin x

2 sin x cos x 2
2 sin x cos x + 2

sin 2 x + 2 4
sin 2 x + 2

4
sin 2 x + 2
= R.H.S.
4
cos x csc x

=1
sin 2 x + 2
cos x + csc x
(b) 1 sin 2 x 1
=1

1 sin 2 x + 2 3
1
1

1
3 sin 2 x + 2
4

4
4

sin 2 x + 2
3

4
1

sin 2 x + 2
3
1
Maximum value =
3
3 1

Minimum value = 3
64. (a) Show that tan 2 =

1 cos 2
.
1 + cos 2

(b) Find the quadratic equation in x with roots tan 2

(a) R.H.S. =

1 cos 2
1 + cos 2

1 (1 2 sin 2 )
1 + (2 cos 2 1)

2 sin 2
2 cos 2

= tan 2
= L.H.S.
1 cos 2
tan 2 =
1 + cos 2
(b) Let the equation be x 2 sx + p = 0 .

and tan 2
.
8
8

tan 2

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1 cos 2( 8 )
=
8 1 + cos 2( )
8

1
1+

1
2
1
2

2 1
2 +1

2 1
2 1

2 1
2 +1

2 2 2 +1
2 1

= 32 2
3
3 1 cos 2( 8 )
tan
=
8 1 + cos 2( 3 )
8
2

1 (
1 + (

1
)
2
1
)
2

2 +1
2 1

2 +1
2 +1

2 1
2 +1
2 + 2 2 +1
2 1

= 3+ 2 2

3
s = tan 2 + tan 2
8
8

= 32 2 +3+ 2 2
=6

3
= (tan 2 )(tan 2 )
8
8
= (3 2 2 )(3 + 2 2 )
= 32 ( 2 2 ) 2
=1
The equation is x 2 6 x + 1 = 0 .
65. Use mathematical induction to prove that for all positive integers n,
n

sec 2r x = 2n sin 2 x csc 2n +1 x where sin 2n x 0 and cos 2n x 0 .

r =1

Let P(n) be

sec 2r x = 2n sin 2 x csc 2n +1 x .

r =1

When n = 1,
L.H.S. =

sec 2r x
r =1

= sec 2 x
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R.H.S. = 21 sin 2 x csc 21+1 x

=

2 sin 2 x
sin 4 x

2 sin 2 x
2 sin 2 x cos 2 x

= sec 2 x

P(1) is true.
Assume that P(k) is true, where k is a positive integer.
k

i.e.

sec 2r x = 2k sin 2 x csc 2k +1 x

r =1
k +1

then

sec 2r x) sec 2k +1 x

sec 2 r x = (

r =1

r =1

= 2 k sin 2 x csc 2 k +1 x sec 2 k +1 x

=

2 k +1 sin 2 x
2 sin 2 k +1 x cos 2 k +1 x

2 k +1 sin 2 x
sin 2 k + 2 x

= 2 k +1 sin 2 x csc 2( k +1) +1 x

P (k + 1) is true.
According to mathematical induction, P(n) is true for all positive integers n.

66. (a) Show that sin 3 = 3 sin 4 sin 3 .

(b) Hence find the three roots of 1 + 6 x 8 x 3 = 0 . (Give your answers correct to 3 significant
figures.)
[ Hint: Consider 3 . ]
2
2

(a) L.H.S. = sin 3

= sin( + 2)

= sin cos 2 + cos sin 2

= sin (1 2 sin 2 ) + cos (2 sin cos )
= sin 2 sin 3 + 2 sin cos 2
= sin 2 sin 3 + 2 sin (1 sin 2 )
= sin 2 sin 3 + 2 sin 2 sin 3
= 3 sin 4 sin 3
= R.H.S.
sin 3 = 3 sin 4 sin 3
(b) Take x = sin ,
1 + 6 sin 8 sin 3 = 0
2(3 sin 4 sin 3 ) = 1
1
2
11
,
3 =
6
11
,
=
18

sin 3 =

19
23
or
6
6
19
23
or
18
18

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23
11
19
, sin
or sin
18
18
18
= 0.940, 0.174 or 0.766 (corr. to 3 sig. fig.)

x = sin

67. (a) Show that cos 4 = 8 cos 4 8 cos 2 + 1.

(b) According to (a), show that cos15 is a root of 16 x 4 16 x 2 + 1 = 0 .
(c) Hence, or otherwise, express cos15 in surd form.
(a) L.H.S. = cos 4
= cos 2(2)
= 2 cos 2 2 1
= 2(2 cos 2 1) 2 1
= 2(4 cos 4 4 cos 2 + 1) 1
= 8 cos 4 8 cos 2 + 1
= R.H.S.

cos 4 = 8 cos 4 8 cos 2 + 1

(b) 16 cos 4 15 16 cos 2 15 + 1 = 2(8 cos 4 15 8 cos 2 15 + 1) 1
= 2 cos 4(15) 1 [ From (a) ]

= 2 cos 60 1
= 11
=0

4
2
cos15 is a root of 16 x 16 x + 1 = 0 .

