ACM C W02:

CONSTRUCTION PRACTICE WORKSHOP

PROGRAMME: PGP ADVANCED CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT

WORKSHOP COORDINATOR: DR. SHASHANK BS

TOPIC: CONSTRUCTION PRACTICES FOR HIGH RISE CONSTRUCTION

PROJECTS
CASE STUDY PRESENTATION ON “BAHRAIN WORLD TRADE CENTRE”
ROLL NO. NAME ACM-34 SECTION-1 (2020-2022)
AP20076 ANGAD DEWALKAR
AP20077 ANIMESH JAISWAL
AP20078 AMAN NAYAK
AP20079 KARAN JADHAO
AP20080 ANKIT CHAUHAN
AP20081 ANKUR PRATAP
AP20082 KEVAL TANK
INTRODUCTION AND DEFINITION
HIGH RISE IS DEFINED DIFFERENTLY BY DIFFERENT BODIES.
EMPORIS STANDARDS-
A MULTI-STORY STRUCTURE BETWEEN 35-100 METERS TALL, OR A BUILDING OF UNKNOWN HEIGHT
FROM 12-39 FLOORS IS TERMED AS HIGH RISE.

THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON FIRE SAFETY-

“ANY STRUCTURE WHERE THE HEIGHT CAN HAVE A SERIOUS IMPACT ON EVACUATION”

BUILDING CODE OF HYDERABAD, INDIA-

A HIGH-RISE BUILDING IS ONE WITH FOUR FLOORS OR MORE, OR ONE 15 METERS OR MORE IN HEIGHT.

MASSACHUSETTS, UNITED STATES GENERAL LAWS-

A HIGH-RISE IS BEING HIGHER THAN 70 FEET (21M)
NEED OF HIGH RISE BUILDING

 USED AS ONE OF A WIDE RANGE OF TOOLS TO ACHIEVE HIGH DENSITY DEVELOPMENT.

 THEY PROVIDE THE OPPORTUNITY TO CONTROL URBAN SPRAWL WITH THEIR RELATIVELY SMALL
FOOT PRINT.

 PROVIDES LIVING FACILITY FOR A LARGE NUMBER OF PEOPLE AND IS MORE SUSTAINABLE FORM OF
DEVELOPMENT.

 THEY BRING IMPACT AT STRATEGIC AND LOCAL LEVEL.

 THE HUGE PEOPLE LOAD OF A HIGH BUILDING, PARTICULARLY AT PEAK TIMES, MAY OVERLOAD THE
CITIES INFRASTRUCTURE-ITS PUBLIC TRANSPORT, ROADS AND UTILITIES. THE SIZE OF BUILDING HAS
IMPORTANT DIRECT INFLUENCES ON OUR EMOTIONAL RESPONSE.

 THE LACK OF AVAILABLE LAND FOR DEVELOPMENT.

 SOME TALL BUILDINGS MORE ABOUT POWER, PRESTIGE STATUS, WHERE THEY PLAY AN IMPORTANT
ROLE IN MEETING OCCUPIER DEMAND FOR LARGE PRESTIGIOUS HEADQUARTERS, AND ASTHETICS.
ESSENTIAL SAFETY CONCERNS TO CONSIDER DURING HIGH-RISE CONSTRUCTION

 RISK ASSESSMENT OF HIGH RISE CONSTRUCTION:

i. USE OF SAFETY EQUIPMENT

ii. EDUCATING LABORS

iii. CREATING AWARENESS

 USING THE RIGHT CRANE

i. IDENTIFYING THE HAZARDS TO AVOID HIGH RISK INJURY

ii. MINIMIZING THE RISKS BY IMPLEMENTING MEASURES

iii. MAINTAINING AND REVISING THE MEASURES FOR A SAFE WORK ENVIRONMENT.
TYPES OF MATERIAL
TYPES OF SYSTEM

 SHEAR WALL SYSTEM

 BRACED SYSTEM

 HYBRID SYSTEM

 MOMENT RESISTING SYSTEM

 TRUSSED TUBE

 BUNDLED FRAME TUBE

 FRAME TUBE
ARCHITECTURAL CONSIDERATIONS

LOCATION AND HEIGHT

FUNCTION .

