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    RAJASEKHAR T
    Taipei 101 is a 101-story skyscraper located in Taipei, Taiwan. Construction began in 1999 and was completed in 2004 at a cost of $1.76 billion. Some key aspects include its height of 509.2 meters, making it one of the tallest buildings in the world. It uses a reinforced concrete core and outrigger system to withstand typhoons and earthquakes common to the region. Other seismic protections include a tuned mass damper and sloped exterior columns. The building foundations incorporate 382 reinforced concrete piles that extend deep into bedrock to provide stability.

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    Task 6 - 2

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    Taipei 101 is a 101-story skyscraper located in Taipei, Taiwan. Construction began in 1999 and was completed in 2004 at a cost of $1.76 billion. Some key aspects include its height of 509.2 meters, making it one of the tallest buildings in the world. It uses a reinforced concrete core and outrigger system to withstand typhoons and earthquakes common to the region. Other seismic protections include a tuned mass damper and sloped exterior columns. The building foundations incorporate 382 reinforced concrete piles that extend deep into bedrock to provide stability.

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    Taipei 101 is a 101-story skyscraper located in Taipei, Taiwan. Construction began in 1999 and was completed in 2004 at a cost of $1.76 billion. Some key aspects include its height of 509.2 meters, making it one of the tallest buildings in the world. It uses a reinforced concrete core and outrigger system to withstand typhoons and earthquakes common to the region. Other seismic protections include a tuned mass damper and sloped exterior columns. The building foundations incorporate 382 reinforced concrete piles that extend deep into bedrock to provide stability.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    8 views34 pages

    Task 6 - 2

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    RAJASEKHAR T
    Taipei 101 is a 101-story skyscraper located in Taipei, Taiwan. Construction began in 1999 and was completed in 2004 at a cost of $1.76 billion. Some key aspects include its height of 509.2 meters, making it one of the tallest buildings in the world. It uses a reinforced concrete core and outrigger system to withstand typhoons and earthquakes common to the region. Other seismic protections include a tuned mass damper and sloped exterior columns. The building foundations incorporate 382 reinforced concrete piles that extend deep into bedrock to provide stability.

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    of 34

    TAIPEI 101

    GROUP -3
    TAIPEI - 101
    ➢ ALTERNATIVE NAME -TAIPEI FINANCIAL
    ➢ ARCHITECT -C.Y.LEE & PARTNER
    ➢ CONSTRUCTION START -1999
    ➢ CONSTRUCTION END -2004
    ➢ BUILDING COSTS -$1,760,000,000
    ➢ COORDINATES - 25*2’1” N 121*33’54”E
    ➢ OPENING -31 DECEMBER 2004
    ➢ OWNER -TAIPEI FINANCE
    CENTER CORPORATION
    ➢ COUNTRY - CHINA [TAIWAN]
    ➢ CITY -TAIPEI
    ➢ BUILDING FUNCTION -OFFICE AND MALL
    ➢ ENERGY LABEL LED -PLATINUM
    WORLD’S TALLEST BUILDINGS

    CURRENTLY WORLD’S 10TH TALLEST BUILDING


    ➢ SITE AREA -30,277 SQM
    ➢ TOTAL FLOOR AREA -379,296 SQM
    ➢ SHOPPING MALL FLOOR AREA [NOT INCLUDING PARKING LOT]
    -78,491SQM
    ➢ OFFICE BUILDING FLOOR AREA -215,767 SQM
    ➢ TOTAL WEIGHT -700,000 TONS
    ➢ CONSTRUCTION TIMES -6 YEARS [2004 TO 2010]
    ➢ CREW -2,000 WORKERS
    ➢ COST - $1.8 BILLION