(c) 16 cos 4 15 16 cos 2 15 + 1 = 0

cos 2 15 =

(16) (16) 2 4(16)(1)

2(16)

16 8 3
32
2 3
2+ 3
or
=
4
4

cos15 > cos 60 > 0

cos 2 15 > cos 2 60
1
=
4

cos 2 15 =

2+ 3
4

cos15 =

2+ 3
2

cos15 =

2+ 3
2

or

2+ 3
(rejected)
2

68. Use mathematical induction to prove that for all positive integers n,
1
1
1
1
= cot x cot 2 n x where sin 2 n x 0 .
+
+
+3+
n
sin 2 x sin 2 2 x sin 23 x
sin 2 x
1
1
1
1
Let P(n) be
+
+
+3+
= cot x cot 2 n x .
n
2
3
sin 2 x sin 2 x sin 2 x
sin 2 x
When n = 1 ,
1
L.H.S. =
sin 2 x
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R.H.S. = cot x cot 2 x

cos x cos 2 x
=

sin x sin 2 x
2 cos 2 x
cos 2 x

2 sin x cos x sin 2 x

cos 2 x + 1 cos 2 x
=

sin 2 x
sin 2 x
1
=
sin 2 x
P(1) is true.
Assume that P(k) is true, where k is a positive integer.
1
1
1
1
i.e.
+
+
+3+
= cot x cot 2 k x
2
3
sin 2 x sin 2 x sin 2 x
sin 2 k x
1
1
1
1
1
+
+
+3+
+
then
k
sin 2 x sin 22 x sin 23 x
sin 2 x sin 2k +1 x
1
= cot x cot 2k x +
sin 2k +1 x
=

= cot x

cos 2 k x
1
+
k
sin 2 x sin 2k +1 x

= cot x

2 cos 2 2 k x
1
+
k
k
2 sin 2 x cos 2 x sin 2 k +1 x

= cot x

cos 2 k +1 x + 1
1
+
k +1
sin 2 x
sin 2 k +1 x

= cot x

cos 2 k +1 x
sin 2 k +1 x

= cot x cot 2 k +1 x
P (k + 1) is true.
According to mathematical induction, P(n) is true for all positive integers n.
69. (a) Use mathematical induction to prove that for all positive integers n,
sin 2 n x
cos x cos 2 x cos 4 x cos 2 n 1 x = n
where sin x 0 .
2 sin x

2
4
64
(b) Hence, find the value of cos cos cos 3 cos
.
3
3
3
3
sin 2 n x
(a) Let P(n) be cos x cos 2 x cos 4 x cos 2 n 1 x = n
.
2 sin x
When n = 1 ,
L.H.S. = cos x
sin 2 x
R.H.S. =
2 sin x

2 sin x cos x
2 sin x

= cos x
P(1) is true.
Assume that P(k) is true, where k is a positive integer.
sin 2 k x
i.e. cos x cos 2 x cos 4 x cos 2 k 1 x = k
2 sin x

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then cos x cos 2 x cos 4 x cos 2 k 1 x cos 2( k +1) 1 x =

sin 2 k x
cos 2 k x
2 k sin x

2 sin 2 k x cos 2 k x
2 k +1 sin x

sin 2 k +1 x
2 k +1 sin x

P (k + 1) is true.
According to mathematical induction, P(n) is true for all positive integers n.

(b) Take x = and n = 7 ,

3
4
64
2
4
2

cos cos cos 3 cos

= cos cos cos 3 cos[27 1 ( )]
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
sin[27 ( 3 )]
= 7
2 sin 3
=
=
=
=

sin 1283

128 sin 3
sin(42 +
128 sin

2
)
3

sin 23

128 sin 3
1
128

sin 100 + sin 20

without using a calculator. (Leave your answer in surd form.)
cos100 + cos 20
100 20
100+ 20
sin 100 + sin 20 2 sin( 2 ) cos( 2 )
=
cos100 + cos 20 2 cos(100+ 20 ) cos(10020 )
2
2
sin 60
=
cos 60
= tan 60

70. Find the value of

= 3

71. Find the value of

sin 45 sin 15
without using a calculator. (Leave your answer in surd form.)
cos 45 cos15
2 cos( 45 2+15 ) sin( 45215 )

sin 45 sin 15
=
cos 45 cos15 2 sin( 45 +15 ) sin( 45 15 )
2
2
cos 30
=
sin 30
= cot 30
= 3

72. Find the value of cos 10 + cos 130 + cos 250 without using a calculator.

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cos10 + cos130 + cos 250 = cos10 + cos 250 + cos130

10 + 250
10 250
) cos(
) + cos130
= 2 cos(
2
2
= 2 cos130 cos(120) + cos130
1
= 2 cos130( ) + cos130
2
= cos130 + cos130
=0

73. Express sin 15 cos 45 as the sum or difference of sines. Hence find the value of sin15. (Leave
your answers in surd form if necessary.)
1
sin 15 cos 45 = [sin(15 + 45) + sin(15 45)]
2

sin 15(

1
[sin 60 + sin(30)]
2

1
(sin 60 sin 30)
2

2
1 3 1
)= (
)
2
2 2
2
3 1
2 2

sin 15 =

6 2
4

2
8
and cos( A B) = , find the value of tan A tan B .
9
9
sin A sin B
tan A tan B =
cos A cos B

74. If cos( A + B) =

=
=

12 [cos( A + B ) cos( A B )]
1
[cos( A +
2
2
8
92 98
+9
9

=
=

B ) + cos( A B )]