 FUNCTION IS ONE OF THE SIGNIFICANT ARCHITECTURAL PARAMETERS OF TALL

BUILDINGS. AS SEEN IN (FIGURE 4), MIXED-USE AND OFFICE BUILDINGS ARE THE
TWO MAIN TYPE OF FUNCTION IN THIS TYPE OF BUILDING.

 THOSE ARE BOTH AROUND 77% OF THE TOTAL NUMBER OF THE TALL BUILDINGS.

 BASE PLAN

 FORM (BASED ON AERODYNAMIC AND GEOMETRIC CHARACYERISTICS)

 STRUCTURAL MATERIAL

 DIAGRID SYSTEM
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
ADVANTAGES

•ACCOMMODATES LARGE NUMBER OF FAMILIES AND BUSINESS HOUSES.

•THEY REDUCE THE DISTANCE TO BE TRAVELLED BY OCCUPANTS SAVING THEIR TIME.

•PERMIT MORE OPEN SPACE AROUND THE BUILDING.

•PROVIDE MORE SUNLIGHT AND PURE AIR.

•VERTICAL EXPANSION RESULTS IN CURTAILMENT OF COST OF VARIOUS SERVICES SUCH AS WATER

SUPPLY ELECTRIFICATION.

•SAVES LAND WHICH CAN BE USED FURTHER.

•PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS SHOULD NEED LITTLE ADJUSTMENT FOR DIFFERENT UPWIND TERRAIN TYPES
DISADVANTAGES
• CONSTRUCTION COST INCREASES.

• DIFFICULT FOR CHILDREN AND OLD PEOPLE TO GO UP WHEN ELEVATORS FAILS.

• ENJOYING THE CHARM OF PRIVATE GARDEN CANNOT BE OBTAINED.

• THE APPROACH IS NOT SUITABLE FOR VERY LARGE STRUCTURES, OR FOR THOSE WITH

SIGNIFICANT DYNAMIC RESPONSE.

• THE RESPONSE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE GUST ANEMOMETERS AND THE NATURAL

VARIABILITY OF THE PEAK GUSTS TEND TO BE INCORPORATED INTO THE WIND LOAD

ESTIMATES.
BAHRAIN WORLD TRADE CENTRE

BAHRAIN
WORLD TRADE CENTRE
 SUBSTRUCTURE OF BRAHRAIN WORLD TRADE CENTRE

 Each tower has a separate continuous piled raft foundation at basement level.

 The raft slabs vary in thickness according to loading and incorporate lift pits.

 Beneath the main cores the raft thickness is 3.0 meters and the piles are 1200mm diameter, closely spaced and
rated at 18MN safe working load.

 Away from the main core the raft thickness reduces progressively to 2.0 meters and the piles to 1050mm diameter,
more widely spaced and rated at 8MN safe working load.

 The loads acting on the pile group are predominantly dead loads, imposed loads and wind loads.

 These act in combination to generate maximum and minimum pile loads.

• Individual piles were modelled in the finite element analysis as vertical springs bending moments per meter
length analysis for foundation.
 The columns are positioned in a 26 ft grid pattern and the floor plates have a typical storey height of 12 ft.
 The raking columns triangulate both of the cores providing the towers with a stiff framework. Due to the
tapering shape of the towers, the secondary core terminates before reaching the highest office.
 The panoramic core extends higher into the towers supporting the duplex offices and viewing gallery.
 Above the gallery, lattice steelwork is used to structure the top clad section to help reduce weight.
 The tapering shape of the towers also means that the center of gravity, center of mass, and center of stiffness
vary on each floor, moving towards the panoramic lifts with increasing height.

• The results of this may lead to dead load sway, however the possibility of that is very small because of the
stiffening framework provided by the raking columns and the concentration of piles beneath the main core to

reduce base rotation. VERTICAL LOADS

 The columns are positioned in a 26 ft grid pattern and the floor plates have a typical storey height of 12 ft.

 The raking columns triangulate both of the cores providing the towers with a stiff framework. Due to the tapering shape
of the towers, the secondary core terminates before reaching the highest office.

 The panoramic core extends higher into the towers supporting the duplex offices and viewing gallery.

 Above the gallery, lattice steelwork is used to structure the top clad section to help reduce weight.

 The tapering shape of the towers also means that the center of gravity, center of mass, and center of stiffness vary on
each floor, moving towards the panoramic lifts with increasing height.

