See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/329769510

A REVIEW ON: HIV AIDS

Article in Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Research · June 2016

DOI: 10.30750/ijpbr.4.3.9

CITATIONS READS
17 96,397

6 authors, including:

Sankalp Chaudhary Ram Babu Sharma

Christ University, Bangalore Himalayan Institute of Pharmacy, Kala amb ,district sirmour , Himachal Pradesh
4 PUBLICATIONS 19 CITATIONS 52 PUBLICATIONS 241 CITATIONS

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Siddhraj S Sisodia Avneet Gupta

Bhupal Nobles' College of Pharmacy Shiva Institute of Pharmacy, Chandpur, Bilaspur
74 PUBLICATIONS 984 CITATIONS 48 PUBLICATIONS 488 CITATIONS

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

All content following this page was uploaded by Ram Babu Sharma on 14 May 2023.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

 Indian J. Pharm. Biol. Res. 2016; 4(3):69-73

CODEN (USA): IJPB07 ISSN: 2320-9267

Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Research (IJPBR)

Journal homepage: www.ijpbr.in

Review Article
A REVIEW ON: HIV AIDS
Kapila A1*, Chaudhary S1, Sharma RB1, Vashist H1, Sisodia SS2, Gupta A1,2
1
L.R. Institute of Pharmacy, Solan (H.P.), India
2
Department of Pharmacy, B.N. University, Udaipur (Raj.), India

ARTICLE INFO: ABSTRACT

Article history: HIV/AIDS has always been one of the most thoroughly global of diseases. The human
Received: 10 July 2016 immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a lent virus that causes HIV infection and AIDS. AIDS is a
Received in revised form: condition in humans in which progressive failure of the immune system allows life-threatening
18 August 2016 infections and cancers to thrive. Infection with HIV occurs by the transfer of blood, semen, vaginal
Accepted: 20 August 2016 fluid, breast milk. Within these bodily fluids, HIV is present as both free virus particles and virus
Available online: 30September 2016 within infected immune cells. HIV infects vital cells in the human immune system such as helper
Keywords: CD4 T cells, macrophages. HIV infection leads to low levels of T cells through a number of
mechanisms, including pyroptosis of infected T cells. The symptoms of AIDS are primarily the
AIDS,
result of conditions that do not normally develop in individuals with healthy immune systems.
Transmission,
Most of these conditions are opportunistic infections caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi and
Symptoms. parasites that are normally controlled by the elements of the immune system that HIV damages.
When condoms are used consistently by a couple in which one person is infected, the rate of HIV
infection is less than 1% per year. There is some evidence to suggest that female condoms may
provide an equivalent level of protection.

Introduction
HIV is a virus that causes AIDS. Normally, our body has
HIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus. AIDS stands immune system that attack viruses and bacteria. Immune
for acquired immuno deficiency syndrome. system has white blood cells which protect us from infections.
HIV White blood cells contain CD4+ cells which is also known as
H-It infects only human beings and also transmitted between helper cells or T cells. A person who is infected will be able to
humans not from animals. It is not transmitted from bites of develop. These infections take advantage of body’s immune
mosquitoes, bats or any other species. system. These infections cause several health problems and
I-The body has immune system whose function is to protect our even lead to death of a person. HIV has inability to protect
body from germs, infections etc. But a person suffering from against diseases and count of CD4 cells also decreases in HIV.
HIV has inability to fight against diseases. However, immune There is no cure of AIDS but there are certain medicines which
system becomes deficient. are use to slow down the diseases so you stay healthier for long
V-Virus is a small, simplest thing which is in inactive form time. There is no medicine to get rid of diseases [1].
outside the body and becomes active when it goes inside human
body.
AIDS HIV is a virus that causes AIDS. Normally, our body has
A-It is not inherited means it cannot be transmit from one immune system that attack viruses and bacteria. Immune
generation to another. It is transmitted to healthy person by system has white blood cells which protect us from infections.
infected person. White blood cells contain CD4+ cells which is also known as
I-It weakens the immune system. helper cells or T cells. A person who is infected will be able to
D-Creates a deficiency of CD4+ cells in the immune system. develop. These infections take advantage of body’s immune
system. These infections cause several health problems and
S-It is a collection of diseases. even lead to death of a person. HIV has inability to protect