6
10

3
5

75. Prove that sin

2
3
4
1
sin
sin
+ sin
= tan without using a calculator.
9
9
9
9
2
9

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2
3
4 1

sin
sin
+ sin
+ tan
9
9
9
9 2
9
sin 9
2
3
4

= sin sin
sin
+ sin
+
9
9
9
9 2 cos 9

sin

2 cos 9 (sin 9 sin 29 sin 39 + sin 49 ) + sin 9

sin 29 (sin 39 + sin 9 ) (sin 49 + sin 29 ) + (sin 59 + sin 39 ) + sin 9

sin 49 + sin 59

sin 49 + sin(

sin 49 + sin 49

2 cos 9

2 cos 9

2 cos 9

2 cos 9

4
)
9

2 cos 9

=0

1
4
3
2

= tan
+ sin
sin
sin
9
2
9
9
9
9
2 sin 2 B
76. Prove that tan( A + B ) tan( A B ) =
.
cos 2 A + cos 2 B
L.H.S. = tan( A + B ) tan( A B )

sin

sin( A + B ) sin( A B )

cos( A + B ) cos( A B )

sin( A + B ) cos( A B ) cos( A + B ) sin( A B )

cos( A + B ) cos( A B )

1
{cos[( A +
2

sin[( A + B ) ( A B )]
B ) + ( A B )] + cos[( A + B ) ( A B )]}

2 sin 2 B
cos 2 A + cos 2 B
= R.H.S.
=

tan( A + B ) tan( A B ) =

2 sin 2 B
cos 2 A + cos 2 B

77. Prove that sin 2 2 A + sin 2 2 B = 1 cos 2( A + B ) cos 2( A B ) .

2
2
L.H.S. = sin 2 A + sin 2 B

1
1
(1 cos 4 A) + (1 cos 4 B)
2
2

1 1
1 1
cos 4 A + cos 4 B
2 2
2 2

=1

1
(cos 4 A + cos 4 B)
2

1
= 1 [2 cos(2 A + 2 B) cos(2 A 2 B)]
2

= 1 cos 2( A + B) cos 2( A B)
= R.H.S.
sin 2 2 A + sin 2 2 B = 1 cos 2( A + B ) cos 2( A B )
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78. Prove that sin 2 A + cos 4 A + sin 6 A + cos 8 A + sin 10 A + cos12 A = (2 cos 4 A + 1)(sin 6 A + cos 8 A) .
L.H.S. = sin 2 A + cos 4 A + sin 6 A + cos 8 A + sin 10 A + cos12 A
= sin 2 A + sin 10 A + sin 6 A + cos 4 A + cos12 A + cos 8 A
= 2 sin

2 A + 10 A
2 A 10 A
4 A + 12 A
4 A 12 A
+ sin 6 A + 2 cos
+ cos 8 A
cos
cos
2
2
2
2

= 2 sin 6 A cos 4 A + sin 6 A + 2 cos 8 A cos 4 A + cos 8 A

= sin 6 A(2 cos 4 A + 1) + cos 8 A(2 cos 4 A + 1)

= (2 cos 4 A + 1)(sin 6 A + cos 8 A)

= R.H.S.
sin 2 A + cos 4 A + sin 6 A + cos 8 A + sin 10 A + cos12 A = (2 cos 4 A + 1)(sin 6 A + cos 8 A)

3
9

= sin (4 cos 2 1) .
2
2
2
3
L.H.S. = (2 cos 4 + 2 cos 3 + 2 cos 2 + 2 cos + 1) sin
2

79. Prove that (2 cos 4 + 2 cos 3 + 2 cos 2 + 2 cos + 1) sin

= 2 cos 4 sin

3
3
3
3
3
+ 2 cos 2 sin
+ sin
+ 2 cos 3 sin
+ 2 cos sin
2
2
2
2
2

= sin

3
5
9
3
7
5
11

sin
+ sin
sin + sin
+ sin + sin
sin
+ sin
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

= sin

7
11
9
+ sin
+ sin
2
2
2

= 2 sin

9
9
cos + sin
2
2

= sin

9
(2 cos + 1)
2

= sin

[2(2 cos 2 1) + 1]
2
2

(4 cos 2 1)
2
2
= R.H.S.
= sin

(2 cos 4 + 2 cos 3 + 2 cos 2 + 2 cos + 1) sin

9
3

= sin (4 cos 2 1)
2
2
2

cos 7 cos 5 + cos 3 cos

= tan 4 .
sin 7 sin 5 + sin 3 sin
cos 7 cos 5 + cos 3 cos
L.H.S. =
sin 7 sin 5 + sin 3 sin

80. Prove that

7 + 5
) sin( 7 2 5 ) 2 sin( 32+ ) sin( 32 )
2
2 cos( 7 +2 5 ) sin( 7 2 5 ) + 2 cos( 32+ ) sin( 32 )

2 sin(

2 sin 6 sin 2 sin 2 sin

2 cos 6 sin + 2 cos 2 sin

=
=

sin6 + sin 2
cos 6 + cos 2
2 sin( 6 +2 2 ) cos( 6 2 2 )
2 cos( 6 +2 2 ) cos( 6 2 2 )

= tan 4
= R.H.S.

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cos 7 cos 5 + cos 3 cos

= tan 4
sin 7 sin 5 + sin 3 sin
81. Prove that sin( A + B + C ) + sin( A B + C ) + sin( A + B C ) = sin( A + B + C ) + 4 sin A sin B sin C .
sin( A + B + C ) + sin( A B + C ) + sin( A + B C ) sin( A + B + C ) 4 sin A sin B sin C

= 2 sin C cos( A + B ) + 2 cos( A + B ) sin(C ) 4 sin A sin B sin C

= 2 sin C[cos( A B ) cos( A + B )] 4 sin A sin B sin C
= 2 sin C[2 sin A sin( B )] 4 sin A sin B sin C
= 4 sin A sin B sin C 4 sin A sin B sin C
=0
sin( A + B + C ) + sin( A B + C ) + sin( A + B C ) = sin( A + B + C ) + 4 sin A sin B sin C

82. (a) Show that sin( A + B ) sin( A B ) = sin 2 A sin 2 B.