    STRUCTURE IN GENERAL

    ➢ BUILDING TYPE -SKYSCRAPER


    ➢ BUILDING STATUS -EXISTING[COMPLETED]
    ➢ STRUCTURAL SYSTEM -CORE PLUS OUT TRIGGER
    ➢ STRUCTURAL MATERIAL -COMPOSITE STRUCTURE
    ➢ FACADE MATERIAL -GLASS
    ➢ FACADE SYSTEM- CURTAIN WALL
    ➢ FACADE COLOR -GREEN
    ➢ THE TAIPEI 101 INCLUDES: OFFICE ,COMMUNICATION , CONFERENCE ROOM,
    LIBRARY,OBSERVATION,RESTAURANT,RETAIL,AND A FITNESS CENTRE
    TECHNICAL DATA

    ➢ HEIGHT[ARCHITECTURAL TIP]
    509.20 M
    ➢ HEIGHT [MAIN ROOF] 449.20 M
    ➢ HEIGHT [TOP FLOOR] 439.20M
    ➢ HEIGHT [OBSERVATION
    FLOOR] 392.00M
    ➢ HEIGHT [OBSERVATION DECK]
    391.80 M
    ➢ HEIGHT [FLOOR CEILING] 2.85
    M
    ➢ FLOORS[ABOVE GROUND] 101
    ➢ FLOORS [BELOW GROUND] 5
    ➢ ELEVATORS 61
    ➢ ESCALATORS 50
    ➢ PARKING PLACES 1,800
    CONCEPT

    ➢ IT IS INSPIRED BY ANCIENT PAGODAS


    AND BAMBOO FOR ITS STRENGTH.

    101 FLOORS ( OFFICE)

    5 FLOORS ( MALL)
    CLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURE
    ➢ INTERIOR STRUCTURE - IT IS A
    DOUBLE TUBE STRUCTURE
    WHICH HAS STEEL FRAME FOR
    OUTER TUBE AND STEEL AND
    CONCRETE COLUMNS TO
    CREATE INNER TUBE.
    ➢ EXTERIOR STRUCTURE - IN
    CLASSIFICATION OF HIGH RISE
    BUILDINGS TAIPEI 101 COMES
    UNDER INTERIOR , OUTRIGGER
    STRUCTURE
    TYPICAL FLOOR FRAMING PLANS

    LOWER STORIES
    (1ST TO 25TH )

    UPPER STORIES
    ( 26TH TO 91ST )
    MEGA COLUMNS SLOPING COLUMNS
    SLOPING COLUMNS

    ➢ THE WALLS IN TRUNCATED


    PYRAMID BASE ARE OF 5 AND 7
    DEGREE SLOPE
    MATERIALS
    ➢ THERE ARE THREE MAIN MATERIALS USED IN
    TAIPEI 101.
    ➢ STEEL ( 80% -420 MPa ) - 5 TYPES OF STEELS
    ARE PRODUCED TO USE IN THIS STRUCTURE
    .
    ➢ CARBON ALLOY AND REFINED IRON ARE
    MIXED IN DIFFERENT QUANTITIES TO
    PRODUCE DIFFERENT STRENGTHS OF
    STEEL .
    ➢ MORE CARBON - MORE STIFFNESS
    ➢ SOFT TO WELD
    ➢ ABLE TO CARRY BULK WEIGHT
    ➢ FLEXIBLE WHEN HIT BY EARTHQUAKE
    ➢ CONCRETE ( 70 MPa ) - USED IN MEGA
    COLUMNS TILL 62ND FLOOR (60%STRONGER
    THAN OTHERS).
    ➢ GLASS- BLUE GREEN GLASS CURTAIN WALLS ARE
    DOUBLE-PANED AND GLAZED TO PROVIDE HEAD AND UV
    PROTECTION AND BLOCK EXTERNAL HEAT BY 50 %
    STIFF AND FLEXIBLE STRUCTURE
    ➢ TAIPEI 101 IS LOCATED IN TYPHOON AND EARTHQUAKE
    PRONE AREA WITH HEAVY WINDS AT 156 KMPH
    (SEISMIC ZONE) IN TAIWAN .
    ➢ IT ALSO HAS VERY POOR SOIL CONDITION WITH CLAY ,
    SANDSTONE AND UNSTABLE CONDITIONS FOR
    CONSTRUCTION.
    ➢ SO BUILDING A VERY TALL STRUCTURE THERE IS VERY
    CHALLENGING .
    ➢ TO OVERCOME THIS SITUATION DESIGNERS CAME UP
    WITH IDEA OF BUILDING STIFF AND FLEXIBLE
    STRUCTURE SO THAT THE STRUCTURE IS STIFF WHEN
    TYPHOON HITS AND FLEXIBLE WHEN EARTHQUAKE
    OCCURS.
    ➢ TO SATISFY THESE NEEDS THEY SELECTED STEEL AND
    CONCRETE
    ➢ IN WHICH STEEL , HIGH IN TENSION AND FLEXIBLE AND
    CONCRETE HIGH IN COMPRESSION AND STIFF .
    WIND 156 KMPH /
    97MPH LARGE CROSS
    WIND FORCES
    SAW TOOTH OR
    DOUBLE NOTCH
    CORNERS
    40% LESS
    WIND FORCE
    EFFECT
    TUNED MASS DAMPER