*
Corresponding Author: Arpita Kapila, L.R Institute of Pharmacy, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India. E-Mail:
[email protected] 69
 Kapila et al / Indian J. Pharm. Biol. Res., 2016; 4(3):69-73

against diseases and count of CD4 cells also decreases in HIV. are use to slow down the diseases so you stay healthier for long
There is no cure of AIDS but there are certain medicines which time. There is no medicine to get rid of diseases [1].
Structure of HIV Virus

Fig.1: Structure of HIV Virus

Gp120 system (the immune system) so that it cannot fight off

The 120 in its name comes from its molecular weight. It is infections.
essential for virus entry into the cells as it plays vital role in It is cause by:
attachment to specific cell surface receptors. a. Sharing drug needles or syringes.
GP41 b. Sexual contact including oral, vaginal or oral who is HIV
It is a subunit of the envelope protein complex of retroviruses positive.
including human immuno deficiencies virus. It is family of c. Having other sexually transmitted diseases such as
enveloped viruses that replicate in host cell through process syphilis, herpes, and gonorrhea seems to increase the risk of
of reverse transcriptase. It targets a host cell. being infected by HIV during unprotected sexual contact with
Viral envelope infected partner.
It is envelope through which virus binds. d. Babies can be infected by an HIV-positive mother during
P17 pregnancy, birth and breast feeding.
Viral core is made from protein. It is bullet shaped. Three Transmission
enzymes required for HIV replication are reverse HIV is transmitted principally in three ways: By sexual
transcription, integrase and protease. contact, by blood through transfusion, blood products or
P24 contaminated needles or by passage from mother to child.
P24 is component of HIV capsid. Although homosexual contact remains a major source of HIV
Protease within the United States, “hetero sexual transmission is the
It is a retroviral aspartyl protease that is essential for life most important means of HIV spread worldwide today.”
cycle of HIV, the retrovirus that caused AIDS. This enzyme Treatment of blood products and donor screening has
cleaves newly synthesized polyproteins at appropriate place essentially eliminated the risk of HIV from contaminated
to create nature protein components of infectious HIV virion. blood products in developed countries, but its spread
continues among intravenous drug users who share needles.
Integrase In developing countries, contaminated blood and
Enzyme produce by retrovirus that enables its genetic contaminated needles remain important means of infection.
material to be integrated into the DNA of infected cell. Thirteen to thirty-five percent of pregnant women infected
RNA with HIV will pass the infection on to their babies;
All organisms including most viruses store their genetic transmission occurs before as well as during birth. Breast
material on long strands of DNA. Retrovirus is exception milk from infected mothers has been shown to contain high
because their genes are composed of RNA [2]. levels of the virus also.
Causes HIV is not spread by the fecal-oral route; aerosols; insects;
It is caused by sexual contact from one person to another or casual contact, such as sharing household items or
person. HIV is a virus. When someone becomes infected with hugging. The risk to health care workers is primarily from
HIV the virus weakens and damages their body’s defence direct inoculation by needle sticks. Although saliva can

