47.3 Hiv and Aids: Chapter 47: The Body's Defense Systems

47.
3 HIV AND AIDS

Chapter 47: The body’s Defense Systems
THE IMMUNE SYSTEM NORMALLY PROVIDES
PROTECTION AGAINST INFECTIOUS
DISEASES. THE IMPORTANCE OF THE
IMMUNE SYSTEM CAN BE SEEN IN DISEASES
OF WHICH THE IMMUNE SYSTEM DOES NOT
FUNCTION PROPERLY.
Describe the Distinguish between
relationship between the three phases of HIV
HIV and AIDS. infection.
Student
Determine how
Objectives
Identify the two main evolution of HIV
ways that HIV is affects the
transmitted. development of
vaccines and treatment.
AIDS
◦AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) is
a deadly disease in which the immune system loses
its ability to fight off pathogens and cancers.
◦AIDS was recognized as a disease in 1981.
◦Since then, it has killed more than 35.4 million
people worldwide.
The Course of
HIV Infection
◦ AIDS results from infection by the human
immunodeficiency virus, or HIV.
◦ Once HIV has entered the bloodstream, HIV
must bind to CD4, a receptor protein in the
surface of some cells, and an associated
protein (co-receptor). Macrophages have CD4
and the co-receptor.
◦ HIV replicates in macrophages and releases
the virus.
◦ Viral replication results in many mutations.
◦ HIV attaches and enters T cells and attach to
other helper T cells. The virus kills these T
cells and cripple the immune system.
Phase I
◦ Phase I of HIV is called the asymptomatic stage, because there are few or
no symptoms.
◦ However, the amount of the virus increases due to replication.
◦ The immune system begins an attack, and plasma cells make antibodies
to fight the virus.
◦ However, it may take several weeks for anti-HIV antibodies to become
large enough to result in a positive HIV test.
◦ HIV-infected people may feel well during phase I, but can still infect
other people.
◦ Phase I can last up to 10 years or more.
Phase II
◦ Symptoms mark the start of phase
II.
◦ B cells continue to make a large
amount of antibody against HIV.
◦ The number of T cells drops
steadily as the virus continues to
replicate.
◦ As the immune system fails, lymph
glands become swollen, and fatigue,
weight loss, fever, or diarrhea
develop or worsen.
◦ Some infected people may notice
mental changes, such as
forgetfulness and abnormal thinking
Phase III
◦ The number of helper T cells drops

so low that they can no longer
stimulate B cells and cytotoxic T
cells to fight invaders.
◦ AIDS is diagnosed when helper T
cells drops under 200 cells/mL
blood. (normal level is over 600
cells/mL)
◦ AIDS is fatal. Death results from the
weakened immune system’s inability
to fight opportunistic infections and
cancers.
Opportunistic disease
◦ AIDS may be diagnosed when an opportunistic
disease has developed.
◦ Opportunistic disease are illnesses caused by
pathogens that produce disease in people with
weakened immune systems.
◦ These organisms do usually not create problems in
people with healthy immune systems.
◦ Opportunistic disease: pneumocystis pneumonia,
tuberculosis, toxoplasmosis
Transmission of HIV
◦ HIV is transmitted by the transfer of body fluids
containing HIV or HIV-infected cells.
◦ Transmission of HIV:
◦ Sexual contact
◦ Syringes or hypodermic needles
◦ From infected mother before or during birth
◦ Through breastfeeding
◦ Blood transfusion
Vaccines and
Treatments
◦ Currently, there is no licensed HIV
vaccine on the market, but multiple
research projects are trying to find an
effective vaccine.
◦ There is evidence from humans that
a vaccine may be possible.
◦ The genes that code for the virus’s
surface protein mutate frequently. New
variants of the virus with different
surface proteins are constantly
appearing.
1. Describe the relationship between HIV and AIDS.
2. State the developments during the course of HIV
infection that can lead to a diagnosis of AIDS.
3. List two ways that HIV can be transmitted and two
ways it cannot.
Review 4. Why have scientists been unable to develop an
Questions effective vaccine for HIV?
5. Evaluate the statement: “HIV infection causes death”.
6. Identify one similarity and one difference between
HIV and a cold virus.

47.3 Hiv and Aids: Chapter 47: The Body's Defense Systems

Uploaded by

Document Informationclick to expand document information

Copyright:

Available Formats

47.3 Hiv and Aids: Chapter 47: The Body's Defense Systems

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

47.3 Hiv and Aids: Chapter 47: The Body's Defense Systems

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

47.

3 HIV AND AIDS

◦ The number of helper T cells drops

You might also like