• The results of this may lead to dead load sway, however the possibility of that is very small because of the
stiffening framework provided by the raking columns and the concentration of piles beneath the main core to
reduce base rotation. VERTICAL LOADS
• THE FOCAL POINT OF THE DEVELOPMENT IS THE TWIN TRIANGULAR SHAPED TOWERS WHICH SIT ABOVE A
SCULPTED THREE-STORY PODIUM.

• EACH TOWER HAS ITS OWN SEPARATE CONTINUOUS PILED RAFT FOUNDATION.

• THE PILES VARY IN THICKNESS, THE THICKEST BEING LOCATED BENEATH THE MAIN CORES.

• AT THE MAIN CORE THE RAFTS ARE 3.0M THICK, THE PILES ARE 1.2M IN DIAMETER, AND ARE VERY CLOSELY SPACED.

• THE THICKNESS OF THE RAFTS REDUCES WITH DISTANCE AWAY FROM THE MAIN CORE TO 2.0M, PILES BECOME 1.0M
IN DIAMETER, AND THEY ARE MORE WIDELY SPACED.

• IT MAKES SENSE THAT THE FOUNDATION LOCATED UNDER THE MAIN CORE WOULD BE THE STRONGEST BECAUSE
THAT IS WHERE THE MAJORITY OF THE LOADS WILL BE TRANSFERRED TO.

• DUE TO THE TAPERING SHAPE OF THE TOWERS IT MAKES SENSE THAT THE FOUNDATION CAN BE LESSENED IN
STRENGTH WITH DISTANCE AWAY FROM THE MAIN CORE BECAUSE THE TRANSFER OF LOAD WILL BE MUCH
SMALLER. 
• THE STRUCTURE OF THE BAHRAIN WORLD TRADE CENTER CONSISTS PRIMARILY OF A MAIN AND SECONDARY
CONCRETE CORE.

• THE FLOOR PLATES ARE FRAMED WITH REINFORCED VERTICAL CONCRETE COLUMNS AND RAKING COLUMNS WHICH
FOLLOW THE TAPERED EDGES OF THE TOWERS.

• THE COLUMNS ARE POSITIONED IN A 26 FT GRID PATTERN AND THE FLOOR PLATES HAVE A TYPICAL STOREY HEIGHT OF
12 FT.

• THE RAKING COLUMNS TRIANGULATE BOTH OF THE CORES PROVIDING THE TOWERS WITH A STIFF FRAMEWORK. 

• DUE TO THE TAPERING SHAPE OF THE TOWERS, THE SECONDARY CORE TERMINATES BEFORE REACHING THE HIGHEST
OFFICE. THE MAIN CORE EXTENDS TO THE HEIGHT OF THE HIGHEST OFFICE FLOOR, BUT THEN ALSO TERMINATES. 

• THE TAPERING SHAPE OF THE TOWERS ALSO MEANS THAT THE CENTER OF GRAVITY, CENTER OF MASS, AND CENTER OF
STIFFNESS VARY ON EACH FLOOR, MOVING TOWARDS THE PANORAMIC LIFTS WITH INCREASING HEIGHT. THE RESULTS
OF THIS MAY LEAD TO DEAD LOAD SWAY, HOWEVER THE POSSIBILITY OF THAT IS VERY SMALL BECAUSE OF THE
STIFFENING FRAMEWORK PROVIDED BY THE RAKING COLUMNS AND THE CONCENTRATION OF PILES BENEATH THE
MAIN CORE TO REDUCE BASE ROTATION.
CHALLENGES ENCOUNTERED

• DURING CONSTRUCTION AND INSTALLATIONS OF THE WIND TURBINES, RAMBOLL AND

ATKINS GLOBAL ENGINEERING TEAMS IDENTIFIED AND RESOLVED NUMEROUS
POTENTIAL TECHNICAL PROBLEMS.

• AMONG THEM THE MOST SERIOUS WAS THE VIBRATION, WHICH WAS HANDLED BY
INSERTING RUBBER BEARINGS AT THE ENDS OF THE THREE BRIDGES.

• NEXT CHALLENGE WAS LIFTING THE THREE WIND TURBINES, WHICH WEIGHED 68 TONNES
EACH, AND PLACING THEM ON THE THREE BRIDGES WHICH WEIGHED 11 TONNES EACH.