(b) By using the result in (a), express sin 2 kx sin 2 (k 1) x as the product of sines.
(a)
L.H.S. = sin( A + B ) sin( A B )

1
= {cos[( A + B ) + ( A B )] cos[( A + B ) ( A B )]}
2

1
( cos 2 A + cos 2 B )
2

1
(1 + 2 sin 2 A + 1 2 sin 2 B )
2

= sin 2 A sin 2 B
= R.H.S.
sin( A + B ) sin( A B ) = sin 2 A sin 2 B
sin 2 kx sin 2 (k 1) x = sin[kx + (k 1) x] sin[kx (k 1) x] [ From (a) ]

(b)

= sin[(2k 1) x] sin x

83. (a) Show that cos( A + B ) cos( A B ) = cos 2 A sin 2 B.

(b) Hence find the value of cos 2 45 sin 2 15 without using a calculator. (Leave your answer in
surd form.)
(a) L.H.S. = cos( A + B) cos( A B)

1
= {cos[( A + B) + ( A B )] + cos[( A + B ) ( A B )]}
2

1
(cos 2 A + cos 2 B )
2

1
(2 cos 2 A 1 + 1 2 sin 2 B )
2

= cos 2 A sin 2 B
= R.H.S.
cos( A + B ) cos( A B ) = cos 2 A sin 2 B

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(b) cos 2 45 sin 2 15 = cos(45 + 15) cos(45 15) [ From (a) ]

= cos 60 cos 30
1
3
= ( )( )
2 2
=

3
4

84. (a) Show that cos3 2 = cos 3 cos3 + sin 3 sin 3 .

(b) Hence, by using the formula a 3 + b3 = (a + b)(a 2 ab + b 2 ), find the value of cos

+ sin
12
12

without using a calculator. (Leave your answer in surd form.)

(a) R.H.S. = cos 3 cos3 + sin 3 sin 3
= cos 3 cos cos2 + sin 3 sin sin 2
=

1
1
1
1
(cos 4 + cos 2)( )(1 + cos 2) + ( )(cos 4 cos 2)( )(1 cos 2)
2
2
2
2

1
[(cos 4 + cos 2 + cos 4 cos 2 + cos 2 2) (cos 4 cos 2 cos 4 cos 2 + cos 2 2)]
4

1
(2 cos 2 + 2 cos 4 cos 2)
4

1
[cos 2 + (2 cos 2 2 1) cos 2]
2

1
(cos 2 + 2 cos3 2 cos 2)
2

= cos3 2
= L.H.S.

cos3 2 = cos 3 cos3 + sin 3 sin 3

(b) Take = ,
12

cos3 2( ) = cos 3( ) cos3 + sin 3( ) sin 3

12
12
12
12
12

cos3 = cos cos3 + sin sin 3

12
6
4
12
4
3
1
1

cos3 +
sin 3
( )3 =
12
12
2
2
2

1
3 3

(cos3 + sin 3 )
=
12
8
12
2
3 6

= (cos + sin )(cos2

cos sin + sin 2 )
12
12
12
12 12
12
8
3 6
1

= (cos + sin )(1 sin )

8
12
12
2
6
3 6
1 1

= (cos + sin )[1 ( )]

8
12
12
2 2
cos

3 6 4
+ sin =

12
12
8
3
=

6
2

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85. It is given that and are two acute angles which satisfy the equation 12 sin 2 7 sin + 1 = 0.
(a) Find the values of sin + sin and sin sin .
(b) Find the value of cos( + ) cos( ) without solving the equation.
1
7
(a) sin + sin = , sin sin =
12
12
1
(cos 2 + cos 2)
2
1
= (1 2 sin 2 + 1 2 sin 2 )
2

(b) cos( + ) cos( ) =

= 1 sin 2 sin 2
= 1 + 2 sin sin (sin + sin ) 2
7
1
= 1 + 2( ) ( ) 2
12
12
119
=
144

86. (a) Express sin x sin 3 x as the sum or difference of cosines.

1
(b) Hence solve sin x sin 3 x = for 0 x .
2
1
(a) sin x sin 3 x = [cos( x + 3 x) cos( x 3 x)]
2
1
= (cos 4 x cos 2 x)
2
(b)

1
2
1
1
(cos 4 x cos 2 x) =
2
2
cos 4 x + cos 2 x = 1
sin x sin 3 x =

2 cos 2 2 x + 1 + cos 2 x = 1
cos 2 x 2 cos 2 2 x = 0
cos 2 x(1 2 cos 2 x) = 0
cos 2 x = 0

2x = ,
2

x= ,
4
5
3
x= , ,
or
6 4 4
6

1
2

2x = ,
3

x= ,
6

or cos 2 x =
3
or
2
3
or
4

5
3
5
6

87. Solve the equation sin 5 x + sin 3 x = sin 4 x for 0 x < .

sin 5 x + sin 3x = sin 4 x
sin 5 x + sin 3x sin 4 x = 0
5 x + 3x
5 x 3x
2 sin
cos
sin 4 x = 0
2
2
2 sin 4 x cos x sin 4 x = 0
sin 4 x(2 cos x 1) = 0
or 2 cos x 1 = 0
sin 4 x = 0
1
4 x = 0, , 2, 3 or
cos x =
2
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x = 0,