    ➢ IT IS A HUGE BALL SHAPED MASS HANGING FROM


    92ND FLOOR TO 86TH FLOOR TO COUNTER THE
    EFFECT OF WIND .
    ➢ IT IS MADE OF 41 ,125MM THICK PRECAST PLATES
    AND THEN WELDED TOGETHER TO CREATE
    MASSIVE DAMPER AND THEN HUNG USING 16 ,10
    CM CABLES AND TUNED TO SWING EXACTLY THE
    OPPOSITE DIRECTION TO THE BUILDING WHEN
    MOVED BY WIND.
    ➢ IN UNEXPECTED SITUATIONS WHEN DAMPER
    MOVES EXCESSIVELY OR OUT OF SYNCH WITH
    THE BUILDING THE BALL IS ATTACHED TO SERIES
    OF HYDRAULIC DASHPOTS LIKE MEGA SHOCK
    ABSORBERS THAT STOPS THE BALLS MOVEMENT
    5.5 M DIAMETER

    6m

    660 TONS
    HYDRAULIC DASHPOTS
    TMD IS ATTACHED TO
    HYDRAULICS DASHPOTS
    LIKE MEGA SHOCK
    ABSORBERS,WHICH
    CREATES GOLDEN
    EFFECT
    LOAD DISTRIBUTION

    ➢ Outriggers ties two structural Belt truss


    parts core & perimeter, which
    resists the rotation,causing the
    lateral deflections and
    CORE
    moments in core,which
    transfers perimeter load to
    mega structure. PERIMETER

    ➢ Belt trusses are designed to


    distribute the tensile and
    compressive forces,

    OUTRIGGER
    LOCATION OF ELEMENTS

    At the base of taipei 101, belt At the upper level of taipei 101,
    trusses are located at depth of belt trusses are located at depth
    2 floors(9m),at 9th,19th &27th of 1 floors(4.5m).
    levels
    MEGA COLUMNS
    ➢ 700,000 TONS OF SOIL IS EXCAVATED BEFORE
    CONSTRUCTION.
    ➢ 23000 CUBIC METER CONCRETE SLAB SITS ON 382
    REINFORCED CONCRETE PILES .
    ➢ 8 MEGA COLUMNS ARE CONSTRUCTED USING 80 MM
    THICK STEEL PLATES AND CONCRETE.
    ➢ FROM START TO FINISH EACH SUPER COLUMN BOX
    SECTION TAKES FOUR MONTHS TO MAKE , WEIGHTS 90
    TONS AND ALMOST 2 STORY HEIGHT.
    ➢ EACH OF THESE COLUMNS WILL NEED 50 OF SUCH
    SECTIONS THAT IS MORE THAN 400 FOR TOTAL BUILDING
    ➢ HERE COMES THE MAIN CHALLENGE TO JOIN ALL OF THEM
    TO MAKE A SINGLE UNIT .
    ➢ EACH JOINT MUST BE WELDED SO CAREFULLY AND IT
    TAKES 14 HRS FOR EACH JOINT TO WELD THAT MEANS 2
    YEARS FOR WELDING SUPER COLUMNS.
    ➢ THEN THE CONCRETE MIX WHICH HAS 60% MORE
    STRENGTH IS POURED INTO THEM .
    ➢ THESE MEGA COLUMNS ARE BUILD UP TO LEV 90 AND
    FILLED WITH CONCRETE TILL 62ND LEVEL
    8
    MEGA COLUMN FLOORS
    FILLED WITH EACH
    REINFORCED
    CONCRETE TILL
    62ND FLOOR 8 MODULES