• A 270M CRANE WAS INSTALLED BETWEEN THE TOWERS TO FACILITATE THIS

SALIENT FEATURES
• BUFFER SPACES BETWEEN EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT AND AIR CONDITIONED SPACES – E.G.
INCLUDING A CAR PARK DECK ABOVE AND TO SOUTHERN SIDE OF THE MALL WHICH WILL HAVE
THE EFFECT OF REDUCING SOLAR AIR TEMPERATURE AND REDUCING CONDUCTIVE SOLAR
GAIN.

• BALCONIES TO SLOPING ELEVATIONS WITH OVERHANGS TO PROVIDE SHADING.

• WHERE SHADING IS NOT PROVIDED TO GLAZING, A HIGH QUALITY SOLAR GLASS IS USED WITH
LOW SHADING CO-EFFICIENT TO MINIMIZE SOLAR GAINS.

• ENHANCED THERMAL INSULATION FOR OPAQUE FABRIC ELEMENTS.

• DUAL DRAINAGE SYSTEM THAT SEGREGATE FOUL AND WASTE WATER AND ALLOW GREY WATER
RECYCLING TO BE ADDED AT LATER DATE.
• SIGNIFICANT PROPORTION TO PROJECTILE SHADING TO EXTERNAL GLASS FACADES.
• DEEP ROOFS IN SOME LOCATIONS THAT PROVIDE KINETIC FRICTION.
• DENSE CONCRETE CORE AND FLOOR SLABS PRESENTED TO THE INTERNAL
ENVIRONMENT IN A MANNER THAT WILL LEVEL LOADS.
• REFLECTION POOLS AT BUILDING ENTRANCES TO PROVIDE LOCAL EVAPORATIVE
COOLING.
FOUNDATION
• The foundations for the towers are a piled raft varying in thickness according to loading. 
• Beneath the main core, the thickness is three meters, reducing to two meters beneath the raking columns. 
• Pile sizes are typically 1,200mm diameter beneath the main core reducing to 1,050mm diameter beneath the
raking columns.
• Pile loads vary beneath the raft with a maximum safe working load of 18MN required beneath the main
cores. 
• The piles are designed to resist loads predominantly in shaft friction.
• Ground conditions comprise reclaimed land and superficial deposits over weak carbonate rocks over
limestone.
• The piles are designed to resist loads predominantly in shaft friction through the weak carbonate rocks.
• The extreme climate in Bahrain and the presence of chlorides and sulphates in the ground and atmosphere
require special precautions to avoid problems with durability of steel and concrete structures.
• For concrete structures, durability was achieved by adopting a combination of the following measures:
• Specifying high quality, dense, low permeability concrete
• Specifying adequate cover
• Designing to limit crack widths
• Application of external tanking below ground and external coatings above ground
Sail Shaped Structure

• A deep understanding of wind behavior gained from 25 years of sailing prepared architect Killa to successfully promote
the largest-ever integration of electricity generating turbines into a building, the Bahrain Word Trade Centre.
• Explaining in detail about the design of the structure its mentioned earlier that the design of the BWTC twin towers is
derived from the concept behind traditional Arabian wind towers: Tapering to a height of 240m, each tower is visually
anchored to the ground by a concertina of curved, sail-like forms.
• With elliptical floor plans, the towers are linked by three bridges spanning over 30 m with a 29-m-dia wind turbine at their
centers.
• In plan, the sail profiles of the two towers funnel the onshore breeze between them as well as creating lift behind, thus
further accelerating the wind velocity between the twin structures.
• Tapering as they rise, the towers reduce this funnel effect, countering the increasing wind speeds with
height, and making conditions around the turbines roughly the same.
• This phenomenon is one of the successes of incorporating the world’s first integration of turbines with a
commercial tower structure
Twin Structures
• The twin towers are framed predominantly in reinforced concrete, with structural steelwork used for the clad steel
tower, panoramic lift enclosure and mezzanine floors.  The total height of the structure is 240m above ground floor level
and the single storey basement is at a depth of 4.5 meters.
• The primary structure comprises main and secondary reinforced concrete cores, reinforced concrete columns and floor
plates typically having a storey height of 3.6 meters.  Where the structure tapers in elevation, raking columns follow the
sloping face.