3
, ,
or
4 2 4

3

, ,
or
4 3 2
4
88. Solve the equation sin 2 x = cos(3 x 40) for 0 x 180 .
sin 2 x = cos(3 x 40)

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x=
3

x = 0,

= sin[90 (3 x 40)]
= sin(130 3 x)
sin 2 x sin(130 3 x) = 0
2 x 130 + 3 x
2 x + 130 3 x
=0
sin
2 cos
2
2
x + 130
5 x 130
=0
2 cos
sin
2
2
x + 130
5 x 130
sin
or cos
= 0 (rejected)
=0
2
2
5x 130
= 0, 180 or 360
2
x = 26 , 98 or 170
x = 26 , 98 or 170

89. Solve the equation sin 7 sin = cos 4 for 0 180 .

sin 7 sin = cos 4
7 +
7
2 cos
sin
= cos 4
2
2
2 cos 4 sin 3 cos 4 = 0
cos 4(2 sin 3 1) = 0
1
cos 4 = 0
or
sin 3 =
2
or 3 = 30 , 150, 390, 510
4 = 90 , 270, 450, 630
= 22.5 , 67.5, 112.5, 157.5 or = 10 , 50, 130, 170
= 10, 22.5, 50, 67.5, 112.5, 130, 157.5 or 170
90. (a) Show that cos + cos 3 + cos 5 + cos 7 = 4 cos cos 2 cos 4 .
(b) Solve the equation cos + cos 3 + cos 5 + cos 7 = 0 for 0
(a) L.H.S. = cos + cos 3 + cos 5 + cos 7
7 5
7 + 5
3 +
3
+ 2 cos
= 2 cos
cos
cos
2
2
2
2
= 2 cos 2 cos + 2 cos 6 cos
= 2 cos (cos 2 + cos 6)
6 2
6 + 2
= 2 cos (2 cos
)
cos
2
2
= 4 cos cos 2 cos 4
= R.H.S.
cos + cos 3 + cos 5 + cos 7 = 4 cos cos 2 cos 4
(b) cos + cos 3 + cos 5 + cos 7 = 0
4 cos cos 2 cos 4 = 0 [ From (a) ]
cos = 0 or cos 2 = 0 or cos 4 = 0

3
or
or
2 =
=
4 = ,
2
2 2
2

3
or
or
= ,
=
=
8 8
2
4

.
2

3
, ,
or
8 4 8
2

91. Find the maximum and minimum values of y = sin(4 x

sin(4 x

1
) sin(4 x + ) = [cos(8 x + ) cos ]
12
6
2
12
4

) sin(4 x + ) .
12
6

2
= cos(8 x + ) +
2
12
4

1 cos(8 x + ) 1
12
1
1
1

cos(8 x + )
2
2
12
2

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2 2+ 2
1
2 + 2

cos(8 x + ) +

12
4
4
2
4
2+ 2
Maximum value =
4
Minimum value =

2 + 2
4

92. It is given that y = cos(2 x

) cos(2 x + ) .
6
12

) + B , where A and B are constants, find the values of A and B.

12
(b) Find the maximum and minimum values of y.

(a) y = cos(2 x ) cos(2 x + )

12
6
1

= [cos(4 x + ) + cos( )]
2
12
4

(a) If y = A cos(4 x +

1
2
cos(4 x + ) +
2
12
4
2
1
A= , B=
4
2
=

(b)

) 1
12
1 1

cos(4 x + )
2 2
12
2 + 2 1

cos(4 x + ) +
4
2
12
2+ 2
Maximum value =
4
1 cos(4 x +

Minimum value =
93. If x + y =

1
2
2 2+ 2

4
4

2 + 2
4

5
, find the maximum and minimum values of cos x cos y .
6

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1
cos x cos y = [cos( x + y ) + cos( x y )]
2
1
5
5
= {cos
+ cos[( y ) y ]}
2
6
6
1
3
5
= [
+ cos( 2 y )]
6
2
2
5
3
1
cos( 2 y )
6
4
2
5
1 cos( 2 y ) 1
6

5
1
1 1
cos( 2 y )
6
2
2 2

5
2 3 1
3 2 3
cos( 2 y )

4
2
6
4
4
2 3
Maximum value =
4
Minimum value =

2 3
4

94. Let y = 2 csc 2 ( x ) sec 2 ( x + ) .

6
3
8
(a) Show that y =
.
[sin(2 x + 6 ) 1]2

(b) Hence find the maximum value of y.

(a) L.H.S. = y

= 2 csc 2 ( x ) sec 2 ( x + )
3
6
=
=

2
[sin( x

{ 12 [sin( x

) cos( x
6

+x+

)
3

2
+ sin( x

8
[sin(2 x + + sin( 2 )]2

8
[sin(2 x + 6 ) 1]2

)
6

= R.H.S.