    MEGA COLUMN
    CONSISTING OF
    REINFORCED
    CONCRETE

    TOTAL 8 MEGA
    COLUMNS
    SIX SELF ERECTING ADVANCED CRANES ARE USED TO SHIP THOUSAND
    OF TONS STRAIGHT UP TO PLACE IN SINGLE DAY

    CORE

    BRACED BY
    MOMENT
    FRAMES
    BOX
    COLUMNS
    FILLED WITH
    CONCRETE
    TILL 62ND
    LEVEL

    THE BRACED CORE IS COVERED WITH CONCRETE WALLS FROM FOUNDATION TO 8TH FLOOR
    FOUNDATION DETAILS
    One of the most stable buildings ever constructed

    • Reinforced by 382 piles driven 262 feet into the ground,


    extending as far as 30 meters (98 ft. ) into the bedrock.

    • Each pile is 5 feet in diameter and can withstand a load of


    1100-1450 tons, that is 2,900,000 pounds each.The Building
    stand right beside the fault line and it is situated in one of the
    most active typhoon zones.

    • 660 feet away from a fault line

    • Soft rock occurs beneath 40 to 60 m of clay and stiff unstable


    soil. The design required a 21 m deep basement.

    • The plies are topped by a foundation slab which is 3m thick at


    the edges and up to 5m thick under the largest of columns

    • There are a total of 380 1.5m dia. Tower piles.


    For supporting the huge loads transferred to the foundation through the structure components of
    the main tower, three types of foundations, large diameter caisson, barrette, and large diameter
    bored piles were evaluated .
    Soil Type
    ● 660 feet away from a fault line
    ● 21m deep basement
    ○ Groundwater usually 2m below the surface
    ○ Soft rock usually 40-50m below colluvial soils
    and clay
    ● 2 Slurry Wall System
    ○ One around both the tower and the podium
    foundation
    ○ Second around just the tower foundation
    ● Drilled Piers
    ○ Continuous concrete matt transfers point loads
    ○ 380 piers driven 262 ft into the ground
    ○ 5ft in diameter and can withstand 1100-1450
    tons each
    Reverse Circulation Drilling System (RCDS) has been
    developed in order to drill or socket hard rock.
    The reverse circulation drilling system consists of a tool fitted
    with roller cutter bits, which penetrates continuously into the
    soil or rock by rotation, thrust and/or weight.
    The RCD system is operated once the pile is bored to the top
    of the rock or to the maximum depth reached by the
    interlocking Kelly bars. Once the final depth is reached the
    REVERSE CIRCULATION PILE
    RCD string is removed from the shaft and disassembled.
    CONCLUSION

    Challenges Structural Strategies


    Wind Central core
    Trusses and Bracing
    Height Truncated Pyramid Base
    Seismic Flexible but Sturdy Materials
    Mass Damper
    Foundation 2 Slurry Wall System
    Drilled Piers

    Taipei 101 honors the traditional Chinese Pagoda style with an innovative twist on
    handling the extreme lateral loads that come from being one of the tallest buildings
    in the world.
    REFERENCES
    https://www.tripsavvy.com/taipei-101-tower-facts-1458242
    https://www.phase-trans.msm.cam.ac.uk/2005/t101/t101.html
    https://www.cylee.com/about http://www.egc.com.tw/index.php?lang=en-us
    http://www.archinomy.com/case-studies/671/taipei-101-a-case-study
    https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/taipei-101/117
    http://global.ctbuh.org/resources/papers/download/1650-structural-design-of-taipei
    -101-theworlds-tallest-building.pdf

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