• The towers are typically mirrors the axis of symmetry, although there are some
differences over the height of the podium.
• The wind load on the towers is predominantly resisted by the main concrete core
that encloses the four main lifts and the adjacent, escape stairs, plant spaces and
risers. 
• About the weak axis, the secondary core relieves some of the load on the main core.
Four raking columns triangulate the cores, resulting in a relatively stiff framework. 
• The outer pair of raking columns following the arc on plan also has a stiffening effect
about the minor axis and tends to attract reversible forces under wind loads.
 SUPER STRUCTURE
• THE TOWERS ARE IN SAIL SHAPED, TYPICALLY MIRRORED ABOUT
THEIR AXIS OF SYMMETRY.

• THE PRIMARY STRUCTURE COMPRISES MAIN AND SECONDARY

REINFORCED CONCRETE CORES, THE MAIN CORE CONSIST ESCAPE
STAIRS AND SECONDARY CORE CONSISTS ELECTRICAL/ TELECOMS
ROOMS.

• THE FLOOR PLATES TYPICALLY CONSIST STOREY HEIGHT OF 3.6

METRES AND ARE FRAMED WITH REINFORCED VERTICAL CONCRETE
COLUMNS ON AN 8.0M GRID.

• THE WIND LOAD ON THE TOWERS IS RESISTED PRIMARILY BY THE

MAIN CONCRETE CORE; SECONDARY CONCRETE CORE HELPS TO
RELIEVE THE MAIN CORES LOADS. THE LOAD TRANSFER BETWEEN
THE TWO CORES OCCURS BETWEEN THE 20 TH AND 24TH FLOOR LEVELS.
VERTICAL LOADS
• THE COLUMNS ARE POSITIONED IN A 26FT GRID PATTERN AND
THE FLOOR PLATES HAVE A TYPICAL STOREY HEIGHT OF 12FT .
• THE COLUMNS TRIANGULATE BOTH OF THE CORES PROVIDING
THE TOWERS WITH A STIFF FRAMEWORK. DUE TO THE SHALE
SHAPE OF THE TOWERS, THE SECONDARY CORE TERMINATES
BEFORE REACHING THE HIGHEST OFFICE.
• THE PANORAMIC CORE EXTENDS HIGHER INTO THE TOWERS
SUPPORTING THE DUPLEX OFFICES AND VIEWING GALLERY.
• ABOVE THE GALLERY, LATTICE STEELWORK IS USED TO
STRUCTURE THE TOP CLAD SECTION TO HELP REDUCE WEIGHT.
• THE SHALE SHAPE OF THE TOWERS ALSO MEANS THAT THE
CENTRE OF GRAVITY, CENTRE OF MASS AND CENTRE OF
STIFFNESS VARY ON EACH FLOOR, MOVING TOWARDS THE
PANORAMIC LIFTS WITH INCREASING HEIGHT.
 MATERIAL USED

• TOTAL CONCRETE USED =1,20,000 CUBIC

METER.
• TOTAL STEEL USED = 18,000 TONS
• FAÇADE : DOUBLE GLAZING AND INSULATED
ALUMINIUM PANELS, STONE WALL AND
FLOOR CLADDING.
• GLASS PANELS = 29,500 SQUARE METER
• CLADDING PANELS = 24,500 SQUARE METER
TECHNICAL FEATURES
• BUFFER SPACES BETWEEN THE EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT AND AIR CONDITIONED SPACES.
• DEEP GRAVEL ROOFS IN SOME LOCATIONS THAT PROVIDE KINETIC INSULATION.
• SIGNIFICANT PROPORTION OF PROJECTILE SHADING TO EXTERNAL GLASS FACADES.
• BALCONIES TO THE SLOPING ELEVATIONS WITH OVERHANGS TO PROVIDE SHADING.
• WHERE SHADING IS NOT PROVIDED TO GLAZING, A HIGH QUALITY SOLAR GLASS IS USED WITH LOW
SHADING CO-EFFICIENT TO MINIMISE SOLAR GAINS.
• ENHANCED THERMAL INSULATION FOR OPAQUE FABRIC ELEMENTS.
• DENSE CONCRETE CORE AND FLOOR SLABS PRESENTED TO THE INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT IN A MANNER
THAT WILL LEVEL LOADS AND REDUCE PEAK DEMAND WITH ASSOCIATED REDUCTIONS IN AIR AND
CHILLED WATER TRANSPORT SYSTEMS.
• ENERGY EFFICIENT , HIGH EFFICACY, HIGH FREQUENCY FLUORESCENT LIGHTING WITH ZONAL CONTROL.
• REFLECTION POOLS AT BUILDING ENTRANCES TO PROVIDE LOCAL EVAPORATIVE COOLING.
• EXTENSIVE LANDSCAPING TO REDUCE SITE REFLECTIVE POWER AND PROVIDE SHADE FOR CAR PARKS.
 SUSTAINABLE DESIGN
• IN ITS DESIGN, THE BWTC TOOK ADVANTAGE OF
THE LOCATION TO MAXIMISE THE ENERGY THAT
CAN BE CAPTURED FROM THE SEA BREEZE.
• BAHRAIN LAND MASSES HEATS UP DURING THE
EARLY HOURS OF THE MORNING, CREATING UPLIFT
AND COOL SEA BREEZE REPLACES IT RESULTING IN
A CONSISTENT ONSHORE SEA BREEZE.
• THE ELLIPTICAL PLAN FORMS AND SAIL- SHAPE
PROFILES OF THE TOWERS ACT AS AEROFOILS,
FUNNELLING THE ONSHORE BREEZE BETWEEN
THEM AS WELL AS CREATING A NEGATIVE
PRESSURE BEHIND, THUS ACCELERATING THE
WIND VELOCITY BETWEEN THE TWO TOWERS.
WIND TURBINES & SUPPORT BRIDGES
BAHRAIN WTC WIND
TURBINE & BRIDGE
THE BAHRAIN WORLD TRADE CENTER IS AN EXTREMELY INNOVATIVE
PAIR OF BUILDINGS. ANYTIME BUILDINGS OF THIS MAGNITUDE ARE
PLANNED AND CONSTRUCTED, THE STRUCTURAL DESIGN BECOMES AN
INTEGRAL PART OF THE PROJECT AS A WHOLE.