+ 3 )]2

y=

8
[sin(2 x + 6 ) 1]2

x 3 )]}2

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sin( 2 x + ) 1
6

(b)

sin( 2 x + ) 1 2
6

[sin(2 x + ) 1]2 4
6
1
1

4
[sin(2 x + 6 ) 1]

8
2
[sin(2 x + 6 ) 1]2

Maximum value = 2

95. If A + B + C = , prove that cos A + cos B cos C = 4 cos

L.H.S. = cos A + cos B cos C

A
B
C
cos sin 1.
2
2
2

= 2 cos

A B
C
A+ B
cos
(1 2 sin 2 )
2
2
2

= 2 cos

( A + B)
C
A B
C
cos
] 1
+ 2 sin sin[
2
2
2
2

= 2 sin

C
A B
C
A+ B
cos
+ 2 sin cos
1
2
2
2
2

= 2 sin

C
A+ B
A B
[cos
] 1
+ cos
2
2
2

= 2 sin

C
A
B
(2 cos cos ) 1
2
2
2

A
B
C
cos sin 1
2
2
2
= R.H.S.
= 4 cos

B
C
A
cos sin 1
2
2
2
2
2
96. If A + B + C = , prove that sin A + sin B + sin 2 C = 2 cos A cos B cos C + 2 .
L.H.S. = sin 2 A + sin 2 B + sin 2 C

cos A + cos B cos C = 4 cos

1
1
(1 cos 2 B) + (1 cos 2C )
2
2
1
= sin 2 A (cos 2 B + cos 2C ) + 1
2
1
= (1 cos 2 A) [2 cos( B + C ) cos( B C )] + 1
2
= cos A cos[ ( B + C )] cos( A) cos( B C ) + 2
= cos A cos( B + C ) + cos A cos( B C ) + 2
= cos A[cos( B + C ) + cos( B C )] + 2
= cos A(2 cos B cos C ) + 2
= 2 cos A cos B cos C + 2
= R.H.S.
= sin 2 A +

sin 2 A + sin 2 B + sin 2 C = 2 cos A cos B cos C + 2

97. It is given that A, B and C are the interior angles of ABC. Prove that
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3A
3B
3C
.
cos
cos
2
2
2
L.H.S. = sin 3 A + sin 3B + sin 3[ ( A + B )]
sin 3 A + sin 3B + sin 3C = 4 cos

3
3
= 2 sin ( A + B ) cos ( A B ) + sin 3( A + B )
2
2
3
3
3
3
= 2 sin ( A + B ) cos ( A B ) + 2 sin ( A + B ) cos ( A + B )
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
= 2 sin ( A + B )[cos ( A B ) + cos ( A + B )]
2
2
2
3B
3A
3
cos )
= 2 sin ( C )(2 cos
2
2
2
3B
3A
3 3C
cos
) cos
= 4 sin(
2
2
2
2
3A
3B
3C
cos
cos
= 4 cos
2
2
2
3C
3B
3A
cos
cos
= 4 cos
2
2
2
= R.H.S.
3A
3B
3C
sin 3 A + sin 3B + sin 3C = 4 cos
cos
cos
2
2
2
98. It is given that A, B and C are the interior angles of ABC. Prove that
sin C sin( A B) + sin B sin(C A) + sin A sin( B C ) = 0 .
L.H.S. = sin C sin( A B) + sin B sin(C A) + sin A sin( B C )
= sin[ ( A + B)] sin( A B) + sin[ ( A + C )] sin(C A) + sin[ ( B + C )] sin( B C )
= sin( A + B) sin( A B) + sin(C + A) sin(C A) + sin( B + C ) sin( B C )
1
1
1
= (cos 2 A cos 2 B) (cos 2C cos 2 A) (cos 2 B cos 2C )
2
2
2
1
= (cos 2 A cos 2 B + cos 2C cos 2 A + cos 2 B cos 2C )
2
=0
= R.H.S.
sin C sin( A B) + sin B sin(C A) + sin A sin( B C ) = 0

99. It is given that X, Y and Z are the interior angles of XYZ. Prove that
sin( X + Y + Z ) + sin( X + Y Z ) + sin( X Y + Z ) + sin( X + Y + Z )
= tan X tan Y tan Z .
cos( X + Y + Z ) + cos( X + Y Z ) + cos( X Y + Z ) + cos( X + Y + Z )
sin( X + Y + Z ) + sin( X + Y Z ) + sin( X Y + Z ) + sin( X + Y + Z )
L.H.S. =
cos( X + Y + Z ) + cos( X + Y Z ) + cos( X Y + Z ) + cos( X + Y + Z )
sin + sin( 2 Z ) + sin( 2Y ) + sin( 2 X )
=
2 cos( X + Y ) cos Z + 2 cos Z cos( X Y )
sin 2 Z + sin 2Y + sin 2 X
=
2 cos Z [cos( X + Y ) + cos( X Y )]
2 sin( Z + Y ) cos( Z Y ) + 2 sin X cos X
=
2 cos Z (2 cos X cos Y )
2 sin X cos( Z Y ) + 2 sin X [ cos(Y + Z )]
=
4 cos X cos Y cos Z
2 sin X [cos( Z Y ) cos( Z + Y )]
=
4 cos X cos Y cos Z
4 sin X sin Y sin Z
=
4 cos X cos Y cos Z
= tan X tan Y tan Z
= R.H.S.