Review Article 70
 Kapila et al / Indian J. Pharm. Biol. Res., 2016; 4(3):69-73

contain small quantities of the virus, the virus cannot be • Pus,

spread by kissing. • Saliva,
HIV can be transmitted from an infected person to another • Tears,
through: • Urine,
• Blood (including menstrual blood), • Feces,
• Semen, • Vomiting,
• Vaginal secretions, • Nasal mucosa.
• Breast milk.
Activities That Allow HIV Transmission Symptoms
• Unprotected sexual contact Many people who are living with HIV have no obvious signs
• Direct blood contact, including injection drug needles, and symptoms at all. Recent evidence shows that between
blood transfusions, accidents in health care settings or certain 70% to 90% of people who become infected with HIV
health care products. experience flu-like symptoms within a few weeks after
• Mother to baby (before or during birth) [2]. infection. The most common symptoms are a fever, a rash
and a severe sore throat all occurring at the same time. These
HIV is known to be transmitted only through: symptoms in an otherwise healthy person may indicate recent
• Contact of infected blood, semen, or vaginal and cervical HIV infection.
secretions with mucous membranes. HIV infected patients may get yeast infections (oral or
• Injection of infected blood or blood products. vaginal) that do not go away or that occur often. Frequent and
• Vertical transmission (that is, from infected mother to fetus) severe herpes infections that cause mouth, genital, or anal
and from mother to infant via breast milk. sores are also common.
Herpes zoster (shingles) is more likely to occur in infected
Contact of Sexual Fluids or Blood with Mucous patients. Other pulmonary infections (pneumonia) or so-
Membranes: called atypical mycobacterial infections can be serious for
The virus cannot pass through undamaged skin. HIV can your loved one. Women may get pelvic inflammatory disease
enter the body through the mucous membranes that line the that does not respond to treatment. The virus may attack the
vagina, rectum, urethra, and possibly, on rare occasions, the nervous system (nerves, spinal cord or brain) and produce a
mouth. Damage to a mucous membrane may increase the risk variety of symptoms ranging from tingling in the feet and
of transmission of HIV but is not necessary for transmission trouble walking to memory disturbances [3].
to occur.
Injection of Infected Blood: Symptoms
HIV can be transmitted by infected blood getting directly into  large lymph nodes or "swollen glands" that may be
the bloodstream through intravenous, intramuscular, or enlarged,
subcutaneous injection.  for more than three months,
Blood-to-blood transmission occurs in the following ways:-  frequent fevers and sweats skin rashes or flaky skin that
• Transfusion of contaminated blood and blood products and does not go away,
other blood recipients.  short-term memory loss,
• Sharing of unsterilized hypodermic needles and syringes.  slow growth or frequent illness in children,
The risk of HIV Transmission is dependent on:  cough and shortness of breath,
• The concentration of HIV in the infected fluid.
 seizures and lack of coordination,
• The QUANTITY of fluid introduced into the body.
 difficult or painful swallowing,
• The ACCESS of the infected fluid to the t4 cells.
 confusion and forgetfulness nausea, cramps diarrhea or
Fluid with high concentration of HIV:
vomiting that do not go away,
• Semen,
• Blood and blood components,  vision loss,
• Menstrual flow,  Unexplained weight loss.
• Vaginal secretions,
• Pre ejaculatory fluid,
• Breast milk.
Fluids with LOW Concentration of HIV

Review Article 71
 Kapila et al / Indian J. Pharm. Biol. Res., 2016; 4(3):69-73

Life Cycle of HIV AIDS

Fig. 2: Life cycle of HIV AIDS

Entry to human cells protein produced by the virus immediately after infection,
HIV is the only viruses which make new copies of itself can quickly confirm a diagnosis soon after infection [5].
inside the human cells. This process begins when this virus Following are the tests for detection of HIV AIDS:
enters into cell that carries on its surface a protein that is cd4. Home Test
The HIV virus stick to the cd4 receptor and allow them to A Food and Drug Administration-approved home test. To do
fuse.HIV mainly infect immune cells i.e. T-helper cells that the test, you swab fluid from your upper and lower gums. If
forms the body immune system. HIV infects more cells, the test is positive, you need to see your doctor to confirm the
therefore immune system becomes weak. diagnosis. If the test is negative, it needs to be repeated in
Reverse transcription three months to confirm the results.
There is an enzyme reverse transcriptase which helps in Tests To Tailor Treatment
reverse Transcription. The main function of reverse If you receive a diagnosis of HIV/AIDS, several types of
transcriptase is conversion of viral RNA into DNA. After that tests can be done. These tests include:
DNA is transported to cell’s nucleus where insertion of DNA  CD4 count
is done by enzyme integrase. CD4 cells are a type of white blood cell that's specifically
Transcription and translation targeted and destroyed by HIV.
Now, transcription takes place. HIV virus converts HIV virus  Viral load
into messenger RNA. This test measures the amount of virus in your blood. Studies
have shown that people with higher viral loads generally fare
Assembly, budding and maturation more poorly than do those with a lower viral load.
Copies of HIV gather together with newly made HIV protein
and enzymes to form new viral particle which are then bud
off from the original CD4 cell. The enzyme protease break
the long chains of HIV protein into smaller pieces. These  Drug resistance
newly virus has ability to target and infect other CD4 cells This blood test determines whether the strain of HIV you
[4]. have will be resistant to certain anti-HIV medications [6].
Treatment
Diagnosis Antiretroviral drugs are used to treat HIV. These are the
HIV is most commonly diagnosed by testing your blood or drugs active against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
saliva for antibodies to the virus. Unfortunately it takes time which is a retrovirus. They are useful in prolonging and
for your body to develop these antibodies-usually up to 12 improving a quality of life. Antiretroviral drugs are classified
week. A newer type of test that checks for HIV antigen, a as following:

Review Article 72
 Kapila et al / Indian J. Pharm. Biol. Res., 2016; 4(3):69-73

Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs): with HIV continues to increase because of ART, so does the
Zidovudine (AZT), Didanosine,Lamivudine, Tenofovir. urgency for lifelong prevention strategies customized for
Nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors: them.
Nevirapine, Delavirdine, Efavirenz.
Protease inhibitors: Conflict of interest: We declare that we have no conflict of
Indinavir, Nelfinavir, Amprenavir, Lopinavir, Atazanavir. interest.
Nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors
(NRTIs) were the first type of drug available to treat HIV References
infection in 1987. When HIV infects a cell, it copies its own 1. Coffin, J. M. Molecular biology of HIV. In The
genetic code into the cell’s DNA, and the cell is then Evolution of HIV, ed. K. A. Crandall, 1999; 3-40.
programmed to create new copies of HIV. 2. Friedland, G. and Klein R. Transmission of HIV. Nejm
To reproduce, HIV must first convert its RNA into DNA 1987; 317:18: 1125-1135.
using the enzyme reverse transcriptase. 3. Downs, A.M. and De I. Vincenzi. Probability of
These inhibitors act like false building blocks and compete heterosexual transmission of HIV: relationship to the
with the cell’s nucleosides, thereby preventing DNA number of unprotected sexual contacts. Europeon study
synthesis. Group in heterosexual transmission of HIV. J. A cquir
Non nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retroviral 1996; 11(4): 388-
started to be approved in 1997. These also interfere with 95.
HIV’s ability to infect cells by targeting reverse transcriptase. 4. Amborzia, J. and Levy J. A. Epidemiology, natural
In contrast to nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase history and Pathogenesis of HIV Infection. In Sexually
inhibitors, non nucleosides bind directly to the enzyme [7]. Transmitted Diseases, 3d ed, ed. K.K. Holmes, P.F.
Sparling, P.A. Mardh, S.M. Lemon, W.E. Stamm, P.
HAART Piot, and J.N. Wasserheit, 1998; 251–58.
It is highly active antiretroviral therapy. HIV can also be 5. Palella, F.J., Delaney, K.M., Moorman, A.C., Loveless,
treated by HAART. It is a combination of three drugs. M.O., Fuhrer, J., Satten, G.A., Aschman, D.J. and
Holmberg, S.D. Declining Morbidity and Mortality
Conclusion among Patients with Advanced Human
Historically, HIV prevention programs have focused Immunodeficiency Virus Infection; N England Journal
primarily on developing risk reduction interventions for those of Medicine 1998; 338: 853–860.
at high risk for becoming infected with HIV. In 1999, a 6. Pope, M. and Haase, A. Transmission; acute HIV-1
review of 55 state and city applications to the CDC for funds infection and the quest for strategies to prevent
for HIV prevention programs demonstrated that only 18 infection. Natural Medicine 2003; 9(7): 847–852.
(32.7%) listed HIV-infected individuals as a priority 7. Tripathi, K.D. Essentials of Medical Pharmacology, 6 th
population for HIV prevention programs. Although there are edition, Jaypee brothers, medical publishers ltd., New
millions of people in the United States at "behavioral risk" Delhi; 798-810.
for HIV infection, transmission can occur only from people
who are infected with the virus. As the number of individuals

Cite this article as: Kapila A, Chaudhary S, Sharma RB, Vashist H, Sisodia SS, Gupta A. A REVIEW ON: HIV AIDS. Indian J.
Pharm. Biol. Res.2016; 4(3):69-73.

All © 2016 are reserved by Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Research

This Journal is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial -Share Alike 3.0 Unported License. This article can be downloaded to
ANDROID OS based mobile
. Antibacterial and antifungal evaluation of some chalcogen bearing ligands, their transition and non-transition metal complexes.
Indian J. Pharm. Biol. Res.2015; 3(3):1-6.

Review Article 73

View publication stats