WITHOUT A CREATIVE AND EFFICIENT DESIGN, THE STRUCTURE ITSELF

WOULD NEVER BE ABLE TO SUPPORT THE DEMANDS OF MAINTAINING
THE FUNCTIONS OF THE WIND TURBINES.

THE FIRST STRUCTURAL CONCERN RAISED BY THE WIND TURBINES WAS

THE ABILITY TO BEAR THE WEIGHT OF THE THREE MASSIVE TURBINES,
AND SECONDLY, DESIGNING THE BUILDINGS IN SUCH A WAY THAT THE
WIND HITS THE TURBINES AT THE DESIRED ANGLES. BOTH OF THESE
POTENTIAL PROBLEMS WERE TACKLED BECAUSE OF THE OUTSTANDING
STRUCTURAL DESIGN CREATED BY THE ARCHITECTS AND ENGINEERS
• THE THREE WIND TURBINES ARE ATTACHED TO THREE DIFFERENT BRIDGES THAT SPAN 31 METERS
BETWEEN THE TWO TOWERS.

• THESE BRIDGES HAD TO BE CAREFULLY DESIGNED SO THAT THEY COULD BEAR THE LOAD OF THE
TURBINES.

• NOT ONLY DO THEY HAVE TO BE STRONG ENOUGH IN ORDER TO HOLD UP THE TURBINES THAT WEIGH
OVER 11 TONS EACH, THEY ALSO HAVE TO BE ABLE TO STAY STRONG THROUGH THE MOVEMENTS
CAUSED BY THE HIGH WINDS BETWEEN THE BUILDINGS.

• IN ORDER TO SOLVE THIS PROBLEM, THE BRIDGES CONTAIN “MAINTENANCE-FREE BEARINGS WHERE
THEY CONNECT TO THE BUILDINGS TO ALLOW THE TOWERS TO MOVE 5 M RELATIVE TO EACH OTHER”.
THIS DESIGN KEEPS THE TOWERS FROM BEING SUBJECTED TO AN EXCESSIVE AMOUNT OF BENDING.