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sin( X + Y + Z ) + sin( X + Y Z ) + sin( X Y + Z ) + sin( X + Y + Z )

= tan X tan Y tan Z
cos( X + Y + Z ) + cos( X + Y Z ) + cos( X Y + Z ) + cos( X + Y + Z )

2
3
4 1
cos
+ cos
cos
= without using a calculator.
9
9
9
9
2
3
4
2

Let y = cos cos

.
+ cos
cos
9
9
9
9

2
3
4
+ cos
cos ) sin
2 y sin = 2(cos cos
9
9
9
9
9
9

100. Prove that cos

2
3
4
= 2 sin cos 2 sin cos
+ 2 sin cos
2 sin cos
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9

= sin

2
3
4
2
5
3
(sin
sin ) + (sin
sin ) (sin
sin )
9
9
9
9
9
9
9

= sin

4
5
+ sin
sin
9
9
9

= sin

4
5
+ sin( ) sin
9
9
9

= sin

5
5
+ sin
sin
9
9
9

= sin

2y = 1
y=

1
2

2
3
4 1
cos
+ cos
cos
=
9
9
9
9
2
101. ABC is a triangle, where AB = c , BC = a and CA = b. Let A = A , B = B and C = C .

cos

(a) If sin( A B ) + sin( B C ) + sin(C A) = 0, show that ABC is an isosceles triangle.

(b) If b = c = 2a , calculate the size of each angle of the triangle. (Express your answers in
degrees and correct to 3 significant figures.)
[sin( A B ) + sin( B C )] + sin(C A) = 0
(a)
2 sin(

AC
A 2B + C
CA
CA
) + 2 sin(
) cos(
)=0
) cos(
2
2
2
2

sin(

AC
CA
AC
A 2B + C
) sin(
) cos(
)=0
) cos(
2
2
2
2
sin(

A 2B + C
CA
AC
)[cos(
) cos(
)] = 0
2
2
2
sin(

AC
CB
A B
)(2 sin
sin
)=0
2
2
2

sin(

AC
CB
A B
) sin(
) sin(
)=0
2
2
2
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CB
A B
AC
) = 0 or sin(
) = 0 or sin(
)=0
2
2
2
CB
AC
A B
= 0 or
= 0 or
=0
2
2
2
A=B
A = C or
B = C or
ABC is an isosceles triangle.

sin(

(b) Let E be a point on BC such that AE BC , then BE = CE =

a
.
2

2a

2a

E
a

cos B =
=

a
2

2a
1
4

B = 75.5 (corr. to 3 sig. fig.)

B = C = 75.5

A = 29.0
102. It is given that A, B and C are three interior angles of ABC, where 2 cos A + cos 2 B + cos 2C = 0 .
Joey thinks that ABC should be an isosceles triangle with B = C . Do your agree with her?
Explain briefly.
2 cos A + cos 2 B + cos 2C = 0
2 cos A + 2 cos

2 B + 2C
2 B 2C
=0
cos
2
2

cos A + cos( B + C ) cos( B C ) = 0

cos A + cos( A) cos( B C ) = 0
cos A cos A cos( B C ) = 0
cos A[1 cos( B C )] = 0

cos A = 0 or cos( B C ) = 1

BC = 0
A=
or
2

or
B=C
A=
2
ABC is a right-angled triangle or ABC is an isosceles triangle with B = C .

i.e. ABC can be a right-angled triangle with A = instead of an isosceles triangle.

2
Joey may not be correct.
103. It is given that A, B, C and D are four interior angles of quadrilateral ABCD.
A

A+ B
A+C
A+ D
.
cos
cos
2
2
2
(b) Sam thinks that if cos A + cos B + cos C + cos D = 0 , then ABCD should be a trapezium or a
cyclic quadrilateral. Do you agree with him? Explain briefly.

(a) Show that cos A + cos B + cos C + cos D = 4 cos

(a) A + B + C + D = (4 2) 180

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( sum of polygon)

= 360
L.H.S. = cos A + cos B + cos C + cos D
CD
C+D
AB
A+ B
= 2 cos
+ 2 cos
cos
cos
2
2
2
2
CD
A+ B
AB
A+ B
) cos
cos
= 2 cos
+ 2 cos(180
2
2
2
2
CD
A+ B
A+ B
AB
cos
cos
= 2 cos
2 cos
2
2
2
2
CD
AB
A+ B
)
(cos
= 2 cos
cos
2
2
2
A BC + D
AB+C D
A+ B
)
sin
( 2 sin
= 2 cos
4
2
4
( A + D) ( B + C )
( A + C ) ( B + D)
A+ B
sin
sin
= 4 cos
4
4
2
( A + D) [360 ( A + D)]
( A + C ) [360 ( A + C )]
A+ B
sin
sin
= 4 cos
4
4
2
A+ D
A+C
A+ B
sin(
= 4 cos
90) sin(
90)
2
2
2
A+ D
A+ B
A+C
cos
cos
= 4 cos
2
2
2
= R.H.S.
A+ B
A+C
A+ D
cos A + cos B + cos C + cos D = 4 cos
cos
cos
2
2
2
A+ B
A+C
A+ D
(b) If cos A + cos B + cos C + cos D = 0 , then 4 cos
= 0 . [ From (a) ]
cos
cos
2
2
2
A+ B
A+C
A+ D
cos
or cos
or cos
=0
=0
=0
2
2
2
A+ B
A+C
A+ D
= 90 or
= 90 or
= 90
2
2
2
A + D = 180
A + B = 180 or
A + C = 180 or
When A + B = 180 ,
(int. s supp.)
AD // BC
ABCD is a trapezium.
When A + C = 180,
ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral. (opp. s supp.)
When A + D = 180,
(int. s supp.)
AB // DC
ABCD is a trapezium.
If cos A + cos B + cos C + cos D = 0 , then ABCD is a trapezium or a cyclic quadrilateral.
Sam is correct.
104. Use mathematical induction to prove that for all positive integers n,
1 cos 4nx
where cos x 0 .
cos x cos 3 x + cos 5 x cos 7 x + 3 + cos(4n 3) x cos(4n 1) x =
2 cos x
1 cos 4nx
Let P(n) be cos x cos 3 x + cos 5 x cos 7 x + 3 + cos(4n 3) x cos(4n 1) x =
.
2 cos x
When n = 1,
L.H.S. = cos x cos 3 x
= 2 sin 2 x sin( x)
= 2 sin x sin 2 x