• THIS IS A NECESSITY BECAUSE THE WINDS BETWEEN THE TOWERS THAT ARE NEEDED TO POWER THE
TURBINES CAN REACH EXTREMELY HIGH SPEEDS. ANOTHER IMPORTANT ASPECT OF THE DESIGN THAT
ALLOWS FOR THE TURBINES TO REACH THEIR MAXIMUM POTENTIAL IS THE SHAPE OF THE BUILDINGS.
• THE STRUCTURAL ENGINEERS HEAVILY RELIED ON AIRFLOW DYNAMICS TO DESIGN THE STRUCTURE
OF THE TOWERS. THEY DESIGNED THE SHAPE OF THE BUILDINGS SO THAT THEY HAVE A SAIL-LIKE
SHAPE “WHICH FUNNEL THE ONSHORE BREEZE BETWEEN [THE TOWERS], THUS ACCELERATING THE
WIND VELOCITY BETWEEN THE TWO TOWERS”. THIS SPECIFIC DESIGN SUCCEEDED IN “INCREASING
ITS NATURAL [WIND] RATE BY UP TO 30 PER CENT”

• AS WELL AS INCREASING THE VELOCITY OF THE WIND, IT WAS ALSO IMPORTANT THAT WIND SPEEDS
AT EACH TURBINE WERE EQUAL SO THAT THE EFFICIENCY OF THE ENTIRE SYSTEM WAS MAXIMIZED.
TO ACHIEVE THIS, THE STRUCTURAL ENGINEERS CREATED A DESIGN THAT INCLUDED A TAPERING OF
THE CROSS-SECTION OF THE TOWERS AS THEY ROSE UPWARD. THIS DESIGN, BECAUSE OF THE
PRINCIPLES OF AIRFLOW, COUNTERACT THE INCREASING WINDS SPEEDS FURTHER UP THE TOWER AND
ALLOW FOR THE TURBINES TO WORK PROPERLY.

• BEFORE EXECUTION EXTENSIVE TESTS HAD TO BE PERFORMED ON THE STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY OF

THE BUILDING BEFORE CONSTRUCTION COULD TAKE PLACE. ACCORDING TO REPORTS “A TOTAL OF A
• AFTER ANALYSING THE RESULTS OF EACH TEST, THE BRIDGE DESIGNERS WERE ABLE TO TAKE EXTRA
STRUCTURAL PRECAUTIONS AND ADD SPOILERS AND DAMPERS AT SPECIFIC PARTS OF THE BRIDGES
AND TURBINES.

• ALL OF THESE EFFORTS BY THE STRUCTURAL ENGINEERS HAVE CREATED A TRULY INNOVATIVE SET OF
TOWERS.

• THE TWO TOWERS ARE LINKED VIA THREE SKYBRIDGES, EACH HOLDING A 225 KW WIND TURBINE,
TOTALLING TO 675 KW OF WIND POWER CAPACITY. EACH OF THESE TURBINES MEASURE 29 M (95 FT) IN
DIAMETER.

• IT IS CONFIRMED BY WIND TUNNEL TESTS, WHICH SHOWED THAT THE BUILDINGS CREATE AN S-SHAPED
FLOW, ENSURING THAT ANY WIND COMING WITHIN A 45° ANGLE TO EITHER SIDE OF THE CENTRAL AXIS
WILL CREATE A WIND STREAM THAT REMAINS PERPENDICULAR TO THE TURBINES.
• THE WIND TURBINES ARE EXPECTED TO
PROVIDE 11% TO 15% OF THE TOWERS' TOTAL
POWER CONSUMPTION, OR APPROXIMATELY 1.1
TO 1.3 GWH A YEAR.

• THIS IS EQUIVALENT TO PROVIDING THE

LIGHTING FOR ABOUT 300 HOMES, 258
HOSPITALS, 17 INDUSTRIAL PLANTS, AND 33 CAR
ENGINES. THE THREE TURBINES WERE TURNED
ON FOR THE FIRST TIME ON 8 APRIL 2008. THEY
ARE EXPECTED TO OPERATE 50% OF THE TIME
ON AN AVERAGE DAY.

• THERE IS ALSO A SHOPPING CENTER JUST

BELOW THE TURBINES, WHICH GENERATES THE
REVENUE OF THE WTC EMPLOYEES. THERE IS
ALSO A GIANT UNDERGROUND WATER
FILTRATION PLANT, WHICH TAKES CARE OF THE
PORTABLE AND PLANTATION WATER NEEDS.
TURBINE # 1 340 TO 400 MWH/YEAR
TURBINE # 2 360 TO 430 MWH/YEAR
TURBINE # 3 400 TO 470 MWH/YEAR
 TECHNICAL INFORMATION