45

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UC Math MA, HKU Chemist
HKU 1st Hons Engineer

R.H.S. =
=

Tutor IB DSE IGCSE SAT

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93177825 AP MCAT GCE

1 cos 4 x
2 cos x
1 (1 2 sin 2 2 x)
2 cos x

2 sin 2 2 x
2 cos x
2 sin x cos x sin 2 x
=
cos x
= 2 sin x sin 2 x

P(1) is true.
Assume that P(k) is true, where k is a positive integer.
=

i.e. cos x cos 3 x + cos 5 x cos 7 x + 3 + cos(4k 3) x cos(4k 1) x =

then cos x cos 3 x + cos 5 x cos 7 x + 3 + cos(4k 3) x cos(4k 1) x
+ cos[4(k + 1) 3]x cos[4(k + 1) 1]x

1 cos 4kx
2 cos x

1 cos 4kx
+ cos(4k + 1) x cos(4k + 3) x
2 cos x

1 cos 4kx + 2 cos x cos(4k + 1) x 2 cos x cos(4k + 3) x

2 cos x

1 cos 4kx + cos(4k + 2) x + cos(4kx) [cos(4k + 4) x + cos(4k 2) x]

2 cos x

1 cos 4kx + cos(4k + 2) x + cos 4kx cos(4k + 4) x cos(4k + 2) x

2 cos x
1 cos 4(k + 1) x
=
2 cos x
P (k + 1) is true.
According to mathematical induction, P(n) is true for all positive integers n.
105. (a) Use mathematical induction to prove that for all positive integers n,
sin 2x + (1) n +1 sin(n + 12 ) x
x
n +1
sin x sin 2 x + sin 3x + 3 + (1) sin nx =
where cos 0 .
x
2
2 cos 2
=

2
11
12
33
10
.
= sin
+ sin
sin
+ 3 + sin
7
7
7
7
7
sin 2x + (1) n +1 sin( n + 12 ) x
(a) Let P(n) be sin x sin 2 x + sin 3 x + 3 + (1) n +1 sin nx =
.
x
2
cos
2
When n = 1 , L.H.S. = sin x

(b) Hence prove that sin

R.H.S. =

sin 2x + (1)1+1 sin(1 + 12 ) x

2 cos 2x

sin 2x + sin 32x

2 sin x cos( 2x )

2 cos 2x
2 cos 2x

= sin x
P(1) is true.
Assume that P(k) is true, where k is a positive integer.
sin 2x + (1) k +1 sin( k + 12 ) x
i.e. sin x sin 2 x + sin 3 x + 3 + (1) k +1 sin kx =
2 cos 2x

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then sin x sin 2 x + sin 3x + 3 + (1) k +1 sin kx + (1)( k +1) +1 sin(k + 1) x

=

sin 2x + (1) k +1 sin(k + 12 ) x

sin 2x + (1) k +1 sin(k + 12 ) x + (1) k + 2 2 sin(k + 1) x cos 2x

sin 2x + (1) k +1 sin(k + 12 ) x + (1) k + 2 [sin(k + 1 + 12 ) x + sin(k + 1 12 ) x]

sin 2x + (1) k +1 sin(k + 12 ) x + (1) k + 2 sin(k + 32 ) x + (1) k + 2 sin(k + 12 ) x

sin 2x + (1) k +1 sin(k + 12 ) x + (1) k + 2 sin(k + 32 ) x (1) k +1 sin(k + 12 ) x

sin 2x + (1) ( k +1) +1 sin[(k + 1) + 12 ]x

2 cos 2x

+ (1) k + 2 sin(k + 1) x

2 cos 2x
2 cos 2x
2 cos 2x
2 cos 2x
2 cos 2x

P (k + 1) is true.
According to mathematical induction, P(n) is true for all positive integers n.

(b) Take x = ,
7
2
3
33

sin sin
+ sin
+ 3 + sin
7
7
7
7
=
=
=
=

sin 12 ( 7 ) + (1)33+1 sin(33 + 12 ) 7

2 cos 12 ( 7 )

+ sin 67
sin 14
14

2 cos 14

3
+ sin(5 14
sin 14
)

2 cos 14

3
+ sin 14
sin 14

2 cos 14

9 +1
1
1

2
3
9 sin 2 ( 7 ) + (1) sin(9 + 2 ) 7
+ sin
+ 3 + sin
=
sin sin
7
7
7
7
2 cos 12 ( 7 )

=
=
=

+ sin 19
sin 14
14

2 cos 14

+ sin( +
sin 14

2 cos 14

5
)
14

sin 14
sin 514

2 cos 14

47

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HKU 1st Hons Engineer

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93177825 AP MCAT GCE

10
11
12
33
+ sin
sin
+ 3 + sin
7
7
7
7

2
33
2
9
= (sin sin
+ 3 + sin
+ 3 + sin )
) (sin sin
7
7
7
7
7
7

3
5
sin 14 + sin 14 sin 14 sin 14
=

2 cos 14
2 cos 14
sin

=
=

3
+ sin 514
sin 14

2 cos 14

2 sin 27 cos( 14
)

= sin

2 cos 14

2
7