• THE TWO TOWERS ARE LINKED VIA THREE SKY

BRIDGES EACH HOLDING A 225 KILOWATT WIND
TURBINE TOTALLING TO 675 KILOWATT OF WIND
POWER CAPACITY

• EACH TURBINE MEASURES 29 M (95 FT) IN DIAMETER,

AND IS ALIGNED NORTH WEST, WHICH IS THE
DIRECTION FROM WHICH PERSIAN GULF AIR COMES IN

• BRIDGES ARE OF OVOID IN SHAPE. THE MAIN PURPOSE

OF CHOOSING OVOID SHAPE IS DUE TO ITS HIGH DRAG
COEFFICIENT VALUE (1.82) WHICH HELPS IN RESISTING
THE WIND LOADS VERY EFFECTIVELY
 OVOID SHAPE

• ANOTHER MAJOR REASON BEHIND CHOOSING THE

PARTICULAR OVOID SHAPE IS BECAUSE IT PROVIDES BEST
SUPPORT TO THE WINDMILL STRUCTURES AS COMPARED
TO THE OTHER DESIGNS.

• THREE HORIZONTAL AXIS WIND TURBINES HAVE BEEN Wind Turbine

INTEGRATED INTO THE BUILDING TO GENERATE
ELECTRICITY

• THE FIXED HORIZONTAL TURBINE SUFFERS THE

DRAWBACK OF ONLY BEING ABLE TO OPERATE WITH
WIND FROM A LIMITED AZIMUTH RANGE – WHICH MEANS
THAT ANY PROBLEM WITH WIND DEFLECTION AND SKEW
AIR FLOW (DIFFERENT THAN USUAL) HAS TO BE STRICTLY
DEALT OTHERWISE WHOLE WIND TURBINE ASSEMBLY
WILL COME TO HALT
 DESIGN ERRORS

EVERY PROJECT COMES WITH SOME KIND OF DISCREPANCIES. THE SAME ALSO HOLDS TRUE FOR THE
BAHRAIN WORLD TRADE CENTRE.

USING PRECISE WIND TUNNEL MEASUREMENTS AND COMPUTER SIMULATIONS, ON A MODEL OF BAHRAIN
WTC, IT WAS CALCULATED THAT THE TOWERS WOULD ACT ACTUALLY PRODUCE 14% MORE WIND ENERGY
IF THEY WERE POSITIONED THE OTHER WAY AROUND. OR BETTER STILL SUSPENDING THE WIND TURBINES
FURTHER BACK WOULD HAVE GIVEN 31% HIGHER ENERGY OUTPUT PER YEAR.

ALSO IT'S FACING NORTH WEST DIRECTION IN IT WILL GET MORE POWER CAPACITY. BUT THE
RESEARCHERS ALSO SAID THAT BECAUSE OF CONSTRUCTIVE AND FINANCIAL REASON THIS OPTION WAS
NOT REALISTIC. AND THE MAIN ASPECT THAT MUST BE MAINTAINED IN A PROJECT IS THE ECONOMIC
FEASIBILITY AND STABILITY HENCE WORLD TRADE CENTRE WAS DESIGNED IN ITS PRESENT FROM
 CONCLUSION

THE BAHRAIN WORLD TRADE CENTRE THE WORLD'S FIRST LARGE-SCALE INTEGRATION OF WIND
TURBINES INTO A BUILDING.

THE INTEGRATION WAS ONE OF THE PRINCIPAL CHALLENGES FOR THE PROJECT. THE TURBINES WERE
DETERMINED FOR COMMISSION IN APRIL 2007 AND IT RECEIVED GLOBAL ATTRACTION FROM
ENVIRONMENTAL AND ARCHITECTURAL BODIES & MEDIA AND PRIVATE INSTITUTION FROM THE WORLD.

OTHER CHALLENGES IN THE PROJECT INCLUDED THE “FASTTRACK APPROACH” ADOPTED FOR DESIGN
AND CONSTRUCTION, THE SHEER SCALE & COMPLEXITY OF THE PROJECT AND INTEGRATION OF
REINFORCED CONCRETE, STRUCTURAL STEELWORK AND CLADDING ELEMENTS OF THE DESIGN.

WITH THEIR DISTINCTIVE INSTANTLY RECOGNISABLE DESIGN AND UTILISATION OF WIND POWER THE
TWIN TOWERS HAVE BECOME WELL KNOWN LANDMARK ACROSS THE WORLD AND HAVE IMMENSELY
CONTRIBUTED TOWARDS DEVELOPING BAHRAIN’S REPUTATION AS AN APPEALING DESTINATION,
THANK
YOU